Separated but Together by Ching Yee MAK

SEPARATED BUT TOGETHER: SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR TIBETAN MONASTERIES IN A CHANGING POLITICAL CLIMATE Thesis Candidate: Leanne MAK Ching Yee Thesis Supervisor : Dorothy TANG Master of Landscape Architecture | University of Hong Kong | Thesis 2017

The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Architecture Division of Landscape Architecture

SEPARATED BUT TOGETHER: SPATIAL STRATEGIES FOR TIBETAN MONASTERIES IN A CHANGING POLITICAL CLIMATE

Thesis Candidate: Leanne MAK Ching Yee Thesis Supervisor : Dorothy TANG A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture at the University of Hong Kong in June 2017

https://nyti.ms/2mxHijA ASIA PACIFIC

U.N. Human Rights Experts Unite to Condemn China Over Expulsions of Tibetans 点击查看本文中文版 By EDWARD WONG FEB. 27, 2017

A halfdozen United Nations experts who investigate human rights abuses have taken the rare step of banding together to condemn China for expulsions of monks and nuns from major religious enclaves in a Tibetan region. In a sharply worded statement, the experts expressed alarm about “severe restrictions of religious freedom” in the area. Most of the expulsions mentioned by the experts have taken place at Larung Gar, the world’s largest Buddhist institute and one of the most influential centers of learning in the Tibetan world. Officials have been demolishing some of the homes of the 20,000 monks and nuns living around the institute, in a high valley in Sichuan Province. The statement also cited accusations of evictions at Yachen Gar, sometimes known as Yarchen Gar, an enclave largely of nuns that is also in Sichuan and has a population of about 10,000. “While we do not wish to prejudge the accuracy of these allegations, grave concern is expressed over the serious repression of the Buddhist Tibetans’ cultural and religious practices and learning in Larung Gar and Yachen Gar,” the statement said. It was signed by six of the United Nations experts, or special rapporteurs, who come from various countries. They each specialize in a single aspect of human rights, including cultural rights, sustainable environment and peaceful assembly. It is unusual for so many of them to collaborate in this manner. The statement was sent to the Chinese government in November, but was made public only in recent days, before the start of this year’s session of the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva. The session began Monday and is scheduled to end on March 24. The United Nations experts have asked Beijing to address the reports of evictions and demolitions. The release of the statement before the session in Geneva puts more pressure on China to explain the actions taking place at the two Tibetan Buddhist institutions. China says matters related to Tibet are internal affairs, but Chinese officials in Beijing have privately expressed some concern over outside perceptions of the demolitions and evictions at Larung Gar and related Western news coverage. Over the summer, Chinese officials began deporting monks and nuns living at Larung Gar who were not registered residents of Garze, the prefecture where the institution is. Since then, hundreds of clergy members have been forced out, and workers have demolished small homes clustered along the valley walls. One day last fall, I watched workers tearing and cutting apart wooden homes, sometimes using a chain saw. Official reports have said the demolition is part of a project to improve safety in the area because people live in such tight quarters there. In 2014, a fire destroyed about 100 homes. Residents said the government planned to bring the population down to 5,000 from 20,000 by next year. The government evicted many clergy members once before, in 2001, but people returned. The encampment was founded in 1980 near the town of Sertar by Jigme Phuntsok, a charismatic lama, and is now run by two abbots. Those abbots have not protested the demolitions or evictions. The United Nations experts said in the statement that while they awaited China’s response, they “urge that all necessary interim measures be taken to halt the alleged violations and prevent their reoccurrence.” Follow Edward Wong on Twitter @comradewong. A version of this article appears in print on February 28, 2017, on Page A8 of the New York edition with the headline: U.N. Human Rights Experts Unite to Condemn China Over Expulsions in Tibetan Region.

The New York Times article stating the issue in Larung Gar Buddhist Academy: WONG, E. (2017, February 27)

ABSTRACT All the parts of the thesis started with the issue which has happened in Tibet. The demolition has operated since 2016 at the important Buddhist center of Larung Gar, Sêrtar in eastern Tibet. Larung Gar Buddhist Academy is one of the world’s largest monastic institutions with a population of over 20 000 of Chinese and Tibetan practitioners. The drastic change is due to the new policy from China central government is called “Checking-up and Rectification of Monastery Area”. The policy stated that by September 30, 2017 the population of the encampment must be limited to 5,000 permanent residents. If a monastery congregates for more than five thousand people, Central Government will demolish the extra settlements without relocation and compensation. United Nations experts have condemned the expulsions of monks and nuns from this religious enclave. The problem is The Central Government using development as a mean to control Tibetan community. From 1959 till now the central government had used different mechanisms to control the Tibet Autonomous Region, including development, infrastructure, population flow of Hans and even those permanent barriers in Larung Gar. I am challenging the approach of changing the functional urban forms by those control policies towards Tibetan, since the changes are detrimental to the vernacular cultural landscapes. The thesis focuses on how the religious enclave - Larung Gar can be work with the new policy under spatio - temporal transformation. With the strategy of Liminal Zone which keeps a distance between each monasteries with productive landscapes and public areas. The analytical research brings me to understand the operation of the monastery and the spatial relationship between the monastery, the village and the county. Also the social relationship between monks,nuns, lays, villagers and visitors. KEYWORDS: Liminal zone, religious enclave, spatio-temporal transformation

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TABLE OF CONTENTS P.5

Abstract List of Figure Acknowledgment Statement Of Academic Integrity

P.11 I. Positioning Thesis statement Research methodology Annotated bibliography P.19 II. Political Issue P.28 III. Tibetan Buddhism P.35 IV. Religious Enclave P.57 V. Site & context P.69 VI. Design proposal P.97 VII. Appendices Records of Interim Reviews & Responses Presentation Panels Physical Models

LIST OF FIGURE 1.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18.

Timeline - History relationship between Quebec and Canada 2. Timeline - History relationship between Pakistan and India 3. Timeline - History relationship between Israel and Palestine 4. Timeline - History relationship between Ireland and Britain 5. Timeline - History relationship between Tibet and China 6. Timeline - History relationship between Tibet and China 7. Procedure of full-body prostrations 8. 4 types of Stupas 9. Spatial representation of a Stupa 10. Floor plan of monasteries 11. Monastery distribution in greater Tibet and Hans Rate in 1990s TimelineImmigration - History relationship between Quebec and 12. Existing plan of Samye Monastery Canada 13. Social flow relationship of Samye monastery Timeline - History between Pakistan and 14. Conceptual plan of Samye monastery India 15. Social relationship of Samye monastery Timeline - History relationship between Israel and 16. Social relationship of Samye monastery Palestine 17. Existing plan of Drigungbetween Monastery Timeline - History relationship Ireland and 18. Existing plan of Ganden Monastery Britain 19. Existing plan of Tagong between Monastery Timeline - History relationship Tibet and 20. Existing plan of Yaqing Monastery China 21. Existing plan of Larung Gar Timeline - History relationship between Tibet and 22. Expansion of Larung Gar China 23. Existing detailed plan of Larung Gar Procedure of full-body prostrations 24. of Graph of weather and the number of people who 4 types Stupas come to Larungofgar as visitors Spatial representation a Stupa 25. plan Public events and settlements in Larung Gar Floor of monasteries 26. Connection between Larung Garand andHans Sertar County Monastery distribution in greater Tibet 27. Operation in1990s Larung Gar Immigration Rate in 28. Settlement analysis diagrams Existing plan of Samye Monastery 29. flow Common Washing Area in Larung Gar Social of Samye monastery 30. Common Kitchen Seasons) in Larung Gar Conceptual plan of Samye(Festival monastery 31. relationship Common Walkway Settlements in Larung Social of Samyebetween monastery Gar Social relationship of Samye monastery 32. Spatial between Monastery and Existing plan ofRelationship Drigung Monastery in Larung Gar Existing Settlements plan of Ganden Monastery

25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67.

come to Larung gar as visitors Public events and settlements in Larung Gar Connection between Larung Gar and Sertar County Operation in Larung Gar Settlement analysis diagrams Common Washing Area in Larung Gar Common Kitchen (Festival Seasons) in Larung Gar Common Walkway between Settlements in Larung Gar Spatial between and 46. Relationship SPECIFIC STRATEGY 3: Monastery Design Diagram Settlements in Larung Gar 4: Constraint and Factor 47. SPECIFIC STRATEGY Strategy A: Religious linkage4:conceptual diagram 48. SPECIFIC STRATEGY Design Diagram Strategy A: Site plan with osmosis strategy 49. SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5: Constraint and Factor Strategy A: Phasing of design in regional 50. SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5:strategy Design Diagram scale 51. SPECIFIC STRATEGY 6: Constraint and Factor Strategy A: Scenario section6:collage 52. SPECIFIC STRATEGY Design Diagram Strategy B: Site planI:with Bufferanimal Zones strategy 53. Programme Proposed species in design Strategy B: ScenarioI:I -Axonometric IV 54. Programme drawing Strategy C: Definition of Liminal Surface 55. Programme I: Before andZone after- sections distance 56. Programme II: Axonometric drawing Strategy C: Natural Barrier defined diagram 57. Programme II: Before and after sections SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1: anddrawing Factor 58. Programme III:Constraint Axonometric SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1: 59. Programme III:Design BeforeDiagram and after sections SPECIFIC STRATEGY 2: anddrawing Factor 60. Programme IV:Constraint Axonometric SPECIFIC STRATEGY 2: 61. Programme IV:Design BeforeDiagram and after sections SPECIFIC STRATEGY 3: Constraint 62. Design plan of Larung Garand Factor 63. Strategy C: Phasing SPECIFIC STRATEGY 3: Design Diagram 64. Perspective view of scenario SPECIFIC STRATEGY 4: Constraint and1Factor 65. Perspective view of scenario 2 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 4: Design Diagram 66. Perspective view of scenario SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5: Constraint and3Factor 67. Perspective view of overall strategies and operations SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5: Design Diagram SPECIFIC STRATEGY 6: Constraint and Factor SPECIFIC STRATEGY 6: Design Diagram Programme I: Proposed animal species in design Programme I: Axonometric drawing Programme I: Before and after sections Programme II: Axonometric drawing Programme II: Before and after sections Programme III: Axonometric drawing Programme III: Before and after sections Programme IV: Axonometric drawing Programme IV: Before and after sections Design plan of Larung Gar Strategy C: Phasing Perspective view of scenario 1 Perspective view of scenario 2 Perspective view of scenario 3 Perspective view of overall strategies and operations MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 7

ACKNOWLEDGMENT I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest gratitude for the guidance from my thesis supervisor Ms. Dorothy Tang, who gives me freedom and always encourage me to do the issue I want with a thoughtful mind. She always gives me inspiration for the case study and the design strategy. Besides, her teaching method provides me to have a deep thinking process before making any decision and research-strategy linkage. Finally I come up a strong argument for the thesis. I would like to express my appreciation for collateral supervisor who provide their professional and effective guidance throughout the thesis process. Thank you Ashley Scott Kelly, Bin Jiang, Ashley Scott Kelly, Xiaoxuan Lu, Vincci Mak, Scott Melbourne, Matthew Pryor and Ivan Valin. I would also like to thank my thesis group members, Edward Zheng and Nancy Zhang. In this half year we always support each other, no matter the academic area, sensitive emotion and even the little things in our daily life. We do encouraging each other like brother and sisters. Furth ermore, I want to express my appreciation for my roommate Megan Ye and our classmates Aristo Chen, Bernice Li, Dennis Fung, Jack Chang, Kit So, Kitty Wong, Toby Cheung and Zikai Zhuang. With their encouragements and advices when I am depressed, I do feel we are a family rather than just friends or classmates. The success of this thesis cannot be executed without the information supporting and comments from the native Tibetans and friends, Mr. Peter Hasdell, Dr. Gerhard Bruyns, Miss. Hinny Chu Miss. Charmaine Tsang, Mr. Jeffriahoo Wong, Miss. Manman Mok, Miss. Veronica Lee, Mr. Terrence Lok, Mr. Martin Chui, Miss. Bethany Lai, Miss Samantha Au Young, Mr. Nick Yau, my members from Wechat group called “iKangBa Brothers(康巴兄弟連驢友交流群)” for updated information of Tibet and Larung Gar. Mr. 妙雨 who gave me the thesis title in Tibetan. Last but not the least, thanks for my family and my beloved one with their endless support.

STATEMENT OF ACADEMIC INTEGRITY I declare that this thesis represents my own work, except where due acknowledgment is made, and that it has not been previously included in a thesis, dissertation or report submitted to this University to any other institution for a degree, diploma or other qualification.

_____________________ (Signature)

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POSITIONING

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THESIS STATEMENT The most critical issue of this thesis is about the recent massive demolition of monk’s settlements due to new policies enacted by the central government. These types of demolition began in 2016 at the important Buddhist center of Larung Gar,Sertha in eastern Tibet. Larung Gar is one of the world’s largest monastic institutions with a population of over 20 thousand of Chinese and Tibetan practitioners. The drastic change is due to the new policy from China central government called “Checking-up and Rectification of Monastery Area”. The policy stated that by September 30, 2017 the population of the settlements must be limited to 5,000 permanent residents. If more than 5000 people congregate in a monastery, the Central Government will demolish the extra settlements without relocation or compensation. United Nations experts have condemned the expulsions of monks and nuns from this religious enclave in 2017. Since 1959, the central government has used different mechanisms to control the Tibet Autonomous Region, including development, infrastructure, population flow of Hans and even physical barriers within Larung Gar. My critique on this issue is the central government using those policies as a mean to control Tibetan community. One of the major issues relates to changing the functional urban forms by these new control policies, which are detrimental to the vernacular landscapes patterns. Study of history monastery elements , operation of a monastery and the flow of policies makes a guide to justify the design strategy together with the site specific ecology and topography system in later part of the thesis.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Design is political. It relates to politics.The combination of “Tibet” and “Monastery” makes the thesis research more mysterious and complicated. It is because the information and policies stated in China side is totally different with the western countries with their standpoints. All the information of issues and problems need to be compared and choose the one more trustable. Before getting into the issue of religious enclaves and the site context of Larung Gar, the reason of why the demolition of monasteries happened throughout the 50 years in Tibet provides a clue for studying the cultural isolation of the runaway provinces. Scale Comparison Comparing the history of geometric, social, cultural, political and religious differences between the 5 runaway provinces and its adjacent countries. The conflicts are clearly shown with their differences. Quebec | canada, Pakistan | india, Israel | Palestine, Ireland | england, Tibet | china Although they have such differences, there are always linkages in between like infrastructure, buffer zone, economic cooperation etc. All these mechanisms of politics lead a clear position of further study. Religious Enclave There are other religious enclaves within the Tibet. These monasteries accommodate under or over 5,000 permanent residences which are or not acceptable under the latest policy. By studying the spatial and operational relationship of 6 existing religious enclaves , I attempt to apply their the settlement morphology into the spatial rearrangement of Larung Gar to meet the demands of the new policy. Site Research Through site observation and interviews, the data can be clarified with the original sources from articles and books. As the thesis research includes both regional and site scale by means of details, mappings and analytical drawings represents layers of information from site and articles perhaps they are originally separated but intentionally related.

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

TIBET & CHINA'S POLICIES

TIBET ISSUES & BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Bacon, E. N. (1976). Design of cities. New York, NY: Penguin Books. Bass, C. (1998). Education in Tibet: policy and practice since 1950. London: Zed Books. Bosma, K. (1997). Mastering the city: North-European city planning 1900-2000. The Hague: EFL Publications. Bridger, J., & Werthmann, C. (2016). Metropolis nonformal. Oro Editions. Chan, V. (1994). Tibet handbook. Chico, CA: Moon Publ. Choy, T. K. (2011). Ecologies of comparison: An ethnography of endangerment in Hong Kong. Durham: Duke University Press. Choy has proposed a cultural and political ethnographic negotiation, and in the late 1990s, Hong Kong's environmental activities have increased significantly. The conflict between the four major political parties, including the cultural characteristics of Hong Kong: cultural and political negotiations between 1984 and 1997, political conditions, social relations, economic parties: land property and ecological conditions: environmental mobilization to Hong Kong has its own specific environmental activities. Cicheng C. (2014). Yu huo zhong sheng: xi zang wu ming fo xue yuan sheng shuai shi lu. Tai bei shi: Xue yu. The book introduced the history of Larung Gar Buddhist Academy and the story of the Master Jin Mei Peng Pu Wang created and grace to maintain, Larung Gar has been a full experience of 29 years, in this short period of several years to achieve high development achievements, these great feats, even the dream is also Unimaginable. All this in the eyes of the Chinese Communist Party, Since the beginning of May 24, 2001, the Chinese Communist Party ordered the king to stop all open law speeches, and forced the dissolution of the past residence of more than 10,000 monks and nuns, only allowed to To retain more than 1,400, the rest were forced to expel, resulting in more than two thousand of the housing was a fundamental demolition, everything is like the second cultural revolution. Finally, the main pillar

CITY & SOCIAL

DESIGN REFERENCE

of the monastery - Master Jin Mei Peng measures Wang also in the January 7, 2004 died in the Chengdu Military Hospital in China, and the cause of death is unknown, many of the doubt, it is people Had to doubt the death of the Master. Claessens, F. (2006). The European city: architectural interventions and transformations. Delft: DUP Science c/o Delft University Press. D. (2007). Zang zu zong jiao wen hua lun wen ji: jie du Zang zu zong jiao wen hua. Beijing: Zhongguo zang xue chu ban she. Deming, M. E., & Swaffield, S. R. (2011). Landscape architecture research: inquiry, strategy, design. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Deming provides a better framework for designing thinking solutions that provide readers with an open query strategy system that opens up a wider range of possibilities for research. In a logical and innovative way is conducive to the legitimacy of knowledge based on the collective, the basis of practice, rather than strictly abide by only the scientific model extracted from the agreement. This comprehensive and illustrative guide for the establishment of the legalization of the quality of the study The new paradigm provides good arguments. Ding. (1991). Zang chuan fo jiao yuan liu ji she hui ying xiang. Beijing: Min zu chu ban she. Es, E. V. (2015). Atlas of the functional city: CIAM 4 and comparative urban analysis. Zürich: Gta Verlag. Fischer, A. M. (2008). Subsistence and Rural Livelihood Strategies in Tibet - under Rapid Economic and Social Transition. Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies,(4). Retrieved February 28, 2017, from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241861107_Subsistence_and_Rural_Livelihood_Strategies_in_Tibet_-_under_Rapid_Economic_and_Social_Transition. Fischer did a very deep research of the rural Tibetan settlements and monasteries in different areas of Greater Tibet to test his concept against “subsistence capacity”. He argued that the Chinese literature is

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ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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International Campaign for Tibet. The Chinese central government has stepped up its policy of replacing the nomadic people from the vast majority of the Tibetan grasslands, a large-scale social engineering campaign that could destroy a sustainable way of life that is uniquely adapted to the harsh landscape of the plateau. Although the People's Republic of China has reached a scientific consensus, indigenous management and herd flows are vital to the health of pastures and help to slow down climate change. Min zu qu yu zi zhi zhi du zai Xizang de cheng gong shi jian. (2015). Beijing Shi: Ren min chu ban she. P. (2014). Ping deng tuan Jie lu man man: dui wo guo min zu guan xi de fan si. Xianggang: Xin shi ji chu ban she. Qin li xi bu da kai fa. (2016). Beijing: Ren min chu ban she. Reed, C., & Lister, N. E. (2014). Projective ecologies. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Graduate School of Design. Ryavec, K. E. (2015). A historical atlas of Tibet. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Sautman, B., & Dreyer, J. T. (2015). Contemporary Tibet: politics, development, and society in a disputed region. London and New York: Routledge. Shah, G. (2003). Tibet: the Himalayan region: religion, society and politics. Delhi: Kalpax Publications. Si chuan sheng gan zi zhou zang zu she hui li shi diao cha. (2009). Bei jing: Min zu chu ban she. Sperling, E. (2007). The Tibet-China conflict: history and polemics. Washington, DC: East-West Center. Sperling argued of the conflict between Tibet and China throughout the main history. Given the polarization of the problem over the decades. By the timeline the dynasties of both Tibet and Ancient China the relationship and positioning of two places keeps changing. The status of Tibet is the core of the dispute, just like all the parties of the past century. China believes that Tibet is an inseparable part of China. Tibetans believe that Tibet has always been an independent country. In fact, the conflict of status in Tibet is already a historical conflict. When Chinese writers and politicians assert that Tibet is part of China, they are not based on Chinese domination, but on a historical basis, even though they do not hesitate to make such a statement. Stalder, L. (2013). Atelier Bow-Wow: a primer. Cologne: W. Konig. Storm in the Grasslands: Self-immolations in Tibet and Chinese policy. (2012). Washington, DC: International Campaign for Tibet. The report of International Campaign for Tibet (ICT) mainly mentioned about the history of Tibetan have self-immolations in order to get the international attentions and now increased the frequency of that. This become a political protest spread out the whole Tibet especially in Qinghai, Gansu and Sichuan province. In order to hide the news of the number of self-immolations, the central government announced some new policies towards Tibet. ICT had suggested some method to solve the problem like as a matter of urgency to engage in a broader and more substantive dialogue with representatives of Tibet. Stratis, S. (2016). Guide to common urban imaginaries in contested spaces: the "Hands-on Famagusta" project. Berlin: Jovis. Sun, S. (2016). Qinghai Zang zu chuan tong jia zhi guan yan jiu. Beijing Shi: Zong jiao wen hua chu ban she. Wang, Z. (2008). National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China. International Studies Quarterly, 52(4), 783-806. Wang analysed about how patriotic education policies affect the whole China after 1989. His research focus mainly through the national "patriotic education movement" after 1991 : The history of modern political education. How to strengthen the history of history, then explore the impact of this institutionalized sense of history. On the formation of national identity and foreign relations. His research shows that even if the existing theories and literature expound some aspects of China's political transformation and diplomatic behavior, a sufficient explanation will only arise after analyzing these phenomena and behaviors through the "lens" of history. He also mentioned about the cause and effect of the Tibet crisis and the demonstrations towards OlymMAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 17

ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY

pic game in Beijing in the year 2008 and raised everyone’s attention towards the freedom of Tibetans. Wangmo, S. (2016). The relationship between monastic and local communities: the example of Lhagang village in Kham Minyag. Études mongoles et sibériennes, centrasiatiques et tibétaines, (47). Wangmo’s article uses the Lhagang monastery as an example to analyse the relationship between the social communities of monastery area and the nuns, monks and lays. Similar to Larung Gar the monastery was suffered the demolition and cultural deterioration by the central government in the past 10 years using the policies of control. They were forced to adapt to the new environment by the development which greatly affected the operation of the whole community. WONG, E. (2017, February 27). U.N. Human Rights Experts Unite to Condemn China Over Expulsions of Tibetans. The New York Times. Retrieved March 1, 2017, from https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/27/ world/asia/china-tibet-buddhists-larung-gar.html?rref=collection%2Fsectioncollection%2Fasia&action=click&contentCollection=asia%C2%AEion=stream&module=stream_unit&version=latest&contentPlacement=9&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=1 Wong mentioned about a recent demolition has operated since 2016 at the important Buddhist center of Larung Gar and Yachen Gar, Sêrtar in eastern Tibet. Larung Gar Buddhist Academy is one of the world’s largest monastic institutions with a population of over 10 000 of Chinese and Tibetan practitioners. This issue raised the concern of 6 United Nations experts and they think the Tibetan practitioners should have the human right of living in the religious enclaves in Tibet, China. Xizang Zizhiqu zhong yao wen jian xuan bian. (1983). Xizang: Zhong gong Xizang Zizhiqu wei yuan hui zheng ce yan jiu shi. Yang, J., & Yang, H. (2007). Sichuan Zang qu de jian zhu wen hua. Chengdu: Sichuan min zu chu ban she. Yang introduced the Sichuan Tibetan area is a Tibetan-based, multi-ethnic areas. The fusion of culture, especially the architectural culture, greatly influenced the structure and style of the local architecture. This book introduces the natural and cultural environment of Tibetan architecture in Sichuan, residential buildings, high towers, religious buildings, urban architecture and bridge construction. Yeh, E. T. (2013). Taming Tibet: landscape transformation and the gift of Chinese development. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Yeh claimed that people always treat the term “development” as a gift because it can enhance their life. Especially in China, the central government implied the development to Tibet Autonomous Region since 1959 till now by using the state farm, greenhouse farming and now the tourism. Zeng, W. (2012). Se er zang zu. Lan zhou: Lan zhou ta xue chu ban she. 李, 禮仲. (n.d.). 由法律論少數民族權益之保護：以西藏少數民族為中心. Li mainly emphasised the importance of the development of the law to protect the rights and interests of ethnic minorities. It is proved that the legal system of minority interests plays an important role in protecting the rights and interests of ethnic minorities in Tibet and the social and economic development of Tibet . He first discussed the relationship between law and minority rights, and analyzes the collected literature and news reports.He explored the evolution of the protection of the rights and interests of ethnic minorities in Tibet through the Tibetan legal system development in Tibet, the characteristics of Tibetan legal system, the structure of Tibet's legal system, and the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1959. 鄧, 湘漪. (2014). 西藏民族流亡歷史之政治經濟分析. 西藏民族流亡歷史之政治經濟分析, 15, 7592. Retrieved March 3, 2017, from http://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid =a0000575-201406-201507060002-201507060002-75-92 Deng’s article started from the historical events of Tibetan anti-violence, exploring the experience of the Tibetan national exile as a member of the international aboriginal, and analyze the Tibetan political and economic relations between China, Tibet and India. The development of the alpine forest land belonging to the border became the place where the exiles settled themselves in different places, not only settled the exiled life of the Tibetan people, but also added to the economic and strategic development of the border areas of India and laid the cornerstone of the development of the Tibetan exiled national movement. The Tibetan national political decision-making by the parliament and the head of the parliament - the administration - to decide to promote the democratization process. In this context, the national movement of the exiled Tibetan community was significantly complicated internal wrestling, deepening the psychological entanglement of Tibetan ethnic groups.

POLITICAL ISSUE “Design is both a political and cultural force for change, although most designers choose not to think about the power it has.” — Jonathan Barnbrook

MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 19

QUEBEC | CANADA QUEBEC | CANADA Area (km2) :

Neighbour :

1,542,056

French settlers remained in Canada desprite British taking control after winning the French and Indian War. French settlers were Roman Catholic and serious ethic disputes arose between them and the Protestant English settlers. British government passed the British North America Act creating the Dominion of Canada which was a confederation (political union) of Ontario (Upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada).

Area (km2) :

1,542,056

Population :

8,215,000

Neighbour :

Ameria Greenland Canada

Topography :

Eastern part of Canada Varying composition of the ground, climate and proximity to water

Before 1600 1600

8,215,000

1608

America Greenland Canada

1627

1650

Topography :

Early French exploration

Quebec City was founded by Samuel de Champlain as French Canada. Modern Quebec was part of the territory of New France The Catholic Church was given en seigneurie large and valuable tracts of land estimated at nearly 30% of all the lands granted by the French Crown in New France.

Quebec became the capital city of New France

Quebec (France) New France

1663

France Sea

Sovereign Council

The establishment of the Conseil souverain, political restructuring which turned New France into a province of France, ended the period of company rule and marked a new beginning in the colonization effort.

1700

French immigrants are still in Canada, and the British gained control after winning the French and Indian wars. French settlers were Roman Catholics, and they had serious ethical disputes between Protestant English immigrants. The British government passed the British North American Act, which established the ruling region of Canada, which is the federal (political union) of Canada's Ontario (upper Canada) and Quebec (Lower Canada).

1750

1759

Quebec Expedition

French and Indian War - Seven Years' War

The British sent substantial military forces. French military position was poor

1763

Royal Proclamation

Britain's success in the war forced France to cede all of Canada to the British at the Treaty of Paris and set out the terms of government for the newly captured territory, as well as defining the geographic boundaries of the territory

1800

Anglican Diocess of Quebec created Roman Catholic Archdiocess of Quebec established

Quebec still keep good relationship with France

1850

Quebec (British)

1867

Canada (British)

French-speaking Quebeckers, known as Canadiens in French, remained a majority within Canada East.

1898

1900

WWII

WWI

Parliament of Canada passed the Quebec Boundary Extension Act, 1898, expanding the Province's borders

1950

1931

Ethic Group : 1960 1961 1977

2000

1980 1990 1995 2006

2010

Quebec (British) Modern Canada

Conflict Started : Quebec: French | Canada: English

Quebec's Quiet Revolution a specifically Québécois national identity Front de libération du Québec

was established to promote economic growth of the regions of Quebec

Charter of the French Language established French as the official language of Quebec The first referendum was held - rejected The Oka Crisis. The second referendum was held - rejected Canada Government : Quebec formed a nation within a united Canada

Quebec Canada

Fig.1 Timeline - History relationship between Quebec and Canada

PAKISTAN | INDIA Area (km2) :

881,913

Population :

201,995,540

Neighbour :

India Afghanistan Iran Jammu & Kashmir

Topography :

Facing Arabian Sea, 1046 km long coastal line

1600

Origins of conflicts had the choice of joining India or Pakistan. Pakistan laid its claim on Kashmir and this it became the main point of conflict. The Partition of India came about in the afternoon of World War II, when both Great Britain and British India were dealing with the economic stresses caused by the war and its demobilization. It was the intention of those which wished for a Muslim state to come from British India to have a clean partition between independent and equal “Pakistan” and “Hindustan” once independence came. The partition itself, according to leading politicians such as Mohammed Ali Jinnah, leader of the All India Muslim League, and the Jawaharala Nehru, leader of the Indian National Congress, should have resulted in peaceful relations. However, the partition of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947 did not divide the nations cleanly along religious lines. Nearly 50 percent of the Muslim population of British India remained in India. Inter-communal violence between Hindus, Sikhs, and Muslims results in between 500, 000 to 1 million casualties.

PAKISTAN | INDIA Area (km2) :

881,913

British East India Company is established

201,995,540 Neighbour :

India Afghanistan Iran Jammu & Kashmir

Topography :

Facing Arabian Sea, 1046 km long coastal line

1650 Medieval India

1707

1700

Mughal Empire collapsing; Indian states begin breaking away from Mughal control

India (British)

1750

1757

Roberts Clive leads victory a Battle of Plassey; begins East India Company (British) leading power in India.

Conflict Started : Pakistanis Religious :

96.4% Islam

Indian

79.8% Hinduism

Resources : Gold/copper , Coal, Oil and Gas 1800

1800

Many Indians begin thinking more modernly, changing traditional ideas. Some take ideas wanting to govern themselves.

Gold / Copper Raw Material

1843 1850

1858

1885

Oil / Natural Gas

British colonization

Coal

The entire territory of modern Pakistan was occupied beginning first by the East India Company British government takes direct command of India, from East India Company.

Indian national Congress is formed

West Pakistan

1900

1930

1947 1950

1947 1956

Fig.2 Timeline - History relationship between Pakistan and India

Pakistan India

Mountbatten Partition plan is finalized Independence is gained from British. Pakistan is formed immediate next day.

Partition of India

British Imperial Government divided the India into two independent and sovereign countries Constituent Assembly decides the country shall be a Federal Republic known as Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

1965

Indo-Pakistani War (II)

1971

Indo-Pakistani War (III)

Second war between Pakistan and India over Kashmir. Pakistan and Republic of India sign agreement to end hostilities. led to the commencement of hostilities with Pakistan and Indian entry into the war of independence in East Pakistan on the side of Bengali nationalist forces

2000

2009 2010

First proposed idea of partition by philosopher Allama Iqbal

Indo-Pakistani War (I)

WWII

WWI

East Pakistan

The cause of the conflict can be chosen to join India or Pakistan. Pakistan made a request to Kashmir, which became the main point of conflict. In the afternoon of the Second World War, India's split was in the UK and British India to deal with the economic pressures and demobilization caused by the war. They had a intention that the wish for Muslim countries from India, India, once the independent, it is necessary in the independent and equal "Pakistan" and "Hindustan" to establish a clean line between. According to the leaders of the National Union of India, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and the political leaders of the National Congress of India, Rajaharala Nehru, should form a peaceful relationship. However, in 1947 the British India assigned to India and Pakistan did not follow the religious division of the country. Nearly fifty percent of the Muslim population in India is still in India. The inter-community violence between Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims causes 500,000 to 1 million casualties.

Pakistan

Pakistan government announces a truce with Taliban, acceptting a system of Islamic law in the Swat valley, conceding the area as a Taliban sanctuary.

India Bangladesh

MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 21

ISRAEL | PALESTINE Area (km2) :

20,770

Population :

8,059,000

Neighbour :

Palestine Egypt Jordon Lebanon

Topography :

At the southeast shore of mediterranean sea & North shore of Red Sea

ISRAEL | PALESTINE 1897

Area (km2) :

20,770

1900

For nearly a century, the Jewish community in what is now Israel and Palestinian Arabs have battles over a 10,000-square-mile territory between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Both claim historic and religious ties to the land, so the conflict has become a geopolitical war far0reachig implications. Throughout the years of lighting, Israel’s share of the land has grown from about 3 percent in 1917 to 87 percent today.

The World Zionist Organization is created to advocate for the establishment of Jewish homeland in Palestine.

8,059,000 Neighbour :

WWI

1910

Topography :

At the southeast shore of mediterranean sea & North shore of Red Sea

1920

1916 1917 1920

Palestine before the creation of Isreal

The Sykes–Picot Agreement : divided the Ottoman Empire lands of Middle East between British and French spheres of influence. They agreed that "Palestine" was to be designated as an "international enclave". The Balfour Declaration: British Foreign Secretary James Balfour approves the creation of national homeland for Jews in Palestine. From 1920, the whole region was known as Palestine (under British Mandate) until the Israeli Declaration of Independence of 1948. Jerusalem Jewish Land

Earliest ethic enclave 1930

Conflict Started : 1939 Religious : Israelis

1940

Other Region

74.8% Jewish

Palestinian

93% Islam

Sea

Sunni Islam

They both want Jerusalem

WWII

For nearly 100 years, the Jewish community of Israel and the Palestinian Arabs has now fought in the 10,000 square miles between the Mediterranean and the Jordan. Both require a historical and religious relationship with the land, so the conflict has become a geopolitical war. During the lighting year, Israel's land share grew from 3 percent in 1917 to 87 percent today.

Palestine

The British issued the White Paper of 1939, which severely restricted Jewish immigration, leaving many European Jews during the Holocaust with nowhere to go. Illegal immigration, though dangerous, became a necessity. By the time the United Nations agreed to split Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, a very well ordered and lively Jewish society had been created there.

Resources : Mediterranean Sea 1947 1948 Isareal is formed

1950

93% Islam

U.N. Partition Plan: The U.N. successfully passes a plan to separate western proposal while Palestinian Arab leaders reject it, prompting riots. Jewish

Arab-Israeli War:

The Jewish community declares itself independent in the new state of Israel. War breaks out between Israelis and forces from nearby Arab nations. 1949: Israel and the Arab states agree to an armistice that results in Israel controlling 78 % of Palestine. Armistice agreements with Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria which established a ceasefire line known as the Green Line.

1960

Jerusalem (International Zone) Israel Palestine Other Region Sea

1967 Six Day War:

Using air, sea, and ground combat, Israel captures the Sinai Peninsula from Egypt and Golan Heights from Syria. Although the Israeli Army does annex the West Bank of Jordan, it begins to occupy the region.

1970

1980

1982

Divided into 167 enclaves inside Palestine

Israel returns Sinai to Egypt and the two countries sign a peace treaty, making Egypt the Arab nation to officially recognize Israel as a state.

The Oslo Accords:

1990

1993

2000

2002 2005

Jerusalem (Divided) Israel Palestine Other Region Sea

Palestine and Israel sign the Declaration of Principles, in which both nations seek recognition as autonomous government bodies. The West Bank is split into three zones: One fully controlled by Palestinian Authority: one that’s joint-controlled; and one that stays in Israel hands.

Operation Defensive Shield: Israel re-occupies Palestinian cities Operation Summer Rains: Israel attacks the Gaza Strip Jerusalem Israel

2010

Palestine

2011: The area in which the Palestinian state is expected to be founded is hemmed in by the Israeli security barrier, crisscrossed with Israeli settlements, divided politically and geographically from Gaza.

Other Region Sea

Fig.3 Timeline - History relationship between Israel and Palestine

IRELAND | ENGLAND The Republic of Ireland is a parliamentary democracy based on the British model, with a written constitution and a popularly elected president who has mostly ceremonial powers. The government is headed by a prime minister, the Taoiseach, who is appointed by the President on the nomination of the lower house of parliament, the Dรกil. Members of the government are chosen from both the Dรกil and the upper house of parliament, the Seanad. Its capital is Dublin.

Area (km2) :

84, 421

Population :

5,459,500

Neighbour :

United Kindom

Topography :

Facing North Atlantic Ocean Relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain with several navigable rivers extending inland

IRELAND | BRITAIN Area (km2) :

1801

1800

Island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland The Irish Local Government Act gives Ireland local government similar to the English system

5,459,500 Neighbour :

1845 Great Famine

Set the pattern of emigration

1900

Conflict Started : Religious :

Irish

84, 421

United Kindom

Topography : 84.2% Roman Catholic

English

59.4% Christian Ireland UK

WWI

1910

1919 1920

Irish Volunteers, who opposed any support of Britain, launched an armed insurrection against British rule The First Dรกil of the Irish Republic meets and issues a Declaration of Independence from the UK. Irish War of Independence: Volunteers of the Army of the Irish Republic kill two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary in what is considered to be the first act of the War of Independence.

1916 Easter Rising

1921 Irish War of Independence: 1922

The War of Independence ends when negotiations between the British government and representatives of the de facto Irish Republic conclude with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State

Ireland became a self-governing dominion called the Irish Free State

Irish Civil War:

Bombardment by Michael Collins of Anti-Treaty forces occupying the Four Courts marks the start of the Irish Civil War IRA Chief of Staff Frank Aiken orders volunteers to dump arms - effectively ending the Civil War.

1930

1937 Independence: ร ire 1940

WWII

Ireland UK

1949 Republic of Ireland The Republic of Ireland Act is signed by the President of Ireland abolishing the remaining roles of the British monarch in the government of the Irish state.

1950

1955

Ireland joins the United Nations along with 16 other sovereign states.

1969

Troops are deployed on the streets of Northern Ireland, marking the start of the Troubles.

1973

Ireland joins the European Community along with Britain and Denmark.

1985

The governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement.

1999

Ireland yields its official currency the Irish pound and adopts the Euro.

2005

Cork is made European Capital of Culture. The EU recognises Irish as a working language.

The Republic of Ireland is a democratic model based on the British model, with a written constitution and elected president, who are mainly ritual powers. The government is headed by the Prime Minister, Taoiseach appointed by the President, nominated to the House of Commons, Dรกil. The members of the government are chosen from the Dalai Lama and the House of Lords, Seanad. Its capital is Dublin.

1960

1970

1980

1990

2000

Fig.4 Timeline - History relationship between Ireland and Britain

2010

MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 23

TIBET | CHINA Area (km2) :

2,500,000 3,002,166

Neighbour :

China Nepel Bhutan

Topography :

The highest region on Earth North of the Himalayas

Conflict Started : Religious :

Tibet

Tibetan Buddhism (78.5%)

China

Chinese religion (81.1%)

Resources : Water Gold / Copper Raw Material Oil / Natural Gas

Fig.5-1 Timeline - History relationship between Tibet and China 24

China says Tibet has been a country of China since the middle of the thirteenth century, so it should continue to be ruled by Beijing. Many Tibetans objected to the attention of the Himalayan region for a long time to be an autonomous kingdom, and China's control of Tibet is still precarious. For example, after a brief military conflict between China and Tibet at the beginning of the twentieth century, Tibet declared an autonomous republic in 1912. Although its status was not fully recognized, the Tibetan Autonomous Government did not send troops to Tibet until 1950, and held a Tibet mission next year to sign an arrangement to surrender to China. Since then, the purpose of Beijing has been excited and sporadic uprising.

Fig.6 Timeline - History relationship between Tibet and China MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 25

POLICIES OF CONTROL

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

DEVELOPMENT

1950s - State Farm

1990s - Patriotic Education Campaign

“Fair in all buying and selling and shall not arbitrarily take a single needle or thread from the people.” After People’s Liberation Army after it marched into Lhasa in October 1951 was how to accommodate and feed its more than eight thousand troops.

The massive attempt by the party at ideological reeducation after 1989. Two-month programme will cover the capital Lhasa and surrounding rural areas and will focus on strengthening relations between Tibetans and local Communist Party officials.

1990s - Development of West China The development of infrastructure (transport, hydro-power plants, energy, and telecommunications), enticement of foreign investment, increased efforts on ecological protection (such as reforestation), promotion of education, and retention of talent flowing to richer provinces.

Sinicization of Tibet Chinese rule in Tibet to refer to the cultural assimilation which has occurred in Tibetan areas of China (including the Tibet Autonomous Region and surrounding Tibetan-designated autonomous areas) and has made these areas resemble mainstream Chinese society.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT

SOCIAL

2005 - Anti-Secession Law The development of infrastructure (transport, hydropower plants, energy, and telecommunications), enticement of foreign investment, increased efforts on ecological protection (such as reforestation), promotion of education, and retention of talent flowing to richer provinces.

Image Engineering - Duplicity One student at Larung Gar was quoted by Free Tibet as saying: “If the only way to solve the overpopulation is destroying the houses, then why is the same policy not implemented in the Chinese cities and towns where the population is overcrowded?

Hans Migration Tibetans were orchestrated by the Chinese Government by cultural, social and economic reforms along with a government supported migration of Han Chinese into these areas.

TOURISTS

2000s - Chinese Tourism booms

2017 - Restriction of Travel from Overseas

The Tibet 11th 5-year development plan will focus on the development of the tourism industry as the first six pillar industries. Strengthen the existing tourist routes, scenic spots and attractions, and develop new tourist routes and scenic spots, connecting regions, and tourism ring road construction.

China has closed Tibet to overseas travelers. Western Students of Buddhism Also Forced From Larung Gar. There were also many students from Western countries, including the United States and countries in Europe, who were studying at the center, and they too were forced to leave without any publicity,” he said. “They were not allowed to go straight back to their family homes but first had to undergo a month of patriotic reeducation programs, after which they were allowed to return.”

2010s - Chinese Tourism Expands Enhance the theme of tourism, culture and ecology, highlighting the theme of Tibetan culture, optimize the layout of tourism space, speed up the formation of historical and cultural tourism center , create quality tourist routes and tourist attractions. To promote the related industries and services, highlight the characteristics of the tourism product system. 23 million visitors will enter the Tibetan Autonomous Region in 2017. Tibetan culture and its holy sites are being overwhelmed by ethnic Han tourists from the rest of China.

CULTURAL 2004 - Religious Affairs Regulations Draft Revisions - Assisting the government in the implementation of religious laws, regulations and policies; - Maintaining the legitimate rights and interests of religious citizens; - Guiding religious affairs, formulating a system of religious rules and supervising their implementation; - Engaging in religious cultural study, explaining the religious doctrines and canons, and carrying out the construction of religious ideology; - Carrying out religious education, training religious professionals, and designating and managing religious personnel; Such other functions as laws, regulations, rules and religious articles of association.

SPATIAL / LANDSCAPE 2000 - Comfortable Housing Program

Implemented large - scale programs to “rehouse” of existing houses or construction of new ones, a majority of the rural population of the TAR. It has accelerated the relocation and sedentarization of nomadic herders in the eastern part of the Tibetan plateau. Relocated families can be forced to pay three-quarters or more of the cost of their new, lower quality housing. This forces Tibetans into debt making them unable to feed their livestock or families.

2016 - Tibet TAR Fire Services Ordinance

More restrictive legal environment has been put in place. Repression has expanded to target more state-registered congregations and leaders. And the government has adapted religious controls to a new technological landscape, increasing electronic surveillance at places of worship and imprisoning believers for sharing content on social media platforms or using tools to circumvent Internet censorship.

Religious activities establish a public security fire brigade. Above the county level shall establish a government - wide fire brigade at the administrative level at the county (city, district) and the administrative offices of the people ‘s government in the urban area of 3 square kilometers or above the resident population of 30,000 people and established the public security fire brigade.

Leading political figures with Hans not Tibetans

Preferred Vernacular

Leading political figures in the Tibet Autonomous Region politburo are Han Chinese, the dominant or majority ethnic group of China or have a Chinese spouse. Although the region’s governor is Tibetan, the office is subordinate to the branch secretary of the Communist Party of China, who is always Chinese, the exiled prime minister added. Tibet is not autonomous, only in name and on paper

But Tibetans coming from both farming and herding communities interviewed by Human Rights Watch between 2005 and 2012 say that large numbers of people relocated or rehoused did not do so voluntarily and that they were never consulted or offered alternatives. They say that many face financial difficulties as a result of having to move, reduce their herds, or demolish and reconstruct their houses. They claim that new settlements are inferior to the ones they previously inhabited and that many promises made to them by local officials to induce them to move have never materialized.

2017 - Persecutory Policies

2004 - Planting Encouragement Encourage individuals to reclaim farmland, wasteland, barren land, planting crops and plants and allowing inheritance.

2008 - Immigration Restriction Prohibited to carry religious ornaments, books, audio and video materials, promotional materials, etc. Prohibit to carry of control tools and other dangerous goods.

MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 27

TIBETAN BUDDHISM

Tibetan Buddhism is a manifestation of Buddhist theory and agency characteristics in Tibet, the Himalayas and many parts of Central Asia. It comes from the latest stage of Indian Buddhism and retains the "subversion of the eighteenth century India." Tibetan Buddhism eager for Buddhism or rainbow body.

TIBETAN BUDDHISM BACKGROUND

Tibetan Buddhism has religious texts and comments, including Tibetan Buddhist teachings such as Tibet as the spiritual language of these areas. Tibetan Buddhism has different schools of Ningma, Kagu, Sarkar and Glu, and Kadam, Jonang and RimĂŠ. One of the most notable is the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama, the leader of the Tibetan Gelu School. In Mongolia, Nagasaki Khutukhtu and Jebtsundamba Khutuktu are spiritual leaders of the Gelug school. The number of followers is estimated to be between 1 billion and 20 million. Tibetan Buddhism began in the Songzan Gambo period. The buddhism is spreaded from Hans to Tibet by the princess of Nepal and the Tibetan Princess Cheng Cheng. In the Chisongdezan period, the ancient Indian Buddhist monks were sent to the Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet with the yoga line of self-renewal. They uniformed the local primitive Bon and accepted the Tibetan religion and other parts of local religion. This period is called the former period. After the destruction movement of the Langdha and rumors of the Randamma Buddha, the Tibetan Buddhism gradually revived during the period of Song Dynasty of China for over a hundred years. It gradually formed Ningma, Kagyu , Karma, Sakya, Jue capsule, Gelu and other factions of the heritage, this period known as the post-Hong period. After the Zongkabat genitals became the mainstream of Tibetan Buddhism, and had a close relationship with the ancient Chinese government. Tibet first have Caesaropapism which means the political and religious unite together, by two fixed reincarnation monks on behalf of the Chinese government to rule the whole Greater Tibet , Known as the Dalai Lama and the Panchen Lama. Tibetan Buddhism mainly spread in provinces of China near Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, India's Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh and Dharamsala. It began to spread in the Mongolian region in the 13th Century. Nowadays, Mongolia, Tu, Yugu, Pumi and other ethnic groups, still believe in Tibetan Buddhism. In modern times, Tibetan Buddhism gradually spread to the rest of the world. Tibetan folk traditional festivals are full of Buddhist contents or with Buddhist characteristics. Therefore the festival itself is not strictly different from the Buddhist itself. Factions around the factions are also inconsistent. In general, to commemorate the Buddha for the Tibetan calendar in April on the seven days, and similar to the Han. Lhasa holds the first month of the year to pray for more than a month. At the end of July and early July held at the Shoton Festival is transfer by the traditional Xia An festival. At the end of July to hold fruit festival to celebrate the harvest. Qinghai Tart Temple in the first month of the fifteenth light festival show butter, the first month of the eighth to fifteenth held a prayer Dafa, held on the eighth day of April April to commemorate the birth of Sakyamuni. June to the eighth day of the year commemorating Sakyamuni's three-way Falun Dafa meeting. September 20 to 26 to commemorate Sakyamuni.

FESTIVAL

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TIBETAN RELIGIOUS ELEMENT

1. Prayer flag Buddhism was introduced into the Tibetan area with the local primitive religion. It has developed of unique element which is known as the "wind horse flag" for the Tibetan prayer, Tibetan called Longda or Rlung rta, "Rlung" in Tibetan means "wind", "rta" in Tibetan means "horse", so the Chinese translation for the "wind horse" or "wind horse flag", the cloth of the flags are painted the horses of Buddhist monk three treasures, meaning the power of the wind as a horse to send the text to the local The interests of all beings. Also known as the flag, prayer banner etc. Prayer flag a string of horizontal together with five side banner cloth. They are in blue, white, red, edge, yellow colors. There are six words mantra (om ma ni bai me hum in Tibetan) often hanging in the monastery area, obo, holy land, it is heap, etc. When the pastoralists passing these places, they will walk right around the prayer flags. The flag is also used as a vertical bar with a flagpole or fixed. They are also be printed the mantra on the paper and blown by the wind.

2. Prayer wheel Prayer wheel has similar function with the prayer flag, but in the form of tube with over 2 meters height. It relates to the eight words mantra and six words mantra of Tibetan Buddhism. The more the monasticism, the more sincere to the Buddha. Thus people can be off the suffering of reincarnation. People also set the mantra package in the small tube with the hand swing. Once they shake the small prayer wheel is equivalent to chanting the mantra once.

3. Full-body prostrations

Full-body prostrations (in Chinese meaning â&#x20AC;&#x153;Knocking the long headâ&#x20AC;?) is one of the unique and the most sincere rituals of Tibetan Buddhism, expressing their devotion to the Buddha of the heart. Pilgrims in their five-body cast when the "body" respect; at the same time the mouth constantly curse, is "language" respect; heart constantly miss the Buddha, is "meaning" respect. Full-body prostrations is divided into long distance (more than thousands of miles for many months within a year), short (several hours, ten days Half months), and situ. Around the courtyard of every monastery, it never lack of people coming from the distance to the pilgrimage, they not only around the courtyard of the circle of pilgrimage, but also lap around the worship of their hearts Buddha, that long way to bow down Come, is that they use their own body to measure the way of faith. In all parts of the road leading to Lhasa, from time to time to people can see pilgrims from the distant hometowns who wear a protective gear, knee knees, a fur clothing in front, dust covered, along the road. Three steps a knock, until they reach the Monastery in Lhasa. Full-body prostrations of the pilgrims will not use lazy way to relieve fatigue. The only reason they can continue is by their strong faith , Step by step toward the holy city of Lhasa.

Fig.7 Procedure of full-body prostrations MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 31

TIBETAN RELIGIOUS ELEMENT 4. Stupas Stupas is a Tibetan is a tower like or solid building which contains relics (Ĺ&#x203A;arÄŤra - typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation. Basically the same appearance with India. The shape of the stupas appeared in the Northern Wei Dynasty in Yungang Grottoes . Spread into Tibet and other areas. In the Yuan Dynasty with the rise of Tibetan Buddhism, the stupa once again spread into China and began appeared around Han nationality in large amount. There are 8 types of stupas in traditional Tibetan Buddhism, each referring to major events in the Buddha's life. Fig.8 4 types of Stupas Fig.9 Spatial representation of a Stupa

5. Marnyi stone Marnyi stone is also called "Ma Chi stone". This is based on the third world mantra "Omâ&#x20AC;?. Marnyi Stone the traditional customs from the ancient era and passed down till now. Marnyi stone is the traditional folk art of the Tibetan people, most of them are engraved with the ancient Buddhism gombas. The Marnyi stone can be composed of Marnyi heap or Marnyi wall. The Tibetan described the intricate heart as "the pattern of stone engraved." The Tibetan thought that the traces left on the stone were preserved, such as the footprints of the Gesar. When the six words of mantra are engraved on the stone, these stones will have a supernatural spirituality, to bring them auspicious.

MONASTERY ELEMENT Monasteries are composed by: - 1 or 2 surrounding walls (Optional) - One gate (Optional) - A courtyard with a incense burner and a certain number of prayer wheels - A rough staircase - A vestib ule - The temple door between the paintings of the four World Guardian Kings called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Lokapalasâ&#x20AC;? (2 on each side) - The Assembly Hall where monks recite or sing holy texts (Dakhang) - Side walls are painted and one side get the Holy text library - One or several chapels with large gold Buddha statues - A first floor with guest rooms and additional meditation and tantric chapels MINIMUM COMPONENT - Prayer wheel - Worship Buddha - Stupa / Chortens - A courtyard with a incense burner and a certain number of prayer wheels - The Assembly Hall where monks recite or sing holy texts (Dakhang)

MONASTERY RADIUS - Prayer wheel - Worship Buddha - See and feel the existing of Buddhism - Back and forth in one day - Convenience distance for Monks and Villagers for buying goods - Sufficient villagers for support daily life of monks Monastery Plan Discription: http://www.tibetmap.com/Gompabr.html

Fig.10 Floor plan of monasteries

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RELIGIOUS ENCLAVE

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MONASTERY DISTRIBUTION IN GREATER TIBET According to the Government of Tibet in Exile, in 1959 there were 6,260 monasteries. By 1976 only 8 monasteries remained that were undamaged by the Cultural Revolution. Many of them have been rebuilt. Currently contains 580 monasteries.

Drigung Monastery Ganden Monastery Samye Monastery

Larung Gar Buddhist Academy Yaqing Gar Tagong Monastery

Fig.11 Monastery distribution in greater Tibet and Hans Immigration Rate in 1990s MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 37

SAMYE MONASTERY Samye Monastery / Samye Gompa is located in China's Tibet Autonomous Region Shannan City, the town of Zaochen County, the territory of the Yarlung Zangbo River north of the Habu Hill. It was built in the 8th century AD Tubo Dynasty period, was the first monastery in Tibet. The architecture of the temple is arranged according to the Buddhist cosmology. The central Buddhist gompa has three styles of Tibetan, Han and Indian, so it is also called "three styles temple". In 1996, Sangye Temple was published by the State Council of the People's Republic of China as one of the fourth batch of national key cultural relics protection units. In 2005, Samye Monastery was assessed as China's national 4A level tourist attractions.

Monastery area

Hotel / Hostel / Teahouse

Samye Monastery in 1942 Recent view of Samye Monastery 38

Commercial

Village

Second Sphere Influence

First Sphere Influence

Fig.12 Existing plan of Samye Monastery

100m

200m

400m

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SAMYE MONASTERY - SOCIAL FLOW Entrance fee $60 / person

Guesthouse $20 / night (Chinese) $80 / night (Foreigners)

3 - star hotel $400 / night

Hostel $140 - 160 / night Ferry pier to entrance fee $20 / person

NORTH GATE

STUPA STUPA STUPA

BLACK PAGODA

THE MOON HALL

STUPA

HOSTEL

GREEN PAGODA

STUPA WEST GATE (EXIT ONLY)

MAIN HALL

STUPA

STUPA RED PAGODA

SHOP

HOSTEL

THE SUN HALL STUPA

WHITE PAGODA STUPA

SOUTH GATE

STUPA

EAST GATE

STUPA

PERIPHERAL HALL

Fig.14 Conceptual plan of Samye monastery

Samye Monastery was built with reference to the building style of the ancient Indian Baltic Sea Odunda Bodhi Temple (o-tanta-pu-ri, flying temple). It keeps the same architecture style for all rehabilitation cause of fire or decay. Nowadays, most of the buildings of the monastery were rebuilt at the 7th Dalai Lama, covering an area of about 110,000 square meters. The monastery is oval-shaped, according to the Buddhist structure of the world arrangement, the overall atmosphere is majestic and spectacular. The main gomba of the monastery is located in the center of the whole area, symbolizing the center of the universe and the residence of the Buddha. The northern and southern sides of the main hall are built with symbol of sun and moon. These buildings are surrounded by a circular wall, symbolizing the edge of the world - Tieshan.

Fig.13 Social flow of Samye monastery MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 41

SAMYE MONASTERY - SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

Fig.15 Social relationship of Samye monastery MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 43

SAMYE MONASTERY - SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

Fig.16 Social relationship of Samye monastery MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 45

DRIGUNG MONASTERY

Traditionally it has been the main seat Drigung Monastery is located in the Mexican Zhucheng County northeast of the tribute area. Here is one of the largest million in Tibet in the Yuan Dynasty. In 1179, the tribute of the Kumba Rinpoche in the creation of the tribute Kagyu faction, and the construction of the center of the temple monastery only tribute Temple. Drigung Monastery was originally between the cliffs, male house, very spectacular. In the late 13th century, there was a dispute between the tribute temple and the Sakya Monastery. Now the temple for the future reconstruction, there are more than 300 monks with more than 2000 temporary settlement residents. On the north side of the Drigung Monastery, there is one of the most famous celestial burial sites in Tibet, known as the tribute altar, known as one of the world's most sacred and well-known celestial burial ground.

First Sphere Influence

Monastery area

Hotel / Hostel / Teahouse

Commercial

Recent view of Drigung Monastery 46

Village

Second Sphere Influence

Fig.17 Existing plan of Drigung Monastery

100m

200m

400m

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GANDEN MONASTERY Ganden Monastery is one of the most specific monastery pf the six sections of the Gelug Sect monasteries, personally built by the Tsongkhapa master, and finally passed away here, all this is destined to Ganden Monastery unusual. Ganden Monastery is known as the ancestor of the Gelug Sect, the highest abbot of Ganden Monastery is the abbot of the entire Gelug Sect. Ganden Monastery is located in the south bank of Lhasa 3800 meters above sea level on the mountain. Yuanwang Wangbo mountain, like a heavy fog cave of the giant elephant, carrying the mountain near the Ganden Monastery. Ganden Monastery was built in 1409, during the Cultural Revolution is inevitably suffered heavy losses, the immediate construction of the basic are later rebuilt.

First Sphere Influence

Monastery area

Hotel / Hostel / Teahouse

Commercial

Recent view of Ganden Monastery 48

Village

Second Sphere Influence

Fig.18 Existing plan of Ganden Monastery

100m

200m

400m

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TAGONG MONASTERY Tagong Monastery, also called Lhagang Monastery is the most famous Sakya faction (flower teaching) monastery in Ganzi. It has been a thousand years of history and is an important sacred place for Tibetan people in Kham. In Ganzi Province, Tagong Monastery and Yaqing Monastery, Larung Gar are the most famous Monastery. The distance between Tagong Monastery and Kando town is 110 kilometers, from Kangding along the Sichuan-Tibet Highway westbound, overturned more mountains, over the new bridge after the northbound tower tower, tower temple for the center of the area. Most of the scenic spots and landscape distribution are located on both sides of the Sichuan-Tibet Highway. The scenic is made of rivers, grasslands, forests, mountains, temples and Tibetan architecture.

First Sphere Influence

Recent view of Tagongxiang Monastery 50

First Sphere Influence

Second Sphere Influence

Fig.19 Existing plan of Tagong Monastery

100m

200m

400m

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YAQING MONASTERY Yaqing Gar is located in BaiyĂź County, Sichuan Province, China Caixi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture. It is located at an altitude of 4,000 meters from the isolated valley. The monastery is related to the Buddhist tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. There are now more than 10,000 members of the Sangha, which is the world's largest nuns and monks concentrated. Most of the saints are nuns.

Recent view of Yaqing Monastery 52

First Sphere Influence

Second Sphere Influence

Fig.20 Existing plan of Yaqing Monastery

100m

200m

400m

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LARUNG GAR Larung Gar is one of the world’s largest monastic institutions with a population of over 20 thousand of Chinese and Tibetan practitioners. The drastic change is due to the new policy from China central government called “Checking-up and Rectification of Monastery Area”. The policy stated that by September 30, 2017 the population of the settlements must be limited to 5,000 permanent residents. If more than 5000 people congregate in a monastery, the Central Government will demolish the extra settlements without relocation or compensation. United Nations experts have condemned the expulsions of monks and nuns from this religious enclave in 2017.

Recent view of Larung Gar 54

Fig.21 Existing plan of Larung Gar

100m

200m

400m

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SITE & CONTEXT

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EXPANSION OF LARUNG GAR 1980

1985

1990

2005

2000

2001

2008

Fig.22 Expansion of Larung Gar

The historical evolution of Larung Gar, in particular on the tension between native settlement and the governmental control. It has expanded its monasteries and settlements in the last 37 years. Part of the settlements in Larung Gar had been demolished and the practitioners were repatriated in year 2001(demolished over 4000 settlements for building a road) and 2009 (demolished over 8000 settlements by population control policy) under different means of settlement control policies. However, those practitioners returned afterwards and densified the other areas by living in other practitionersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; settlements, or rebuilding the settlements within the barriers.

Fig.23 Existing detailed plan of Larung Gar 58

2009 Over 1500 settlements were removed

2017 Over 20000 monks and nuns will be relocated to their own home towns all over China

2009 Over 1500 settlements were removed

Existing Plan Shows the Settlements Keeps Changing Under Central Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Policy of Control 2001 Over 2000 settlements were removed

Legend Monastery

Hotel / Hostel / Teahouse Commercial

Village

Movement under Policy

Public Space

Permanent Barrier

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100m

200m

400m

CLIMATE & EVENTS The Number of Visitors will affect the Use of Space, Mainly in the 4 Buddhist JAN Assemblies and Events.

Snow DaysP

recipitation Days

Temperature

Tibetan Buddhist Religious Person

Frost Days

Visitors JAN

SNOW SEASON ROUTE CLOSED

FEB

MAR

FEB

MAR

TIBETAN NEW YEAR + BUDDHISTSSEMBL A YI 30,000 People

APR

MAY

JUN

BUDDHIST ASSEMBLY II 40,000 People JUL

AUG

JUL

BUDDHIST ASSEMBLY III 45,000 People

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

BUDDHIST ASSEMBLY IV 30,000 People

DEC

Weather and Climate 60

SNOW SEASON ROUTE CLOSED

DEC

Number of People

Fig.24 Graph of weather and the number of people who come to Larung gar as visitors

PUBLIC EVENTS There are 4 major public events every year which attract more than 20 thousand practitioners and visitors. At that time all the open spaces within the monastery are occupied by temporary shelters, food storage and temporary public facilities and public assemblies.

Public Events - Temporary Shelters

Public Assemblies

Public Events - oF od and Facilities

Public Assemblies - Gomba

Fig.25 Public events and settlements in Larung Gar MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 61

To Chengdu

CONNECTION The adjacent Sertar Country is a major hub for Larung Gar for transecting people and transport food from Chengdu, Sichuan. The community intentionally uses the main road to separate the Monks and Nuns settlement area as they are not allowed to communicate with other gender in buddhist customs. Sertar County is Mainly for : - Food transfer station - Facilities transfer station - Restaurants and Shops with reasonable prices - Tourist transfer station ( Chengdu -- Larung Gar ) - Accommodation check point - Building material transfer station Sertar County

Main Transportation Hub

Larung Gar

ins

tra ve l

dis tan

ces

Larung Village

Fig.26 Connection between Larung Gar and Sertar County MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 63

Sky Burial

Monastery

Mandala

ONK’S AREA

Religious Daily Cycle

NUN’S AREAM

Fresh Water Area

Daily Life Cycle

Common Kitchen

Praying Wheels Area 64

Market P

OPERATION Larung Gar works as an enclave which accommodates all the daily and event operation as a monastery with all kinds of facilities.

Place

Daily Life Cycle

Separation as Road between Nuns and Monks Area

Entrance

Fig.27 Operation in Larung Gar

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SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS

Mud Settlement

Large Settlement Type

Medium Settlement Type Small Settlement Type Stone Settlement

Wood Settlement

Situation Analysis

Structural Analysis

Interior Space

Normal Situation

Densify Situation

Urgent Situation Fig.28 Settlement analysis diagrams

SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS COMMON AREA

Fig.29 Common Washing Area in Larung Gar

Fig.30 Common Kitchen (Festival Seasons) in Larung Gar

Fig.31 Common Walkway between Settlements in Larung Gar

Fig.32 Spatial Relationship between Monastery and Settlements in Larung Gar MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 67

DESIGN PROPOSAL After the the research and analysis on settlement morphology of religious enclaves and operation of the site Larung Gar Buddhist Academy, the design strategy should consider how one might follow the governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s policy to maintain 5000 permanent residents in a monastery without affecting the size of the existing population. By proposing the possibility of strategies with defining the distance between each monastery. The strategy keeps refining and testing the feasibilities for operation. Finally I come up a strategy of a series of Liminal Zones in between several monasteries zones .The analysis is part of the design proposal according to the overall and individual operations. Moreover, the site is so specific that some of the ecology and topographic condition affects the whole design. The Liminal Zone Design Proposal will focus to explain following aspects . What is Liminal zone means? Why does the liminal zone helps to solve the problem? - What characteristic does this liminal zone has? - How do people going to manage the liminal spaces? - Definition of Natural slope/ Liminal Zone barriers - How do this strategies can fulfill the government's policy? - How these liminal spaces operate? - How does the liminal zone related to the vegetation? - How do people know the operation is sufficient? - How do people interact (apparently and actually)? - What are the things that required to build(work)? - Have a workable balance design project between buddhism space vs tourist because my proposal will only work if people are follow the rule and not touching sensitive things there. - Tourism in sensity spaces: slope difficulty, routes planning for people not getting into the sensitive area

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STRATEGY A (NOT ADOPTED) - OSMOSIS Religious Linkage See and feel the existing of Buddhism as a whole

Fig.33 Strategy A: Religious Linkage

Temporary Living | Settlement

Monastery area

Hotel / Hostel / Teahouse

Commercial

Village

100m

200m

400m

Using the loophole of policy: living settlements and temporary living areas of tourists as the space between the maximum number of 5000 monks, with the fire service in between 3km space.

Fig.34 Strategy A: Site plan with osmosis strategy

Environments in between

Reclaim farmland, planting crops and plants in between the topography of two parts of monastery

Phase II

Enhance the religious linkage between 2 settlement spaces

Phase III

Phase II

Planning the space in between

Phase III

Phase I

Relocate the overpopulated settlements according to the policy

Fig.35 Strategy A: Phasing of design strategy in regional scale

Fig.36 Strategy A: Scenario section collage MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 71

STRATEGY B (NOT ADOPTED) - BUFFER ZONE

Fig.37 Strategy B: Site plan with Buffer Zones strategy

SCENARIO I

Normal

Festival

Farmland 3900

3850

3800

3750

SCENARIO II Holy Road 4000

3950

3900

3850

SCENARIO III Camp Area | Religious Flag

4000

3950

3900

SCENARIO IV Market Place

4100

4050

4000

3950

Fig.38 Strategy B: Scenario I - IV

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STRATEGY C (ADOPTED) LIMINAL ZONES Liminal zone is a natural barrier in different forms to control the settlements area and number of people. It can be used to divide over 20 000 practitioners into 7 smaller monastery areas while the community can self-sustain. The main objective of the strategy is although those monasteries are physically separated, operationally they are connected and worked as a whole. There are the constraints and factors to be considered along with the proposal. These considerations include elevation and slope which affect the position and shape of the infrastructure. The analysis is followed by my proposed design towards those factors and the relationship between the program and settlements.

SURFACE DISTANCE Minimun distance between settlements based on difficulty for people to climb up

<5% Slope

5-10% Slope

200m

150m

10-20% Slope

20-30% Slope

100m

50m

Fig.39 Strategy C: Definition of Liminal Zone - Surface distance 74

The natural barrier is based on the setup of permanent control boundary wall on 2002

Fig.40 Strategy C: Natural Barrier defined diagram MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 75

SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1 Function of Liminal Zone: Difficult for Approaching Sensitive Spaces

Constraint | Factor

Proposed Strategy / Program: - Putting Monastery to a higher elevation - Using the level and elevation of slopes to guide the paths for tourists

Elevation : 4200 - 4500m

Fig.41 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1: Constraint and Factor

Slope : 20 - 30 degree

Design Diagram

Fig.42 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1: Design Diagram 76

SPECIFIC STRATEGY 2 Constraint | Factor

Function of Liminal Zone: Seperate Two Adjacent Settlement Unit Near the Main Road Proposed Strategy / Program: - Keep the Minimum Distance to Create Public Space - Putting Trees in between

Fig.43 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1: Constraint and Factor

Low Elevation Level

Slope : 0 - 10 degree

Design Diagram

Fig.44 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 1: Design Diagram MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 77

SPECIFIC STRATEGY 3 Function of Liminal Zone: No Space for Temporary Residents Especially in Public Events

Constraint | Factor

Proposed Strategy / Program: - Campsite Near Toutist Attaction Point - Multi - functional Space

Toutist Attaction Point

Fig.45 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 3: Constraint and Factor

Even Slope

Design Diagram

Fig.46 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 3: Design Diagram 78

SPECIFIC STRATEGY 4 Constraint | Factor

Function of Liminal Zone: Lack of Self-production Food Proposed Strategy / Program: - Grazing in Grassy area - Productive Landscape Dairy and Fur

Fig.47 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 4: Constraint and Factor

Land Cover

Beware of Eastern Wind Jet : low % for growing plants Evergreen Forest

Grassland

Shrubland

Design Diagram

Fig.48 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 4: Design Diagram MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 79

SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5 Function of Liminal Zone: Lack of Self-production Food and Tibetan Medicine

Constraint | Factor

Proposed Strategy / Program: - Farming for Vegetable - Tibetan Medicine Planting

NE Wind Brings Flora and Fauda

Fig.49 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5: Constraint and Factor

Land Cover Irrigated Cropland

Rained Cropland

Design Diagram

Fig.50 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 5: Design Diagram 80

SPECIFIC STRATEGY 6 Constraint | Factor

Function of Liminal Zone: Not Enough Water Proposed Strategy / Program: - Water Storage Area Near Water Converging Points

Fig.51 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 6: Constraint and Factor

Elevation : 4000m - 4300m Water Flow and Converging Trend

Design Diagram

Fig.52 SPECIFIC STRATEGY 6: Design Diagram MAK Ching Yee, Leanne| Separated but Together | 81

I. ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AREA [Strategy 1+4] The animal husbandry area with Ha-ha wall for providing dairy product and fur.

Fig.54 Programme I: Axonometric drawing

ANIMAL SPECIES

Ovis ammon

Bos grunniens Fig.55 Programme I: Before and after sections

Gyps fulvus

Marmota bobak

Fig.53 Proposed animal species in design

II. CAMP SITE AREA [Strategy 3] Fig.56 Programme II: Axonometric drawing

Camp site area with religious flags

Fig.57 Programme II: Before and after sections

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III. PUBLIC PLAZA AREAS [Strategy 2+3] Public plaza areas for gathering and storage in public events

Fig.58 Programme III: Axonometric drawing

Fig.59 Programme III: Before and after sections

IV. FARMING AREA+WATER SYSTEM [Strategy 5+6] Fig.60 Programme IV: Axonometric drawing

Farming area with water storage system for planting tibetan medicine and crops

PLANT SPECIES

Rhodiola Fig.61 Programme IV: Before and after sections

Ophiocordyceps sinensis Fig.21 Existing plan of Larung Gar

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Existing Animals

Gyps fulvus Marmota bobak

DESIGN PLAN Programs and Liminal Zones are Physically Separated but Cooperated as a Whole

Mandala

Existing Hotel

New Settlements

Proposed Monastery Existing Settlements Campsite/ Religious Flag Area

Existing Monastery

Shops Area

Plaza

Rhodiola

Water Storage

Rheum tibeticum

Farming Area

Fritillaria cirrhosa

Grazing Area

Ophiocordyceps sinensis Ovis ammon

Bos grunniens

Fig.62 Design plan of Larung Gar

25m

50m

100m

Phase I Separate / Shift the Monasteries and settlements to different Zones.

Phase II Set up Monastery in each Settlement Zones and Start adding Liminal Zones in between.

Phasing From the overall design which has been shown in following pages. Firstly, the minimum settlement will be relocated to have a space for liminal zones. Each monastery can sustain daily activities and operate as a whole for those programs, for example, all monks and nuns can plant crops and Tibetan medicine in all the farmlands, feed and the get the milk from cow and sheep in husbandry area. Secondary, set up monastery in each settlement zones and start adding Liminal zones in between. Thirdly, co relate with sertar county for balancing the number of permanent monks and nuns.

CIRCULATION

Phase III Co-relate with Sertar County for balancing the number of permanent monks and nuns.

For the circulation, the programs of liminal zones and the monastery itself play a role to control the path of both tourists and practitioners. The new monasteries in each area are set in a high elevation so tourists cannot easily get into those sensitive space. Also the route for tourist are set to park in specific tourist zone with shops and restaurants to limit their walk towards other settlement areas which are located distance away on over 4000 meters elevation. Moreover, for the practitioners, they can use the high elevation route to pilgrimage around the mountain.

Fig.63 Strategy C: Phasing

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF SCENARIO 1 Camp site area with religious flags

Before

Fig.66 Perspective view of scenario 1

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF SCENARIO 2 Public plaza areas for gathering and storage in public events

Before

Fig.66 Perspective view of scenario 2

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF SCENARIO 3 Farming area with water storage system for planting tibetan medicine and crops

Before

Fig.66 Perspective view of scenario 3

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PERSPECTIVE VIEW OF OVERALL STRATEGIES AND OPERATIONS

Fig.67 Perspective view of overall strategies and operations

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APPENDICES

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RECORDS OF INTERIM REVIEWS & RESPONSES

1st Interim Review: Propositions & Research Students should organize their initial design explorations and discoveries that indicate the direction of the thesis. 09 Feb (Th) 09:00-13:00 Reviewers: * Dorothy Tang, Ashley Scott Kelly, Xiaoxuan Lu, In this presentation, I introduced 5 running province including Tibet with the relationship with their adjacent countries, summary of conflicts and the linkage in between of the 2 places. Summary of Comments: Your drawings need to add geographical features so that the logics of which the boundaries are formed are clear. More analysis about the landscape features of the case studies will be important. Missing a historic/ political context the drawings and locations, the strategic location. Not only the resources, but also political lobbying.

2nd Interim Review: Refined Proposition & Preliminary Design Resolution (Collaborated with MArch2 Thesis Group) 22 Mar(We) 14:00 - 18:00 Reviewers: *Dorothy Tang, Tao Zhu, Yan Gao, Anderson Lee, In this presentation, I analysis the 6 different religious enclave with the over changes on the number of monasteries in these 50 years and the site situation and operations. Then I proposed the osmosis as my initially design strategy. Summary of Comments: My thesis has a good potential for the issue and critical standpoint. They suggested me the most important and interesting point would use the hidden agenda to fight against the hidden agenda for the new policy of China central government. Moreover, the distance of each monastery are separated too far away with no power as I mentioned. Need to rethink the logic of the strategy.

3rd Interim Review: Design Resolution 13 Apr (Th) 09:00-13:00 Reviewers: *Dorothy Tang, Ashley Scott Kelly, Vincci Mak, Xiaoxuan Lu In this presentation, I suggested how the policy will affect the site Larung Gar and my design proposal with 4 scenarios of Buffer Zone. Summary of Comments: Disconnection of the China | Tibet policy (Development, social, tourism etc) with timeline/ strategy(it just like text book and only information, canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t see what things are going to happen in the same (coincide) time to let people know what is exactly happening. Start to look at the landscape Right now is not just a categorize of knowledge, I need to built up your own category of DEVELOPMENT (not using the traditional one), in turns of sum up how much impact of this thing actually have, it can be categorize a line of how much impact in enclave of what kind of it Must tie back the development scenario to the site Interesting to define what is temporary what is permanent structures, think more vigourous , way more start to restructure of resist of how you create something does it violate the laws and the rules, more specific. Not only about chinese and tibetans, also other agency in law even though you are focusing on this 5000 people policy. Any other agency (eg.UN) are they doing anything now?

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