P u mpi Tu P Gr ace S l i ck MUS I C B US I NE S S T I PS T oGr ow Your F anBas e
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NAT I ONALORGANI S AT I ONF ORWOMAN|N. O. WCE L E B RAT I NG5 0 T HANNI VE RS ARY
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WWW. P U MP I T U P MA G A Z I N E . C O M WWW. F A C E B O O K . C O M/ P U MP I T U P MA G A Z I N E WWW. T WI T T E R . C O M/ P U MP I T U P MA G S C A NT H EQ RC O D E T OR E A DT H EF R E ED I G I T A LE D I T I O NO F P U MPI TU PMA G A Z I N E H E L L OR E A D E R S , WH E NO N EME N T I O N ST H EWO R D" H I P P I E " MO S T T H I N KA B O U TT H E1 9 6 0 S .T H E YT H I N KA B O U T T H EF L O WI N GS K I R T SA N DL O N GU N K E MP TH A I R . T H EP E A C EL O V I N GH I P P I E SWE R EMO R ET H A N J U S TH A P P YS T O N E R S . T H E Y WE R EY O U N GP E O P L E WH O WE R E R E D E F I N I N GT H E I RT H O U G H T SO NT H EI S S U E S O FWA R . H I P P I E SP R O T E S T E DI NT H ES T R E E T SWI T H S I G N ST H A TS A I DT H I N G SS U C HA S ,“ MA K E L O V E ,N O TWA R ” .T H E YWO U L DA L S OC H A N T A N DS I N GT H R O U G HT H ES T R E E T SA N DP L A Y MU S I CT H A TP R O MO T E DP E A C E . I FP E O P L ES T A YS T R O N GA N DS T A N DU PF O R WH A TT H E YB E L I E V EI N ,ME S S A G E SC A NB E S P R E A D . P E O P L EC A NB EI N F O R ME DA L LO V E R T H EWO R L D . P E A C EI SI MP E R A T I V E! T H I SI S U U EI SAC E L E B R A T I O NO FP E A C EA N D L O V E , E N J O Y , A N DP L E A S EL E TU SK N O WWH A TY O U T H I N KO RI FY O UH A V EA N YO T H E RQ U E S T I O N S O RP O I N T ST OR A I S E , P L E A S EEMA I LU S . T H A N KY O U . A N I S S AB O U D J A O U F O U N D E R| C R E A T I V ED I R E C T O R G R A P H I CD E S I G N: WWW. E D I T I O N S L A . C O M
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TOPDJ S& I NDI EARTI ST SONGSOFTHE SUMMER
PEACE LOVE & HI PPI ES
Na t i o n a lOr g a n i s a t i o n Fo rWo me n , Ce l e b r a t i n n g t h e5 0 t hAn n i v e r s a r y
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Si nger s ongwr i t erGr a c eSl i c kwa soneoft hel ea ds i nger sf ort heba ndJ effer s onAi r pl a ne . Shewr ot et hes ong " Whi t eRa bbi t "a nds a ngt hepopul a rt une" Somebodyt oL ov e . " Gr a c eSl i c kwa sbor nOc t ober30, 1939, i nChi c a go, I l l i noi s . I n1965s hes t a r t edherowngr oup. Sl i c ka ndher ba ndbec a mepa r toft heSa nF r a nc i s c or oc ks c ene , a nds hebef r i endedmember sofJ effer s onAi r pl a nea ndt he Gr a t ef ul Dea d. Af t erherba nds pl i tupi n1966, s hebec a meoneoft hel ea ds i nger sf orJ effer s onAi r pl a ne . She wr ot eoneoft hei rgr ea t es thi t s , " Whi t eRa bbi t "a ndhel pedherbr ot her i nl a wDa r bySl i c kwr i t e" Somebodyt o L ov e . " Si ngera nds ongwr i t erGr a c eSl i c kwa sbor nGr a c eBa r net tWi ngonOc t ober30, 1939, i nChi c a go, I l l i noi s . She gr ewupa st heol des tc hi l dofI v a na ndVi r gi ni a , a ni nv es t mentba nk era ndaf or mers i ngera nda c t r es s . Asa c hi l d, Sl i c ki dol i z eds uc hper f or mer sa sa c t r es sBet t yGr a bl e . Shea l s oa dmi r edc ha r a c t er sf r om c hi l dr en' s s t or i es —Robi nHood, Al i c ei nWonder l a nda ndSnowWhi t ea mongot her s —a ndl ov edt opr et enda ndpl a y dr es s up. Ba c ki nNor t her nCa l i f or ni ai n1958, Sl i c kt ooks omet i met o ndadi r ec t i onf orherl i f e . Shea udi t i onedt obea s i nger , butmetwi t hl i t t l es uc c es s . I n1961, s hema r r i edJ er r ySl i c k , ac hi l dhoodf r i enda nda s pi r i ng l mma k er . Af t eras hor ts t i nti nSa nDi ego, t hec oupl emov edba c kt oSa nF r a nc i s c o. Shes oonf oundwor kt her ea samodel f ora nI . Ma gni ndepa r t ments t or e , whi l eJ er r ys t udi eda tSa nF r a nc i s c oS t a t eUni v er s i t y . Sl i c ka l s os t a r t edwr i t i ng mus i c , c ont r i but i ngas ongt ot hes oundt r a c kofas hor tl mc r ea t edbyJ er r y . n1965, Sl i c kf oundmor emus i c a l i ns pi r a t i ona f t erwa t c hi ngt heba ndJ effer s onAi r pl a nea taSa nF r a nc i s c o I ni ght c l ub. Shes oons t a r t edherowngr oup, c a l l i ngi tt heGr ea tSoc i et y . Wi t ht hei rna me , t heypok edf una tt he " Gr ea tSoc i et y , "at er m us edbyPr es i dentL y ndonB. J ohns ont odes c r i behi spr ogr a msf ors oc i a l r ef or m. T he ba ndc ons i s t edofJ er r ySl i c kondr ums ; Gr a c e' sbr ot her i nl a wDa r byongui t a r ; Da v i dMi norongui t a ra nd v oc a l s ; Pet erv a nGel derons a x ophone; a ndBa r dDupontonba s s . T heyf oundi ns pi r a t i onf ort hei rl y r i c sf r om t he s oc i a l a ndpol i t i c a l t ur moi l bubbl i ngov eri nt heUni t edS t a t esa tt het i me .
i c ka ndherba ndbec a mepa r toft heSa nF r a nc i s c or oc ks c ene , a nds hebef r i endedmember sofJ effer s on Sl Ai r pl a nea ndt heGr a t ef ul Dea d. Af t erherba nds pl i tupi n1966, Sl i c kbec a meoneoft hel ea ds i nger sf or J effer s onAi r pl a ne , a f t erv oc a l i s tSi gneAnder s onl ef tt hegr oupt of oc usonherf a mi l y . Byt hi st i me , t hegr oup ha dar ec or di ngc ont r a c t , a ndha da l r ea dyr el ea s edt hei rr s ta l bum: J effer s onAi r pl a neT a k esOff( 1966) . ort hegr oup' ss ec onda l bum Sur r ea l i s t i cPi l l ow( 1967) , Sl i c kj oi neda si t sv oc a l i s t . Sher ev i s i t edt wos ongss he F ha ddonewi t ht heGr ea tSoc i et ywi t hhernewgr oup. Sl i c kr ec or dedanewv er s i onoft heba l l a ds hepenned, " Whi t eRa bbi t , "whi c hpr ov edt obeoneofJ effer s onAi r pl a ne' sbi gges thi t s . Shel a t err ev ea l edt oj our na l i s t J a mesM. Cl a s ht ha ts hewr ot et heSpa ni s hba l l a donas ec ondha ndupr i ghtpi a no l l edwi t hbr ok enk ey s . I n a ddi t i ont o" Whi t eRa bbi t , "t hea l bum a l s of ea t ur edt hehi t" Somebodyt oL ov e , "whi c hwa swr i t t enbyDa r by . Wi t hSl i c ka st hei rf r ont woma n, J effer s onAi r pl a nea ppea r eda tma nyoft hemus i cf es t i v a l st ha tdenedt hel a t e 1960s , i nc l udi ngMont er eyi n1967a ndWoods t oc ki n1969. Sl i c k ' sv i br a ntper s onawa sa dmi r edbyf a ns , a nd s hequi c k l yemer geda soneoft hemos twel l k nownper s ona l i t i esi nr oc kdur i ngt he' 60s .
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Sol oCa r eera ndJ effer s onS t a r s hi p Offs t a ge , Sl i c kl i v edi nt hes pi r i toft heer a , enga gi ngi ndr ugex per i ment a t i ona ndi nr oma nt i cda l l i a nc esev enbef or e s hea ndherhus ba ndoffic i a l l ys pl i ti n1971. Sheev ent ua l l ygoti nv ol v edwi t hJ effer s onAi r pl a ne' sr hy t hm gui t a r i s ta nd s i nger , Pa ul Ka nt ner . T hec oupl ewel c omedac hi l d, da ught erChi na , i nDec emberof1971. T ha ts a mey ea r , Sl i c kr el ea s ed t hea l bum Sun ght er( 1971) , whi c hs hewor k edonwi t hKa nt ner . i c ks t r uc koutonherownwi t h1974' sMa nhol e , butnei t hereffor tma t c hedt hes uc c es sofJ effer s onAi r pl a ne . Ar ound Sl t hi st i me , Sl i c ka ndKa nt nerf or medt hegr oupJ effer s onS t a r s hi p, whi c hf ea t ur eds omeofmember soft heJ effer s on Ai r pl a ne . T henewent i t yenj oy eds omes uc c es swi t h1975' sRedOc t opus , 1976' sSpi tr e , a nd1978' sEa r t h. I n1976, Sl i c kma r r i edSk i pJ ohns on, al i ght i ngdi r ec t orwhoha dwor k edwi t ht hegr oup. Shequi tJ effer s onS t a r s hi pt wo y ea r sl a t er , a f t ert hei rt ouri nGer ma ny . Af t erabr i efs t i nti nr ec ov er yf r om a l c ohol a ddi c t i on, Sl i c kr et ur nedt omus i c wi t ht wos ol oeffor t s : Dr ea ms( 1980)a ndWel c omet ot heWRECKI NGBAL L ! 1981 . THI NAF EWYEARS, SL I CKREJ OI NEDJ EF F ERSONST ARSHI P , WHI CHHADT AKENONAMOREMAI NSTREAMROCK WI SOUND. THEGROUPCHANGEDI TSNAMET OST ARSHI PAF TERKANTNER' SDEP ARTURE , ANDI TENJ OYEDSUCH POPUL ARHI TSAS" WEBUI L TTHI SCI TY"AND" NOTHI NG' SGOI NGT OST OPUSNOW. "SL I CKBRI EF L YRETI REDF ROM PERF ORMI NGI N1988BEF OREREUNI TI NGWI THTHEORI GI NALMEMBERSOFJ EF F ERSONAI RPL ANETHEF OL L OWI NG YEAR. THEGROUPWENTONT OURANDPRODUCEDONEAL BUMT OGETHER. L ATERYEARS BYTHE1990S, SL I CKHADGI VENUPPERF ORMI NG. SHEWASI NDUCTEDI NT OTHEROCKANDROL LHAL LOFF AMEI N 1996, ANDSHEWROTEABOUTHERROCK' N' ROL LEXPERI ENCESI NHER1998AUT OBI OGRAPHYSOMEBODYT OL OVE? F I NDI NGANOTHEROUTL ETF ORHERCREATI VI TY , SL I CKAL SOBEGANSHOWI NGANDSEL L I NGHERARTWORK. I N2010, SL I CKREL EASEDANEW SONG, " THEEDGEOFMADNESS, "T OBENEF I TTHEF I SHERMENAF F ECTEDBYTHE DI SASTROUSOI LSPI L LI NTHEGUL FOFMEXI CO. THECHARI TYSI NGL EWASCO WRI TTENBYSL I CKANDMI CHEL L E MANGI ONEANDI NCL UDESPERF ORMANCESBYMORETHAN20MUSI CI ANSANDSI NGERS.
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POPMUS I CI SAGE NREOFPOPUL ARMUS I CWHI CHORI GI NAT E DI NI T SMODE RNF ORMI NT HE 1950S , DE RI VI NGF ROMROCKANDROL L . T HET E RMSPOPUL ARMUS I CANDPOPMUS I CAREOF T E N US E DI NT E RCHANGE ABL Y , E VE NT HOUGHT HEF ORME RI SADE S CRI PT I ONOFMUS I CWHI CHI S POPUL ARWHI L ET HEL ATT E RI SAS PE CI F I CGE NRECONT AI NI NGQUAL I T I E SOFMAS SAPPE AL .
T hede v e l opme ntofpopmus i cf r om 1950' st o2000' sI nt he1950' sr oc k' n' r ol l , R&B, bl ue s , s wi ng mus i c , c ount r ymus i ca ndr oc k a bi l l ydene dt he1950' s . P opmus i cha dr e pl a c e dt hewa v eofbi gba nds wi ngt ha tha ppe ne da f t e r WWI I . T he s es t y l e sdomi na t e dt he1950' s . Ar t i s t si nc l udeE l v i sPr e s l e y , F r a nkS i na t r aa ndChuc kBe r r y . Come ywi t hmewa sa na l bum ma debyF r a nkS i na t r ai n1958ofc our s ei nc l udi nghehi tr e c or d ' Come ywi t hme ' Whi c hha sbe e npopul a re v e rs i nc ei tha sbe e nr e l e a s e da ndha sbe e n r edonemya r t i s t ss uc ha sMi c ha e l Bubl e . T he1950' sT he1960' si smos tr e v ol ut i ona r yf ort hebi r t hofr oc kmus i c . Unl i k et he1950' st hi s wa sac ompl e t e l ydi ffe r e ntge nr et ha tdeni t e l ydene st he1960' s . I n1964wea l s os a wt hes t a r tofr a di obr oa dc a s t i ng, s ome t hi ngwhi c hwoul di mpa c ta ndc ha nge t hewa yi nwhi c hwel i s t e nt omus i ct oda y . I ts t a r t e doffa spi r a t er a di os t a t i onsa nda l l owe d t he mt ol i s t e nt ot hemus i c . I nt oda y ' ss oc i e t yr a di oi sl i s t e ne dt owor l dwi dea ndha sbe c omea ma s s i v epa r tofourc ul t ur e . T he r ea r ea l s oma nydi ffe r e ntr a di os t a t i onst oc ount e rf ore v e r y one ' st a s t e . Ar t i s t si nc l ude d Cr e a m, J i mmi He ndr i x , T heKi nk s , L e dz e pl i na ndT heBe a t l e s . 1960' sT he1970' ss a wt he c ont i nui ngoft hede v e l opme ntofr oc ka ndwe l l a si nt r oduc i ngpunkr oc k , gl a mr oc k , di s c o, f unk a nds moot hj a z z . t he1970' swa sv e r ys i mi l a rt ot he1960' si nt e r msofs t y l e , r oc kpl a y i ngabi g pa r ti nbot hoft he m I n1979t heS onyWa l k ma nwa si nv e nt e d. T hi swa st he r s tme a nsoft r a ns por t i ngmus i ca r oundi ne v e r yda yl i f e . He nc et hena mey ouc a n l i t e r a l l ywa l ka r oundwi t hi ta ny whe r ey ouwa nt . T hi st r e nds t a r t e dt hede v e l opme ntwhi c h woul dl a t e rl e a dt ot hel a t e s tt e c hnol ogyi nmus i cl i s t e ni ngt e c hnol ogy . T he1970' si nc l ude da r t i s t sl i k eF r e e , Pi nkF l oy d, S t e v eHa r l e ya ndT heCoc k ne yRe be l s , S t a t us Quea ndQue e n. 1970' sT hes ongi sv e r ybl ue sa ndj a z z yf ol l owi ngonf r om t hes t y l eofmus i cf r omWWI I . T het r a c kus e dabi gba ndwhi c hwa sv e r yc ommoni nt hi sde c a deofmus i c . T hes ongf ol l owsa r a t he runus ua l s t r uc t ur ebe c a us ei tdoe snotha v eac hor us . I ti ss t r uc t ur e dv e r s e-br i dge-v e r s e 2-s ol os e c t i on-r e pe a tbr i dge-r e pe a tv e r s e2.
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S h el o v e sy o ub yT h eBe a t l e swa so n eo f T h eBe a t l e sb i g g e s t h i t s . T h es o n gh a sav e r yr a n d o ms t r u c t u r eb u t i n c l u d e sma n yv o c a l h a r mo n i e s s o me t h i n gwh i c hT h eBe a t l e swe r er e n o wn e df o r . S h el o v e sy o uwa sa l s ot h ef i r s t s o n ge v e rt ob eh e a r db ya nA me r i c a na u d i e n c ewh i c hs p r e a d t h e i rp o p u l a r i t ye v e nf u r t h e r . T h eu s eo f t h e i rc o n t r o v e r s i a l l y r i c s' y e a h , y e a h , y e a h ' a l s oh a dag r e a t i mp a c t a n de f f e c t f o rt h e i ri ma g e . I Tu s e s b a s sg u i t a r , d r u ms , g u i t a ra n dv o c a l s . T h ef i r s t a n dmo s t r e me mb e r e dme mb e r so f T h eBe a t l e swe r eJ o h nL e n n o n , P a u l Mc C a r t h y , Ge o r g eHa r r i s o na n dRi n g os t a r . Do wnDo wnb y S t a t u sQu ewa sr e l e a s e di n1 9 7 5a n df o l l o wsar a t h e ru n i q u ec h o r d ss t r u c t u r e . S t a t u sQu eb u i l dmo s t o f t h e r es o n g so n l yu s i n g3c h o r d s . i t u s e s v o c a l s , d r u msa n dg u i t a r sa n ds i mi l a r l yt ot h eBe a t l e sh a sv e r yp r o mi n e n t h a r mo n i e s . I t wa st y p i c a l l yc a t e g o r i z e da sh a r dr o c k . Me mb e r si n c l u d e F r a n c i sRo s s i , Ri c kP a r f i t t , A n d yBr o wn , J o h nE d wa r d sa n dMa t t l e t l e y . Mo r en e wg e n r e so f r o c ks t a r t e dt oe me r g el i k es o f t r o c ka n dn e wwa v ea s we l l a sd a n c ea n dd i s c omu s i c . I n1 9 8 2t h ec o mp a c t d i s kwa si n t r o d u c e da swe l l a st h ef i r s t C Dp l a y e r s . T h i st o o ko f f e v e nmo r et h a nt h eWa l k ma nb e c a u s ei t t o o ko nan e w d i me n s i o nt omu s i cl i s t e n i n g . Ba n d sf r o mt h e8 0 ' si n c l u d eS t e v i eWo n d e r , Bo nj o v i , Bl o n d i e , J e n i f e rRu s ha n dGu n s' n ' Ro s e s . 1 9 8 0 ' sT h et i d ei sh i g hwa sr e l e a s e db yBl o n d i ei n1 9 8 0i t s e l f a n de x p l o r e st h eg e n r eo f r e g g a e . T h eu s u a l p o p / r o c kp u n kb a n dh a sc r e a t e da s o n gu s i n gama s s i v er e g g a ei n f l u e n c e . T h es o n gwa sv e r yp o p u l a ra n dwa sl a t e ru s e db y1 9 9 0 ' sb a n da t o mi ck i t t e n . P o pmu s i ci nt h e1 9 9 0 ' s s t a r t e dt oi n c l u d et e e nr o c ka n dal o t mo r eg i r l a n db o yb a n d ss u c ha sDe s t i n y ' sC h i l d . Hi ph o p , R&Ba n du r b a nmu s i ca l s ob e c a meama s s i v ep a r t o f t h i sd e c a d e . u n l i k et h e1 9 8 0 ' st h i swa sama s s i v eg e n r ec h a n g el e a d i n gi n t owh a t wen o wc a l l mo d e r nmu s i cb u t s t i l l u s i n gi n f l u e n c e sf r o mt h e 8 0 ' s . I n1 9 9 8MP 3f i l e swe r ec r e a t e d . T h i swa sama s s i v es t e pi nmu s i ct e c h n o l o g ya n dme a n t t h a t p e o p l ec o u l dd o wnl o a da n dl i s t e nt omu s i c f r o mt h ei n t e r n e t a l l o v e rt h ewo r l d . 9 0 ' smu s i ci n c l u d e da r t i s t sl i k eNi v a r n a , E mi n e m, Oa s i s , Be a u t i f u l S o u t ha n dMa d o n n a . 1 9 9 0 ' sAl i t t l et i meb yt h eb e a u t i f u l s o u t hwa sr e l e a s e di n 1 9 9 0 . T h e ywe r eb r a n c h i n gi n t oa l t e r n a t i v er o c ka n dp o pr o c k . T h es o n gs h o wsama s s i v ec o n t r a s t b e t we e nma l ea n df e ma l ev o c a l swh i c ha l s o s h o wsc o n t r a s t b e t we e nh i g ha n dl o wp i t c hv o i c e s . I t i sa l mo s t l i k ear o l ep l a yb e t we e nt woc h a r a c t e r s . T h es o n ga l s oc o n t r a s t sal o t b e t we e ns l o w a n df a s t s p e e d s . T e e np o p , Bu b b l e g u mp o pa n dh i ph o pc o n t i n u et od e v e l o pi nt h i sd e c a d e . I t i sq u i t es i mi l a rt ot h e1 9 9 0 ' swi t hq u i t eal o t o f i t s i n f l u e n c e s . T h e2 0 0 0 ' ss t a r t e dt os h o wamu c hb i g g e rd e v e l o p me n t i ng i r l a n db o yb a n d swh i c hh a sc o n t i n u e dt ob eab i gp a r t o f o u rmu s i c c u l t u r en o w. T h e2 0 0 0 ' ss h o we dp r o b a b l yo n eo f t h emo s t s i g n i f i c a n t t e c h n o l o g i c a l a d v a n c e me n t st h a t h a se v e rb e e nd e v e l o p e d . MP 3p l a y e r sa n dt h emo r e c o mmo n l yk n o wnI P OD' swe r ei n v e n t e d . I P OD' sh a v ec h a n g e dt h ewa yi nwh i c hwel i s t e nt omu s i c , a l l o wi n gu st od o wn l o a dMP 3c o p i e so f s o n g s o n t oas ma l l s i z e dmu s i cp l a y e r s . T h i st h e nl e a do n t ot h ei n v e n t i o no f MP 4p l a y e r swh i c ha l l o we dy o ut owa t c ht h emu s i cv i d e oa swe l l . 2 0 0 0 ' s mu s i ci n c l u d e da r t i s t sl i k eJ a me sBl u n t , L i n k e nP a r k , Bu s t e d , P l a i nWh i t eT ' sa n dE n r i q u eE n g l a s i a s . 2 0 0 0 ' s3 A Mb yBu s t e di sas l o wr o c ks o n g wh i c hu s e si n f l u e n c e so f b a l l a d . I t ' ss t r u c t u r ei sv e r s e-b r i d g e-c h o r u s-v e r s e2-b r i d g e-c h o r u s-b r i d g e-c h o r u s . T h e r ea r eu s eo f h a r mo n i e si n t h ec h o r u s . T h eb a n d st h r e eme mb e r sa r ec a l l e dC h a r l i eS i mp s o n , J a me sBo u r n ea n dMa t t Wi l l i s . T h e yp l a yg u i t a rb a s sa n dv o c a l sb ut h e yh a v ea r e s i d e n t d r u mme rt h a t p l a y sa t s h o wsa n di nr e c o r d i n ga n di f t h e yd o n t t h e nC h a r l i es o me t i me sp l a y s . P l a i nwh i t et ' s1 9 6 0 ' st e c h n o l o g yi nt h e1 9 5 0 ' sI t wa sa l s ot h ei n t r o d u c t i o no f v i n y l r e c o r d s . I n1 9 5 0i t s e l f t h ec o mp a n yRC Ai n t r o d u c e dt h ef i r s t 1 2i n c hL P . T h i st r a n s f o r me dt h ewa ywel i s t e nt omu s i c . Be f o r et h ei n t r o d u c t i o no f v i n y l y o uc o u l do n l yl i s t e nt omu s i ci f y o uwe n t t os e ei t l i v e h o we v e rv i n y l a l l o we dp e o p l et ol i s t e nt ot h emu s i ct h e yl o v ef r o mt h e i ro wnh o me .
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C r e a t e d i n 1 9 6 6 , N O Ww a s e s t a b l i s h e d b y a g r o u p o f f e mi n i s t s w h o w e r e d e d i c a t e d t o a c t i v e l y c h a l l e n g i n g s e x d i s c r i mi n a t i o n i n s o c i e t y . N O W ' s a c t i o n s h a v e e s t a b l i s h e d i t s e l f a s a ma j o r f o r c e i n t h e s w e e p i n g c h a n g e s t h a t p u t mo r e w o me n i n p o l i t i c a l p o s t s ; i n c r e a s e d e d u c a t i o n a l , e mp l o y me n t a n d b u s i n e s s o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r w o me n ; a n d e n a c t e d t o u g h e r l a w s a g a i n s t v i o l e n c e , h a r a s s me n t a n d d i s c r i mi n a t i o n . I n1 9 6 6 , 2 8w o me na t t e n d i n gt h eT h i r dN a t i o n a l C o n f e r e n c eo f t h eC o mmi s s i o no nt h eS t a t u so f W o me ne s t a b l i s h e dt h eN a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o nf o r W o me n( N O W ) . T h e C o mmi s s i o n r e p o r t e d t h a t d e s p i t e h a v i n g w o n t h e r i g h t t o v o t e , w o me n i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s s t i l l w e r e d i s c r i mi n a t e d a g a i n s t i n v i r t u a l l y e v e r y a s p e c t o f l i f e . N O Wi n i t i a t e d t h e g r o w i n g i n v o l v e me n t o f w o me n i n p o l i t i c s w i t h a n a g e n d a t h a t i n c l u d e d b e t t e r e d u c a t i o n , e mp l o y me n t a n d p o l i t i c a l o p p o r t u n i t i e s f o r w o me n . P r e s s u r e a n d a c t i v i s mf r o mN O Wc o n t i n u e d t o h e l p w o me n t h r o u g h t h e s e v e n t i e s . I t f o u g h t t o p r e s e r v e t h e S u p r e me C o u r t ' s p r o c h o i c e r u l i n g i n R o e v . W a d e ( 1 9 7 3 ) a n d h e l p e d p a v e t h e w a y f o r w o me n t o t a k e mo r e a c t i v e r o l e s i n mo d e r n s c i e n c e , s p o r t s , a n d p o l i t i c s . S i n c e i t ’ s b e g i n n i n g , N O Wme mb e r s h a v e u s e d b o t h t r a d i t i o n a l a n d n o n t r a d i t i o n a l me a n s t o p u s h f o r s o c i a l c h a n g e . N O Wp e r f o r ms e x t e n s i v e e l e c t o r a l a n d l o b b y i n g w o r k a n d l i t i g a t i o n s . T h e y a l s o o r g a n i z e ma s s ma r c h e s , r a l l i e s , p i c k e t s a n d n o n v i o l e n t c i v i l d i s o b e d i e n c e a n d p r o mo t e g r a s s r o o t s e f f o r t s . N O W o r g a n i z e d ma r c h e s h a v e d r a w n s i g n i f i c a n t s u p p o r t : A 1 9 7 8 ma r c h s u p p o r t i n g t h e E q u a l R i g h t s A me n d me n t d r e wmo r e t h a n 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 p e o p l e ; T h e M a r c h e s f o r W o me n ' s L i v e s d r e w5 0 0 , 0 0 0 s u p p o r t e r s i n 1 9 8 9 a n d 7 5 0 , 0 0 0 i n 1 9 9 2 ; I n 1 9 9 5 , N O Wo r g a n i z e d a d e mo n s t r a t i o n f o c u s i n g o n v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t w o me n d r a w i n g a q u a r t e r o f a mi l l i o n p e o p l e ; A n d , t h e 1 9 9 6 M a r c h t o F i g h t t h e R i g h t d r e wmo r e t h a n 5 0 , 0 0 0 a c t i v i s t s t o k i c k o f f a n e l e c t o r a l s e a s o n f o c u s e d o n e f f o r t s t o d e f e n d a f f i r ma t i v e a c t i o n . M o s t r e c e n t l y i n 2 0 0 4 , t h e M a r c h f o r W o me n ' s L i v e s b e c a me t h e l a r g e s t ma s s a c t i o n i n U . S . h i s t o r y , b r i n g i n g a r e c o r d 1 . 1 5 mi l l i o n p e o p l e t o a d v o c a t e f o r w o me n ' s r e p r o d u c t i v e h e a l t h o p t i o n s ( N a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r W o me n ) O v e r t h e y e a r s , t h e N a t i o n a l O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r W o me n ( N O W ) h a s b e e n i n s t r u me n t a l i n t h e p r o g r e s s o f k e y i s s u e s i n t h e w o me n ’ s mo v e me n t . N O W ’ s o f f i c i a l p r i o r i t i e s a r e : w i n n i n g e c o n o mi c e q u a l i t y a n d s e c u r i n g i t w i t h a n a me n d me n t t o t h e U . S . C o n s t i t u t i o n t h a t w i l l g u a r a n t e e e q u a l r i g h t s f o r w o me n ; c h a mp i o n i n g a b o r t i o n r i g h t s , r e p r o d u c t i v e f r e e d o m a n d o t h e r w o me n ' s h e a l t h i s s u e s ; o p p o s i n g r a c i s ma n d f i g h t i n g b i g o t r y a g a i n s t l e s b i a n s a n d g a y s ; a n d e n d i n g v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t w o me n . S o me o f N O W ' s mo s t i mp o r t a n t w o r k h a s b e e n i n t h e a r e a o f p r e v e n t i n g s e x u a l h a r a s s me n t a n d v i o l e n c e . N O Wme mb e r s o r g a n i z e d t h e f i r s t “ T a k e B a c k t h e N i g h t ” ma r c h , f o u n d e d h o t l i n e s a n d s h e l t e r s f o r b a t t e r e d w o me n , l o b b i e d f o r g o v e r n me n t f u n d i n g o f p r o g r a ms a i me d a t s t o p p i n g v i o l e n c e a g a i n s t w o me n a n d w o n t h e p a s s a g e o f a f e d e r a l V i o l e n c e A g a i n s t W o me n A c t i n 1 9 9 4 . I n 1 9 6 7 , N O Ww a s t h e f i r s t n a t i o n a l o r g a n i z a t i o n t o c a l l f o r t h e l e g a l i z a t i o n o f a b o r t i o n a n d f o r t h e r e p e a l o f a l l a n t i a b o r t i o n l a w s . T o e n s u r e w o me n ' s a c c e s s t o r e p r o d u c t i v e h e a l t h c a r e , N O W ' s “ P r o j e c t S t a n d U p f o r W o me n ” h a s t r a i n e d me mb e r s t o u s e a t h r e e p r o n g e d s t r a t e g y i n c l u d i n g l i t i g a t i o n , p o l i t i c a l p r e s s u r e , a n d t h e d i r e c t d e f e n s e o f w o me n ' s r i g h t s a t me d i c a l c l i n i c s . I n 1 9 9 4 , a U . S . S u p r e me C o u r t c a s e , N O Wv . S c h e i d l e r , r u l i n g a f f i r me d N O W ' s r i g h t t o u s e f e d e r a l r a c k e t e e r i n g l a w s a g a i n s t a n t i a b o r t i o n e x t r e mi s t s w h o o r g a n i z e c a mp a i g n s o f f e a r , f o r c e a n d v i o l e n c e t o d e n y w o me n t h e i r r i g h t t o a b o r t i o n .
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