75th Anniversary of Pearl Harbor by Santa Maria Times

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“Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 – a date which will live in infamy – the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. • The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with the government and its emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. • Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing in Oahu, the Japanese ambassador to the United States and his colleagues delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack. • It will be recorded that the distance of Hawaii from Japan makes it obvious that the attack was deliberately planned many days or even weeks ago. During the intervening time, the Japanese government has deliberately sought to deceive the United States by false statements and expressions of hope for continued peace. • The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition, American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas between San Francisco and Honolulu. • Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an attack against Malaya. • Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. • Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. • Last night,

A day of infamy

Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. • Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island. • This morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island. • Japan has, therefore, undertaken a surprise offensive extending throughout the Pacific area. The facts of yesterday speak for themselves. The people of the United States have already formed their opinions and well understand the implications to the very life and safety of our nation. • As commander in chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense. • Always will we remember the character of the onslaught against us. • No matter how long it may take us to overcome this premeditated invasion, the American people in their righteous might will win through to absolute victory. • I believe I interpret the will of the Congress and of the people when I assert that we will not only defend ourselves to the uttermost, but will make very certain that this form of treachery shall never endanger us again. • Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. • With confidence in our armed forces – with

THE SURPRISE AT PEARL HARBOR: Congress declare that since the unprovokedWE and dastardly attack byTHE Japan on Sunday, Dec. 7, a state of war has WHY DIDN’T EXPECT ATTACK?

the unbounding determination of our people – we will gain the inevitable triumph – so help us God. • I ask that the

existed between the United StatesAUTHOR and the Japanese empire.” • – Transcribed video in the National Archives BY STEVE TWOMEY, OF “COUNTDOWN TO PEARL HARBOR: THE TWELVE from DAYS TO THE ATTACK”

eventy-five years ago today, in a private home not far from New York City, a group of journalists and government officials was enjoying a mid-afternoon Sunday dinner when the telephone rang. The Japanese had attacked the Territory of Hawaii. “To that, there was instant reaction,” a guest wrote later. The report could only be a hoax. “And that was the judgment of all at the table.” That immense, confident, superior America could be surprised, that its glorious Navy could be caught so unaware and could be so deeply wounded by such a smaller nation, was beyond belief, literally. That evening, Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau said over and over to his staff that he could not understand how this could have happened.

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Inside An attack that lasted about two hours surprises the nation. Page 2 “America is speechless:” An excerpt from author Steve Twomey’s new book examines the emotions and reactions after the attack. Page 7 Survivors recount 75 years of memories and traditions honoring those who were lost. Page 10

The country spent years dissecting that question, through multiple official inquiries. The answers are relevant today, not because secret enemy fleets might come stalking again, but because the mistakes of 1941 were so human, the sort all of us make all the time. None was more fatal on Dec. 7 than unwarranted assumption. That Japan couldn’t and wouldn’t do it, that the right protective steps were being taken, that troubling new information wasn’t all that troubling. But even knowing far more today than Morgenthau did that night as the stunned citizens of Washington sang “God Bless America,” we circle back to his query, one of the most compelling in the nation’s history. How did they not see it coming?

PUBLISHED DEC. 7, 2016

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Early on a December morning, waves of Japanese bombers flew over Oahu, killing more than 2,300 U.S. service members and civilians and forcing the United States into World War II.

‘I heard an explosion’

he surprise attack on Pearl Harbor lasted only two hours, but the losses sustained by U.S. forces – unsuspecting and undermanned – affected the nation and forced the U.S. to completely revise its strategy in the Pacific.

Pacific Fleet in Battleship Row Ford Island bridge

Ford Island

First wave First shot is fired

6:45 a.m. — The USS Ward, a destroyer, is alerted to a midget submarine reported by the minesweeper, USS Condor. The Ward spots the sub and opens fire just before 7 a.m. — the first U.S. shots of the Pacific War.

PR HI ES L TT

Pearl Harbor

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Airplanes spotted on radar 7:02 a.m. — Two radar operators spot large groups of aircraft in flight toward the island from the north. A flight of B-17s from the U.S. is expected that morning, so no alarm is sounded.

Hickam Field

Air attack begins

MAPS4NEWS.COM/©HERE, LEE ENTERPRISES GRAPHIC

7:55 a.m. — The first wave of Japanese attack planes begin to drop torpedoes above Pearl Harbor. Japanese pilots are instructed to target battleships, aircraft carriers and U.S. Army Air Force bases at Wheeler Army Air Field, Hickam Field, Kaneohe Naval Air Station and Bellows Air Force Station. Bombers are armed with torpedoes designed to sail under water and sink vessels from below.

Second wave Planes target Navy Yard 9 a.m. — The Japanese return with more fighters, dive-bombers and high-altitude bombers, shown with dashed lines. During the attack, the USS Nevada breaks from Battleship Row and tries to flee the harbor. Instructed to stop any ships from escaping, the Japanese pilots chase the Nevada until it runs aground.

OAHU

Air fields

Ewa Air Station

Battleship Row (inset above)

Bellows Air Force Station

Ford Island Hickam Field

Honolulu

5 USS West Virginia The West Virginia, above, was struck by nine torpedoes. Bomb and fire damage caused the ship to sink. The ship was salvaged but did not return to active duty until mid-1944. 6 USS Maryland Stationed behind the Oklahoma, the Maryland was relatively safe. It was hit by two bombs, which caused little damage. The ship was repaired and returned to service in February 1942.

Alarms sound on the island

Attack ends, planes return to carriers

8 a.m. — “About 8 o’clock I heard the air raid siren. I was in the bunk room and everyone in the bunk room thought it was a joke to have an air raid on Sunday. Then I heard an explosion.” — G.S. Flannigan, ensign, USS Arizona.

9:45 a.m. — Before the final Japanese planes leave the island, Wheeler Air Field is bombed. More than 300 aircraft are damaged or destroyed in the attack. Only eight Army Air Force pilots manage to get into the air to defend Pearl Harbor.

USS Oklahoma goes down 8:15 a.m. — The USS Oklahoma capsizes after being hit by nine torpedoes.

Rescue attempts begin 10:30 a.m. — As the island begins to recover from the attack, fires on the USS Tennessee are brought under control, pictured above.

Japanese planes return to carriers 8:30 a.m. — The first wave of the attack ends as Japanese planes withdraw to their carriers.

3 Vestal A repair ship, Vestal was positioned next to the USS Arizona. It was hit by two Japanese bombs and received some additional damage from the Arizona’s explosion.

Navy Yard

The Japanese attacked with three types of planes. Some “Kate” planes carried torpedoes, while others carried bombs. Nakajima “Kate” Aichi D3A1 “Val” Mitsubishi A6M “Zero” Torpedo bomber High-level bomber Dive bomber Fighter

8:20 a.m. — USS Arizona, pictured above, sinks. It has been hit hard by torpedoes and a fire breaks out as bullets hit the ship.

2 USS Arizona The Arizona was destroyed by bombs when its forward magazine exploded. The ship burned for two straight days and thus was only partially salvaged. The Arizona remains sunken in Pearl Harbor with half its crew entombed.

Kaneohe Naval Air Station

The planes

USS Arizona capsizes, sinks

1 USS Nevada The oldest ship at Pearl Harbor, the Nevada was hit by one torpedo, which caused serious leaks. The ship tried to move to safety but was an attractive target to Japanese dive bombers. After a few more hits, the ship sank in shallow water. It was raised and repaired two months after the attack. Fifty of the ship’s men were killed.

4 USS Tennessee Hit by two bombs, the Tennessee suffered severe damage to only two gun turrets. The ship also caught fire from the neighboring Arizona. Initial repairs were made at Pearl Harbor and finished on the West Coast. Five men were killed.

Wheeler Army Air Field

Pearl Harbor

Plan of attack Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto led the attack and hoped to take out the entire Pacific Fleet. There were eight battleships and dozens of smaller ships at Pearl Harbor. Some cruisers, destroyers and auxiliaries were also there. While most ships were damaged, only three ships were completely destroyed.

The damage US ships

16 damaged 3 destroyed

Japanese losses

29 aircraft

US aircraft

159 damaged 169 destroyed 5 midget submarines

SOURCES: NAVAL HISTORY AND HERITAGE COMMAND, NATIONAL WWII MUSEUM, NATIONAL ARCHIVES, OFFICE OF THE HISTORIAN

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7 USS Oklahoma An older ship, the Oklahoma was hit by nine torpedoes. The ship rolled almost completely over, trapping men inside. Thirty-two sailors were recovered alive, but more than 400 didn’t make it out.

8 USS California The California was hit by two torpedoes and a bomb, which caused flooding. An oil fire started, which threatened to sink the ship. Nearly 100 men and officers were killed. The ship eventually sank and was raised two years later. Repairs were finished in January 1944. 9 USS Pennsylvania The fleet flagship, the Pennsylvania was the first ship to start firing at enemy planes. Except for machine gun bullets, the Pennsylvania was not hit. The ship was repaired just a few weeks after the attack.

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTOS LACEY HOOPENGARDNER, LEE ENTERPRISES GRAPHICS 00 1

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“This dispatch is to be considered a war warning. Negotiations with Japan looking toward stabilization of conditions in the Pacific have ceased and an aggressive move by Japan is expected within the next few days. The number and equipment of Japanese troops and the organization of naval task forces indicates an amphibious expedition against either the Philippines, Thai or Kra Peninsula or possibly Borneo.” From Harold R. Stark, chief of naval operations, Nov. 27, 1941

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTOS

Three battleships are hit on Dec. 7, 1941, during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. From left are: USS West Virginia, severely damaged; USS Tennessee, damaged; and USS Arizona, sunk.

THE JAPANESE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR

Twelve questions, many answers BY STEVE TWOMEY, AUTHOR OF “COUNTDOWN TO PEARL HARBOR: THE TWELVE DAYS TO THE ATTACK”

Why would Japan shatter decades of peace by ambushing Pearl Harbor? Even within the Imperial Navy, many regarded the raid as suicidal madness. Upon learning his destroyer was one of 30 warships that would attempt the 3,150-mile crossing, an officer named Sadao Chigusa sent a snippet of his hair to his wife, so she would have a memento after his certain death at the hands of the American Navy. The voyage would take almost two weeks, and surely an enemy plane or ship would detect them during those long days. Even in peacetime, the Americans would be patrolling. Plus, the strike fleet would have to refuel many times while under way, a tricky feat in the North Pacific in late fall. And there was no guarantee the Pacific Fleet – their intended victim – would even be in its lair when they got there. It was the age before spy satellites. The Japanese would be sailing blindly into the nexus of American power. One officer likened it to reaching into the enemy’s chest and trying to count his heartbeats. Whatever the obstacles, Admiral Isoruku Yamamoto was determined to take the bet. The leader of Japan’s Combined Fleet had no eagerness to wage war upon the United States. He had lived there twice and traveled its vastness. He understood how many factories it had, how many natural resources of the kind that Japan lacked in quantity, and he understood that defeating America in a long war was not possible. But Yamamoto had command only of ships, not the country, and the country was bent on conquest, no matter his wishes. It had been at war with China since 1937, and by the fall of 1941 had settled on a grandiose scheme to take Singapore, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies and even the Philippines, an American possession. Yamamoto insisted that this land grab could succeed only if, simultaneously, his navy delivered a breathtaking strike on the only force capable of thwarting Japan’s expansion. If he could cripple the grand Pacific Fleet, perhaps America would lose its will to fight. “I like speculative games,” Yamamoto said. Indeed, he dreamed of taking up the life of a gambler in Monaco. “You have told me that the operation is a speculation,” he said, “so I shall carry it out.” 00 1

Wasn’t that enough to spur protective steps?

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of Japan’s Combined Fleet, is shown in Japan during World War II on Dec. 12, 1941.

How could the United States not know Japan was preparing for war? The Imperial Navy took extraordinary steps to mask the Pearl Harbor portion of Japan’s immense, looming offensives, because if the Americans spotted the strike fleet, they would surely not wait to learn its objective. Instead, they would design an ambush of their own. Thus, not even Japan’s diplomats in Washington were told of the coming Hawaiian raid. In late November, the raiders assembled in an isolated bay in the far north of the Japanese islands, and only then did Sadao Chigusa and the other men aboard learn their destination. As the 30 ships crept east, they sent no messages, lest American eavesdroppers snare the signals. The Americans were well aware, however, that Japan was coiling for major combat in the Pacific Ocean. The whole world knew. The Japanese had already seized French Indochina, and the Roosevelt administration had been talking with them for months about renouncing aggression in favor of peaceful commerce as the proper way to enrich their Empire. Exasperated with the responses, the Americans had severed oil deliveries to Japan, which only made the Empire more determined to find sources in the lands of the Southwest Pacific. The talks seemed doomed. By November 1941, credible reports were reaching American officials – and American newspapers – that Japanese warships and troop transports were leaving ports in occupied China, bearing south. On Nov. 27, 1941, the Navy sent a dispatch to its Pacific forces that would become the most dissected in its history. The first sentence said: “This dispatch is to be considered a war warning.” DEC. 7, 2016

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At Pearl Harbor, every high-ranking officer who read that sentence was taken aback. But those nine words were not the only ones in the dispatch. The man who sent it – the Chief of Naval Operations, Harold R. Stark – diluted the power of his opening line by following it with speculation about Japan’s likely targets, and Hawaii was not one of them, only places in the Southwest Pacific. That led the officers of the Pacific Fleet to conclude that although war was about to break out, the first shots were going to be fired far away. So they would prepare, not to be attacked, but to do some attacking: The Fleet’s war plan called for raids upon Japanese targets as soon as hostilities opened. Stark had not meant for Pearl to conclude it was on the periphery. He had only named some possible Japanese objectives because they seemed the most likely ones, not because they were the only ones. While he had no knowledge of a secret force bearing down on Hawaii – no American ever would – he assumed Pearl Harbor would respond to his war warning by sending search planes aloft, just to be safe. The Army on Oahu received a similar warning, but its language was misleading, too. The sad result of these failures to write clearly was that the island was no more steeled for a Japanese raid after the warnings than before them. And Washington had no idea that was the case. Navy outposts were not required to report their responses to Washington’s advisories or orders, so Stark was left with the mistaken assumption the Fleet was protecting itself. He had faith in his commander at Pearl, with good reason. Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, who had been in charge since Feb. 1, had an unblemished record of good judgment. As for the other service, the War Department did order its Hawaii commander to report the steps he was taking in response to its warning. Gen. Walter C. Short obediently replied that he was guarding against sabotage by residents of Japanese descent, not an attack from the sea. Nobody in Washington caught the mistake. “I told them as plainly as I could,” Short said. CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

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“Until we can keep a force here strong enough to meet the Japanese Fleet, we are not secure in the Pacific – and the Pacific is still very much part of the world situation.” Admiral Husband E. Kimmel’s warning in a Sept. 12, 1941, letter to Admiral Harold R. Stark, chief of Naval Operations, from the book “Countdown to Pearl Harbor”

Five questions for the author Q: You won a Pulitzer Prize in 1987 for a feature story about life aboard an aircraft carrier, so we would guess that topics about the U.S. Navy interest you. What made you interested in the Pearl Harbor story? A: Like many people, I have taken a harbor launch out to the memorial platform astride the sunken remains of the battleship Arizona. And, like many, I was and am mesmerized by the improbability of the disaster. Most intriguing is Admiral Husband Kimmel, the fleet commander whose record was perfect Steve Twomey until that moment. While almost all of us are familiar with the words “Pearl Harbor,” we don’t know the people, or the environment in which they struggled to figure out what might happen. The days before the attack seem to me to be one of the great dramas of American history. Q: Research is critical to every book project, especially obtaining new research. How long did you spend researching the book, and how did you go about finding new information? A: Until embarking on the book, my method of research was easy. I was a journalist. I simply called up people and asked them what happened, or met them over coffee. But all the decision-makers involved with Pearl Harbor are gone. Fortunately, they left behind thousands of pages of testimony, oral history and memoir. I spent four years reading, though sometimes frustrated that when I had an additional question, there was no witness to ask. Q: What was the most interesting piece of research in the book and the most interesting piece of research that didn’t make it into the book? A: Nothing moved me more than a transcript I found in the archives of the Naval History and Heritage Command in Washington, D.C. In the hours after the attack, the chief of Naval Operations got through by telephone to Pearl Harbor, and he was clearly coming to the realization that, contrary to what he had thought, no planes had been searching to see if Japanese warships might be coming. He asked, and asked again: Were planes out? Finally, the admiral on the other end confessed they had not been. As for what did not make it into the book, I would cite not something that I found, but that I didn’t find. Though Admiral Kimmel donated papers to the University of Wyoming, he left behind very little in the way of personal writings, such as letters to his wife and three sons, or friends. It would be extremely telling to read his thoughts to them about how concerned he was, or not, in the weeks before Dec. 7. Q: When writing a book, the characters come to life through the research and the writing. Who do you believe was the most fascinating character of the Pearl Harbor story and who was the most misunderstood character? A: If I could have dinner with one participant, the choice would be easy: Isoruku Yamamoto, the commander of Japan’s naval forces. A sometimes mystical and often emotional man who was fond of Abraham Lincoln, he loved to gamble, and the attack was the biggest bet of his life. I’d offer Kermit A. Tyler as a villain who was not one. That morning, when a radar crew on Oahu called an operations center to report inbound planes, Tyler famously said not to worry. He seems so clueless today. In truth, he had never been taught how radar worked, had no training in assessing threats, had been given no briefings about tense times and wasn’t based at the center. Tyler was a fighter pilot, told to spend a night learning how the center worked, except everyone had gone home. When the report of planes came in, there was no one to consult, so he assumed – quite understandably – they must be American. Q: Will the public’s desire to learn more about the attack on Pearl Harbor fade over time and what part of the story will survive for generations to come? A: The overwhelming majority of Americans today have no living memory of Dec. 7, 1941. None will, in time. But if you want to avoid making mistakes in life, Pearl Harbor will always be there as a case study. Thou shalt not assume, but check. Don’t ignore upsetting facts; adjust to them. And don’t underestimate the determination and capability of others.

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTOS

Smoke rises from the USS Arizona as it sinks during the attack.

Was Washington, in fact, reading Japan’s dispatches?

Unidentified attaches of the Japanese consulate in New Orleans began burning papers, ledgers and other records shortly after the attacks began Dec. 7, 1941. Police later stopped the fire after most of the papers had been destroyed.

After Nov. 27, did the forces on Oahu get any additional clues? On Dec. 1, the Imperial Navy did something it had never done, and the Fleet at Pearl knew about it instantly. The Japanese changed hundreds of their radio call signs only a month after the last change, not the normal six. Obviously, they were seeking to complicate American monitoring efforts ahead of some sort of coming naval action. The day after that, Kimmel learned that his intelligence team was unsure of the whereabouts of four of Japan’s aircraft carriers. The day after that, he learned that Japanese embassies and consulates were destroying papers and coding-machines. Countries often did that if they expected their diplomatic outposts to be seized at

the outbreak of a war. Like everyone in the Navy, Kimmel knew the Japanese were fond of surprise as a military tool. In January 1941, the Secretary of the Navy voiced concern that Pearl Harbor might be struck before a war was declared. In March, two officers on Oahu wrote the most prescient report imaginable. It speculated that a raiding force could creep to within 300 miles of Oahu without being detected; launch planes from one or more carriers, and catch the Pacific Fleet in port as the opening act of a war that had not been legally declared. The forecast was off only in this sense: The Japanese used six carriers.

Did everyone simply forget those ruminations about surprise? Pulling off a cross-ocean raid still seemed so difficult and risky that the Americans didn’t think their own Navy could do it, and so the Japanese couldn’t. Or, if they tried to do it, they wouldn’t inflict great damage. Employing racial stereotypes, Americans and their media thought of the adversary as inept, second-rate warriors. They couldn’t see well. Their sense of balance was poor. They made for inferior pilots. Their carriers were not so good. Solace was found, too, in the depth of Pearl Harbor. Dropped from a PA G E 4

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plane, a torpedo plunges quite deep before swimming to its target. Pearl was only forty-five feet, which seemed too shallow. No one seems to have imagined that the Japanese, so often depicted as uncreative, might find a way to keep torpedoes from plowing into the harbor bottom. Admiral Kimmel took comfort in one more thing. Though lacking the details, he knew Washington was reading Japan’s coded messages, and he believed the coup would yield a heads-up if he faced imminent danger. In other words, he couldn’t be surprised.

DEC. 7, 2016

In 1940, the United States accomplished the stunning feat of cracking the code by which Tokyo and its diplomatic outposts exchanged vital messages. The Americans now knew in advance the tactics and positions Japan would adopt in the ongoing talks. They knew the Foreign Ministry was urging its Washington embassy to work harder to achieve a settlement, otherwise things were “automatically going to happen.” But what might those things be? A break in diplomatic relations? An attack somewhere? The intercepted and decoded dispatches never said. They were the conversations only of Japan’s diplomats, not its admirals and generals, who used other code systems, many as yet unbroken. In the coming years, a dark allegation would arise that President Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraged a Japanese attack, or even knew one was coming. The simple reply is he didn’t. In fact, the last thing Roosevelt wanted was a Pacific war, which would undermine his efforts to help the British hold off Nazi Germany.

Was the last day of peace just an average day on Oahu? That Saturday, Husband Kimmel’s anxiety was such that he complained to a Marine colonel that his stomach hurt. The admiral knew the Japanese had changed radio call signs. He knew a huge number of their warships were bound for the Southwest Pacific and that four of their aircraft carriers had vanished from radio circuits. Clearly, something big was brewing. But it still did not seem probable that Japan would gamble on surprising him, or at least not so likely he should try to find out if they were coming. The admiral had search planes, but too few. Roosevelt had diverted scores of new ones to Britain and its allies. Kimmel felt that if he used the ones he had on hand to begin a continuous, long-range search, he might wear out both machines and men. And they would not then be available to serve as the eyes of the Fleet when, as planned, it sailed off to raid the Japanese after any war started. The Japanese were probably not coming. That Saturday, Kimmel chose to stand pat. He did not search. 00 1

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTOS

Black smoke rises from the burning wrecks of several U.S. Navy battleships after they were bombed during the surprise attack on Dec. 7, 1941.

What was the first evidence the Japanese had, indeed, taken the chance? A vintage destroyer, the Ward, was on patrol off the entrance of Pearl Harbor in the first light of Dec. 7. Her captain, William W. Outerbridge, had been captain precisely one day. In fact, he had never commanded any ship before. Yet, when a strange vessel appeared ahead, Outerbridge did not hesitate. The Ward promptly sank what was, in fact, a small Japanese submarine, and radioed Pearl it had done so. But the report triggered no call to man battle stations. Such reports of submarine contacts were often false. “I was not at all certain that this was a real attack,” Kimmel said.

How did Kimmel learn the scope of what was under way? In one of the saddest scenes in American history, he stepped into his yard, on a small rise overlooking the harbor, and watched as swarms of Japanese planes hunted down his ships, especially with torpedoes. A neighbor would recall that the admiral seemed “as white as the uniform he wore.” His assumptions about the depth of Pearl Harbor and the capabilities of the Japanese were crumbling before his eyes. He began to fear he would have nothing left.

Was the Fleet, in fact, wiped out? In the end, the damage was less military than psychological. Many of Kimmel’s ships – including all three of his aircraft carriers – were elsewhere that morning. The Pacific Fleet still had impressive teeth. But several of the eight battleships that were in port suffered grievously, the Arizona most famously. With repairs, however, several got back in the war, including the West Virginia, which sailed into Tokyo Bay for the surrender of the Japanese in 1945. 00 1

Did anything good happen on Dec. 7? Kimmel had trained his crews relentlessly. Even though most were young, even though they received no warning, even though none had been in combat, his boys began firing back almost immediately, and furiously. The captain of one ship would write, “To point out distinguished conduct would require naming every person I

observed.” The Medal of Honor would be awarded to 15 of Kimmel’s men, the Navy Cross to 60. Nothing that morning was more inspiring than the Nevada. Though damaged, the battleship pulled away from her moorings and headed for the safety of the open sea, the only big ship to get under way. The Stars and Stripes

fluttered at her stern amid the smoke and fire; her gun crews dueled the enemy planes whose bombs sought to finish her off. On other ships, men wept as the defiant Nevada inched past them. “I had never seen anything so gallant,” said one. Hit too often, she beached herself, rather than sink and block the channel.

What was the next day like in Hawaii, and those days after? At Pearl, workmen were trying to rescue sailors trapped inside the Oklahoma, which had turned upside down. Haggard naval officers, whose office windows had now been painted black so they could work at night, were trying to both find the Japanese and guard against their return. On the mainland, both officials and average citizens tried to comprehend how this could have happened to the world’s greatest navy. There were rumors that the Nazis had helped to plan the attack, and had even flown some of the planes, as if, once again, the Japanese were incapable of anything so difficult and daring. In a few days, Kimmel was relieved, and he would spend much of his life arguing that Washington had not given him enough information about negotiations or Japanese intentions. Investigations began immediately and would continue for years. In six months, the Pacific Fleet would exact its revenge at the battle of Midway, sinking most of the aircraft carriers that had attacked Pearl and turning the course of the war. DEC. 7, 2016

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The wreckage of the USS Oklahoma as it lies in the mud after it was hit with nine torpedoes on Battleship Row at Pearl Harbor. The most amazing story of the aftermath involves the Ward. Late in the war, long after William Outerbridge had moved on to other assignments, a Japanese plane so badly damaged the Ward that she had to be abandoned. Another de-

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stroyer, the O’Brien, was ordered to sink the floating hulk. The Ward went down on Dec. 7, 1944, three years to the day after she had tried to warn Pearl Harbor. The captain of the O’Brien was William Outerbridge.

AIR ATTACK – This is one of the first pictures of the Japanese raid on Pearl Harbor from Dec. 7, 1941. A P-40 plane is disabled after it was machine-gunned while on the ground.

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE PHOTOS

HEAVY DAMAGE – U.S. Navy salvage crews begin work clearing wreckage from the decks of the USS Oklahoma in Pearl Harbor on May 23, 1943, sunk by Japanese bombs. The crane in the background was used to remove much of the twisted wreckage.

FROM THE SEA – The Japanese used two-man submarines, which were new to the fleet, to torpedo ships, U.S. Navy Secretary Frank Knox revealed in his report on the attack. One of these craft was damaged and beached at Honolulu on Dec. 15, 1941, after the attack.

EARLY EXPLOSION – The destroyer USS Shaw explodes after being hit by bombs during the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, on Dec. 7, 1941.

ON GUARD – Troops man a machine gun nest at Wheeler Field, which adjoins Schofield Barracks in Honolulu, days after the attack on the island of Oahu.

REACTION ON THE MAINLAND – This was the scene in New York’s Times Square on Dec. 7, 1941, as crowds gather to read the news bulletins flashed on the electric bulletin board on the New York Times building.

CLEANUP CONTINUES – Hawaii residents comb through wreckage on Dec. 17, 1941, after Japanese bombing raids.

HICKAM FIELD BOMBING – Flaming oil throws a billow of smoke skyward hours after the Japanese attack on Hickam Field air base near Honolulu. PA G E 6

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‘Utterly inexplicable’ An excerpt from Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Steve Twomey’s ‘Countdown to Pearl Harbor: The Twelve Days to the Attack’

N THE EVENING of December 8, having hunted fruitlessly for the Japanese and needing replenishment, the Enterprise came home. As the carrier glided down the channel and into Pearl, Admiral Bill Halsey absorbed the vista in steeled silence until he was heard to mutter a vow. “Before we’re through with them, the Japanese language will be spoken only in hell.” From ashore, an army antiaircraft gunner yelled some hard-earned wisdom at Halsey, the Enterprise, and her escorts. “You’d better get the hell out of here, or the Japs will nail you, too.” The battered and scorched Nevada lay aground to one side. Ahead, the Arizona still burned wildly. All day, workmen had swarmed the exposed keel of the turned-turtle Oklahoma, trying to cut holes. Hundreds of sailors, living and dead, remained encased in her, the living tapping for help, running out of air. The harbor reeked of smoke and fuel, and defeat. “Oil was everywhere,” Theodore Mason of the California said, “spreading out from the sunken ships in pernicious rings, mottling the water, blackening the shore. Drifting on the slow currents were life rafts, life jackets, pieces of boats and other flotsam.” When enough of the sea had been pumped out of Mason’s half-drowned ship to leave the water only thigh-deep belowdecks, men went wading to slip body bags over floating shipmates, cinching them together and lifting them out. “We didn’t remove any of the dog tags,” Jerod Haynes, an enlisted man, said. “We let whoever handled the bodies do that. All we did was get them out of the ship. We did that for about three weeks.” The unidentified dead were being fingerprinted, if they could be. Bodies were wrapped in canvas, placed in wood caskets, “and buried in two lots procured for this purpose and having in mind a national cemetery at a later date,” a fleet surgeon, Elphege A. M. Gendreau, wrote to Washington. Such a cemetery did indeed come to pass, in the Punchbowl crater overlooking Honolulu and the blue Pacific. “A great number of men are missing,” the doctor went on, “and will be unquestionably classified as dead.” That came true as well.

 The windows of fleet headquarters were painted over so operations could continue around the clock without emanations of light that might aid Japanese night raiders. But in their haste, the workmen had applied the masking black on the inside. “We had to endure the stifling [paint] fumes that intensified the cloying odor of burnt oil that hung over the harbor,” Edwin Layton said. They were, of course, directing the war from those toxic rooms, although hardly the war Husband Kimmel had planned. “With the losses we have sustained, it is necessary to revise completely our strategy of a Pacific war,” a fleet memo said on Wednesday. Gone from its list of tasks were offensive forays. Holding on to Oahu, holding on to Pearl: “this mission is the immediate mission.” America simply had to retain a forward port from which to begin to take back the far Pacific, where Japanese forces were marauding at will. All of Hawaii was darkened at night, with heavy fines for violators. Schools and bars were shut; civilians were being relocated if they lived too close to possible targets, and limits were placed on the purchase of food, in order to curb hoarding. Waves of reinforcements—warships, warplanes, salvage engineers—were

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE

In this Dec. 7, 1941, file photo at Times Square in New York, people buy newspapers reporting the Japanese attack on U.S. bases in the Pacific Ocean. moving toward little airplanes could the islands from kill muscular warthe West Coast. ships; that the navy Having reached was less capable than the Golden Gate Knox had been saying. without being tor“Where was the pedoed, the Lurline continuous recondocked at 3:27 a.m. naissance?” the on Wednesday, and Christian Science “even before the Monitor asked. passengers were “With astounding ready to leave the success, the little man vessel,” workmen has clipped the big hustled up gangways fellow,” Time said. and began stripping “The airplane is the away the peacetime master of the battleelegance and creship,” the New York ating “a drab, overTimes said. “Countdown to Pearl crowded military “Although this is Harbor: The Twelve Days transport.” contrary to expectato the Attack” by Steve Frank Knox landed tions,” the Chicago Twomey available at Pearl that same Tribune said, “there for $30. Wednesday, having can be no doubt now decided to make the long trip on about the morale of Japanese pilots, Monday while listening to Roosevelt about their general abilities as flyask Congress to declare war on the ers, or their understanding of aviempire. As good journalists do, the ation tactics.” Overnight, the Japaowner of the Chicago Daily News had nese had morphed into gladiators. to see the disaster firsthand, to ask  what had happened, to understand what Kimmel—his man, his choice— Having served in the navy his enhad been thinking, or not. “The air tire adult life, Kimmel knew what was filled with rumors,” the secretary befalls a losing admiral, and he susof the navy said in a letter explaining pected he did not have many hours his journey to a friend. “There was a left as commander in chief, but with prospect ahead of a nasty congresan enemy out there and capable sional investigation, and I made up of anything, he would execute his my mind in a flash to go out there responsibilities as long as he had and get the actual facts.” Nothing them. On Thursday, he issued a pubas catastrophically unexpected, as lic statement, acknowledging “hard self-image shattering, had happened blows” but promising to “deliver to the nation in its 165 years. even harder ones.” At this moment in time, he told his countrymen,  “it is truly great to be an American. Victory for us is assured.” The latter “America is speechless,” Demostatement was certainly true; the cratic congressman L. Mendel Rivers former, hardly. of South Carolina told the House on As soon as the Enterprise had Monday. Another Democrat, Jerry docked, Halsey scurried to see his Voorhis of California, said, “Milfriend and classmate. He found lions of Americans had not believed Kimmel and his staff “haggard and such a thing could happen. They had unshaven,” most of them not having believed the choice of war or peace slept much, “but their chins were was still theirs.” Listening to their up.” To another officer, though, radios on Sunday, he said, “they Kimmel seemed “just numb” during began to realize that their world these days. “He kept sitting around, of that morning was gone.” Roy O. staring glazed-eyed into space, and Woodruff, a Republican from Michthinking that the attack had not taken igan, said the nation “is stunned by place.” Within twenty-four hours of Hawaii. It is amazed by Pearl Harbor. the surprise attack, Democratic conIt is utterly without explanation for gressmen John D. Dingell Sr. of Michwhat, on its face, appears to be an igan demanded his court-martial, as utterly inexplicable event.” well as Walter Short’s. In the spirit It was brutally clear the military of let’s-give-’em-a-fair-trial-andhad not been patrolling the sea and then-hang-’em, Dingell added that sky as advertised, or at least not well. “hundreds of our boys have paid with Clear, too, that Oahu was not an untheir lives for the seeming deficiency assailable fortress; that the Japanese of their superiors.” were not second-rate warriors; that

To Grace Earle, Kimmel’s neighbor, the admiral seemed “awfully alone,” which he was. He had no wife or other family on Oahu. “Every great man has to have his share of criticism,” his brother Singleton wrote from Kentucky on Friday. “Sit steady in the boat, and everything will come out all right,” adding he was sure his brother had done his best “with what you had to do with, and are not to blame.” The admiral’s oldest son, Manning, a naval officer serving on the East Coast, wrote simply, “My complete confidence and belief in you has not been shaken one bit, and I think you are the greatest Dad in the world.” Manning would die at sea in 1944, when the Japanese sank his submarine.

 About a week after the attack, on the day that a handsome drawing of Kimmel in resplendent white uniform appeared on the cover of Time, he wrote to Harold Stark. “If I am to be relieved I think my relief should be nominated, and that he should take over as soon as practicable,” an honorable and professional offer. “I will, of course, stand ready to help him in every way I can. You must decide on the basis of what is best for the country. What happens to me is [of] no importance.” Two days later, on December 17, an officer happened to visit Kimmel about a personnel problem, not quite believing the admiral was personally delving into such trivia at a time like this, although that was Kimmel. “You’re right,” the admiral replied. “I do have other things to consider. Admiral Pye is going to relieve me in a few minutes.” Roosevelt, having received an unsparing report from Knox that neither Kimmel nor Short had taken the threat of an attack seriously, had removed them. William Pye was to take command at Pearl until the arrival from Washington of Admiral Chester Nimitz who, during the next four years, would lead the fleet across the Pacific and, eventually, to Japan. “I am sorry this had to happen,” Pye told Kimmel after each had read aloud his new orders, as protocol required, in a ceremony witnessed only by the officer who had come about the personnel matter. The temporary and the former commanders shook hands, and then Kimmel, the admiral who had never failed, left the Submarine Building, 319 days after taking command on the sunny afterdeck of the Pennsylvania.

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A DAY OF INFAMY D E C .

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USS Bowfin is docked at the USS Bowfin Submarine Museum and Park at Pearl Harbor. The submarine was launched on Dec. 7, 1942, on the first anniversary of the Japanese attack.

A sacred harbor

Visits to historic sites extend beyond anniversary ceremonies

he 75th anniversary commemoration of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor will bring thousands of visitors to Oahu’s historic sites. The Navy and National Park Service expect several dozen attack survivors to attend remembrance ceremonies today. They, along with many others, will observe a moment of silence at 7:55 a.m. — the same minute the Japanese planes hit their first target. Other commemoration events are planned this week and conclude with a marathon Sunday in Honolulu. But interest in the historic site stretches further than the anniversary date. Each year, more than a million people travel to visit the USS Arizona Memorial, the Battleship Missouri Memorial, the USS Bowfin Submarine Museum and Park, and Pacific Aviation Museum, according to the Pearl Harbor Historic Sites group. The USS Arizona Memorial, one of the most hallowed sites, was built in 1962 above the sunken wreckage of the ship, which is an underwater grave for more than 900 sailors and Marines killed when Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor. The Aviation Museum at Ford Island includes tours of the battle-damaged air field and control tower.

— Associated Press and staff report

Pearl Harbor historic Pearl Harbor Historic Sites sites 1. USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park 2. WWII Valor in the Pacific National Monument 3. Battleship Missouri Memorial 4. Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor

Pearl Harbor

Ford Island

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ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE

A gravestone identifying the resting place of seven unknown victims from the USS Oklahoma is shown at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu.

If you go WWII Valor in the Pacific National Monument: Includes the USS Arizona, the USS Utah, and the USS Oklahoma Memorials. Battleship Missouri Memorial: Climb aboard the last U.S. battleship. USS Bowfin Submarine Museum & Park: Delve into the history of America’s Submarine Force.

pearlharbor75thanniversary.com

Ford Island Control Tower at Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor

Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor: Inside the WWII-era hangars of Ford Island, walk among fully restored vintage aircraft.

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE

Visitors to the USS Arizona Memorial look at a display of 1930s Japan as they stroll through the National Park Service’s museum about the Dec. 7, 1941, attack.

ASSOCIATED PRESS FILE

The sun sets Dec. 6, 2001, behind the USS Arizona Memorial at Pearl Harbor in Honolulu. PA G E 8

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Fortenberry, Alvie Charles • Foss, Rodney Shelton • Foster, Rowena Kamohaulani • Foth, Jack • Fowler, George Parten • Fox, Daniel Russell • Fox, Gilbert Roy • Fox, Jack W. • Fox, Lee , Jr. • Frank, Leroy George • Frazier, John William • Frederick, Charles Donald • Free, Paul B. • Free, Thomas Augusta • Free, William Thomas • French, John Edmund • French, Joy Carol • French, Walter R. • Frizzell, Robert Niven • Frye, Neil Daniel • Fugate, Fred • Fugate, Kay Ivan • Fulton, Robert Wilson • Funk, Frank Francis • Funk, Lawrence Henry • Furr, Tedd McKinley • Fuzi, Eugene Dash • Gabriele, Angelo Michael • Gager, Roy Arthur • Gagne, Leo E. A. • Galajdik, Michael • Galaszewski, Stanley C. • Gallagher, Russell E. • Ganas, Nickolas Steve • Gandre, Melvyn Amour • Gannam, George K. • Gantner, Samuel Merritt • Gara, Martin Anthony • Garcia, Claude Ralph • Garcia, Jesus Francisco • Garcia, Robert Stillman • Gardner, Arthur Joseph • Gargaro, Ernest Russell • Garlington, Raymond Wesley • Garrett, Orville Wilmer • Garrett, Robert R. • Garris, Eugene • Gartin, Gerald Ernest • Gary, Thomas Jones • Gaudette, William Frank • Gaudrault, Joseph L. B. • Gaultney, Ralph Martin • Gaver, Henry Hamilton , Jr. • Gazecki, Philip Robert • Gebhardt, Kenneth Edward • Gebser, Paul Heino • Geer, Kenneth Floyd • Geise, Marvin Frederick • Geller, Leonard Richard • Gemienhardt, Samuel Henry , Jr. • George, George Themistocles • Gholston, Roscoe • Gibson, Billy Edwin • Gibson, George Harvey • Giesa, George Edward • Giesen, Karl Anthony • Gifford, Quentin John • Gift, Kenneth Mace • Gilbert, George H. • Gilbert, George • Gilbert, Tom • Giles, Thomas Robert • Gill, Richard Eugene • Gillette, Warren Clayton • Gilliard, Benjamin Edward • Ginn, James Blackburn • Giovenazzo, Michael James • Givens, Harold Reuben • Gleason, James J. • Glenn, Arthur • Gobbin, Angelo • Goetsch, Herman August • Goff, Wiley Coy • Goggin, Daryl Henry • Goldwater, Jack Reginald • Gomez, Charles Clay , Jr. • Gomez, Edward , Jr. • Gonsalves, Emma • Gonzales, Bibian Bernard • Gonzalez, Manuel • Gooch, George Merton • Good, Joseph E. • Good, Leland • Gooding, Robert Henry • Goodwin, Clifford George • Goodwin, Myron Eugene • Goodwin, Robert • Goodwin, William Arthur • Gordon, Duff • Gordon, Peter Charles , Jr. • Gosnell, Paul Gustavus • Gossard, James E. , Jr. • Gosselin, Edward Webb • Gosselin, Joseph Adjutor • Goudy, Allen E. W. • Gould, Arthur • Gould, Harry Lee • Gove, Rupert Clair • Gowey, Claude Oliver • Graham, Wesley Ernest • Grandpre, Arthur M. • Granger, Raymond Edward • Grant, Lawrence Everett • Gray, Albert James • Gray, Lawrence Moore • Gray, William James , Jr. • Green, Glen Hubert • Greene, John Sherman • Greenfield, Carroll Gale • Greenwald, Robert Donald • Gregoire, Charles Norman • Griffin, Daniel Thornburg • Griffin, Lawrence J. • Griffin, Reese Olin • Griffith, Thomas Edward • Griffiths, Robert Alfred • Grissinger, Robert Beryle • Grosnickle, Warren Wilbert • Gross, Edgar David • Gross, Milton Henry • Gross, Roy Arthur • Grow, Vernon Neslie • Grundstrom, Richard Gunner • Guisinger, Daniel L. , Jr. • Gullachson, Arthur K. • Gummerson, Elwood R. • Gurganus, William Ike • Gurley, Jesse Herbert • Gusie, William Fred • Guthrie, James E. • Guttmann, Joseph Herman • Guy, George Hormer • Haas, Curtis Junior • Haase, Clarence Frederick • Haden, Samuel William • Haffner, Floyd Bates • Haines, Robert Wesley • Hall, Hubert Preston • Hall, John Rudolph • Hall, Ted • Hallmark, Johnnie W. • Halloran, William Ignatius • Halterman, Robert Emile • Halvorsen, Harry John • Ham, Harold William • Hamel, Don Edgar • Hamilton, Clarence James • Hamilton, Edwin Carrell • Hamilton, William Holman • Hamlin, Dale Reuben 00 • Hammerud, George Winston • Hampton, J. D. • Hampton, Ted W. , Jr. • Hampton, Walter Lewis 1 • Hann, Eugene Paul • Hanna, David Darling • Hannon, Francis Leon • Hansen, Carlyle B. •

Hansen, Harvey Ralph • Hanson, George • Hanson, Helmer Ansel • Hanzel, Edward Joseph • Harada, Ai • Hardin, Charles Eugene • Hargraves, Kenneth William • Harker, Charles Ward • Harmon, William D. • Harr, Robert Joseph • Harrington, Keith Homer • Harris, Charles Houston • Harris, Daniel Fletcher • Harris, George Ellsworth • Harris, Hiram Dennis • Harris, James William • Harris, Louis Edward , Jr. • Harris, Noble Burnice • Harris, Peter John • Harriss, Hugh Braddock • Hartford, Carlton H. • Hartley, Alvin • Hartley, Kenneth Jay • Hartsoe, Max June • Hartson, Lonnie Moss • Harveson, Herold Aloysius • Hasenfuss, William E. , Jr. • Hasl, James Thomas • Hasty, Ardrey Vernon • Hatate, Kisa • Haughey, John Thomas • Haven, Edward Stanley , Jr. • Haverfield, James Wallace • Havins, Harvey Linfille • Hawkins, Anthony , Jr. • Hawkins, Russell Dean • Hayden, Albert Eugene • Hayes, John Doran • Hayes, Kenneth Merle • Haynes, Curtis James • Hays, Alfred • Hays, William Henry • Hazdovac, Jack Claudius • Head, Frank Bernard • Head, Harold Lloyd • Headington, Robert Wayne • Heater, Verrel Roy • Heath, Alfred Grant • Heath, Francis Colston • Heavin, Hadley Irvin • Hebel, Francis F. • Hebel, Robert Lee • Heckendorn, Warren Guy • Hedger, Jess Laxton • Hedrick, Paul Henry • Heely, Leo Shinn • Heidt, Edward Joseph • Heidt, Wesley John • Heim, Gerald Leroy • Hellstern, William Francis • Helm, Merritt Cameron • Helton, Floyd Dee • Hembree, Thomas • Henderson, Gilbert Allen • Henderson, William Walter • Hendricksen, Frank • Henrichsen, Jimmie Lee • Henry, Otis Wellington • Henson, William Ed , Jr. • Herber, Harvey Christopher • Herbert, George • Herbert, Joseph C. • Herrick, Paul Edward • Herring, James Junior • Herriott, Robert Asher , Jr. • Hesler, Austin Henry • Hess, Darrel Miller • Hessdorfer, Anthony Joseph • Hibbard, Robert Arnold • Hickman, Arthur Lee • Hickok, Warren Paul • Hicks, Elmer Orville • Hicks, Ralph Dueard • Higa, Fred Masayoshi • Hildebrand, John A. , Jr. • Hill, Bartley Talor • Hill, Clifford Dale • Hill, Edwin Joseph • Hillman, Merle Chester , Jr. • Hilt, Fred Albert • Hilton, Wilson Woodrow • Hindman, Frank Weaver • Hines, Arvel Clay • Hirasaki, Jackie Yoneto • Hirasaki, Jitsuo • Hirasaki, Robert Yoshito • Hirasaki, Shirley Kinue • Hiskett, Denis Hubert • Hislop, William • Hitrik, Albert Joseph • Hittorff, Joseph Parker , Jr. • Hoag, Frank Samuel , Jr. • Hoard, Herbert John • Hodges, Garris Vada • Hodges, Howard David • Hoelscher, Lester John • Hoffman, Joseph Warren • Holland, Claude Herbert , Jr. • Hollenbach, Paul Zepp • Holley, Paul Elston • Hollis, Ralph • Hollowell, George Sanford • Holm, Kenneth Laurence • Holmes, Harry Randolph • Holmes, Lowell D. • Holmes, Robert Kimball • Holzhauer, James William • Holzworth, Walter • Homer, Henry Vernon • Hood, Earl A. • Hood, Joseph Earnest • Hookano, Kamiko • Hope, Harold W. • Hopkins, Edwin Chester • Hopkins, Homer David • Horan, John J. • Horan, Vincent M. • Hord, Chester George • Horn, Melvin Freeland • Horner, James Albert • Horrell, Harvey Howard • Horrocks, James William • Horton, William David • Hosler, John Emmet • Houde, Emery Lyle • House, Clem Raymond • Housel, John James • Howard, Elmo • Howard, George F. • Howard, Rolan George • Howe, Darrell Robert • Howell, Leroy • Hoyt, Clarence E. • Hrusecky, Charles Lewis • Hryniewicz, Frank A. • Hubbard, Haywood , Jr. • Hubner, Edgar E. • Hudgell, Alfred William • Hudnall, Robert Chilton • Hudson, Charles Eugene • Hudson, Ira Duane • Huff, Robert Glenn • Huffman, Clyde Franklin • Hughes, Bernard Thomas • Hughes, Edward Rhys • Hughes, Lewis Burton , Jr. • Hughes, Marvin Austin • Hughey, James Clynton • Huie, Doyne Conley • Hull, Robert L. • Hultgren, Lorentz Emanuel • Hultman, Donald Standly • Humphrey, Henry J. • Hunter, Robert Melvin • Hunter, Robert Fredrick • Huntington, Henry Louis • Hurd, Willard Hardy • Hurley, Wendell Ray • Huval, Ivan Joseph • Hux, Leslie Creade • Huys, Arthur Albert • Hyde, William Hughes • Iak, Joseph Claude • Ibbotson, Howard Burt • Inamine, Paul S. • Ingalls, Richard Fitch • Ingalls, Theodore A. • Ingraham, David Archie • Ingram, George Washington • Irish, Robert Clement • Isham, Orville Adalbert • Isom, Luther James • Iversen, Earl Henry • Iversen, Norman Kenneth • Iverson, Claydon Ignatius C. • Ivey, Charles Andrew , Jr. • Izumi, Robert Seiko • Jackson, David William • Jackson, David Paul , Jr. • Jackson, Lowell Bruce •

HONORING THOSE WHO WERE LOST 2,004

239

111

Navy killed

Marines killed

Army killed

Civilians killed

Source: USS West Virginia Association, www.usswestvirginia.org Jackson, Robert Woods • Jackson, William Clarence • Jackson, Willie • Jacobs, Richard William • Jacobs, Richard Fredrick • Jacobson, Dave • Jacobson, Herbert Barney • James, Challis Rudolph • James, John Burditt • Jante, Edwin Earl • Janz, Clifford Thurston • Jarding, George William • Jastrzemski, Edwin Charles • Jayne, Kenneth Lyle • Jeans, Victor Lawrence • Jedrysik, Joseph • Jeffrey, Ira W. • Jeffries, Keith • Jencuis, Joseph Herbert • Jenkins, Robert Henry Dawson • Jensen, Keith Marlow • Jensen, Theodore Que • Jenson, Jesse Bennett • Jerrison, Donald D. • Johann, Paul Frederick • Johannes, Charles Homer • Johnson, Billy James • Johnson, Carl Andreas • Johnson, Carl Spencer • Johnson, David Andrew , Jr. • Johnson, Donald Walter • Johnson, Edmund Russell • Johnson, Edward Dale • Johnson, Flavous B. M. • Johnson, George Edward • Johnson, James Rodman • Johnson, John Russell • Johnson, Joseph Morris • Johnson, Melvin Grant • Johnson, Olaf A. • Johnson, Robert Henry • Johnson, Samuel Earle • Johnson, Sterling Conrad • Johnston, Jim Hal • Jolley, Berry Stanley • Jones, Charles William • Jones, Charles Alan • Jones, Daniel Pugh • Jones, Edmon Ethmer • Jones, Edward Watkin • Jones, Ernest • Jones, Floyd Baxter • Jones, Fred M. • Jones, George Edwin • Jones, Harry Cecil • Jones, Henry , Jr. • Jones, Herbert C. • Jones, Homer Lloyd • Jones, Hugh Junior • Jones, Jerry • Jones, Leland • Jones, Leroy Henry • Jones, Quincy Eugene • Jones, Rodney Wallace • Jones, Thomas Raymond • Jones, Warren Allen • Jones, Willard Worth • Jones, Woodrow Wilson • Jordan, Julian Bethune • Jordan, Wesley Vernie • Joyce, Calvin Wilbur • Joyner, Theodore K. • Judd, Albert John • Juedes, William Arthur • Jurashen, Thomas Valentine • Kaelin, John Louis • Kagarice, Harold Lee • Kahookele, David • Kaiser, Robert Oscar • Kalinowski, Henry • Kampmeyer, Eric T. • Kane, Albert Utley • Karabon, Joseph Nicholas • Karli, John Albert • Katt, Eugene Louis • Kaufman, Harry • Keaton, Vernon Paul • Kechner, Vincent John • Keen, Billy Mack • Keener, Arlie Glen • Keffer, Howard Verne • Keil, Ralph Henry • Keith, George Richard • Keller, Donald Garrett • Keller, Paul Daniel • Kelley, James Dennis • Kelley, Joe Marion • Kelley, Robert R. • Kelley, Sanford V. , Jr. • Kellogg, Wilbur Leroy • Kelly, Robert Lee • Kempf, Warren Joseph • Keninger, Leo Thomas • Keniston, Donald Lee • Keniston, Kenneth Howard • Kennard, Kenneth Frank • Kennedy, William Henry • Kennington, Charles Cecil • Kennington, Milton Homer • Kent, Texas Thomas , Jr. • Kent, William Harrison • Kerestes, Elmer Tom • Kerrigan, Raymond Joseph • Kesler, David Leland • Kidd, Isaac Campbell • Kiehn, Ronald William • Kieselbach, Charles Ermin • Kim, Soon Chip • Kimmey, Robert Doyle • Kimura, Tomaso • Kinder, Andrew J. • King, Andrew • King, Gordon Blane • King, Leander Cleaveland • King, Lewis Meyer • King, Marion E. , Jr. • King, Orvell Vaniel , Jr. • King, Robert Nicholas , Jr. • Kinney, Frederick William • Kinney, Gilbert Livingston • Kirchhoff, Wilbur Albert • Kirkpatrick, Thomas Larcy • Klann, Edward • Klasing, William August • Klein, Otto C. • Kleist, Chester Fredrick • Kline, Robert Edwin • Klopp, Francis Lawrence • Klubertanz, Roderick Otto • Knight, Milton Jewel , Jr. • Knight, Robert Wagner • Knipp, Verne Francis • Knubel, William , Jr. • Koch, Walter Ernest • Koenekamp, Clarence D. • Koeppe, Herman Oliver • Kohl, John J. • Kolajajck, Brosig • Kondo, Edward Koichi • Konnick, Albert Joseph • Kosec, John Anthony • Kovar, Robert • Kozelek, Leonard Joseph • Krahn, James Albert • Kraker, Donald J. • Kramb, James Henry • Kramb, John David • Kramer, Harry Wellington • Kramer, Robert Rudolph • Krause, Fred Joseph • Krissman, Max Sam • Kruger, Richard Warren • Kruppa, Adolph Louis • Kubinec, William Paul • Kujawa, Conrad • Kukuk, Howard Helgi • Kula, Stanley • Kusie, Donald Joseph • Kuzee, Ernest George • Kvalnes, Hans C. • Kvidera, William Lester • Kyser, D. T. • La France, William Richard • La Mar, Ralph B. • La Rue, George Willard • La Salle, Willard Dale • La Verne, Daniel • Lacrosse, Henry E. , Jr. • Laderach, Robert Paul • Lake, John Ervin , Jr. • Lakin, Donald Lapier • Lakin, Joseph Jordan • Lamb, George Samuel • Lamons, Kenneth Taft • Lancaster, John Thomas • Landman, Henry • Landry, James Joseph , Jr. • Lane, Edward Wallace • Lane, Mancel Curtis • Lange, Richard Charles • Langenwalter, Orville J. • Lango, Frank J. • Lanouette, Henry John • Larsen, Donald C. V. • Larsen, Elliott Deen • Larson, Leonard Carl • Lattin, Bleecker • Laurie, Johnnie Cornelius • Lawrence, Charles • Lawrence, Edward Stephen • Lawrence, Elmer Patterson • Lawson, Willard Irvin • Leary, Thomas Francis • Lee, Carroll Volney , Jr. • Lee, Henry Lloyd • Lee, Isaac William • Lee, Roy Elmer , Jr. • Leedy, David Alonzo • Leggett, John Goldie • Legros, Joseph McNeil • Lehman, Gerald George • Lehman, Myron Kenneth • Leigh, Malcolm Hedrick • Leight, James Webster • Lemire, Joseph Sam L. • Leopold, Robert Lawrence • Lepper, Edmond Brayton • Lescault, Lionel W. • Leslie, George G. • Lesmeister, Steve Louie • Levar, Frank • Levine, Sherman • Lewis, James I. • Lewis, John Earl • Lewis, Theodore J. • Lewis, Wayne Alman • Lewison, Neil Stanley • Libolt, Lester H. • Lightfoot, Worth Ross • Linbo, Gordon Ellsworth • Lincoln, John William • Lindsay, James E. • Lindsay, James Mitchell • Lindsey, Harold William • Lindsley, John Herbert • Linton, George Edward • Lipe, Wilbur Thomas • Lipke, Clarence William • Lipple, John Anthony • Lisenby, Daniel Edward • Lish, Eugene Victor • Little, John Grubbs , III. • Livers, Raymond Edward • Livers, Wayne Nicholas • Livingston, Alfred Eugene • Livingston, Richard E. • Lock, Douglas A. • Lockwood, Clarence M. • Loebach, Adolph John • Lohman, Earl Wynne • Lomax, Frank Stuart • Lomibao, Marciano • London, James Edward • Long, Benjamin Franklin • Long, Guy Edward • Loo, Tai Chung • Lopes, Peter Souza • Lord, Harry W. , Jr. • Lounsbury, Thomas William • Loustanau, Charles Bernard • Love, Carl Robert • Loveland, Frank Crook • Lovshin, William Joseph • Lowe, Robert S. • Lucey, Neil Jermiah • Luke, Vernon Thomas • Luker, Royle Bradford • Luna, James Edward • Lunsford, Jack Leon • Luntta, John Kallervo • Lusk, Howard N. • Lutschan, William Edward , Jr. • Luzier, Ernest Burton • Lynch, Donald William • Lynch, Emmett Isaac • Lynch, James Robert , Jr. • Lynch, Kenneth Lee • Lynch, William Joseph , Jr. • Lyon, Arnold Eugene • Lyons, Lawrence P. , Jr. • Mabine, Octavius • Macy, Thomas Samuel • Maddox, Raymond Dudley • Madrid, Arthur John • Mafnas, Andres Franquez • Mafnas, Francisco Reyes • Magee, Gerald James • Magers, Howard Scott • Malatak, Joseph • Malecki, Frank Edward • Malek, Michael • Malfante, Algeo Victor • Malinowski, John Stanley • Malson, Harry Lynn • Manganelli, George Jay • Manges, Howard Ellis • Manion, Edward Paul • Manley, William H. • Manlove, Arthur Cleon • Mann, Charles Willis • Mann, John H. • Mann, William Edward • Manning, Leroy • Manning, Milburn Alex • Manning, Walter Benjamin • Manske, Robert Francis • Marinich, Steve Matt • Maris, Elwood Henry • Markley, Robert Harold • Marling, Joseph Henry • Marlow, Urban Herschel • Marsh, Benjamin Raymond , Jr. • Marsh, William Arthur • Marshall, John Andrew • Marshall, Thomas Donald • Marshall, William Earl , Jr. • Martin, Dale Lewis • Martin, George M. , Jr. • Martin, Herbert Benjamin • Martin, Hugh Lee • Martin, James Albert • Martin, James Orrwell • Martin, John Winter • Martin, Luster Lee • Martin, Wallace R. • Martinez, Rudolph Machado • Marze, Andrew Michael • Mason, Byron Dalley • Mason, Henri Clay • Massey, James Edward • Mastel, Clyde Harold • Masters, Dayton Monroe • Masterson, Cleburne E. Carl • Mastrototaro, Maurice • Mata, Jesus Manalisay • Mathein, Harold Richard • Mathison, Charles Harris • Mathison, Donald Joseph • Matney, Vernon Merferd • Mattox, Harell K. • Mattox, James Durant • Maule, Joseph Keith • May, Louis Eugene • Maybee, George Frederick • Mayfield, Frazier • Mayfield, Lester Ellsworth • Mayo, Marvin William • Mayo, Rex Haywood • McAbee, William E. • McAllen, John Scott • McBee, Luther Kirk • McCabe, Edwin Bonner • McCabe, Joseph , Sr. • McCarrens, James Francis • McCary, William Moore • McClafferty, John Charles • McClelland, Thomas Alfred • McClintock, James Jacob • McCloud, Donald Robert • McClung, Harvey Manford • McCollom, Lawrence Jennings • McComas, Clarence William • McCutcheon, Warren Harrell • McDonald, James Oliver • McFaddin, Lawrence James • McGhee, Lester Fred • McGlasson, Joe Otis • McGrady, Samme Willie Genes • McGraw, George V. • McGuckin, Edward L. • McGuire, Francis Raymond • McHughes, John Breckenridge • McIntosh, Dencil Jeoffrey • McIntosh, Harry George • McKee, Quentin Guy • McKeenan, Bert Eugene • McKinnie, Russell • McKissack, Hale • McKosky, Michael Martin • McLaughlin, Herbert E. • McLaughlin, Lloyd Elden • McLeod, Stanley A. • McMeans, Clyde Clifton • McMurtrey, Aaron L. • McPherson, John Blair • McQuade, Robert Cameron • Meadows, Durward A. • Meagher, Donald F. • Means, Louis • Meares, John Morgan • Medlen, Joseph Alford • Meglis, John Anthony • Melsen, George • Melton, Earl Rudolph • Melton, Herbert Franklin • Melton, John Russell • Mendiola, Enrique Castro • Menefee, James Austin • Menges, Herbert Hugo • Meno, Vicente Gogue • Menzenski, Stanley Paul • Merithew, William W. • Merrill, Howard Deal • Messam, Horace Arthur • Meyers, Victor L. • Michael, Charles O. • Micheletto, Carlo Anthony • Middleswart, John Franklin • Migita, Torao • Milbourne, Jesse Keith • Miles, Archie Theodore • Miles, Oscar Wright • Miller, Chester John • Miller, Doyle Allen • Miller, Forrest Newton • Miller, George Stanley • Miller, J. B. Delane • Miller, Jessie Zimmer • Miller, John David • Miller, Marvin Eugene • Miller, William Cicero • Miller, William Oscar • Milligan, Weldon Harvey • Milner, James William • Mims, Robert Lang • Minear, Richard J. , Jr. • Minix, Orville Ray • Minter, James Dewey • Mirello, Bernard Joseph • Mister, Joe Eddie • Mitchell, Edwin N. • Mitchell, John G. • Mitchell, Wallace Gregory • Mlinar, Joseph • Molpus, Richard Preston • Monroe, Donald • Montgomery, Charles Andrew • Montgomery, Robert E. • Montgomery, Wallace Alford • Montgomery, William A. • Moody, Robert Edward • Moore, Clyde Carson • Moore, Douglas Carlton • Moore, Fred Kenneth • Moore, James Carlton • Moorhead, Lionel Jay • Moorhouse, William Starks • Moorman, Russell Lee • Moran, George A. • Morgan, Wayne • Morgareidge, James Orries • Morincelli, Edo • Morley, Eugene Elvis • Morrell, Elmer R. • Morris, Emmett Edloe • Morris, Owen Newton • Morris, William Francis • Morrison, Earl Leroy • Morrissey, Edward Francis • Morse, Edward Charles • Morse, Francis Jerome • Morse, George Robert • Morse, Norman Roi • Moser, Joseph G. • Moslener, Louis Gustav , Jr. • Moss, Tommy Lee • Mostek, Francis Clayton • Moulton, Gordon Eddy • Mrace, Albin John • Muhofski, Joseph Alexander • Mulick, John Mark • Muncy, Claude • Murdock, Charles Luther • Murdock, Melvin Elijah • Murphy, James Palmer • Murphy, James Joseph • Murphy, Jessie Huell • Murphy, Thomas J. , Jr. • Myers, Clair Clifton • Myers, James Gernie • Myers, Ray Harrison • Naasz, Erwin H. • Nadel, Alexander Joseph • Naegle, George Eugene • Naff, Hugh Kenneth • Nagamine, Masayoshi • Nail, Elmer Denton • Nash, Paul Andrews • Nations, James Garland • Nations, Morris Edward

• Naylor, J. D. • Neal, Tom Dick • Necessary, Charles Raymond • Needham, La Verne J. • Neher, Don Ocle • Neipp, Paul • Nelles, Joseph F. • Nelson, Harl Coplin • Nelson, Henry Clarence • Nelson, Lawrence Adolphus • Nelson, Marlyn Wayne • Nelson, Richard Eugene • Nermoe, Earl Tilman • Neuendorf, William F. , Jr. • Neuenschwander, Arthur C. • Nevill, Sam Douglas • Newman, Laxton Gail • Newton, Paul Eugene • Newton, Wayne Edward • Newton, Wilbur Francis • Nichols, Alfred Rose • Nichols, Bethel Allan • Nichols, Carl • Nichols, Clifford Leroy • Nichols, Harry Ernest • Nichols, Louis Duffie • Nicholson, Glen Eldon • Nicholson, Hancel Grant • Nicoles, Frank Edward • Nides, Thomas James • Nielsen, Arnold Madsen • Nielsen, Floyd Theadore • Nigg, Laverne Alious • Nightingale, Joe Raymond • Nix, Charles Edward • Noce, Emile Salvatore • Nolatubby, Henry Ellis • Noonan, Robert Harold • Norman, Donald Charles • Norman, Orris Nate • Northway, William M. • Norvelle, Alwyn Berry • Nowosacki, Theodore Lucian • Nusser, Raymond Alfred • Nye, Frank Erskine • O’Brien, Joseph Bernard • O’Bryan, George David • O’Bryan, Joseph Benjamin • O’Connor, Maurice Michael • O’Grady, Camillus M. • O’Neall, Rex Eugene • O’Neill, William Thomas , Jr. • Ochoski, Henry Francis • Oda, Yaeko Lillian • Odgaard, Edwin Nelson • Off, Virgil Simon • Offutt, William H. • Ogle, Charles Ralph • Ogle, Victor Willard • Oglesby, Lonnie Harris • Ohashi, Frank • Ohta, Hayako • Ohta, Janet Yumiko • Ohta, Kiyoko • Olds, Clifford Nathan • Oliver, Raymond Brown • Olsen, Edward Kern • Olsen, Eli • Olson, Glen Martin • Ornellas, Barbara June • Ornellas, Gertrude • Orr, Dwight Jerome • Orr, Willard C. • Orwick, Dean Baker • Orzech, Stanislaus Joseph • Osborne, Mervin Eugene • Ostrander, Leland Grimstead • Ott, Peter Dean • Otterstetter, Carl William • Outland, Jarvis Godwin • Overley, Lawrence Jack • Owen, Fredrick Halden • Owens, James Patrick • Owens, Richard Allen • Owsley, Alphard Stanley • Owsley, Arnold Jacob • Owsley, Thomas Lea • Pace, Amos Paul • Pace, Joseph Wilson • Pace, Millard Clarence • Paciga, Walter Joseph • Palides, James , Jr. • Palmer, Calvin Harry • Palmer, Wilferd Dewey • Pang, Harry Tuck Lee • Paolucci, James Alfred • Paradis, George Lawrence • Parker, Elmer Anthony • Parker, Isaac • Parker, June Winton • Parkes, Harry Edward • Parks, Chester Lloyd • Paroli, Peter John • Patterson, Clarence Rankin • Patterson, Elmer Marvin • Patterson, Harold Lemuel • Patterson, Richard , Jr. • Paulmand, Hilery • Pavini, Bruno • Pawlowski, Raymond Paul • Payne, Kenneth Morris • Peak, Robert Hopkins • Pearce, Alonzo , Jr. • Pearce, Dale Ferrell • Pearson, Norman Cecil • Pearson, Robert Stanley • Peavey, William Howard • Peck, Eugene Edward • Peckham, Howard William • Pedrotti, Francis James • Peery, Max Valdyne • Peleschak, Michael • Peltier, John Arthur • Pence, John Wallace • Pendarvis, George E. • Pennington, Raymond • Penny, Russell M. • Pensyl, John Campbell • Pentico, Walter Ray • Penton, Howard Lee • Penuel, George Ames , Jr. • Pepe, Stephen • Perdue, Charles Fred • Perkins, George Ernest • Perry, Forrest Hurbert • Perry, Hal H. , Jr. • Peterson, Albert H. , Jr. • Peterson, Elroy Vernon • Peterson, Hardy Wilbur • Peterson, Roscoe Earl • Pettit, Charles Ross • Petway, Wiley James • Petyak, John Joseph • Petz, Robert Albert • Phelps, George Edward • Philbin, James Richard • Philipsky, Thomas F. • Phillips, James William • Phillips, Milo Elah • Phipps, James Norman • Piasecki, Alexander Louis • Pierce, Sidney • Pietzsch, Jay E. • Pike, Harvey Lee • Pike, Lewis Jackson • Pinkham, Albert Wesley • Pinko, Andrew Anthony • Pirtle, Gerald Homer • Piskuran, Rudolph Victor • Pitcher, Jack Arthur • Pitcher, Walter Giles • Pitts, Lewis William , Jr. • Plant, Donald D. • Platschorre, Daniel P. • Poindexter, Herbert J. , Jr. • Ponder, Walter Howard • Pool, Elmer Leo • Poole, Ralph Ernest • Porterfield, Robert Kirk • Portillo, Damian Maraya • Posey, Frank S. E. • Post, Darrell Albert • Povesko, George • Powell, Jack Speed • Powell, Raymond E. • Powell, Thomas George • Powell, William J. • Power, Abner Franklin • Powers, Joe O`Neil • Powers, Roy Wallace • Powloski, Daniel J. • Presson, Wayne Harold • Prewitt, Brady Oliver • Pribble, Robert Lamb • Price, Arland Earl • Price, George Franklin • Price, George • Price, John A. • Pride, Lewis Bailey , Jr. • Pritchett, Robert Leo , Jr. • Przybysz, Alexsander J. • Puckett, Edwin Lester • Pue, Jasper Langley , Jr. • Pugh, John , Jr. • Pullen, Roy Alfred • Pummill, Nolan Eugene • Putnam, Avis Boyd • Puzio, Edward • Quarto, Mike Joseph • Quinata, Jose Sanchez • Quirk, Edward Joseph • Racisz, Edward Stanley • Radford, Neal Jason • Rae, Allen G. • Raimond, Paul Smith • Rainbolt, John Thomas • Rall, Richard Redner • Rasmussen, Arthur Severin • Rasmussen, Warren D. • Rasmusson, George Vernon • Ratkovich, William • Rawhouser, Glen Donald • Rawson, Clyde Jackson • Ray, Eldon Casper • Ray, Harry Joseph • Reagan, Dan Edward • Reaves, Casbie • Rector, Clay Cooper • Reece, John Jeffris • Reed, Frank Edward • Reed, James Buchanan , Jr. • Reed, Ray Ellison • Reeves, Thomas J. • Regan, Leo Basil • Register, Paul James • Reid, George Beard • Reid, William Henry • Reinhold, Rudolph Herbert • Renner, Albert • Restivo, Jack Martin • Reuss, Herman C. • Reynolds, Earl Arthur • Reynolds, Jack Franklyn • Rhodes, Birb Richard • Rhodes, Mark Alexander • Rhodes, William T. • Rice, Irvin Franklin • Rice, William Hurst • Rice, William Albert • Rice, Wilson Albert • Rich, Claude Edward • Rich, Porter Leigh • Richar, Raymond Lyle • Richardson, Warren John • Richey, Joseph L. • Richey, Robert M. • Richison, Fred Louis • Richter, Albert Wallace • Richter, Leonard Claiver • Rico, Guadalupe Augustine • Riddell, Eugene Edward • Ridenour, Clyde , Jr. • Riganti, Fred • Riggins, Gerald Herald • Riley, David Joseph • Ripley, Edwin Herbert • Rivera, Francisco Unpingoo • Roach, Russell Clyde • Robbins, Anson E. • Roberts, Dwight Fisk • Roberts, Earl Reed • Roberts, Kenneth Franklin • Roberts, McClellan Taylor • Roberts, Walter Scott , Jr. • Roberts, Wilburn Carle • Roberts, William Francis • Robertson, Edgar , Jr. • Robertson, James Milton • Robertson, Joseph Morris • Robinson, Harold Thomas • Robinson, James Henry • Robinson, James William • Robinson, John James • Robinson, Robert Warren • Robison, Mark Clifton • Roby, Raymond Arthur • Rodgers, John Dayton • Roe, Eugene Oscar • Roehm, Harry Turner • Roesch, Harold William • Rogers, Thomas Sprugeon • Rogers, Walter Boone • Rogness, Halvor E. • Romano, Simon • Rombalski, Donald Roger • Romero, Vladimir M. • Ronning, Emil Oliver • Root, Melvin Lenord • Rose, Chester Clay • Rose, Ernest Claude • Rosenau, Howard Arthur • Rosenbery, Orval Albert • Rosenthal, Alfred Aaron • Ross, Deane Lundy • Ross, Joe Boyce • Ross, William Fraser • Rouse, Joseph Carel • Rowe, Eugene Joseph • Rowell, Frank Malcom • Royals, William Nicholas • Royer, Howard Dale • Royse, Frank Willard • Rozar, John Frank • Rozmus, Joseph Stanley • Ruddock, Cecil Roy • Ruggerio, William • Runckel, Robert Gleason • Runiak, Nicholas • Ruse, Charles Lee • Rush, Richard Perry • Rusher, Orville Lester • Rushford, Harvey George • Ruskey, Joseph John • Russell, Benjamin Nelson • Russett, Arthur William • Rutkowski, John Peter • Ruttan, Dale Andrew • Ryan, Edmund Thomas • Sadlowski, Roman Walter • Saffell, Morris Franklin • Sahl, Glenn Dawain • Sampson, Kenneth Harlan • Sampson, Sherley Rolland • Sandall, Merrill Keith • Sanders, Dean Stanley • Sanders, Eugene Thomas • Sanderson, James Harvey • Sanford, Thomas Steger • Santos, Filomeno • Sather, William Ford • Saulsbury, Theodore Hilliard • Saunders, Charles Louis • Savage, Lyal Jackson • Savage, Walter Samuel , Jr. • Savidge, John Edwin • Savin, Tom • Savinski, Michael • Saylor, Paul Edd • Schdowski, Joseph • Scheuerlein, George Albert • Schick, William Rhinehart • Schiller, Ernest • Schlect, Benjamin • Schleifer, Louis • Schleiter, Walter Fay • Schlund, Elmer Pershing • Schmersahl, George R. • Schmidt, Herman • Schmidt, Vernon Joseph • Schmitt, Aloysius Herman • Schmitz, Andrew James • Schneider, William Jacob • Schoonover, John Harry • Schott, Robert L. • Schrank, Harold Arthur • Schroeder, Henry • Schuman, Herman Lincoln • Schuon, Richard Martin , Jr. • Schurr, John • Schwarting, Herbert C. • Scilley, Harold Hugh • Scott, A. 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Irven Edgar • Thompson, Irvin A. R. • Thompson, Ralph William • Thompson, Robert Gary • Thompson, William Manley • Thomson, Richard Joseph • Thorman, John Christopher • Thornton, Cecil Howard • Thornton, George Hayward • Thrombley, Robert Leroy • Thuman, John Henry • Thunhorst, Lee Vernon • Tibbets, Hermann K. , Jr. • Tibbs, Ernie Ewart • Tidball, David Franklin • Timm, Lloyd Rudolph • Timmerman, William Frederick • Tindall, Lewis Frank • Tiner, Robert Reaves • Tini, Dante Sylvester • Tipsword, Keith Warren • Tipton, Henry Glenn • Tisdale, William Esley • Titterington, Everett Cecil • Tobin, Patrick Phillip • Todd, Neal Kenneth • Tokusato, Yoshio • Tomich, Peter • Topalian, James N. • Torti, Natale Ignatius • Tranbarger, Orval Austin • Trapp, Harold Frank • Trapp, William Herman • Treadway, Shelby • Treanor, Frank P. • Triplett, Thomas Edgar • Trovato, Tom • Trujillo, Richard Ignacio • Tucker, Raymond Edward • Tucker, William David • Tuckerman, George William • Tumlinson, Victor Pat • Tuntland, Earl Eugene • Turk, Pete • Turner, Billy • Turner, William George • Turnipseed, John Morgan • Tushla, Louis James • Tussey, Lloyd Harold • Tuttle, Ralph E. • Tyce, Robert H. • Tyson, Robert • Ufford, Russell Orville • Uhlig, Edward Bruno • Uhlmann, Robert W. • Uhrenholdt, Andrew Curtis • Ulrich, Elmer Herbert • Ulrich, George Vernon • Urban, John Joseph • Uyeno, Hisao • Valente, Richard Dominic • Valley, Lowell Earl • Van Atta, Garland Wade • Van Horn, James Randolf • Van Valkenburgh, Franklin • Vander Goore, Albert Peter • Vanderelli, Martin • Vanderpool, Payton L. , Jr. • Varchol, Brinley • Vassar, Benjamin Frank • Vaughan, William Frank • Veeder, Gordon Elliott • Velia, Galen Steve • Venable, Hoge Cralle , Jr. • Vernick, Edward Frank • Vidoloff, Russell P. • Vieira, Alvaro Everett • Villa, Michael William • Vincent, Jesse Charles , Jr. • Vining, George Eugene • Vinson, James • Vogelgesang, Joseph , Jr. • Vogt, John H. L., Jr. • Vojta, Walter Arnold • Vosti, Anthony August • Wade, Durrell • Wade, George Hollive , Jr. • Wagner, Mearl James • Wagner, Thomas George • Wagoner, Lewis Lowell • Wainwright, Silas Alonzo • Wait, Wayland Lemoyne • Walczynski, Andrew A. • Walker, Bill • Walker, David • Walker, Ernest M. , Jr. • Walker, Harry Earnest • Walker, Lumus E. • Walkowiak, Robert N. • Wallace, Houston Oliver • Wallace, James Frank • Wallace, Ralph Leroy • Wallen, Earl Delbert • Wallenstien, Richard Henry • Walpole, Eugene Anderson • Walters, Bethel Elbert • Walters, Charles Edward • Walters, Clarence Arthur • Walters, William Spurgeon , Jr. • Walther, Edward Alfred • Walton, Alva Dowding • Walton, Ivan Irwin • Ward, Albert Lewis • Ward, James Richard • Ward, William E. • Wardigo, Walter H. • Wasielewski, Edward • Watkins, Lenvil Leo • Watson, Claude Bridger , Jr. • Watson, Raphael August • Watson, Richard Leon • Watson, William Lafayette • Watts, Sherman Maurice • Watts, Victor Ed • Weaver, Luther Dayton • Weaver, Richard Walter • Webb, Carl Edward • Webb, James Cecil • Webster, Harold Dwayne • Weeden, Carl Alfred • Wegrzyn, Felix S. • Weidell, William Peter • Weier, Bernard Arthur • Welch, William Edward • Weller, Ludwig Fredrick • Wells, Alfred Floyd • Wells, Floyd Arthur • Wells, Harvey Anthony • Wells, Raymond Virgil , Jr. • Wells, William Bennett • West, Broadus Franklin • West, Ernest Ray • West, Webster Paul • Westbrook, James Ross • Westbrook, Robert H. , Jr. • Westcott, William Percy , Jr. • Westerfield, Ivan Ayers • Westin, Donald Vern • Westlund, Fred Edwin • Wetrich, Vernard Oren • Wheeler, John Dennis • Whisler, Gilbert Henry • Whitaker, John William , Jr. • Whitcomb, Cecil Eugene • White, Alice • White, Charles William • White, Claude • White, Glen Albert • White, Jack Dewey • White, James Clifton • White, Vernon Russell • White, Volmer Dowin • Whitehead, Ulmont Irving , Jr. • Whiteman, George Allison • Whitlock, Paul Morgan • Whitson, Alton Walter • Whitson, Ernest Hubert , Jr. • Whitt, William Byron • Whittemore, Andrew Tiny • Wiant, Thomas Solomon • Wick, Everett Morris • Wicker, Eugene Woodrow • Wicklund, John Joseph • Wiegand, Lloyd Paul • Wilbur, Harold • Wilcox, Arnold Alfred • Wilcox, George James , Jr. • Will, Joseph William • Willette, Laddie James • Williams, Adrian Delton • Williams, Albert Luther • Williams, Clyde Richard • Williams, Clyde • Williams, George Washington • Williams, Jack Herman • Williams, James Clifford • Williams, Laurence A. • Williams, Wilbur Slade • Williamson, Randolph , Jr. • Williamson, William Dean • Willis, Robert Kenneth , Jr. • Willis, Walter M. • Wilson, Bernard Martin • Wilson, Clyde Richard • Wilson, Comer A. • Wilson, Eunice • Wilson, Hurschel Woodrow • Wilson, John James • Wilson, Milton Sloss • Wilson, Neil Mataweny • Wilson, Ray Milo • Wimberly, Paul Edwin • Wimmer, Bernard Ramon • Windish, Robert James • Windle, Everett Gordon • Windle, Robert England • Winfield, Starring B. • Winter, Edward • Wise, Clarence Alvin • Wise, Rex Elwood • Wittenberg, Russell Duane • Wodarski, Steven Joseph • Wohl, Oswald Carl • Wojtkiewicz, Frank Peter • Wolf, George Alexanderson , Jr. • Wood, Earl A. • Wood, Frank • Wood, Harold Baker • Wood, Horace Van • Wood, Roy Eugene • Woods, Lawrence Eldon • Woods, Vernon Wesley • Woods, William Anthony • Woods, Winfred Oral • Woodward, Ardenne Allen • Woodworth, Lawton Jay • Woody, Harlan Fred • Woolf, Norman Bragg • Workman, Creighton Hale • Wortham, John Layman • Wright, Edward Henry • Wright, Paul Raymond • Wright, Thomas Monroe • Wyckoff, Robert Leroy • Wydila, John Charles • Wyman, Eldon P. • Yates, Elmer Elias • Yeats, Charles , Jr. • Yomine, Frank Peter • Young, Eric Reed • Young, Glendale Rex • Young, Jay Wesley • Young, Martin Daymond • Young, Robert Verdun • Young, Virgil Jarrett • Young, Vivan Louis • Yugovich, Michael Charles • Yurko, Joseph John • Zacek, Laddie John • Zaczkiewicz, Marion Herbert • Zappala, Joseph S. • Zeiler, John Virgel • Ziembicki, Steve Anthony • Zimmerman, Fred • Zimmerman, Lloyd McDonald • Ziskind, Samuel J. • Zobeck, Lester Frank • Zuckoff, Walter D. • Zuschlag, Walter J. • Zvansky, Thomas • Zwarun, Michael , Jr.

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Children who lived through the attack remember BY AUDREY MCAVOY Associated Press

I MARK COMON, USS ARIZONA MEMORIAL FOUNDATION VIA ASSOCIATED PRESS

Lauren Bruner, one of five remaining survivors of the USS Arizona from the Dec. 7, 1941, Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, is joined by Capt. Jeffry W. James, right, then the commander of Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam; and Daniel Martinez, chief historian for the National Park Service, as they look at the Arizona Memorial’s Shrine Wall with names of every man aboard the ship when it was attacked. More than 2,300 servicemen died in the Japanese attack that plunged the United States into World War II. Nearly half of those killed were on the Arizona, most still entombed in the wreckage.

USS Arizona survivor keeps tradition alive

BY AUDREY MCAVOY Associated Press

auren Bruner was getting ready for church in 1941 on his battleship, the USS Arizona, when the alarm sounded. The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor had begun, and Bruner, then 21, scampered up five stories by ladder to the enormous anti-aircraft guns he was responsible for manning. But bullets hit his left leg and explosions set off by the Sunday morning bombardment rocked his ship before he could get to the weapons. The ship sank just nine minutes later. Bruner escaped, but suffered severe burns. This week Bruner, now 96, plans to visit a memorial over the Arizona’s sunken wreckage and attend a remembrance ceremony at Pearl Harbor on the 75th anniversary of the Dec. 7, 1941, attack. Bruner has traveled from his Southern California home for the events many times, but doesn’t know how long the Arizona’s few remaining survivors will be able to keep up the tradition. “It’s getting close to being the end pretty soon. There’s only five of us left now,” Bruner said. Back then, in 1941, Bruner didn’t know who was attacking until the planes got close enough for him to see the red Rising Sun Japanese insignia on their sides. The aircraft shot at “everything in sight,” he said. Then an explosion tore through his battle station. “That’s where the flames blew right through and cooked me right there,” Bruner said in a telephone interview from his home in La Mirada, California. With “everything burning,” Bruner tried to get off the ship as fast as he could. But the water in the harbor 80 feet below — infused with leaked oil — was on fire, too, so jumping wasn’t an option. Bruner and a few fellow shipmates shouted to a sailor on the ship moored next to the Arizona to toss over some rope. The six of them tied the rope and carried themselves hand-over-hand across the 100foot expanse to the USS Vestal. “You’re like a chicken getting barbecued,” he said. All of them made it, becoming six of the 335 sailors and Marines on the Arizona to survive. Another 1,177 shipmates died. Doctors on the USS Solace hospital ship wanted to amputate most of Bruner’s hands, leaving him with just his forefingers and thumbs, he said. Ultimately they peeled off his dead skin and let new skin grow in. They put him in a special bed with hoops that allowed sheets to be draped above him but not touch him. Navy documents recently uncovered by the genealogy and historical records company Ancestry show Bruner suffered burns on his face and the back of his neck, his right shoulder, right arm and forearm, fingers, hands, outer thighs and lower legs.

n some ways, it could be any class photo from the 1940s. The sepia-toned image shows 30 fifth-graders — 26 girls and four boys — at Thomas Jefferson Elementary School in Waikiki. Most are smiling, some look stern. A few have no shoes. Yet this picture is different in one striking way: Each child is holding a bag containing a gas mask, a sign of how war had suddenly broke apart the routines of their adolescence on Dec. 7, 1941. Three of the students, now in their mid-80s and all friends who have kept in touch over the years, reflected recently on the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor 75 years ago and the mark it left on their childhoods, of the innocence and of the fear. Joan Martin Rodby remembered the carefree walks to school, and her family building an air raid shelter in their yard. Florence Seto, who is Japanese-American, recalled sharing ice cream with Rodby, and being worried that her family would be taken away. Emma Veary reminisced about her days singing, and her family covering the windows at night so Japanese pilots couldn’t use the light of homes to guide them.

 On the morning of Dec. 7, a Sunday, Japanese bombers flew across Oahu and began their assault. Some children climbed onto the roofs of homes to see what was happening. The planes were so close to the ground in some cases that they could make out the Rising Sun insignia. Soon, smoke rose over the water, about 10 miles from Veary’s home near Waikiki. Veary, then 11, climbed atop a neighbor’s house. Back then, Waikiki didn’t have any high-rise hotels and condominiums to block the view, so she could see all the way to the naval base. Her parents yelled at her to get down as soon as they heard about the attack. Veary, Seto and Rodby suddenly found themselves living in a war zone, as an ever-present worry about a Japanese invasion permeated life in their island home.

 Bruner recounts the experience at his home in La Mirada, Calif. Burns covered most of his body after Japanese planes bombed his ship. He spent seven months recovering in the hospital, and returned to fight in more battles.

“It’s getting close to being the end pretty soon. There’s only five of us left now.” Lauren Bruner, one of the survivors of the USS Arizona

Soon after the attack began, Veary’s father got a call to go to Pearl Harbor to help rescue sailors. He was a tug boat captain for a local shipping company. He didn’t come back for more than a day. Life under the threat of further Japanese attacks meant her family had to cover their windows to block any light from escaping at night. Wardens would patrol neighborhoods to make sure no light was visible through the windows. They would knock on the door of offending houses. But there were plenty of light-hearted moments, too. She practiced her singing, including in front of audiences — a talent that would later become her profession. During the holidays, Veary’s brother and sister would bring servicemen they met on the bus home to eat food cooked by their mother and their neighbors. “We weren’t a well-to-do family, but whatever we had we liked to share,” Veary said.



Bruner, pictured here in 1940, didn’t know who was attacking the morning of Dec. 7, 1941, until the planes got close enough for him to see the red “Rising Sun” Japanese insignia on their sides. The aircraft shot at “everything in sight” he said. Then an explosion tore through his battle station. The burns on his right arm were particularly severe and took longer to heal, according to the documents, which Ancestry has posted in a special section for Pearl Harbor survivors within its military records site Fold3.com. Bruner spent seven months recovering but returned to service, he said, because the Navy needed sailors to train new recruits to fight the war. He was on the USS Coghlan when it bombed Japanese positions on Attu Island in Alaska in 1943. His ship later took troops to the South Pacific and was near Guam when the war ended. He doesn’t like to rehash many details from Dec. 7. He said he just “grins and bears it” to cope with the memories. “There are parts of this whole thing that I can’t talk about. If I do PA G E 1 0

In this June 2013 photo provided by the USS Arizona Memorial Foundation, Bruner holds his Purple Heart medal during a Pearl Harbor visit. An Admiral’s Silver Star is pinned to its ribbon, which was presented to Bruner as a sign of respect and honor by Rear Admiral Fernandez “Frank” Ponds. talk about it, I cannot sleep,” he said. After the Navy, Bruner went to work for a former Marine’s refrigeration business and spent 39 years with the company. He married twice, but outlived both wives. Bruner wants his ashes interred inside his old battleship after he dies, like many other Arizona survivors who have chosen to be buried with their shipmates. Bruner said he prefers this to lying in a sparsely visited cemetery. “I think I’ve got the last spot,” he said, expressing confidence he’ll be the last of the survivors to go. Associated Press writer Christine Armario in Los Angeles contributed to this report. •

DEC. 7, 2016

Seto said the only scary part of the entire war was when military police, carrying guns with fixed bayonets, showed up at her house looking for her father. Her neighbors, who served in the Navy, suspected he was hoarding food and reported him after he used his painting business truck to load up on Vienna sausage, Spam and rice for friends. Seto’s immigrant parents had trouble communicating with the police. Her brothers explained what their father was doing and gave the police the names of families they were helping. The military police apologized and left, she said. The families who called the police were good friends of the Setos. Their children played with Seto and her siblings. “They were just afraid. It was a scary time,” she said. Government authorities detained 1,330 Japanese-Americans and Japanese nationals from Hawaii, particularly community leaders like Shinto priests and teachers. Seto said her father was investigated, but she believes he was spared because a business associate vouched for his trustworthiness. But a family friend, a restaurant owner, was deported. “We didn’t know any details except my mother and father would talk about it and then hush up when we would come close by,” she said. Many of Seto’s other memories were happy ones. She had the most fun helping out in the pineapple fields to fill in for men who left to serve in the military. 00 1

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U.S. declares state of war President Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses Congress: Last night, Japanese forces attacked Guam. Yesterday, Dec. 7, 1941 – a date which will live in infamy – Last night, Japanese forces attacked the Philippine Islands. the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately Last night, the Japanese attacked Wake Island. attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. This morning, the Japanese attacked Midway Island. The United States was at peace Japan has, therefore, undertaken with that nation and, at the a surprise offensive extending solicitation of Japan, was still in throughout the Pacific area. conversation with the government The facts of yesterday speak for and its emperor looking toward themselves. The people of the the maintenance of peace in the United States have already formed Pacific. their opinions and well understand Indeed, one hour after Japanese the implications to the very life air squadrons had commenced and safety of our nation. bombing in Oahu, the Japanese As commander in chief of the ambassador to the United States Army and Navy, I have directed and his colleagues delivered to the that all measures be taken for our Secretary of State a formal reply defense. to a recent American message. Always will we remember the While this reply stated that it character of the onslaught against seemed useless to continue the us. existing diplomatic negotiations, it No matter how long it may take contained no threat or hint of war us to overcome this premeditated or armed attack. invasion, the American people It will be recorded that the in their righteous might will win distance of Hawaii from Japan through to absolute victory. makes it obvious that the attack I believe I interpret the will of the NATIONAL ARCHIVES AND RECORDS ADMINISTRATION was deliberately planned many Congress and of the people when I President Franklin D. Roosevelt signing the Declaration of War days or even weeks ago. During assert that we will not only defend against Japan on December 8, 1941. Visit our website to watch a the intervening time, the Japanese ourselves to the uttermost, but will video of his speech to Congress. government has deliberately make very certain that this form of sought to deceive the United States by false statements and treachery shall never endanger us again. expressions of hope for continued peace. Hostilities exist. There is no blinking at the fact that our The attack yesterday on the Hawaiian islands has caused people, our territory and our interests are in grave danger. severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very With confidence in our armed forces – with the many American lives have been lost. In addition, American unbounding determination of our people – we will gain the ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas inevitable triumph – so help us God. between San Francisco and Honolulu. I ask that the Congress declare that since the unprovoked and Yesterday, the Japanese government also launched an dastardly attack by Japan on Sunday, Dec. 7, a state of war has attack against Malaya. existed between the United States and the Japanese empire.” Last night, Japanese forces attacked Hong Kong. – TRANSCRIBED FROM VIDEO IN THE NATIONAL ARCHIVES

Interested in learning more? Go to our website for these and other exclusive features about the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor

Test your knowledge How much do you really know about what happened before, during and after the attack?

Explore a timeline of the attack An hour-by-hour interactive map outlining the day of the attack

View photos & video View six collections of historic photos and video from the Dec. 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor, including rarely seen photos of the now-sunken USS Arizona

Review books 10 highly rated Pearl Harbor books for history buffs: View some of the best non-fiction books about the attack, ranked by GoodReads. com. 00 1

Rank the top related films 10 popular Pearl Harbor films, ranked from worst to best: The films look at the attack on Pearl Harbor from a variety of angles, from strictly historic to more romantic. Good or bad, they’re some of the most popular of the WWII genre. FILM AND BOOK ART PROVIDED BY GRAPHIQ DEC. 7, 2016

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The City of Santa Maria Salutes Veterans and Active Military Members Whose service and sacrifice defends democracy, protects our freedoms, secures our homeland, and advances peace around the world.

The City of Santa Maria is proud to participate in bringing honor and services to our local veterans by: • Displaying the “Remembering Our Fallen” Exhibit – in partnership with the Chamber of Commerce, the City of Santa Maria invites the public to a free exhibit honoring those who fell during the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. This exhibit is available to the public at the Abel Maldonado Youth Center until noon on Friday December 9, 2016; • Maintaining the Freedom Monument at Abel Maldonado Youth Center – Where the names of 112 Santa Maria Valley residents who gave the greatest sacrifice while serving to protect and defend our freedom are prominently displayed; • Participating in annual Santa Barbara County Veterans’ Stand Down Events, that provide a safe place for veterans to get the help they need; • Offering active-duty military members and their immediate families the “resident rate” on recreation programs and free usage of the Paul Nelson Aquatic Center, Abel Maldonado Community Center Fitness Room, and Los Flores Ranch Park; and • Partnering with the American Legion and the VFW Post 2521 to provide the Home Town Heroes Military Banner Program, thereby recognizing individuals who serve or have served in the military.

615 South McClelland Street (805) 925–0951 ext. 2260

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