STUDIO C
FOOD CITY
THE RENOVATION OF PACKARD PLANT Explore Detroit's future through urban agriculture
Student Name: Bingxian CANG ID Number: 19012478
THE RENOVATION OF PACKARD PLANT
Explore Detroit's future through urban agriculture Student Name: Bingxian CANG ID Number: 19012478 Submission Date: 14/08/2020 Type: Dissertation
CONTENT PART 1
PART 2
WHAT KIND OF SITUATION DO WE FACE IN DETROIT Detroit Scarcity of food Unique assets Urban farming Timeline of Detroit Packard plant Timeline Existing situation News & events Status analysis Existing master plan Existing issues
HOW WE THINK WE MIGHT END UP THIS SITUATION Strategy evaluation Proposals Design procedure Bubble map & design process Phase analysis Master plan proposal 3D master plan perspective
PART 3
HOW TO ACHIEVE THIS HARMONIOUS VISION Detailed design approaches Building renovation
Building renovation perspective Transformation of structure Modular space utilization Typical building section Energy reuse & Industries Hog hosue section Indoor vertical live stockfarm Cattle size & Structure and equipment
Farmland development
Perspective Americans diet & agricultural cycle Farmland system Crop planting schedule
Ecology park
Perspective Introduction Migratory birds protection Landscape section analysis Ecology park rehabilitation phasing
Landscape belt
Perspective Landscape analysis
PART 1
WHAT KIND OF SITUATION DO WE FACE IN DETROIT
D
ETROIT, latitude 42.331429, longitude -83.045753, Michigan, USA.
Detroit is well known as one of the world's most famous industrial cities. However, after the urban decline in the post-industrial era, the urban economy and development of Detroit have suffered a great recession. Detroit is now facing many problems, including urban decline, population loss, high unemployment, lack of food supply, environmental pollution, high debt, industrial transformation, industrial heritage, lack of investment. Faced with these problems, how to quickly find a suitable road to Detroit's revival is an urgent problem. The first chapter will explore the current situation and the development dilemma of Detroit. Then we will look at the world's largest industrial heritage building, the Packard Plant, northeast of Detroit. Trying to imagine a potential future of Detroit from the renovation of the Packard Plant.
DETROIT Detroit is the largest and most populous city in the U.S. state of Michigan, the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of Wayne County. Detroit is a major port on the Detroit River, one of the four major straits that connect the Great Lakes system to the Saint Lawrence Seaway. The Detroit Metropolitan Airport is among the most important hubs in the United States. The City of Detroit anchors the second-largest regional economy in the Midwest, behind Chicago and ahead of Minneapolis–Saint Paul, and the 13thlargest in the United States.
Detroit
Detroit and its neighboring Canadian city Windsor are connected through a highway tunnel, railway tunnel, and the Ambassador Bridge, which is the second busiest international crossing in North America, after San Diego–Tijuana.
Highland Park Hamtramck
Packard Plant
Ford Factory Belle Isle Park The Spirit of Detroit
Ford Factory Museum
Zug Island
SCARCITY OF FOOD Because of the decline of industry and the loss of population, Detroit lacks basic economic support. Food supplies became an urgent need in Detroit. In addition, the excessive size of the land at night exacerbates the difficulties of the food supply. Moreover, due to the pollution caused by industrial development, the food safety of the residents is another concern. The image below shows a food distribution map in Detroit. The green circles represent the range of food that a supermarket or store can support. Food supplies near the Packard Plant are found to be empty. This provides an inspiration that will orient to the food supply for the renovation of the Packard plant in the future.
Currently, in Detroit, our population is under 700,000, of which 84 percent are African American, and due to decades of disinvestment and capital flight from the city into the suburbs, there is a scarcity in Detroit. There is a scarcity of retail, more specifically, fresh food retail. ————"The Grocery Gap, Who Has Access to Healthy Food and Why It Matters," Policy Link & The Food Trust, 2010
Packard Plant
UNIQUE ASSETS Currently, in Detroit, the population is under 700,000, of which 84 percent are African American, and due to decades of disinvestment and capital flight from the city into the suburbs, there is a scarcity in Detroit. There is a scarcity of retail, more specifically, fresh food retail. Assets: *Open land (1/4~1/3 of the city is vacant; San Francisco, Boston, and Manhattan could fit within the Detroit’s borders.) *Fertile soil *Proximity to water *Willing labors *A desperate demand for healthy, fresh food There were over 1,500 urban farms and gardens in Detroit as of 2015. These spaces are places for building social cohesion and providing healthy, fresh food to neighbors.
URBAN FARMING
By seasons end, the farm was in full production with
3,600
an abundant harvest of over pounds of produce that made its way to many tables across the city through Grown in Detroit sales at Eastern Market, restaurant and early childhood center partners, and members of our Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) programs. In addition to these sales outlets, hundreds of pounds of produce from the KGD Farm and Grown in Detroit market stand were also
donated to two amazing Detroit-based shelters with daily hot meal programs, Freedom House Detroit and Alternatives for Girls.
——2019 Annual Report of Keep Growing Detroit
You know, I think, out of all the cities in the world, Detroit, Michigan, is best positioned to serve as the
food security and sustainable development. world's urban exemplar of
——"Economic Analysis of Detroit's Food System," Detroit Food & Fitness Collaborative, 2014
1857
1805 Fire destroyed most of Detroit settlement
1879
1861-1865 U.S. Civil War
1815 The settlement was incorporated as a city A geometric street plan developed by Augustus B. Woodward was followed
1891
1912
1901 The world’s first concrete road is built in Detroit
1896 Herry Ford and Charles Brady King exhibit the first experimental self-propelled cars
1902 Ransom Motor Works mass-produces the first steam car in the USA
1869-1903 The U.S. GDP triples over three decades.
Industry & economy
1908 The first scientific organizaiton of the workplace, Taylorism, is born
1916
1921
1914 Henry Ford announces the “Five-Dollar Day” 1914-1918 World War I wages in Europe
Detroit produces 40% of the cars built in the USA.
1850-1900 Detroit expands to 150% of its original size through municipal annexations.
1930
1928 Albert Kahn’s Fisher Building is constructed. The Penobscot Building by Donaldson & Meier, Smith, Hinchman & Grylls is completed
1913 Henry Ford introduces the assembly line
1908 General Motors Company acquires Olds Motor Works and develops the Model-T automobile.
1903 The Ford Motor Company is established
1925
1929 The Great Depression begins in the USA
1921 General Motors Company world Headquarters on Grand Boulevard is the world’s largest building. 1924 The Chrysler Corporation is founded.
1918 The Detroit City Plan Commission reports the need for zoning.
1939-1945 World War II wages in Europe
1933 Detroit Housing Commission is established
1921
194 The 90% mar emp Det
Federal-Aid Highway Act is passed.
2,544,287
1849
Detroit is dubbed the U.S. “Arsenal of Democracy” as the car industry is converted into armament production.
Historical & political facts
1832
The big three, General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler dominate U.S. industry.
1806
City facts The peripheral railroad system begins operation.
The city undergoes a demographic explosion.
1912
993,078
725,064
Social segregation is reinforced by public transportation and urban services.
465,766
285,704 542,452
205,876
116,340
The city urban fabric is characterized by low-density urban model and single-family isolated housing.
79,577
45,619
21,019
9,102
2,222
1,422
Detroit is organized into neighborhoods by ethnicity, representing various waves of migration.
1,568,662
The Building Zone Ordinance begins to regulate land use, separating residential and industrial zones.
1,623,452
1925
1919
Population & demography
The center symbolize t and socail c the upper c settle in the
Master Plan of Major Thoroughfares begins operation in order to connect Detroit with its suburbs.
1940
By this date, 62,500 Black migrants had arrived to the ci most departing from the Sout
The organization of the urban fabric is characterized by social segregation.
19 40
19 30
19 20
19 10
19 00
18 50
18 00
Year
4,296,250
4,441,551
4,266,654
951,270
1,027,974
1,203,368
1,514,063
In 2000, Detroit population falls below one million people for the first time since 1930.
2014 - Today
City population 672,662 Black population 590,293
20 20
20 00
White population 75,660
19 90
19 70
In 1990, 32.4% of Detroit residents live below the poverty line.
Democrat Mike Duggan runs for mayor with the slogan, “Every Neighborhood has a future” and is elected the 75th mayor of Detroit.
713,777
1990
1970
43 people die in the 12th Street Riot.
19 60
Urban farming begins to take place in vacant spaces.
Henry Ford Jr. creates the Detroit Renaissance, a non-profit organization, to promote urban and aconomic development.
In 1960, the U.S. Census Bureau registers the first population shrinkage in Detroit.
19 50
1980
Detroit commissions a vacant land survey.
1956
1951
1979 With Chrysler on the verge of bankruptcy, the U.S. government steps into bailout the company, in an attempt to rescue it.
20 10
Detroit Renaissance develops the Renaissance Center, an operation intended to revitalize downtown but is made into an island, detached from the city.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Ludwig Hilberseimer’s Lafayette Park is completed.
The first Detroit Master Plan is implemented.
Detroit goes bankrupt. The Governor of Michigan declares the financial emergency and announces the city will be taken under state guardianship.
Local government prioritizes attracting visitors and foreign investment rather than attending to the needs of the residents.
1977
Coleman Young becomes Detroit’s first African-American mayor.
1,849,568
34 people are killed in Detroit’s third major race riot.
2013
Metropolitan area population 4,297,617
1975 Production relocates to the urban periphery due to suburbanization, taxes, lack of urban space and lack of parking lots.
1956 Electric streetcar service stops running along Woodward Avenue and the Federal-Aid Highway Act is enacted.
Industrial cities enter into a period of decline across the USA.
1967 The Twelfth Street riot
4,387,783
1973-1979 The gasoline crises
1958 The Packard Plant factory complex closes.
1943
ity, th.
1974 The Milliken v. Bradley decision had nationwide influence on racial issues,which is highly related to the dearture of white people
19 80
4,012,607
1963 Dr. Martion Luther King Jr. gives “I have a dream” speech at Detroit’s Walk to Freedom.
1,670,144
42 e Big Three make up % of the automobile rket and provide ployment to 76% of troit’s population.
begins to the decline conflict as classes e suburbs.
1959 Motown releases its first single.
1954 The City-County Building by Harley, Ellington & Day, Known today as the Coleman A.Young Municipal Center, is completed. Norhland Center, the first shopping mall in the USA, opens in the metropolitan area.
3,219,256
e
4,490,902
1955 U.S. engegement in the Vietnam War lasts two decades
PACKARD PLANT · Under packard 1903 — 1958 The Packard plant was opened in 1903 and at the time was considered the most modern automobile manufacturing facility in the world: modern, efficient, and massive in scale. At its peak the complex employed 40,000 people, including skilled craftsmen involved in over eighty trades. The plant turned out Packard automobiles from 1903 to 1956, except during World War II, when production was shifted to war material, particularly the Packard V-1650 Merlin, which powered the North American P-51 Mustang fighter plane.
· After packard 1958 — 2010 The factory complex closed in 1958, though other businesses operated on the premises or used it for storage until the late 1990s. In the 1990s, the buildings were used to host infamous “underground” raves and techno parties, including the Spastik party hosted by Richie Hawtin.A number of the outer buildings were in use by businesses up through the early 2000s. In 2010, the last remaining tenant, Chemical Processing, announced its intention to vacate the premises after 52 years.
· Current status 2010 — 2020 Since its abandonment, the plant has been a haven for graffiti artists, urban explorers, paintballers and auto scrappers, and much of the wiring and other building materials have been scavenged.Despite many years of neglect and abuse, the reinforced concrete structures remain mostly intact and structurally sound. It was purchased for $405,000 on December 12, 2013 by Fernando Palazuelo, a Spanish investor. On January 23, 2019, the bridge over Grand Boulevard collapsed.
TIMELINE 1903 Relocation & Packard #10 (The kahn bar) The Packard Automotive Company moved its headquarters from Warren, Ohio to Detroit,in 1903. Albert 1904 Kahn designed the new company's complex. The first nine buildings followed the typical mill-style factory buildings of the time, with cramped rooms and timber structures.For aovidinng fire hazard and comfort of workers, he created reinforced concrete structure on the design of the tenth building, Packard #10.
1910 Renovation — Standard
New design on the structure and appearance of Packard #10 became standard for automoblie factories across America. It is the largest auto plant in the United States with 4,000,000 ft2 of factory space and 40,000 workers at its peak.
1920 World war 1 — Transition
The plant helped with the war effort, assembling airplane engines.
1930 Expansion A multistory automated assembly line was installed.
Fig1 The Packard Plant’s building number 10 during expansion circa 1911
1939 New bridge
A bridge was built between the north and south halves of the plant.
1942 World war 2 — Transition
The plant manufactured aircraft engines and naval engines for the United States and its allies, and went back to automobile production after WW2.
1954 Obsoleteness — Bankruptcy The multistory plan became obsolete and production of 1956 Packard’s vehicles was transferred to a modern plant on
Fig2 The new bridge between the north and south halves of the plant
Conner Avenue. The Packard Car Company went out of business entirely in 1956.
1958 Transition The company sold off parts of the plant and leased out others to retail and industrial tenants. 1960 Packard Properties of Illinois took out a mortgage on the site in 1960 and continued leasing parcels up until 1987.
New owner 1
1987
In 1997, Bioresource filed for bankruptcy and acquired new owners. They agreed to start managing the plant for the city and collecting rent from tenants. In 1998, Dominic Cristini purchased Bioresource and the Packard Plant site. Shortly thereafter, the City took possession of the site, with the intent to demolish the buildings. The city even informed tenants they had to vacate the premises by February 1999, so the building could be demolished.
Fig3 The Packard Plant in 2018 1997 New owner 2 1998 The plant was purchased by Bioresource. Abandoned 2006 OPPMAC continued to claim ownership of the plant until 2012. 2010 Wayne County began foreclosure proceedings and reclaimed the property in 2013.
Arte Express Detroit, LLC purchased the property beginning the renovation of the historically significant plant.
2013 New owner 3 — Auction
Most tenants had vacated and the property sat abandoned and the structures was completely abandoned in 2010.
EXISTING SITUATION
NEWS & EVENTS · Wedding Venue 2018 A dream wedding venue was hold in the Packard Automotive Plant, once the world’s largest auto factory, in 2018. The photographs were created by the crew at Mitten Weddings & Events, along with photographer Samantha Leigh Studios. They embraced its forthcoming revival with an industrial, yet glamorous take on Detroit weddings.
· Venice biennale 2016 In a cultural coup for Detroit, the U.S. Department of State chosen the Motor City to be the entire focus of the American pavilion at the 2016 Venice Biennale, the world’s premier exhibition of architectural innovation. The U.S. exhibit had curated by the University of Michigan’s Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning, and featured the work of 12 architectural teams chosen from around the nation. Twelve teams had produced conceptual designs for The Packard Plant, as well as the Dequindre Cut and Eastern Market district; West Vernor Highway in southwest Detroit, and the U.S. Postal Service building and adjacent land near downtown between West Fort Street and the river. · Film sence-transformers 2017 Several Metro Detroit locations — including the Pontiac Silverdome and the Packard Plant — were visible in the “Transformers: The Last Knight”. Other footage included scenes shot in what looked like the lobby of a downtown Detroit building, and a scene that looked like it was filmed in an East Side neighborhood. “Transformers: The Last Knight” shot for several weeks in Detroit and in other Michigan locales in summer 2016, receiving $21 million in tax credits on projected in-state spending of $80 million.
Packard Plant
Major Transportation System Packard Plant is near to the junction of Gratiot Avenue and East Warren Avenue. Public transport provides a link between the factory and the city,which benefits tourists and residents to access to the site. The proposed route connect the plant and the riverfront.
Surrounding The project is near to the Hamtramck and Heliberg Project. The adjacent sites provide a better artistic atomphere and living environment for the project.
Fatories Distribution The site is surrounded by factories. Those factories occupies a large amount of land.
Open Spaces Residents lack public space sand social spaces. The original park will serve as a habitat for animals and a open space for residents in the planning.
Lack of repair Inhabited Existing Houses The diagram shows the distribution of inhabited buildings. A large number of houses are in poor quality and lack of repair. A large amount of open space provides the possibility for future agricultural production.
Abandoned Houses Many abandoned houses surround the site. In the future planning, new residential areas will provide living space for future population growth.
Public Buildings The public buildings around the site are few and scattered, which cannot reach the need of residents.
Collapsed Buildings Many houses are in urgent need of repair. Some buildings have collapsed.
EXISTING MASTER PLAN
N Scale Bar: 5000 0 100
500
1000
EXISTING ISSUES Isues
Phenomenons
Environment
Air Pollution
Water Pollution Soil Pollution
Vacant Spaces Wastes
Blocked
Lack of Public Transportation
Lack of Infrastructure
Lakc of Landscape
Homelessness
No Habitat
Without Protection
Lack of Public Landscape
Lack of Lack of Sense Communication of Security
Lack of Food Supply
Lack of Choices Not Enough Security
Abandened
Disrepair
Transportation
Animals Protection
Human Activities
Job Opportunity
Food Supply
Housing
Collapsed
Lack of high quality houses
Homeless
PART 2
HOW WE THINK WE MIGHT END UP THIS SITUATION
Based on the analysis of the current situation of Detroit in the previous chapter, we can know that, although Detroit faces many problems common to post-industrial cities, food supplies are the most basic and urgent need of Detroit. In addition, due to its unique geographical location, natural environment, and the base of the labor force, Detroit has the possibility to become the largest agricultural city in the world! This possibility points to a way for Detroit to revitalize the city by developing the urban agricultural! F o r t u n a t e l y, t h e p e o p l e o f D e t r o i t have developed many urban farms, greenhouses, and roof gardens in the city. Based on this urban agricultural culture background and atmosphere, we tried to transform the Packard Plant into an urban village with agricultural production as its central focus. We combine the Packard Plant with the surrounding environment to create a sustainable, energy-efficient, self-sustaining urban archipelago. What surrounds this archipelago is a harmonious future version of people, nature, and animals living together.
STRATEGY EVALUATION Environment Protection
Agriculture
Human Need
Animals
Huge scale
The conflict between the scale of factory and daily life
Disconnection Lack of road connection
Structures Vaible structures & Collapsed or weak structures
Industries
To develop new industries *New industries, eg. electronic equipment and chemical products. *Reduce the cost of building renovation & Bring profits and jobs
Community
Lack of good quality public spaces
To create a new community *Benefit economy by leasing *The incubator for small enterprises & Jobs *A hub for surroundings *Provide high quality public space and landscape
Financial resources
Urban landscape
Social communication
Lack of economic stimulus and initial fund
Urban landscape Lack of high quality green space and urban landscape
To enrich the city landscape *Provide high quality green space and public space *Use plants and clean energy technologies to support urban energy cost *Use large scale structure to build creative landscapes
PROPOSALS Concept
Activities
Agriculture Pond agriculture system Greenhouse farming
Aquaponic
Greenhouse
Vertical Farm
Hydroponics
Vertical Garden
Landscape
Roof Garden
Education
Open Space
Water Reuse
Food
Solar Pannel
Call Box
Communication
Affordable House Tranning School
Community Work
Shelter
Nest
Wetland
Fish Farming
Aquaponic
Habitat
Husbandary
Wind Power
Solar Power
Fertilizer
Fish Farming
Purification
Greenhouse
Water Collect
Productive landscape Hydroponic farms Vertical farms
Human need Physiological needs Saftey & security Love & belonging
Employment
Esteem needs Self-actualization
Animals Wild animals protection Migratory birds protection Fish farming Animals husbandary
Environment protection Water resources recycling Green energy Soil resources purification Air purification Endangered plants protection Garbage/waste recycling
DESIGN PROCEDURE Distribution Analysis Packard Plant is on the southeast of Detroit. Based on the previous site analysis, its unique convenient transportation provides the potentiality of future development. Large vacant land and abandoned houses and buildings give free of reusing the site. In new planning, those vacant land will be used for farming and landscaping. More residents will settle nearby over the development, which provide the labour power.Different directions of the site have different advantages, which affect the functional distribution of the new plan.The specific analysis is as follows: Northeast:
South:
*Near to the main transportation system *Large amout of vacant spaces *Many houses are lack of repair or collapsed
*Near to the secondary road of the city *More inhabited housing
North:
West:
*Next to the high speed road *Less landscapes and worse environment *More factories, plants, and parking areas *Noise
*Lower residential desity and quality *Better environment
Bubble Map & Design process
01. Existing State
02. Existing Transportation
Collapsed
Demolished
Secondary Road
Damaged
Main Road
03. Site Cleaning
04. Connect
Railway Line
Outdoor Link
Interior Link
05. Connection
06. Landscape
Interior Link
PHASE ANALYSIS Tech Center
Phase 1 Main Centers
Art Center
Phase 2 Expansion
History Museum Commercial Areas Signal Tower Social Hub
Offices Start-up Enterprises Artist Studio School
Vertical Farms
Social Hub
Phase 3 Other Services
Indoor Farming
Library
Local Food Market
Public Landscape
Sculpture Park
Social Space Traffic Station
Pasture
Landscape & Links
MASTER PLAN PROPOSAL
N
Scale Bar: 5000 0 100
500
1000
3D MASTER PLAN PERSPECTIVE 2
1
3
5 4
6
28
6
7
8 9 10
11
31
30 28
24
32
Legand:
1. Hydroponic Center 2. Offices (for the science center) 3. Offices (for business, enterprises) 4. Co-working spaces ( for start-up business) 5. Indoor Skydiving 6. Social center A 1F Parking/ Shops 2-3F Shops 4F Restaurant/ CafĂŠ/ Bar 5F Cinema/ Offices/ Library/ Roof Garden 7. Artist Creation Base (for local artists, small galleries, art studios) 8. Extreme sports arena (on the roof) 9. Art Center/ Museum
1F Souvenir/ Masterpieces/ Ticket office/ Storage 2F Book Shop/ Toilets/ Gallery 3F Gallery/ Sculpture 4F Handicrafts Exhibition 5F Video Room 6-7F Farm Implements Museum/ Seeds Museum 8F Roof Garden 10. Seeds Museum 11. Skill workshop/ Trainning shcool 12. Co-working spaces ( for start-up business) 13. Visitor center 1F Public space/ Ticket office/ Storage
26
25
24
25
12
14 13 15 17
23 20
16 18 19
27
21 29
28
2F Upward Duplex (open corridor) 3-4F Industrial Museum/ History Museum 14. Vertical indoor fish farm 15. Open social space (meeting room/ Small restaurant/ CafĂŠ/ Bar) 16. Plaza (a platform for exhibition, dancing, entertainment) 17. Agricultural Control Center 18. Indoor vertical farms (for vegetables) 19. Greenhouse/ Hog house 20. Technology research and development center/ Offices 21. Indoor vertical livestock farm
22
22. Pasture 23. Mixed farming ( pond farming, aquaponic system) 24. Landscape belt 25. Agricultural warehouse/ Factory 26. Farmland (with wind turbines) 27. Local food market 28. Railway station (for transportation and tourism) 29. Ecology park (aniaml habitat, greenland, wetland) 30. School 31. Landscape Park 32. Residential areas
PART 3
HOW TO ACHIEVE THIS HARMONIOUS VISION
This chapter will discuss in detail how we achieve this vision of harmonious coexistence. First, we will discuss the transformation of the Packard plant. We reuse most of the original reinforced concrete structure and other facilities of the Packard plant. For example, in the design proposal, the warehouses are transformed into greenhouses and hog houses, and the water tower is reconstructed as a social platform and a signal tower(for protecting migratory birds). Most of the other buildings have been transformed into indoor farms, office buildings, art bases, museums, and so forth. Second, the landscape belt provides a better environment for the city and a place for human activities, while the productive landscapes also bring job opportunities and foods to the community. In the future, the ecology park will be a paradise for people and animals to live together. Meanwhile, a large number of farms provide the city with food and green energy. Finally, the new living area solved the problem of homelessness, and the nearby school will improve education. T h e s e d i ff e r e n t f u n c t i o n a l a r e a s w o r k corporately to create a better future in which people, nature, and animals live together for Detroit!
DETAILED DESIGN APPROACHES
01. PLANT RENOVATION Creative Factory Renovation Flexible structural transformation provides various space and functions Offices Hog house Greenhouses Indoor vertical livestock farms Museum Gallery Workshop/ studios
Indoor skydiving Affordable houses Social spaces Labs Restaurant/ cafĂŠ Cinema Roof garden Hydroponic center
02. FARMLANDS Working + Productive Landscapes
Landscapes which generate new knowledge, grow energy and food, and create new urban experiences Urban farms Solar pannels Wind turbines Aquaculture/ hydroponics Warehouse Factory
Fruit tree Research landscape Homesteads
03. LANDSCAPE PARK Community Open Spaces Landscapes for recreation, social life, and small-scale food cultivation Playgrounds Schools Community parks Sports fields Plazas Recreation centers Greenway
Cycle route Winter gardens Local food markets Cemeteries
04. ECOLOGY PARK Ecological Landscape Meadows and forests that provide various habitats and other environmental benefits Campground Wild animal shelters Wetland Habitats Migratory birds rest places Rapid reforestation Successional road
Artificial lake Carbon forest
05. RESIDENTIAL AREAS Houses And Blue/Green Infrastructures
Affordable houses and landscape capture stormwater and flood Affordable houses Social park/open spaces Cycle route Playground Community Parkway
Smalle lake Productive landscape Road-side pond
06. LANDSCAPE BELT Transitional Landscapes+Productive Landscapes Temporary landscapes that clean soil and enable new forms of social life and creative displays Art-scapes Urban meadows Plaza Event landscape Remediation fields or forests
BUILDING RENOVATION PERSPECTIVE
BUILDING RENOVATION Transformation Of Structure Basic Framework
Deconstruction
Vertical Connecting
Dispersion
Atrium
Horizontal Connecting
Combine
Full-Height
Opening
Staggering
Stairwell Reuse
Roof Garden
Modular Space Utilization *The original size of the column grid of Packard Plant is 6mx6m and 9mx9m Space (m)
Capacity
Tables
Space (m)
Boardroom
6x6
12 - 15
1
Theater
9x9x(1 or 4) 50 to 300
-
Horsehoe
6x6 9x9
12 - 24
3
Pods
Space (m)
Capacity
2
6x6 9x9
Capacity
3
9x9x(3 to 6)
Capacity
6-18
Banquet
9x9
20 - 24
2
Meeting room
Classroom
6x6 9x9
8 - 24
6
Expo
Capacity
Tables
TYPICAL BUILDING SECTION
Rainwater Indoor planting container
Indoor planting container
Precast hollow-core slab
Storage Water Tank
Energy reuse & Industries Daily Water Use
Water Treatment
Gray Water
Wash Hand
Toilet
Washing Machine
Shower ...
Wash Vegetable Cooking
Dreg
Waste Smash Electricity/Gas
Fertilize
Electricity
Natural Energy
Rainfall
Reclaimed Water
Sun Marsh Gas Solar Energy Biomass power generation
Electricity
Industry
Agriculture
Urban Power
Service Industry
Food crops
Sightseeing orchard
Vegetable planting
Food processing
Fruit planting
Flower Expo
Flower breeding
Flower Greenhouse Flowers processing
Aquaculture Livestock breeding Excrement
Winter Garden
Waste
Tourism
Fodder
Fodder processing
Catering services
Biogas digester Silage/Microbial fermented feed
Hog hosue (was original factory warehouse) Negative Pressure
Sunlight
Aeration Cooling Original Warehouse Structure
Sunlight
Corrider Natural Ventilation
Machine Ventilation
Activity Area
Excrement
Pump
Biogas Digester
2500
INDOOR VERTICAL LIVE STOCKFARM
Ventilation
2500
2500
2500
3000
2500
2500
600 Indoor Farm
CATTLE SIZE & STRUCTURE AND EQUIPMENT Body analysis of Cattles
Headlock Sizing
Height
Rate
Less than 30months More than 30months Functional score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
130
132
135
137
140
142
145
147
150
132
135
137
140
142
145
147
150
152
57
64
70
75
85
90
95
100
95
Unit: cm
The depth of the breast
Rate
Less than 30months Functional score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
3
6
9
12
14
16
18
20
55
65
75
85
95
85
75
65
55
Unit: cm
Height
Rate
Weight
A birth
(kg) Chest (cm) Weight
Triplet birth
(kg) Chest (cm)
Functional score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
410
434
456
478
500
522
544
566
590
173
178
181
184
188
191
194
197
200
454
476
499
522
544
576
590
612
635
181
184
188
191
194
197
200
203
206
55
60
65
75
80
85
90
95
100
Unit: Weight: kg Chest: cm
Source:https://www.hatfieldmfg.com/headlockssizing.html
FARMLAND PERSPECTIVE
Warehosue
Hydroponic Center
Greenhouse
Wind Turbine
AMERICANS DIET & AGRICULTURAL CYCLE The Americans diet The picture on the right shows that Americans consume an average of 200 pounds of meat, 31 pounds of cheese, 16 pounds of fish, and 415 pounds of veggies on an annual basis, according to the National Institute of Health (2012). Based on this diet, in the agriculture system of the design, we propose a way to grow food that meets the dietary needs of Americans. In addition, we have installed wind turbines and solar panels in the farmlands to collect clean natural energy. These natural sources of energy are used to generate electricity. The new power supply will provide the power supply for the Packard Plant, the surrounding infrastructures, and residential areas. Finally, waste from agricultural production is also recycled to generate methane gas. In the case of livestock farming, waste from crop production also provides food for the surrounding livestock industry. For example, cornstalks could be harvested to feed cattle and hogs. In turn, the excrement of animals could be processed to fertilize farmlands. This self-sustained cycle offers the possibility of a future urban archipelago centered on the Packard Plant.
Dairy Products 600.5 Lbs Vegetables 415.4 Lbs Fruits 273.2 Lbs Red Meat 110 Lbs Wheat Flour 134.1 Lbs Poultry 73.6 Lbs Fats & Oils 85.5 Lbs Others ＜ 50 lbs Source: American Food Consumption Statistics (Infographic) (2012). Available at: https://www.onegreenplanet.org/news/ american-food-consumption-statisticsinfographic/ (Accessed: 1 August 2020).
The agricultural cycle Energy Utilization
Wind Energy Solar Energy Artificial Illumination
Biogas Incineration
Crops
Farmland Plant
Farm Produce
Rice Sugarcane
Harvest
Waste Utilization Enrich the soil
Nursery Seedling plate Molding
Organic Fertilizers
Straw+Produce
Process
Stroma
Peanut Orange Litchi Banana Pineapple ……
Kitchen waste
Ferment
Urban Power
FARMLAND SYSTEM aquaponic system & farmland The Pond farming pattern was first recorded in Shen's Nong Shu in Ming Dynasty in China. The earliest mode of agriculture in this pattern was to plant mulberry trees around fish ponds, use mulberry leaves to raise silkworms, feed fish with silkworm sand, and fertilize mulberry trees with mud. It forms an agricultural ecological circulation system among mulberry trees, silkworms, and fish. With the development of agricultural technology, pond farming agriculture became more diversified: vegetables, fruit trees, corn, and other crops were planted around the ponds, and the remnants of the crops were used to feed livestock and fish. On the east side of the factory, some artificial pond farms are constructed. This virtuous cycle of agricultural production provides local produce, reduces environmental pollution, and ensures economic incomes.
AGRICULTURAL BYPRODUCTS
FARM PRODUCTS Mulberry/Sugarcane/Fruits...
BIOGAS POWER GENERATION
Leafs/Stalk...
Grow Feed
SILKWORM
Feed Earthwork balance
PLANTS/ VEGETABLES Mulberry/Corn/Apple...
Excrement
LIVESTOCKS
Feed
Fertilize
Pigs/Cattle... Excrement/ Biogas residue
Sludge
PONDS
Fish...
According to local needs, other farmlands grow typical crops, including food crops (corn, radish...) and cash crops (oil crops, vegetable crops, flowers, grasses, trees). Plant different crops in different seasons to make full use of land resources. Installing wind turbines in the farmlands provides electric power to the surrounding areas and the Packard Plant. Warehouses and crop processing workshops are constructed near farmlands to process crops.
Ordinary Farmland Fruit Tree
Roadway
Pedestrian
Wind Turbines
Storage
Farmlands
Buildings
Pond Farm
Fish Farm
Planting Base
Shallow Water
Pond
Productive Plant
Shallow Water
Planting Base
Crop Planting Schedule Mar.
April.
May.
June.
July.
Aug.
Sept.
Oct. Onion Lettuce Asparagus
Spring
Radishes Broccoli Cauliflower Collards and kale Peas Spinach Cabbage
Beets and chard Potatos Sweet Corns Cucumbers
Summer
Summer squash Pumpkins Watermelons Peppers Tomatoes Eggplant
Autumn
Muskmelons Carrots Garlic
Beneficial to plant together
ECOLOGY PARK PERSPECTIVE
Human Activity Area
Signal Tower
Lookout Platform
Lake
Shelterbelt
Habitat Plaza
Footbridge
Pasture
Traffic Station
ECOLOGY PARK The ecological park is based on the open green space on the west of the Packard Plant. Ecology Park would be an oasis where residents and animals live together in the future. The west side of the park is major areas of human activity closer to the new residential area. Wetlands around the artificial lake provide habitats for animals and isolate human and anima. The other side is the main area for animal activities, including small shelters and shelterbelt.As an artificial habitat, ecology park would play a significant role in the protection for wild animals and migratory birds.
7 SPECIES & 7 STRATEGIES EASTERN NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT WOOD THRUSH Hylocichla mustelina TYPE Land Bird MIGRATION Night
WESTERN NEOTROPICAL MIGRANT WESTERN TANAGER Piranga ludoviciana TYPE Land Bird MIGRATION Night
Migratory Birds Protection To conserve energy, migrating birds often take direct and dangerous routes, which can expose them to storms, predators, and disorientation from perilous navigation conditions. Migrations that cut across deserts or open water are especially risky. Human activity over the past century has increased the hazards. Habitat loss, pesticides, and hunting or trapping on stopover grounds have taken major tolls on migrating birds. The bright lights of cities can be particularly disorienting to migrant birds, many of which fly at night. In the seven types of migratory birds, Detroit is a principal station on the migration route of five in them. The original water tank of the plant would be transformed into a signal tower to attract migratory birds to the ecology park.
NORTH AMERICAN MIGRANT WHITE-THROATED SPARROW Zonotrichia albicollis TYPE Land Bird MIGRATION Night
NOCTURNAL MIGRANT
Detroit
MAGNOLIA WARBLER Setophaga magnolia TYPE Land Bird MIGRATION Night
AUSTRAL MIGRANT FORK-TAILED FLYCATCHER Tyrannus savana TYPE Land Bird MIGRATION Day
Equator
SOARING MIGRANT BROAD-WINGED HAWK Buteo platypterus TYPE Bird of Prey MIGRATION Day
SHOREBIRDS GREATER YELLOWLEGS Tringa melanoleuca TYPE Shore and Wading Bird MIGRATION Night
Legend: Seabirds Wading/ Shorebirds Birds of Prey Waterfowl Land Birds
Bird migration route
LANDSCAPE SECTION ANALYSIS Human Activity Area & Animal Shelter Concrete Shell
Open Area
Guardrail
Shelter Entrance
Wild Animal Shelter
Human Activity Area & Animal Habitat Wild Animals
Open Area
Plant Buffer Zone
Migratory Birds
Grassy Area
Artificial Lake
Human Activity Area & Animal Shelter Aeration Tank
Emergent Aquatic Plant
Footbridge
Shallow Water Plant
Submerged Plant Deep Water
Shallow Wate
Wetland
Activity Area
ECOLOGY PARK REHABILITATION PHASING 0 YRS
Existing conditions
Farming
Wetland
Ecological
Shelterbelt
1 YRS
Planting
2-3 YRS
Establishment Seeding Artificial lake
5-7 YRS
Growth Farming Artificial wetland
10-15 YRS
Farming Limited productivity Small animal habitat Wetland
20+ YRS
Mixed farming Full productivity Animal habitat Micro ecosystem
Ecological
Shelterbelt
Wetland Farming Four types of land rehabilitation strategies-farming, wetland ecological, and shelterbelts- are shown developing overtimes. Farming and ecological areas would be planted with cutting, while shelterbelt areas would be planted with seeding. An artificial lake would be constructed to build a wetland for attracting wild animals and migratory birds, which also isolates the human activities and animals. Ecological areas would be a habitat for animals in the future.
LANDSCAPE BELT PERSPECTIVE
Culture Park Food Market
Platform
Pedestrian Landscaping Building
Plaza
LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS The landscape belt is located in the center of the site and runs through the whole area. It not only provides the necessary urban infrastructure but also creates a new urban landscape. Productive landscapes and small urban farms produce food while also providing jobs for communities. Greenway and cycle routes are slow traffic system. Pedestrian provides a fast-moving route.
Landscape Belt
Public Facility
Lighting, Emergency telephone...
Productive Landscape
Community job
Job opportunity
Plaza, Sculpture...
Open Space
Human Need
Infrastructure
Social contact
Cycle Route
Physical exercise
Greenway ...
Entertainment ...
Human Activity Area & Animal Shelter Cycle Route
Roadway
Pedestrian
Cafe
Greenway
Landscaping Buildings
Urban Farm & Productive landscape Planting container
Roadway
Pedestrian
Productive landscape (chili, tomato...)
Urban Farm/ Planting container
Cycle Route
Greenway
Open Space & Parkway Art Sculpture Fountain
Roadway
Pedestrian
Sculpture Park/ Plaza
Cycle Route
Greenway
Cities structure our lives and identities. Traditional cities are built around the human being, and all the buildings and facilities are built for humans. However, the advent of the post-industrial era has brought irreversible changes to many industrial cities. How to reuse these urban heritages is a problem that human beings must face and solve in the future. Detroit is one of the largest post-industrial cities in the world. After the industrial decline, what is the future of Detroit? Where is the beginning of the great revival? These questions plague every resident and ambitious architect and planner. Empty streets, abandoned houses, wild animals wandering around on the roads, and vacant lands where weeds sprawl. What can we do in such a situation? This design takes the Packard Plant as the starting point to propose a better future for people, nature, and animals to live together. It aims to generate a green, energy-efficient, self-supplying urban village that seeks a predictable future for Detroit through an agriculture-based renovation.