B•a•u•h•a•u•s
Das Staatliche Bauhaus 1919-1933 Lesson by Leonardo Santetti
The movement was based in three different cities:
Weimar
B
1919 - 1925
D
Dessau
W
1925 - 1932
Berlin
1932 - 1933
Closed then by the pressures of Nazists. | 2
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Weimar
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Dessau
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Directors Walter Adolph Georg Gropius (18 May 1883 – 5 July 1969)
• Architect and educator • Founder of the Bauhaus school in 1919. • Director till 1928. • Considered one of the greatest pioneer of modernist Architecture as well as in the International Style. | 6
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“We want to reate the purely organic buildings, boldly emanating its inner laws, free of untruths or ornamentation.� Walter Gropius
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Bauhaus Arkiv - Berlin 1960
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1928 - 1930
Hans Emil “Hannes” Meyer
(18 November 1889 – 19 July 1954)
• Swiss Architect and urbanist. • second director of the Bauhaus (in Dessau) from 1928 till 1930.
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“Building is just organisation: social, technical, economic and physical organisation.� Hannes Meyer
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ADGB Trade Union School in Bernau bei Berlin 1930
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1930 - 1933 Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe (27 March 1886 – 17 August 1969)
• German-American Architect. • Pioneer and master of the modern Architecture. • After Nazism’s rise to power, leading to the closing of the Bauhaus, Mies went to the USA. Starting teaching at the Architectural school inIllinois Inst of Technology, in Chicago. | 14
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“Architecture epitomises the human being’s spatual cofrontation with his environment; it expresses how he asserts himself in it and how he manages to master it.” Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
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Barcelona pavilion 1929
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Etymology
Bauen
“to build”
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Haus
“house” • Creating a total work of Arts Gesamtkunstwerk • The Bauhaus influenced deeply the following century in all fields of Art, Architecture, Graphic - Interior - Industrial Design, and Typography. Magdalena Droste
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• Despite the founder was an Architect, the school didn’t propose Architectural classes untill 1927. • Instead, from 1919 till 1925 the preliminary courses proposed were as follow: - Life drawings - Texture exercise - Complementary color and Generation exercise - Kinaesthesia exercises - Four colors print exercises - Synaesthesia exercises | 19
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• influenced by the 19th century English designer William Morris, who had argued that Art should meet the needs of society and that there should be no distinction between form and function. • Craft Design VS Product Design
• Technical master from master
• Prototypes and laboratories • Manual experience of materials is essential for the students
• No refuge in the past. | 21
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• In 1920 the school was changed by two important artistic events: The Int. conference of the Awart-grad having the idea of a purity of form to estabilish a new constrctivist international. The major exhibition of Soviet design Which arranged interest not only in constructivism but primary in the social aims.
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Relation to modernism • Artistic response to the war • Tension • Embaced individualism • Going back to the basics • Art + Life • Reconciling Art as an industrialized society = Functional Design
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The study of rational Design in terms of technics and materials should be only the first step in the development of a new and modern sense of beauty.
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Form Follows Function. | 25
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Related personalities Peter Behrens
(14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940)
• German architect and designer. • Important modernist movement • several of the movement’s leading names worked for him in the earlier stages of their careers. ( Ex. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier and Walter Gropius) | 26
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He designed the entire AEG corporate identity in 1907 (logotype, product design, publicity, etc.) and for that he’s considered the first industrial designer in history.
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AEG turbine factory
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Adolf Meyer
(17 June 1881 – 14 July 1929)
• A student and employee of Peter Behrens • Office boss of the firm of Walter Gropius around 1915 and a full partner afterwards.
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Fargus factory 1911
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Fargus factory Nowadays
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Bruno Taut
(4 May 1880 – 24 December 1938)
• Architect, urbanist and author • 1910 worked for Theodor Fischer’s firm in Stuttgart.
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Hufeisensiedlung
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Henri Van de Velde
(3 April 1863 – 25 October 1957)
• Belgian painter, architect and interior designer. • He’s considered one of the founders of Art Nouveau in Belgium. • In 1905 he established in Weimar the Grand-Ducal School of Arts and Crafts. It is the predecessor of the Bauhaus, which replaced his School. | 36
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Boekentoren
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Bauhaus Art • Kandinskij
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Bauhaus Art • Lyonel Feininger
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Schools inspiration model outside Germany
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Vkhutemas Высшие художественно-технические мастерские Vysshiye Khudozhestvenno-Tekhnicheskiye Masterskiye “Higher Art and Technical Studios”
• Founded in 1920 in Moscow a year after the Bauhaus school • Similar in intent, organization and scope. Training artist-designers in a modern manner. • Larger the Bauhaus,but less publicised outside the Soviet Union • Hannes Meyer organized exchange between the two schools. | 44
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Miihely (“the studio”) • Founded in 1928 in Budapest by the painter Alexander Bortnyik (Bortnyik Sándor). • Located on the 7th floor of a house on Nagymezo St., it was meant to be the Hungarian equivalent to the Bauhaus. • Bortnyik was a great admirer of László Moholy-Nagy and had met Walter Gropius in Weimar between 1923 and 1925. | 45
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Bauhaus Architecture Examples worldwide
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Weissenhof Estate
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Hong Kong turned down in early 2013
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Tel Aviv’s White city Israel - 1930
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Kesko Headquarter Helsinki -1940
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Building “Net a Neuf” Bujumbura, Burundi - 1940
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Social Impact Objects of Bauhaus
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Functional Techniques • Simplicity • Symmetry • Angularity • Abstraction • Consistency • Unity • Organization • Economy • subtlety • Continuity • Regularity • Sharpness • Monochromaticity | 53
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Bauhaus Design • Unifying Art, Craft and Technology • Industrial and product as main components • In 14 years of activity, Bauhaus produced lots of design for mass production but only 30 y later the industry understood this thinking, producing furnitures light and cheap in large quantities. • Many of the as called “classic Design” have Bauhaus origins.
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AEG fan • designed by Peter Behrens in 1908
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Barcelona chair • designed by Ludwig Mies van de Rohe in 1929 in partnership with Lily Reich
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Cantilever chair • designed by Mart Stam in 1926
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Club Chair • designed by Josef Albers in 1928
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Club Chair - Model B3 (The Wassily Chair) • designed by Marcel Breuer in 1925-1926
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Bauhaus chess • designed by Josef Hartwig in 1923
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Bauhaus Cradle • designed by Peter Keler in 1922
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The Gropius Armchair • designed by Walter Gropius in 1923
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Nesting Tables • designed by Josef Albers in 1926 -1927
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Tea infuser, model no. MT 49 • designed by Marianne Brandt in 1927
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Olivetti - Studio 42 • designed by Xanti Schawinsky in 1936
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Bauhaus Lamp • designed by Wilhelm Wagenfeld in 1924
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Bauhaus Typography (Universal Bayer) • designed by Herbert Bayer in 1920’
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Sources of information
Bibliography and Sitography
• www.artnet.com • www.bauhaus-movement.com • www.creativeboom.com [Bauhaus legacy] • www.theartstory.org [movement bauhaus artworks] • www.vanishinghongkong.wordpress.com [bauhaus in Hong Kong] • www.widewalls.ch [bauhaus-design] • Bauhaus Now - Magazine, No. 1 • Bauhaus 1919-1928 Walter Gropius - ISE GROPIUS Editor, 1938
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Warum wir so viel mehr als Bauhaus brauchen Von Don Norman
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Thanks for the attention
Grazie per l’attenzione Danke für ihre Aufmerksamkeit
Dėkojame už dėmesį Leonardo Santetti