STUDIO AIR LETIZIA PRISKILA // SEMESTER 2 // 2014 TUTOR // BRADLEY DAVID ELIAS
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WHAT'S INSIDE
INTRODUCTION 004
About me
005
Past Projects
PART A // CONCEPTUALISATION 006
A.1 Design Futuring
010
One Main Street // ArboSkin Pavilion,
Trifolium // Research Pavilion 022
A.2 Design Computation
026
Landesgartenscau // 3D2REAL // Shenzen Bao Airport // Japan Pavilion
034
A.3 Composition/Generation
038
Benoy Wesftield London Shopping Centre // Thematic Pavilion // Esplanade
044
A.4 Conclusion
045
A.5 Learning Outcomes and Objectives
046
A.6 Algorithmic Sketches
048
References
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PART B // CRITERIA DESIGN 054
B.1 Research Field
056
B.2 Case Study 1.0
057
Morning Line // Aranda Lasch Architects
062
Eastgate Centre // Arup Associates & Mick Pearce
063
Watercube Beijing Olymics // PTW Architects
064
Eden Project // Grimshaw
066
B.3 Case Study 2.0
067
Hyper Membrane // HIBRIDa
070
B.4 Technique Development
075
B.5 Prototype
077
B.6 Technique: Proposal
088
B.7 Learning Objectives and Outcomes
090
B.8 Appendix - Algorithmic Sketches
092
References
PART C // DETAILED DESIGN 096
C.1 Design Concept
107
C.2 Tectonic Elements & Prototypes
115
C.3 Final Detail Model
137
C.4 Learning Objectives and Outcomes
140
C.4 Revisions
150
References
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LETIZIA PRISKILA, 19 I am an Indonesian. Ever since middle school I found myself interesed in design, interior design particularly. I enjoy doing different sort of artistic stuff such as painting, decorating, designing, as well sa architecture. In that case, I feel that architecture course will provide me with more sources to learn from compared to other kind of design courses I am intersested in. I enjoy to travel and during those times are the time where I get to do my hobby which is photography.
Before taking architecture course, I am not familiar with top architects in the world or even the historical architects. All I know was the architects that are in Indonesia's top list. Now, after doing two years of the course I am inspired by architects of different style.This will be my very first time to deal with parametric software. To be honest, I am not into technology kind of stuff, but then this will be a great practice for me to keep up with the technological advance we have in our world today!
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PAST PROJECTS
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PART A // DESIGN FUTURING
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"...stop talking to yourself, give up on repackaging design within design, broaden your gaze, engage the complexity of design..." (Tony Fry, 2008) "...design has to be in the from-line of transformative action" (Tony Fry, 2008)
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DESIGN FUTURING "Nature alone cannot substain us: we are too many" (Tony Fry, 2008)
Our world has gone through problems dealing with sustainability over the past years. Natural resources are being reused rapidly, the resources are used much faster than the time it need to grow and be reproduced. With this issue, there has been many questions of the future. So now, we know that resources that are decreasing and decreasing is a thing we as a designer should be mindful of. Instead of going with the flow, why don't we take action to stop defuturing. So what does it got to do with architecture? Architecture also bring influences to the how sustainable the environment is. Therefore, rethinking of how design could impact the future is certainly crucial for us as architects since we should also be responsible of building things without harming the environment. This could be achieve by the idea of 'Design Futuring'. Design Futuring is changing our way of thinking, us, as designers should take a part in this, and think critically of what positive impact we can bring to our environment. We should question our self when we are about to design something. How can my design uses less materials but are still functional? How can the design be environmentally friendly, or how can the design be efficient and eco friendly? All those questions should be placed in mind in order for designers to have a new perspective of
design. There are freedom in designing things. However, this way of thinking should be substitute by the vision of how to sustain the future of the world. The main goal of design futuring are: "slowing the rate of defuturing and redirecting us towards far more sustainable living. The advancement of technology is a great tool to achieve aesthetic also being sustainable in designs by computing design"1. Sustaining materials and limit the use of materials in design is also a way to reach sustainability, however, this concern have not been well acknowledge by the society in our world today. Designers are one of the shapers of the future. through design we can slow down the degradation of our environment through out the future. Through design, it could be use as a tool or it has power to overcome in limiting materials used or wasted through out the design. Most important, sustainability could be achieved by designing with a purpose and integrating the idea of sustainability to be able to create innovative design which will always become the goal in the process and the end result of the design. The idea of design futuring could also help architects to develop creativity in certain ways. Now we or designers are in the paste where we should start talking to people from other disciplines to broaden our knowledge and mind. Being architects today is not just about bringing good designs, but good design that provides good function and being sustainable. With the help from other disciplines such as constructors, environmentalist could be a tool for us to reach the goal of design futuring Then, can the world be secured by design? Moving towards the future, design plays a great role in securing the future. What the world know is that we are running out of renewable resources while the population grows bigger and bigger thus higher ecological footprint causing an increase in global warming that causes climate change. Our world is now at a stage that we are in the 'most dramatic' changes in our early habitation [1]. Several precedents will be analyzed in this section to show how design futuring could be achieve.
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PRECEDENTS // DESIGN FUTURING One Main Street // dECoi architects ArboSkin Pavilion Made From Bioplastic // ITKE Trifolium // AR-MA Research Pavilion 2012 // ITKE
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Figure 1.1 : Parametric Design tool used for the ceiling
Figure 1.2 : Experimenting curves which is possible by Parametric Design
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Figure 1.3 : Curves made for Fabrication
One Main Street // dECoi architects Approaching the future, design futuring should become the vision of designers in sustaining the future. dECoi architects contributes to design futuring by the materials used and from its form. One Main Street, a ten story building that consists of 57 house was built using the advancement in technology providing great flexibility in the design of arches and curves in the building. In this project, all the elements used in the design except the glass are fabricated from flat plywood with functional elements such as ventilation, light pockets, and door handles are directly formed by milling the wood. The materials used are carbon absorbing and sustainable material. Parametric design is used in the project, it could clearly be seen in the ceiling from its arches and curves [Fig.1.1 & 1.4], it contributes to the field of ideas since parametric design gives the ease in flexibility and efficiency of deriving different kinds of form which could not be done in a non-parametric software, the design are sent to be pre fabricated by sending the information
to a factory to be manufactured immediately. Material waste could be reduced by parametric design, it is made possible to only use the amount of wood needed according to the design since the wood will be cut by milling instead of doing it manually which produces much waste and is inefficient. Fabrication provides accurate cutting of the material. This is part of changes that are possible as new technical workflows. Designers are then given the opportunity to have new ways of thinking knowing that they are given more freedom in creativity to sustain the future. Parametric tool also achieved the desired shape. According to dECoi Architects, parametric tool has been used to achieved maximum effeciency. In addition contributing to design futuring, the design is made in a way that it provides airflow within the ceiling vents[2]. Therefore, design futuring should be achieve by new patterns of living and new ways of thinking as it is shown by dECoi that changes in the design world expand future possibilties in a positive way.
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Figure 1.4 : Finished work - Ceilings made out of parametric design sent to fabrication
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Figure 1.5: Ceilings are attached - showing the curves design by parametric
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Figure 2.1: Bioplastic Sheets
Figure 2.2: Concept sketch to derive to the form
Figure 2.3: Model wind and snow loads studio air/0016
Figure 2.4: Pavilion shaped by triangular net
ArboSkin Pavilion made from Bioplastic // ITKE The pavilion designed to demonstrate the structural properties of the material used 'bioplastic' that is developed for the use of the construction industry. The aim of this project is to develop a maximum sustainable with a durable building material while minimizing the oil based components and additives. Bioplastic are used 90 percent which are made from renewable biomass from cellulose, startches, biopolymers. "Thermoformable sheets of bioplastics will represent a resource-effecient alternative in the future, as they combine the high malleability and recyclability of plastics with the environmental benefits of materials consisting primarily of renewable resources". This answers the question of how architecture contributes to sustaining our future, as stated in Fry's (2008) reading [3] that natural resources are being used at a much faster rate than the time it needs to grow. Developing material contributes to the field of ideas in architecture. It opens
up a new way of thinking as well where there are future possibilites of more and more development of how we as designers could sustain the natural resources but rather use recycled materials which is a sustainable and efficient building material, also increase in the development of building with double curved geometries and planar facade with 3D effects{4}. This project was conducted to experiment with thermoformable sheets of bioplastic that will represent an alternative for the future. The concept was based on triangular net by mesh elements of different sizes. The research includes an interdisciplinary group of material scientist, architects, product designers, manufacturing techniciand, environmental experts to develop this new thermoformable material that can be use as a facade cladding that is made out of renewable resources. The bioplastic could be laser cut, CNC milled, printed, laminated, the material can be recycled.
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Figure 3.1: Corian Panels having each panel uniquely made by parametric modelling studio air/0018
Figure 3.2: Exterior of the pavilion, panels are made water tight
Trifolium // AR-MA
Trifolium by AR-MA won the second edition of the annual Fugutive Structures architecture competition, this competition was participated by architects that design for a structure that employs cutting edge technologies. Trifolium is a three pronged shape which the structure supports itself. The brief of this project is to explore potentials of pre-fabrication which is usually done in the parametric design. Corian panels are put together to laser cut mirrors in order for the curves of the pavilion to be made. The pavilion is designed with three curved vaults that are continuous with a smooth surface. The exterior panels [Fig 3.2] are made out of 152 corian that are cut by robots, the panels are designed as a water tight surface. To design and fabricate the pavilion, software is needed according to the concept and complexity of the design that later on will be sent to fabrication. This is one of the benefits of design futuring, being efficient in the process of designing from the beginning to the later/ ending stage. Use of materials could be considered as the most imporatant element in design futuring as discussed in the reading. The technological advanment which provides parametric tool could reduce the materials wasted which could minimize and avoid the failure in
the use of materials. Aesthetic elements could also be achieved even sustainability is to be achieve. It is created that the light will cast into the concrete pavers and relect million of stars overhead in the interior. "There are thousands of components and each one is unique"[5]; with design futuring, each project can contribute to the field of ideas and way of thinking since it may inspire designers of how design futuring leads to new creative ideas and innovations. Design futuring brings together fields together to work on the project, having an engineer bring greater result of the project to make sure its stiffness and the strength of the material and components. This also prove that technology could help us as designers to sustain the future. "Rather than bring a whole bunch of sticks and sheet to the site that you then chop up and make into a building, everything is designed to efficiently use materials and resources off site to be produced to a higher standard and then brought to site and put together"{6}; the quote is an evidence of the thoughts designers should have, a different way of thinking of how to be efficient and sustainable due to the fact that our natural resources is decreasing.
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Figure 4.1: Derived from the exoskeleton of a lobster
Figure 4.2: Carbon and Glass composites used to reduce the weight of the structure
Figure 4.3: The entire structure is fabricated by robots
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Figure 4.4:
Research Pavilion 2012 // ICD/ITKE The advancement in technology supports the vision of design futuring which is proven by a project called the Research Pavilion done by the Institute for Computational Design and the Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design at the University of Stuttgart. The pavilion is fabricated by robot using carbon and glass fiber composites. Having carbon and glass fibre composite reduces the weight of the structure[7] and increases the mechanical performance of the structure[8]. This project focuses on the ‘morphological principles of arthropods’ exoskeletons as a new composite construction prototype in architecture[9]. Focusing on the use of materials is important to achieve design futuring in supporting to reduce the use of natural resources. The focus of this project is to "transfer the fibrous morphology of the biological role model to fibre reinforced composite materials using parametric tool that leads to new tectonic possibilties in architecture"[10], this leads to expand future possibilties through the form of the design as well as the use of materials. This pavilion doesn't only focus on appealing aesthetically, thus, the designers considers on the high load bearing capacity that is achieved through geometric arrangement of the plates and their joints system by parametric design. Before the era where computational design exist, traditional
lightweight construction can only be applied to load 'optimized shapes', with the help of computation anykind of geometry is made possible for the lightweight construction. Generating various forms by parametric design, simulation, materials used enables the development of a high performance structure that only requires a shell thickness of four millimeters of composite laminate to be able to hold the span for eight meters wide[11]. Biological principles are observed in order to be used into design principles for architecture. This observation contribute to the field ideas of innovations as well as new ways of thinking how can nature principles help designs to be able to sustain our future, it bring changes of how people think design can impact sustainability. An exoskeleton of a lobster in analyzed for this pavilion, the different layers of the exoskeleton is used as different loads apply in the pavilion by having different materials used the shell is an efficient structure. This architectural exploration reflects the way of thinking designers should keep in mind of how and what innovations could we make to expand future possibilties of designing as well as sustaining our world.
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Figure 4.5: Generating of how the form is derived, experimenting which can be done in a parametric design
Figure 4.6: Setting up the fibre orientation
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Figure 4.7: Design Process, Materials used, Fabricated by Robots
Figure 4.8: Experimenting with shape derived from the exoskeleton of a lobster
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"the recent addition of computers to the repertoire of means of communication has expanded access to information and opened up the design process for more people to become involved" (Kalay, 200..)
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DESIGN COMPUTATION
Architecture have been developing in different kind of ways through out the years. The transition from Computer Aided Design to Computational Design in architecture leads to the shift in the designers way of thinking. The use of digital architecture provides ease for architects in some cases. Technological advances brings benefit for the architectural world, it creates more creative opportunities where design can get more complex.
design be a tool to achieve design futuring. Generative or parametric design could be an answer of how design could sustain our world. This tool bring possibilties to design form that minimizes material waste by the fabrication process. Where as, with a non-parametric software the design form is mostly done manually or with a machine but produces much more waste that when fabricated. With computational design, it provides more flexibility in design even in later stages of the design. Without redesigning the entire form, it is possible to change forms through changing the parameters. Parametric design updates automatically of changes that we make in the design, the parameters are assosiated with each other informing the whole. This tool also makes it possible to bring different disciplines together to achieve a sustainable design[13]. Computation enables design to be precise, consider structural elements, fabrication, and the use of materials.
What computing can do for the design process, it is beneficial? Generative design is a new approach to the design world, normally it is based on parametric modelling. With this new approach, there are more possibilities that could be done such as experimenting of different tectonics, material innovation[12]. This provides humans with the tool to be more creative, innovative and to explore on how can
However, there are limitations of computational design when the materials to be use is not explored during the process of design. The precedents shown in the next few pages will show how computation bring benefits in the architectural design process leading to design futuring. Moreover, achieving sustainability and effiecient design also requires skills of the software in order for it to be successful.
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PRECEDENTS // DESIGN COMPUTATION Landesgartenscau // ITKE 3D2REAL // ILEK STUDENTS Shenzhen Bao'an // Massimiliano Fuksas Architects & Knippers Helbig Japan Pavilion // Shigeru Ban
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Figure 5.1: Panels are different from one to another, different geometries are achieved by computational design
Figure 5.2: Different geometries between panels but are still joint together by computation design
Figure 5.3: Exterior is covered by the panels without any additional support studio air/0028
Figure 5.4
Landesgartenscau // ITKE
The Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall is located in Stuttgart, this project is led by the Institute of Computational Design proving the development of computational design also robotic fabrication that leads to the new development of the lightweight timber construction. This is the first building which its main structure is completely made out of wooden panels created by robots, this is made possible by computation design that affects the design process under the technological advances. The new development found in this project leads to innovative architectural as well as a highly resource effecient. The project consists of 243 geometrically different plates of beech plywood that is prefabricated off site. This projects is energy effiecient, insulated, and it also saves materials by making the wooden panels less by two inches. Insulation, waterproofing and cladding are all prefabricated digitally. The panels are designed diffrently from one to another so that when assemebled, no additional support is required. "The development of the Exhibition Hall's complex plate structure is made possible through advanced computational design and simulation methods"[14]. This explains that by computational design it is possible to design the shape of each panel differently. "We have developed a computational design process specifically for this project- as well as fabrication, construction and
structural parameters". The tool of computational design provides people in the field of design to be innovative and look forward to what could be developed which compliments the idea of design futuring. With a nonparametric program this project could not be made efficiently. In terms of material, it is also used efficiently, the off cuts from the fabrication process are used to create the 'parquet flooring inside'. Individual and complex geometries are used in this project requires an industrial robot with kinetic flexibility for the production. Computation impact on the range of achievable geometries. The shape of the panel are not designed before hand, rather it is determined through a combination of computer based simulations while ensuring that it could be fabricated. This make the project to be more effecient, rather than drawing each plate by hand and it could not be constructed easily, but using a simulation that includes parameters and constraints of the robotic fabrication made it possible to automatically help generates the possible form. Working interdisciplinary between architects, structural engineers, timber manufacturers could be a better way in achieving the vision of design futuring, by the computational design, simolation and surveying methods made it possible. By doing so, there are more balance to make sure that aesthetic, functionallity and being sustainable is achieved together. Therefore, computational design provides unique opportunities and innovation regarding to this precedent showing how computational design can generate forms that could be arrange so that it fits the whole structure.
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Figure 6.2: Deriving unique geometries, made different by computation
Figure 6.1: Attaching one to another
Figure 6.3: Complex geometry is achieved by computation studio air/0030
Figure 6.4: Different geometries made by compututational design
3D2REAL // ILEK STUDENTS
3D2Real is a project done by architecture students of the Institute for Lightweight Structures and Conceptual Design at the University of Stuttgart. This project is an exhibition stand with an irregular honeycomb MDF structure. WIth the help of computation tool, each cell of the structure could be angled uniquely so that only a part of the area behind the wall is revealed to people. Only objects that is within the focal points can be seen from the outside [Fig.1]. This is also an example what computational design could do in order for people to be innovative and could experiment different forms of design to create a unique pattern as well as the structure itself. This project explores how algorithms using computational design can create a unique structure for each element. Computational design software is used to translate the machine code into the milling process for pre fabrication. There are 2142 different planar honeycomb elements that are connected by 1376 pair of joint elements. Computing makes it possible to derrive complexity and create
geometry that fits in one to another to create the structure. Computing affect the design process of this project by giving it an ease to come up with a range of geometries of the elements but still connect it from one another, this is possible by the assosiation one element has with another. Less than 30% of the waste materials are minimized by the software[15]. The connectors does not require any use of adhesive, only relying on the friction. This project represents that computational design is an aid for designers to achieve uniquen ess in their design, not only reaching the aesthetic elements, also reducing waste of materials or any additional materials. From this precedent I can see how sustainability could also be achieve in my project, there are ways that it could be achieve. I could explore on different kind of forms which would help me to achieve functionallity, aesthetics, as well as minimizing the material waste. Also, this project proves how computational design begins to be use in the design world. This project is done by students proving that the generation today should start using generative designing tool. Computation provides opportunities and innovations for us to be able to generate different kind of form in a flexible way. It provides architects with many diffrent solution on form that would work better. Weird geometries could also be achieved by computational tool, as seen from this project.
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Figure 7.1: Fuksas looked at shapes or various living creatures before coming up with the final form
Figure 7.2: Thousand of hexagonal skylights made to bring natural light into the terminal studio air/0032
Shenzhen Bao'an // Massimiliano Fuksas Architects & Knippers Helbig
Jan Knippers, the founding partner of Knippers Helbig and head of Institute of Building Structures and Structural Design at the University of Stuttgart, also the engineer of the Shenzen Airport explains that "computational design process provides a unique opportunity and to break through the barriers of conventional model thinking and to embrace process design and new forms of interaction"[16]. This project describes the evolution of design processes and how computing become a tool for the project that doesn't only serves aesthetically but also its function and achieving the vision of design futuring. Similarly as Oxman (2014) suggested in the reading that "innovative technologies have become a driving force in the formulation of theories as well as producing a new wave of tectonics and material creativity"[17]. Therefore, Rhinoceros was use to digitalised the project, also using specially developed parametric software tools in the design process. Knippers, in his article also states that computational design means more than just the use of new tools, but it is the breakup of traditional role model that bears the potential for innovation. Geometry development is one of the factor in the implementation of digital design strategies which is shown in the Shenzen Airport project; an example is the form of the airport is made out of geometries that have gone through the process of the search of the structural, aesthetic, building system/performance by the computational software. The concept by Massimiliano Fuksas shows a space structure covering both sides by a perforated cladding in the form of strecthed metal sheet consisting of 60,000 different facade elements and 400,000 individual steel members. In the case of structural system it is made quite simple, but with a very complex geometry of the cladding. Size and slope became the two design parameters that are used
to meet the local requirements of daylight, solar gain, view from inside to the airfield, also the aesthetics requirement of the architect. Parametric design made it possible for the building to maximize its building performance in an effecient and sustainable way in finding the form to make openings and the inclination angles of the glass panels matched equally to each other as the daylight and energy input. In addition, the use of parametric design creates a simple communication on the global form and on the parameters of tessellation between the architects and engineer which is adjusted during the design process. 50 different models of the terminal roof is made during the design process, Rhino made it possible to have flexibility in creating different kind of forms due to the assosiation of the parameters. "The introduction of computational design offers the potential to break through these barriers of model thinking in structural engineering"[18]. Knippers way of thinking is the way we should act approaching design futuring, changing the way we think or approach design as a tool to sustain our future. Having a new paradigm might motivate us of what our approach is in designing, and being responsible towards the environment we design at. Design computation leads to changes that should happen in the design industry, computation as proved impacts on the range of achievable geometries as well as innovations to engage the environment as a benefit for the design itself. The multidisciplinary approach between various designers, engineers, architects to have interactions through computational design and manufacturing strategies which has been proven from the project of Shenzen Airport having its collaboration of Massimiliano Fuksas and Knippers Helbig also structural engineers from various countries building this project[19]. From this project, it becomes clear how computational design provides technical means to develop new structural form and innovation on both aesthetics of its form also from the point of construction. Looking at this also answers the question of what does sustainability got to do with architects/designers? From this and the previous precedents there has been a lot of innovation from computational design as a prove.
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Figure 8.1: Japan Pavilion Process deriving to the grid shell
Figure 8.2: The form is made in the shape of a grid shell to overcome lateral strain studio air/0034
Figure 8.3:
Japan Pavilion // Shigeru Ban
The Japan Pavillion by Shigeru Ban Architects is a temporary exhibition in 2000 site having 'environment' as its main them also creates a structure that produces as little industrial waste as possible when dismantled[20]. The project represents the use of computational design. Figure 8.1 shows the structure made with computational design, this project was done in the early 2000 represents how tools such as computational design are helpful to be able to explore forms that serves the aesthetic, functional as
well as fulfilling the vision of design futuring. This project also shows the transition from the Computer Aided Design to the Computational Design that made it possible to be able to explore different kind of forms according to what the designer wants to achieve. Manually, it is complicated to explore different kind of forms since it will not be efficient and sustainable. With the tool of computational design, efficiency is not a problem since the software it self will provide tools to explore and find the best way to be sustainable in terms of material and design form. First, the idea was a tunnel arch of paper tubes similarly to the paper dome. However, a grid shell with three dimensional curved lines are made which can resists lateral strain.
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"these new custom digital tools allow for performance feedback at various stages of an architectural project creating new design opportunities" "computational tools can be used to increase effeciency and allow for better communication, as well as for conceptual sketching of algorithmic concepts" (Brady Peters, 2013) "architects are developing digital tools that create opportunities in design process, fabrication, and construction" (Brady Peters, 2013) "we are moving from an era where architects use software to one where they create software" (Brady Peters, 2013) "the recent addition of computers to the repertoire of means of communication has expanded access to information and opened up the design process for more people to become involved" (Kalay, 2004)
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COMPOSITION/GENERATION "architecture is currently experiencing a shift from the drawing to the algorithm as the method of capturing and communicating desig ns " (Brady Peters, 2013)
In our generation today, there has been a development in the digital tools that provides opportunities in the design process, fabrication, and construction. It used to be 'computerisatation' where virtual drafting is done in a computer to be edited easily, copy, and increase the precision of drawing. There has been a development where now the term 'computation' is known as a tool that designers can use to extend their abilities and provide opportunities to deal with highly complex situation this is done by the 'computer processing information through an understood model which can be expressed as an algorithm' [21]. Now, designers are equiped with a tool that increases the capability to solve complex problems and to explore innovations that can sustain the future through design. Also, computa tion provides designers to be inspired and go beyond the 'intellect of the designers' by the unexpected results. Computation design is also about understanding algorithmic thinking of how to generate codes, know how to modify the code in order to explore new innovations and think of further explorations that are possible. This leads to new creativity and new innovations beyond what designing manually can do. Computation open up minds and curiousity of what the tool can do. It leads designers to generate and explore concepts, architectural spaces by experimenting on different algorithms and looking at the relationship between elements.
In architectural firms, there is a change in the structure of computational designers, they are part of the internal specialist group [22]. Computation leads architects to gain understanding and additional knowledge of building performace, materials, tectonics, parameters. This is a pathway for designers to be able to use design as a tool that can sustain the future. As innovations grow, there are more possibilties of being sustainable in designing. With computation; structural, material, environmental performance can become a fundamental parameter in creating architectural form. This provide a chance for architects to analyse on how the design could achieve structural, material, and environmental performance in the most efficient and sustainable way. Computation doesn't only work as a tool to design and experiment forms, it is able to model and simulate the relationship between architecture and the public use in a more accurate method. Therefore, computation also gives the experience and the meaning/feel of the creation which is not possible by CAD softwares, thus efficiency is much provided along the design process. Nature provides much inspiration to be observed that could be used by the generation in design in the structure as well as the materials. How can computational design lead to efficiency? The ability to explore building systems and environment is another benefit from computational design. It helps designers to be able to explore how their design would be like in the environment and will the system run accordingly to what is planned, or could it help sustain the future, is it a sustainable design? Building performance is one of the most important factor architects and engineers should understand before any building is built. Most important, "computation enables new ways of thinking". Complex model and building and having perfomance feedback is possible through computation. Boundaries could be break as parametric design comes in. However, as technological advances are still getting developed, a lot of research and observation should be done to provide maximum effeciency in the design process as well as the end result of the project. Development of parametric modeling and algorithmic thinking should be done to be able to generate changes in the architectural world.
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PRECEDENTS // COMPOSITION/GENERATION Benoy Westfield London Shopping Centre // Benoy Architects & Knippers Helbig Thematic Pavilion Yeosu World Expo // SOMA Esplanade// DP Architects & Micheal Wilford
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Figure 9.1: Ceiling made for natural light to enter
Figure 9.2: Construction of the ceiling, computation design used to create curves in the ceiling studio air/0040
Figure 9.3:
Benoy Westfield London Shopping Centre // Benoy Architects & Knippers Helbig
As there have been a shift in our generation from the composition which is interpreting and produce it based on our artistic understanding by developing plan, section, and elevation. While generative design rely on the computational design by generating algorithms that leads to new innovations and creativity engaging complexity in design, a pathway to the vision of design futuring. Benoy's Westflield London Shopping Centre (2008), made out of thousand plates consisting different gemoetry, thickness. Each plates are adjusted according to the loading at the specific point of the structure [23]. It is possible to be adjusted accordingly with high precision is made possible by computational design and manufacturing. Algorithmic thinking and scripting culture can be seen here due to the fact that every plate is made different and made
according to the load at each point, since the existance of parametric it is possible to have different forms together by the flexibility in adjusting the design. Having this approach, the design also satisfies the structural element at once which is an advantage of the computational design. In comparison, during the early 1990s Jorg Schlaich and Hans Schober of Schlaich Bergermann & Partner are developing a new system for single layer lattice sheels, the goal was to form a triangular grid by using few different elements as possible by the use of steel members, diagonal cables, and bolted connectors [24] . Comparing this with the technological advancement we are provided today make this task easier by the help of computational design that allows us to experiment with different kind of form with various material system which could generate the build form and the system of the form it self. This is how we can benefit from the technology we own today. The shift of architecture literature and practice from composition to generation establish a new generation with a different kind of design process that take part in sustaining the future. We are in the era where computational design starts to develop, however, new computational solutions still needs development.
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Figure 10.1: The facade - louvres in a closed position
Figure 10.2 studio air/0042
Figure 10.3: The facade - louvres in an open position
Thematic Pavilion Yeosu World Expo // SOMA
Computational design is a tool that develops new structural forms. It provides the ability to also look at the performance of the structure of the building not only the complex geometries. An example of this fact is the facade of the Thematic Pavilion at the Yeosu World Expo in South Korea. The use of materials is also the shift of generative approach which contributes to the idea of design futuring. In our era, materials became one of the main consideration in the design process that affects computational design as well. During day time, the louvres used to control the light conditions within the building. At
noon, the analogue visual effect of the moving lamellas is intensified by LEDs. There are 114 louvres up to 14 meters length that is made out of glass fibre reinforced polymers with a maximum thickness of 8 millimeters [25]. The concentration and orientation of the glass fibres adjust the stiffness of the louvres. Elastic deformation is a compression force that is applied to the top and bottom. Advanced computational mechanics made it possible for elastic properties. The facade is made flexible to both light condition as well as to structural physical conditions. The thematic pavilion is known for fish like characteristics that creates by the cutting edge facade system that is made up of glass fiber reinforced polymer. The moving lamellas in the building skin was inspired by the research pavilion at the ITKE University of Stuttgart which investigates how biological movement can be applied in an architecture. This is the innovation that starts to be applied in projects, considering building performance creating the forms by parametric modeling is a prove of the generation design we are at.
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Figure 11.1: Shading device projected by different angles
Figure 11.2: Data of the daylight device with various rotations angles by the Daylight Modeling using Grasshoper studio air/0044
Figure 11.3: Exterior view of esplenade
Esplanade// DP Architects & Micheal Wilford
The Esplenade's skin was inspired by Durian having its external shading system responsive in which the triangular louvre are adjusted according to the sun's angle. This precedent shows how the shift from composition to generation have been proven to bring new innovations that leads to a responsive building system by its facade according to the daylight. In the case study, the metrics used for the daylight performance are: Daylight Availability, Useful Daylight Illuminance, Daylight Simulation (DIVA) [26]. The DIVA plug-in is also designed for Rhinoceros which evaluates the daylight performance of the points in the building. The geometry of the devices was controlled by the sliders in the Grasshopper plug-in in finding the optimum projection of the daylight device.
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This make the design process flexible where it allows the designer to find the most sufficient way to create a sustainable building system. The trial was done 9 times in a different building orientation to find the optimum natural light entering the interior space. The opening of the aperature was experimented from 0m to 2.00m [27]. This precedent shows computational design as a device to sustainable design. Using natural light to light the interior could not be design only according to the aesthetics point of view. Through experimentation and controlling the amount of light to enter is the ideal thing to do. With the help of computation the building could adjust its shading device to control the amount of daylight entering the building. However, there maybe some shortcomings as well whether the design could be manufactured of fabricated. Development are needed in the program, as well as new creative minds and innovative are also needed to make maximum use of the technology we have now.
CONCLUSION
To design for the future, sustainability will be more of an issue. Design futuring is the consideration to make in order for us to sustain our future. The society may keep on doing what they are doing, not sustaining the environment we are surrounded with. However, as architects, we are responsible towards this issue. This is why innovations, tools are keep on developing in order for us to be equiped with tools that we can work with. As precedents have been analyzed in the pages before this, there we could see such an effort designers and engineers have put in their project in order for them to take a part in sustaining our future. It is a serious issue that architects should take as a challange, to not just go with what's trending in the market, but rather be innovative, come up with ideas-formsinnovations, technology, methods, or material systems that will allow structure to be sustainable. This is now the era for designers to have a shift. Not only focusing on what looks appealing, but how does the building performance support the issue of sustainability. By algorithmic thinking, parametric modelling designers are ready to act towards
the issues but also to maintain architecture from its aesthetics, structural point. In Part A1, I focus more on how materials could be a step towards design futuring by looking at precedents that uses parametric tool as well as material used to the fact the world is facing today where natural resources are being used at a much faster rate than if it needs to grow. Material innovations leads to expanding future possibilities in the architectural world. This shows how materials doesn't limit designers to be creative and innovative. In addition, precedents of design computation shows how design computation have a great potential to expand the possibilties of new forms, structures in the future. Computation allows designer to design efficiently with flexibility. With the LAGI Project, it will be a challange for me to use design computation to prove that it could help sustain the future. Finally, the questions I am curious of why design computation is so important to create sustainable design in the future is now clear, computational design is not only used to derrive the form. It could also be use to generate the innovation of material.
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and other specialization. This made me realize how crucial it is now for designers to be aware of what design they produce since it brings impact to the environment around it. This also change my way of thinking, I had almost never thought that digital skills are important. As long as I can design something that is sustainable which could be done by understanding the theory of building system. But I was wrong, in a matter of fact design computation is a great tool to use to be sustainable and provides flexibility in the design process.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Before taking this subject, I actually have never heard of the word parametric. All I ever know is about sustainability, which by architecture it is possible to help sustain the future. I personally don't understand much about digital tools including architecture softwares. However, I never knew that softwares could help sustaining our future by material innovation, structural elements, and create forms that could minimize waste by fabrication. Looking at precedents for Part A made me realize how technology have been developing and developing over the past few years. The precedents shown me how parametric design could bring efficiency and flexibility in the design process and bringing opportunities for innovation and expand future possibilities of designing. The understanding of parametric modelling and algorithmic thinking showed me the differentiation between computerization and computational design. Design computation also brings the opportunity to focus more on being sustainable due to the interdisciplinary aproach between engineers, architects,
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Learning and practicing Grasshoper was hard for me, it is someting very new, this is not an easy tool like CAD or REVIT but this is a new approach. Algorithmic thinking should be put in place dealing with this software. During the practice I had no idea what outcome there would be like. To be honest, I was so stress at the very beginning of the semester. I never enjoyed working with softwares. But after learning the theory of computing now I force myself to get out of my comfort zone. This should be a tool that I can use for my future career, improving designs in the past, not only focusing on aesthetic purposes, rather, know what I could do to sustain the future by designing. This subject opened up my eyes and understanding of designing for the future. I really hope to develop my progamming, computation skills and be able to innovate designs that would sustain the future
APPENDIX - ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
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I tried the geodesic tool to generate various forms. With this experiment I made one form, and change the grasshoper settings such as the number or slider, the pipe radius, or the curve formation. Experiencing this myself, now I understand how computation design is efficient in deriving different sorts of form and it is flexible to change the gemoetries. This leads me to be innovative and come up with unexpected form. Computation can then be a good tool for designing and to come up with various forms of geometries. Now I understand how the design in the precedents I look at are derived. One project comprises of various geometries, there can be thousands of them. Form 1- 5: start off with the same geometry - made out of 3 circles Form 6-8: start of by 3 curves, I alterate the orrientation of the curve and the radius of the pipe cause changes in the form. It is very flexible to move around with the form creating new forms that are unexpected. However, I feel that to learn Grasshoper is quite hard if I want to design something that I designed by hand before. Finding out the tools is still hard for me up to this point. I do hope I could pick up a lot of skills of this software by the end of the course.
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TEXT [1] Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (New York: Berg, 2009), p 1-16. [2] dECOi Architects, 'One Main Street', (2011) <http://www.decoiarchitects.org/2011/10/onemain/ [accessed 12 August 2014] [3] Tony Fry, Design Futuring: Sustainability, Ethics and New Practice (New York: Berg, 2009), p 1-16. [4] Institut fur Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen, 'ArboSkin: facade mock up of durable and recyclable Bioplastics', (2013), <http://www.itke.uni-stuttgart. de/entwicklung.php?id=58> [accessed 17 August 2014] [5][6] Dezeen Magazine, 'Sydney garden pavilion by AR-MA built from thousands of components', (2014), < http://www.dezeen. com/2014/07/28/fugitive-structurespavilion-trifolium-ar-ma-shermanfoundation/> [accessed 17 August 2014] [7] Zhang, J., Chaisombat, K., He, S. and Wang, C. H.,' Glass/carbon fibre hybrid composite laminates for structural applications in automotive vehicles', (2012), < http://www. deakin.edu.au/arts-ed/centrefor-citizenship-and-globalisation/ publications/chapters/chapters?sq_ content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHAlM0 ElMkYlMkZkcm8uZGVha2luLmVkdS 5hdSUyRnZpZXclMkZEVSUzQTMwM DQ5MjY2JmFsbD0x> [accessed 20 August 2014]
[8] Hele Diao, 'High Performance Hybrid Composites' Imperial College London < http://www3. imperial.ac.uk/portal/page/ portallive/polymersandcompo sitesengineering/aboutpace/ polymernanocomposites/highp erformancehybridcomposites> [accessed 20 August 2014] [9][10][11] Institute for Computational Design, 'ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012', (2012), < http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=8807> [accessed 18 August 2014] [12][13] R. Oxman and R. Oxman, Theories of the Digital in Architecture, (London and New York: Routledge, 2013), p 1-10. [14] Institute for Computational Design, 'Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall', (2014), < http:// icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=11173> [accessed 15 August 2014] [15] Dezeen Magazine '3D2Real by ILEK Students', (2009), < http://www. dezeen.com/2009/05/20/3d2realby-ilek-students/> [accessed 15 August 2014] [16][18][19] Jan Knippers, 'From Model Thinking To Process Design' <http://knippershelbig.com/sites/ default/files/pdf/from_model_ thinking_to_process-design_ jk_2013.pdf>, p 80, [accessed 19 August 2014] [17] R. Oxman and R. Oxman, Theories of the Digital in Architecture, (London and New York: Routledge, 2013), p 1-10.
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[20] Shigeru Ban Architects 'Japan Pavillion, Expo 2000 Hannover - Germany' < http:// www.shigerubanarchitects.com/ works/2000_japan-pavilionhannover-expo/index.html> [accessed 17 August 2014] [21][22] Brady Peters, Computation Works: The Building of Algorithmic Thought, (Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 2013) p 10-15. [23][24] Jan Knippers, 'From Model Thinking To Process Design' <http://knippershelbig.com/sites/ default/files/pdf/from_model_ thinking_to_process-design_ jk_2013.pdf>, p 78, [accessed 19 August 2014] [25] Jan Knippers, 'From Model Thinking To Process Design' <http://knippershelbig.com/sites/ default/files/pdf/from_model_ thinking_to_process-design_ jk_2013.pdf>, p 77, [accessed 19 August 2014] [26][27] Shahab Din Rahimzadeh, Veronica Garcia-Hansen, Robin Drogemuller, and GIllian Isoardi, "Parametric modelling for the efficient design of daylight strategies with complex geometries" in Cutting Edge: The 47th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (Architectural Science Association, 2013)
REFERENCES
IMAGES [FIg 1.1-1.5] dECOi Architects, 'One Main Street', (2011) <http://www. decoi-architects.org/2011/10/ onemain/ [accessed 12 August 2014] [FIg 2.1-2.4] Institut fur Tragkonstruktionen und Konstruktives Entwerfen, 'ArboSkin: facade mock up of durable and recyclable Bioplastics', (2013), <http://www.itke.uni-stuttgart.de/ entwicklung.php?id=58> [accessed 17 August 2014] [FIg 3.1-3.2] Dezeen Magazine, 'Sydney garden pavilion by AR-MA built from thousands of components', (2014), < http://www. dezeen.com/2014/07/28/fugitivestructures-pavilion-trifolium-ar-masherman-foundation/> [accessed 17 August 2014] [Fig 4.1-4.4] Institute for Computational Design, 'ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012', (2012), < http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=8807> [accessed 18 August 2014] [Fig 4.5-4.8] Institute for Computational Design, 'ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2012', (2012), < http://icd.uni-stuttgart.de/?p=7653> [accessed 18 August 2014]
[Fig 7.1] Jan Knippers, 'From Model Thinking To Process Design' <http://knippershelbig.com/sites/ default/files/pdf/from_model_ thinking_to_process-design_ jk_2013.pdf>, p 78, [accessed 19 August 2014] [Fig 7.2] Adrian Welch, 'Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport', (2014), < http://www.e-architect.co.uk/ hong-kong/shenzhen-airport> [accessed 19 August 2014] [Fig 8.1] Joseph Foranda, 'Japan Pavilion - Case Study', < http://www. josephforonda.com/Japan-PavilionCase-Study> [accessed 17 August 2014] [Fig 8.2-8.3] World Architects, 'Japan Pavilion EXPO 2000 Hannover' < http://www.world-architects. com/en/shigeruban/projects-3/ japan_pavilion_expo_2000_ hannover-26529> [accessed 17 August 2014] [Fig 9.1& 9.3] Benoy 'Westfield London' < http://www.benoy.com/ projects/westfield-london-londonuk> [accessed 19 August 2014] [Fig 9.2] World Architects 'Westfield Facade' < http://www.worldarchitects.com/en/projects/17325_ Westfield_facade> [accessed 19 August 2014]
[Fig 5.1-5.4] Institute for Computational Design, 'Landesgartenschau Exhibition Hall', [Fig 10.1-10.2] World Architects (2014), < http://icd.uni-stuttgart. de/?p=11173> [accessed 15 August 'Thematic Pavillion, One Ocean' < http://www.world-architects.com/ 2014] en/projects/25297_Thematic_ Pavilion_One_Ocean> [accessed 19 [Fig 6.1-6.4] Dezeen Magazine August 2014] '3D2Real by ILEK Students', (2009), < http://www.dezeen. com/2009/05/20/3d2real-by-ilekstudents/> [accessed 15 August 2014] studio air/0051
[Fig 10.3] Arch Daily, 'One Ocean, Thematic Pavilion EXPO 2012/ SOMA' < http://www.archdaily. com/236979/one-ocean-thematicpavilion-expo-2012-soma/> [accessed 19 August 2014] [Fig 11.1] ArchNewsNow.com, ' East Meets West on the Waterfront: Esplanade - Theatres on the Bay by Michael Wilford & Partners; DP Architects; Theatre Projects Consultants; and Artec Consultants' <http://www.archnewsnow. com/features/Feature101.htm> [accessed 20 August 2014] [Fig 11.2-11.3] Shahab Din Rahimzadeh, Veronica GarciaHansen, Robin Drogemuller, and GIllian Isoardi, "Parametric modelling for the efficient design of daylight strategies with complex geometries" in Cutting Edge: The 47th International Conference of the Architectural Science Association (Architectural Science Association, 2013)
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PART B // CRITERIA DESIGN
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B1 // RESEARCH FIELD
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BIOMIMICRY "biomimetics in architecture will help develop a culture of active environmental design" (Petra Gruber, pg 7)
Biomimicry is one of the way towards achieving environmetal sustainable in architecture by mimicking natural forms that leads to understanding the natural process of the principles generated in designs[1] also processes to solve human problems [2]. With Biomimicry it became an inspiration for new innovations that is sustainable. With the growth of the world population, development creates a huge environmental impact. Architecture have to adapt to environmental changes, and to provide shelter for the future environment [3]. In architecture, biomimetics comes to play in cases such as designing for a new environment, better relationship between architecture and the environment, better quality of life. Biomimicry is used to minimize the amount of material we used and add design to it. Biomimicry is a powerful way to innovate by using biological way to
design engineering function [4]. To achieve design futuring, innovation is what the world needs, environmental, political and social problem can be solved. Biomimicry is not only used in architecture, it is also used in the transportation system such as the train which its form is derived from shark, also engineering, material innovations [5]. In architecture, biomimicry is used in certain ways to achieve sustainability, not only its design or use of materials, but also in the life of the building. Janine Benyus in her talk "Biomimicry in Action" provides examples of what nature provides for innovations, an example is a little critter in the Namibian desert drinks water out of the fog since there are no fresh water in the deser, the bumps on the back of the wings acts as a magnet for water, this creature is studied and now Grimshaw uses this as an inspiration for building coatings to gather water from the fog. Design futuring relies on nature as the mentor, form of design which makes the design efficient. Computational design is a way to generate biomimicry, mimicking forms of design from nature to be applied in architecture to achieve design futuring. It helps to translate the concept of nature into various design, such as the Eden Project by Grimshaw which shows the relationship between parametric design and biomimetic design. Biomimicry has been investigated for 3.8 billion years [6].
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B2 // CASE STUDY 1.0
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Figure 1.1: Morning Line by Matthew Ritchie with Aranda Lash and Arup
Morning Line // Aranda Lasch Architects
The Morning Line is an "anti-pavilion" that represents biomimetic design inspired by the universe and an open cellular structure [7]. The architectural and engineering system relies on the development of parametric design and push them to their limits. The morning line explores innovation between various disciplines, such as, art, music, architecture, engineering, mathematics, physics, cosmology and technology. Fractal geometries are created through the pattern to build a model of the universe that scales up and
down. The use of computational design generates the different pattern and geometries in the pavilion. The construction is based on a basic geometry of a truncated tetrahydron with different sizes and orientation which could be scaled easily by the use of computational design. There is no final form of the structure since the structure describes the evolution of the universe as a story without a beginning or an end. The Morning Line is a platform for contemporary music, it is saturated with speakers and the space is used for performances and it can adapt to changes in the program of the contemporary music. The pavilion is a interactive system which registers any movement of people inside it and it connverts their presence to build a new form of music, each visitor creates a new story [8].
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ITERATIONS CASE STUDY 1.0
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SELECTED ITERATIONS CASE STUDY 1.0
Species 1: Exploring Clusters This species is derived by the exploration of clusters, it is interesting to come up with a complicated form. The clusters can be adjusted that varies the number of shapes formed. With this image on top, there ar e a lot of shape formed. There may not be much function, but this is an interesting exploration of how to provide forms that are aesthetically appealing from computational design. There are no limit in exploring the clusters or adding the clusters. Complex form could also be achieve by this technique, also more complex form could be achieve by inputing it to another algorithm.
Species 3: Exploration on Formations The iteration was done to experiment how the form can be seperated from one another from one shape. This is interesting to create organic shapes by changing the number of sides. This is done by the exploration in changing the equation and the number of sides of the polygon. This was successfull interms of looking at the aesthetic possibilities computational design can form.
Species 2: Forming Shapes This iteration performs how a structure could composed out of different form or shapes. This exploration shows how computational design is flexible to be able to generate one big form that composed of smaller ones inside it. This exploration have its design potential for the design proposal, to compose a design that varies in shape but within one structure. The equation tool can be used, also using clusters.
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Species4: Flexibility of Shapes Similarly like species 3, the exploration of changing one form that comprises of several form is interesting for futher exploration of the design proposal. To design shapes with varying scales is possible with computational design quickly, if the shapes are not satisfying, to change it is fast and easy. This proves the flexibility of the definition for translating the geometry, also scaling it to different sizes and shapes as it is in one whole form.
PRECEDENTS // BIOMIMICRY Eastgate Centre// Mick Pearce & Arup Associates Water Cube Beijing Olympics// PTW Architects Eden Project // Grimshaw Architects
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Figure 2.1: Termite mounds use as an inspiration for the Eastgate Centre
Figure 2.2: The Eastgate Centre from outside
Eastgate Centre// Mick Pearce & Arup Associates Eastgate Centre located in Harare, Zimbabwe is a green architecture using biomimcry principles for its design. This mid-rise builidng is the country's largest office and shopping complex. The building is energy efficient by having no conventional air conditioning or heating using design methods inspired by the indigenous Zimbabwean masonry and self cooling mounds of the African termites. This example of how nature influences the design does not only rely on architecture practice, also incoperate constuction assosiates as well. A multidisciplinary approach is needed in such innovations. So how does the Eastgate centre mimic nature for its design while achieving design futuring/sustainability? In Zimbabwe, termites create gigantic mounds inside and they farm fungus which is their primary source of food. The fungus should be kept exactly at 87 degrees F, while the temperature ourside the mounds are from 35 degrees F at night and 104 degrees F at day time. The temperature neede for the fungus could be achieve by the termites constantly open and close a series of heating and cooling vents throughout the mounds during the day. This system adjusted convection currents, where the air is sucked in at a lower part of the mound down into the enclosures with muddy walls and up through a channel to the peak of the mounds. Then the termites constantly dig new vents and plug up old ones in order to keep the temperature [Fig2.1].
Applying this concept of nature to the design of the building: The Eastgate Centre is made out of concrete, it has a ventilation system that operates as the terminte mounds. It works by the outside air brought in either warmed or cooled by the building concrete or the air. Afterwards, the air is vented into the building's floor and offices then it exits from the chimneys at the top. There are two buildings in the complex side by side which are seperated by an open space covered by glass which is open to the breezes. With so, the air is drawn continuosly from the open space by fans located in the first floor and it is pushed up vertically to the ducts that are located in the central spine of each of the two buildings. Mimicking the termite mounds to design the Eastgate Centre resulting in efficiency in the use of its energy, less thatn 10% of the energy of a conventional building its size is used. It saves $3.5 million for air conditioning [9].
The Termes Project by Ruper Soar of Loughborough University: This project is conducted by digitally scanning termite mounds to locate a three dimensional architecture as detail as possible which could help scientists to understand how the tunnels and air conduits manage to exchange gases, maintain temperature and regulate humidities [10}
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Figure 3.1: The Water Cube Beijing derived from Soap Bubbles
Water Cube Beijing Olympics// PTW Architects The Water Cube Beijing is designed by the design consortium consists of China State Construction Engineering Corporation, China State Construction International (Shenzhen) Design Co, PTW Architects (Australia) and Ove Arup (Australia). The design concept of the Water Cube is derived from water
bubble structure, it is build to compliment the Beijing National Stadium. [11]. 'The design uses state of the art technology and materials to create a building that is visually striking, energy efficient, and ecological friendly'. The watercube structure is energy efficient by maximising natural light also capturing solar energy to heat the interior spaces, as well as the pools inside. The bubble forms are random, organic, homogeneous cluster of foam bubbles. By its material, it is clad inside out with ethylene tetra fluoro ethylene (EFTE) [12].
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Figure 4.1: The Eden Project by Grimshaw using EFTE material as the cladding
Eden Project // Grimshaw Architects
and pentagons by studying pollen grains, radiolaria, carbon molecules to create the most efficient structural solution [13]. The team wanted to maximize the size of hexagons, that is not possible by using glass due to the limitation of its sizes. With that limitation the team started to explore the material EFTE which is a high strength Eden Project was designed according to inspiration of polymer used by putting three layers together, welded biological structures; soap bubbles, carbon molecules, around the edge, then inflate it. This material can make radiolaria. As a result, the project is one of the lightest 7 times as the size of glass, weighing about only one structure ever created and uses passive solar design percent of the weight of a double glazed glass [14]. With principles by the self heating. During the design process, the light weight materials used, less steel is needed for the the team look at nature at every stage in the process, structural performance while allowing more sunlight to how nature can help design efficiently and perform enterWith computational design biomimicry is also made well structuraly. The team look at clusters of bubbles to possible by conducting different iterations of the design the structure of a dragon fly wing to find was for steel exercise the team carried out for them to optimize the members to intersect at the junctions. A string of bubbles building form and the position on the site. The structure was the idea prodiuced by the team, the bubble diameter weights less than the air. This precedent of Eden Project is varied depending of the heights of each part. The most a good example of how ideas from biology and nature can efficient structure is a geodesic arrangement of hexagons lead to an increase in resource efficiency. studio air/0064
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B3 // CASE STUDY 2.0
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Figure 5.1: Hyper Membrance adopting Biomimetics for its design
Figure 5.2: The construction on site, the materials are prefabricated
Hyper Membrane// HIBRIDa design simulates in the architectural field. Biomimetic architecture is the prototype of Hyper Membrane due to its muscular behavior. The goal of this project is "to achieve a formal exuberance by means of the system's flexural compression capacity". In order to do so, there are a lot of research and technological development from different disciplines such as numerical models for simulating Hyper Membrane is composed by a standard construction behaviors and computational design in architecture that has been done. The design of composite material and system that is free form and adaptable structures. The industrialization and system design performance in the form is modifiable regarding to the different spatial, solar requirements. The design intent is to create a system that field of mechatronics has been carried out through out the is adaptable driven by using parametric design to achieve process of the design. Therefore, design futuring could be achieved by the design flexibility, use of renewable energy the level of highly innovative, elastic, and to generate (solar), also using sustainable materials[15]. models for simulation behaviors of how computational studio air/0067
RECORDED PROCESS
1 Create 2 curve with different height in Z plane
2 Loft the two Curve
3 Divide the Curve and create a Subsurface
M T s
OUTCOME
This project was chosen for the reverse enginee material system is biomimetics. The project form patterns through out the form. This kind of form design proposal, having this reverse engineering of generating polygons will be useful through ou the material system is biomimicry which most pr same pattern mimicing from nature. Exploring d changing the panels size is what I want to achie The design proposal for Part B is mimicing from
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4
Make several Item, connect it to the 4 Pt Surface. There are 2 4 Pt Surface with different parts of the structure
5 Flatten then Offset the Curves
ering which its ms from triangular will be used for the g as the practice ut the project since rojects have the different pattern and eve from this exercise. a beehive.
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6 Final Result connecting the U & V Pipes, Cross Braces, Offset Panels then Extrude in Plane Z
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B4 // TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
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B4 // TECHNIQUE DEVELOPMENT
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SELECTED ITERATIONS CASE STUDY 2.0
Species 1: Generating Shapes This form was formed during the exploration coming up with different kind of shapes. This is the exploration of the evaluative length. With this algorithm three are a lot of possibilities to come up with different kind of forms. Regarding to biomimicry, with this algorithm there are also a lot of design potentials. The form will be the cladding of the project which is used as the area to put the solar panels. This algortihm provide the possiblity to come up with an efficient shape with large area to capture as much solar energy to generate electricity. In addition, there are also potential to come up with architectural aesthetic effects by playing with the evaluative length.
Species 2: Cells This species is generated with Triangular Cells from LunchBox. This demonstates the ease of computational design in generating various shapes without having redo from scratch. The tools from lunch box there are design potentials in order to generate different shapes. This is a useful algorithm for Biomimicry, mimicing from nature are formed by different shapes.
Species3: Exploring Tools This form was derived by having several curves and using pipe tool in exploring the possibilities to only extrude the frames of the shapes along the form. This form was made out of a big radius of the pipe. This is a testing form that turns out to be an interesting outcome, At that point I was inspired to have pipes as the form to keep water inside the pipes to generate hot water. Instead of having panels of solar cells, make use of the flexible solar cells and attach it to the exterior of the pipes. There seems to be a potential of design from this form, but not exactly like this, more exploration are needed and to make the shape more aesthetically appealing, maybe make some larger or smaller than the other and place it in different orientations.
Species 4: Offset the Shape This form was derived by offseting the curves. During this exploration, it is an intended exploration since I want to try to come up with only having the border as the surface not the shape. Offseting the shape is how it could be done. There are design potential in just having the border as the form, The idea that came up with this form is to create a double form so the outer layer is just the border, while inside is completely surfaced. This is to provide aesthetics in the design while taking energy from the second layer that could be covered by PV cells entirely. However, the exploration of creating border as the surface haven't reach on how it could be connected one onto each other.
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B5 // PROTOTYPE
The hexagonal panels will be bolted on to each other like the image above. This way, there will be flexibility in having different sizes of hexagon as it is how the project will be designed. Also, this method provides flexibility in creating curve structure. With this method there are also flexibility on site, the bolts are in the same size therefore the hexagon grids could be move around accordingly.
The left is a puzzle like structural joints, this is easy to be put together on site. However it is less flexible if the placement of the shapes should be moved or change to one another, each form should fit in the other form for its connection. This type of connection is a rigid connection. While the picture on the top shows a similar puzzle like structural joints that doesn't allow flexibility to change the placement of the shapes on site. However, since no prototype was made there are no testing on
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Legend Paintball Arena Grand Ballroom Design Site Little Mermaid Water Taxi Terminal
N
Site Analysis // Refshaloen The site is located at Refshaloen Island in Copenhagen. The site is a manmade island located along the harbour. The site is surrounded by water and factories facing East. There are two important features located near the site, the Little Mermaid on the West, and the Water Terminal located on the South. The Site Analysis above shows the surrounding areas, views, and most important, the sun diagram. The sun path diagram is useful to determine the orientation of the 'white dots' project. Copenhagen has
17.5 hours of sunlight during summer and 7 hours during winter. Near the design site there is a water terminal, paintball arena, grandball room, this means that around the site there are other activities which then could lead people into the design site. The Site Analysis also shows the view from the site which is the the landmark of Copenhagen. This also bring possibility that people on that site could be attracted to the view across it, which is the design site.
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B6 // TECHNIQUE: PROPOSAL
Design Proposal // White Dots Pavilion Responding to the LAGI design brief, the concept of the design proposed should generate energy by using solar energy. The proposed idea is to integrate the use of photovoltaic cells as the glazing of the form. The proposed design is driven by the case studies and precedents on Biomimicry. The form is driven from the cell structure that are not distributed evenly. Therefore, the hexagonal shapes of the form does not have even sizes, there are some panels that are designed bigger that faces to the sun to take more energy by the PV cells. Hexagons are use since it is the shape with the biggest area, which will be more efficient to capture solar energy with a larger area facing the sun. The walls inside the structure will be made transparent so that the light could be seen from the outside to attract people's attention and curiousity to visit the site. Design Intent Besides creating a form that can generate energy from solar power according to the brief. There are two additional concept of the design. First, the vistors could contribute to the design also for the visitors to have physical interaction with the
design. This will be done by having a lighting pavilion, visitors could pick up light bulbs and put them on inside the pavilion. This concept is inspired by the Obliteration Room by Yayoi Kusama. This concept is proposed to provide a relationship between the users. The pavilion could also be use for social interactions, or the visitors might use the space as an escape from their busy life around the city. The material that will be use for the cladding will be see through so that the lights inside the pavilion could be seen from the outside as well to catch people attention to look at the pavilion. The second concept is to create the awareness of using renewable energy to generate electricity so they can adapt this part of the concept for their homes. The design is for the whole structure from the ground. This is made to cover the space, no columns will be use to support the roof. This is the preferable approach rather than only having the structure as the roof supported by columns. Having the whole structure composed of the grid it will also look aesthetically appealing rather than only having some.
Algorithmic Techi nque By using parametric design, the form is made possible to be generated, the shape is the same throughout the structure, but with different sizes. Flexibility helps to generate this form due to the concept where not all hexagons will be generated in the same size.
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Nature to Design// Fireflies & HoneyComb
Figure 6.1
Figure 6.2
FIgure 1: The analogy of the design concept is derived from Fireflies. This is the what the interior space of the pavilion will be like. Light bulbs will be use to create the space like this. Figure 2: Honey Comb is the analogy of the design proposal. This idea will be use as the cladding of the form. As seen in Figure 2, not all the hexagons are covered with honey. This will be implemented in the design by not having all the hexagon panels covered with PV cells, since there are only specific angles of placement of hexagons that will recieve solar energy. In addition, this also adds the aesthethic values. The honey comb with the combination of combs that are covered and empty looks interesting aesthetically.
Energy Generation// Solar Energy Idea: Rotating Panels A few of the panels are made to rotate to capture sunlight, with this the visitors during day time could understand better that the design is also to generate energy captured from the sun. This creates awareness of designing for the future which requires more use of green technology such as using renewable energy to generate electricity. Polymer Solar Cells Polymer Solar Cells are flexibile they could be integrated into irregular shapes and surfaces. Scientist at Fudan University in Shanghai have developed polymer solar cells that are flexible, light. This type of solar cells are the one needed for the project. The solar cells need to be flexible to form the bending of the curves of the hexagons, not all hexagons are in a flat surface [16]. Polymer cells are low cost photovoltaics, the power conversion efficiencies reach 5%. The cells are light weight and flexible [17]. Figure 7.1: Polymer Solar Panel
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White Dots Pavilion// Interaction with the Design
The PV cells are only placed in several hexagons based on the orientation where there are more potential to absorb the solar energy. The area where there are more possible solar energy will have large hexagons in order to capture more solar energy to generate electricity.
Visitors could interact with the design, there will be light bulbs provided in the pavilion for the visitors to put them on or take them off according to what they want. This concept is inspired of Obliteration Room by Yayoi Kusama.
Obliteration Room// Yayoi Kusama
Form Generation// Case Study 1.0 & 2.0
Figure 8
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+
The form of the design proposal is generated from the two case study that has been explored earlier. From the Morning Line, it is interesting to break up the larger form into smaller parts to construct the form. This is an inspiration to come up with a different size of grids randomly placed in the structure. While case study 2, the Hyper Membrane leads the form to use polygons as the cladding and as the area to absorb the solar energy by placing the PV cells. studio air/0079
PRECEDENTS // TRIFOLIUM & SPACEPLATES & KREOD
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Trifolium by AR-MA is what I want my interior space of the pavilion will look like. Light scattered around the space like Fireflies. For this Part B, I focus more on the concept of the space how it could raise the awareness of the people to use solar energy for their source of electricity to achieve sustainabiity. Figure 9.1-9.3
Spaceplates is the precedent of deriving the form of the structure, therefore, I come up with a shape of the structure that is not symmetrical. Figure 10.1-10.2
This is the precedent of what I want my design to look at during night time. The light from inside could be seen from the outside which looks aesthetically appealing. Since my design sits on an open area, with lights shining from inside it could be the centre of attention where there is one pavilion that glows. Having it that way, people from across the site, which is the city area might be attracted and visit the site. Figure 11.1-11.3
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B7 // LEARNING OBJECTIVE AND OUTCOMES
The focus of the research is biomimicry, however, there are elements of tesselation as well. Biomimicry has a large potential to allow large surface for absorbing the solar energy. With computational design, I understand that there are several methods that can be done to do Biomimicry. It is interesting to see how alogrithms could be connected with each other and create an unexpected outcome. For an example, just by changing the items position the outcome could be so different as what it is. The design form for the design proposal was generated based on the two case study iterated. By doing the iteration, I figure out that there are a lot of potential in combining some algorithms to produce a new form. During the design process, my main focus was creating a design that could absorb as much solar energy as possible. Case study 2 gave me the idea of how the surface could be formed, while case study 1 gave me the idea of the forms that varries could be used. The structural joints are made in order for it to adjust to flexibility. However, the joints are not something that I focus on, it is done based on what do I want to achieve from benefiting on prefabrication and constructed on site. With this I also incoporate the idea of flexibility having the joints bolted not puzzle like joints that could not be adjusted as much as the bolted joints. However, the difficulty of this project was that there are design ideas that I could not create with rhino and grasshopper since there are failures in the script when I attempt to generate the algorithms since this is the very start of using the softwares. For part C, this problem will be solved by making sure on what the design form will be like and experiment it with grasshopper, look at possible outcomes as well as the unexpected outcomes.
Regarding to the limitation, I begin to have a deeper exploration of using computational design and explore it on how it is a tool for design futuring. The class did not do the prototype, which haven't give me a proof on how prefabrication is beneficial in reducing material waste. I think my ability to use parametric design have build up several skills, more practice should be done, but now I am familiar on how it actually works. Part B proofs on what is discussed in Part A about design futuring. This studio has strengthened my design approach and open up my mind of how architecture will be approached in the future according to the technological advances. While doing the reverse engineering it enhanced my understanding that architecture could be done in a different way and different approach. Before this, my knowledge about being green and sustainable is just to use sustainable materials that doesnt harm the environment or use renewable energy. It has never appear in my mind or in my studies that computational design could be a tool to achieve sustainability. I guess there are many more tools in the parametric design that I havent discover and understand that could really be unexpected on how it is useful in the approach of design futuring. Also, with computational design it could be more sustainable in the creation since it brings multiple disciplines together, with this specialization in each disciplines there could be more advances in achieving sustainability since more knowledge stored in the design process, which could produce a more sustainable and efficient outcome. Even there are lots and lots of difficulty doing Part B, but what is important for me is the exploration of understanding how computational design could achieve Part A which is about design futuring. Why is computational design use, and now I understand that from the process of Part B. Especially from the material system I pick, it is very interesting that mimicing nature can solve human problem. How nature could bring us toward sustainability really changes my perspective, after all this time I only think to keep nature as much as possible, grow trees, reduce reuse recycle. Don't waste nature, invest nature as the world is using it rapidly. Thats what I always think, but with the research of Biomimicry it give me a better understanding of how nature is important in the architectural world.
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B7 // FEEDBACKS
Regarding with the Interim presentation, there are much more work and investigation to be done for the next part of this Studio. There should be more exploration in the computational design and having a better form of design with a specific reason. However, since this is the very first time most students start to use grasshoper, there are so much to focus on by doing it individually. It hinders the progress and what we want to achieve individually. Based on the criticism the design should be more communicative, and integrate more of the material system in depth. There should be a lot of modification to be done for the next part of the Studio. Also, there are lack of some basic information, such as how to approach the
site, also looking and exploring at the structural detailing since this is important on the process of building the form. There are not much critique since there are not much things presented in the interim presentation of the exploration. It is only shown in the journal. Furthermore, the idea exploration should be more specific, such as the use of the wall material inside that is transparant to show the light from the outside, or how can the lighting pavilion be used during day time since my previous concept is the interactive space could only be use during night time. Besides that the form is just an installation siting on site. There should be deeper thinking of the concept and how to make it into reality, what are the things needed and what details should there be. I also think that my presentation was not clear enough, it doesn't express well on what do I want to achieve or what my design concept is. It should be clear, and self-explanatory. This is a good practice to explore further and develop all this lackness for part C. There should be better ideas generated with better exploration of the computational design.
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B8 // APPENDIX - ALGORITHMIC SKETCHES
The Algorithmic Sketches are based on my practice in deriving the form for the Case Study 2.0. I found a lot of interesting tools that could generate different kind of form by flexibility. Above are some of the exploration I did during the practice.
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TEXT [1-5] Biomimicry Institute, “What is Biomimicry?”, The Biomimicry Institute, (2014), <http://www.biomimicryinstitute.org/about-us/whatis-biomimicry.html> [accessed 9 September 2014] [6] TED Talk, “Biomimicry In Action”, Janine Benyus, (2009) <http://www. ted.com/talks/janine_benyus_biomimicry_in_action> [accessed 12 September 2014] [7] E-flux, ‘The Morning Line’, E-flux, (2008), <http://www.e-flux.com/announcements/the-morning-line/> [accessed 14 September 2014] [8] TBA 21, ‘Matthew Ritchie with Aranda/Lasch and Arup AGU The Morning Line’, <http://www. tba21.org/augarten_activities/49/ page_2> [accessed 14 September 2014] [9] Inhabitat, 'Biomimetic Architecture: Green Building in Zimbabwe Modeled After Termite Mounds', (2012), <http://inhabitat. com/building-modelled-on-termiteseastgate-centre-in-zimbabwe/> [accessed 16 September 2014]
[12] Arup, 'National Aquatics Centre, Watercube' <http://www.arup. com/projects/chinese_national_ aquatics_center.aspx> [accessed 16 September 2014] [13-14] TED Talk, 'Using nature's genius in Architecture' (2010), <http://www.ted.com/talks/ michael_pawlyn_using_ nature_s_genius_in_architecture/ transcript?language=en> [accessed 17 September 2014] [15] Arch20 'Hyper Membrane' (2014), <http://www.arch2o. com/hypermembrane-hibrida/> [accessed 17 September 2014] [16]Science Alert, 'Scientists develop flexible solar cell that can be woven into fabric', (2014), <http://www.sciencealert.com. au/news/20140309-26118.html> [accessed 21 September 2014] [17] Standford Group, 'Polymberbased solar cells', (2007),< http:// web.stanford.edu/group/mcgehee/ publications/MT2007.pdf> [accessed 21 September 2014]
[10] Biomimicry Institute, 'Termite Inspired Air Conditioning', <http:// biomimicryinstitute.org/casestudies/case-studies/termiteinspired-air-conditioning.html> [accessed 16 September 2014] [11] Dezeen Magazine, 'Watercube by PTW Architects' (2008), <http:// www.dezeen.com/2008/02/06/ watercube-by-chris-bosse/> [accessed 16 September 2014]
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REFERENCES
IMAGES Figure 1.1: The Morning Line - Thyssen-Bornemisza, â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Morning Line by Matthew RItchie with Aranda/ Lasch and Arupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, Design Boom, (2009), <http:// http://www.designboom.com/art/the-morning-lineby-matthew-ritchie-with-arandalasch-and-arup/> [accessed 10 September 2014] Figure 2.1- Biomimicry Institute, 'Termite Inspired Air Conditioning', <http://biomimicryinstitute.org/ case-studies/case-studies/termiteinspired-air-conditioning.html> [accessed 16 September 2014]
Figure 2.2: 'East Gate Centre', <http://www.asknature.org/product/ 373ec79cd6dba791bc00ed3220370 6a1> [accessed 16 September 2014] Figure 3.1: Ask Nature, 'Eastgate Centre Building', <http://www. dezeen.com/2008/02/06/ watercube-by-chris-bosse/> [accessed 16 September 2014]
Figure 6.2: Real Food Eater, 'Raw Honey', <http://realfoodeater. com/raw-honey-a-sweettreat-giveaway/> [accessed 20 September 2014]
Figure 7.1: Science Alert, 'Scientists develop flexible solar cell that can be woven into fabric', (2014), <http://www.sciencealert.com. au/news/20140309-26118.html> [accessed 21 September 2014] Figure 8: Yayoi Kusama, 'The Obliteration Room' <http:// interactive.qag.qld.gov.au/ looknowseeforever/works/ obliteration_room/> [accessed 18 September 2014] Figure 9.1-3: Sherman Contemporary Art Foundation, 'AR-MA Trifolium', (2014), <http:// sherman-scaf.org.au/exhibition/arma-2014/> [accessed 18 September 2014]
Figure 4.1: Grimshaw, 'The Eden Project: The Biomes' <http:// grimshaw-architects.com/project/ the-eden-project-the-biomes/> [accessed 16 September 2014]
Figure 10.1-2: Arch Daily, 'Spaceplates Greenhouse/N55 + Anne Romme', <http://www. archdaily.com/277762/spaceplatesgreenhouse-n55-anne-romme/> [accessed 17 September 2014]
Figure 5.1-2: Arch20 'Hyper Membrane' (2014), <http://www. arch2o.com/hypermembranehibrida/> [accessed 17 September 2014]
Figure 11.1-3: Arch20, 'Kreod Kebony', (2014), <http://arch2o. com/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/ Arch2o-KREOD-BY-KEBONY-7.jpg> [accessed 19 September 2014]
Figure 6.1: Daily Mail Australia ' Lighting up the night: Stunning time-lapse images of fireflies that blaze beautiful patterns in the dark', (2012), <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/
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PART C // DETAILED DESIGN
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C1 // DESIGN CONCEPT "reflect upon the feedback from your interim presentation. how have you addressed these comments? what changes have you made to your design proposal, conceptual idea or technique?"
The Interim presentation feedback suggests that there should be a further refinement of the design concept and exploring the algorithmic techniques and how do people access the site. The feedback leads me to brainstorm on what I actually want to achieve in terms of the function of the space, algorithm techniques (what do I want to explore and use as my technique to show efficiency in parametric design, and to proof it could be a tool towards design futuring), using biomimicry as my material system; what can I learn from nature? What can i mimic from nature? How does nature help solve human problems? These are few of the questions that I brainstorm to achieve my final design proposal, conceptual idea and technique. The lack of exploring the algorithmic technique could be solved by first finding a form of the design that relates to the brief or to the area. The technique used could be devceloped more
to come up with a better design that is more appealing and interesting to attract people from the surrounding as well as people from the city to come look at the design. Also a design that is meaningful in relation with the brief. Therefore, with that concern, the function and the use of the project itself should be interesting for people to travel far. Also, the most important thing is about generating solar energy into electricity. How can the design take as much sunlight to generate the energy. This could be done by the study of the sun path in Copenhagen. Also by using the LadyBug plug in in Grasshopper to be aware of the area where the sun shines the most. The project should be a symbol of Copenhagen as well, since in the surrounding there are landmarks of Copenhagen which is important to the people. Therefore, creating a design that have an important function that can symbolizes Copenhagen or relate to its culture and provide an interactive relationship with the space that provides an experience for the users is what I want to achieve in this project. The project should be useful for the people of Copenhagen at all ages. The project should create awareness of the use of renewable energy to generate electricity.
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THE CONCEPT // PROGRAM The concept should bound the main elements together such as the function of the project, the design, the energy generation.
Figure 1.1: Hygee Celebration sitting with friends, relaxing
Hygee // Danish Culture The function of this project is to appreciate the Danish Culture that is celebrated or done by the people of Copenhagen. This Danish Culture is called "Hygge", with this project, the aim is to provide a new experience for the people of Copenhagen in celebrating Hygge, it is usually done at homes because coziness is to be achieved. 'Hygge means creating a nice, warm atmosphere and enjoying the good thingsin life with good people around you'. Hygge is represented by candlelights, family, friends, eating, drinking, sitting around for hours1. Hygge could be done whole year long, there could be summer and winter
hygge. This could bring people's attention to the site and there could be interaction between visitors and interaction with the site as well. People can have a new and different experience celebrating Hygge in an open area. The design will provide a cozy space since that is what hygge is mostly about. The energy generated from the solar panels will be use to heat and light up the space, the candles will be replaced by dim lights located around the area since lights are the most important element of hygge. The design will be a semi indoor space to provide a new experience for the people since they usually celebrate hygge indoor.
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THE CONCEPT "architects look to nature as something not simply to incorporate into architecture, but as an inspired model for building design" Harvard Magazine2
Figure 2.1: Honey Comb Structure
Figure 2.2: Facade inspired by Honeycomb
Precedent // Sinosteel Internationnal Plaza by MAD Architects
Honeycomb // Biomimicry Mimicing from nature, Honeycomb that is made out of hexagonal cells of bees and wasps create an extraordinarily strong space frame3. Bees made hexagonal cells because nature organization is economical, using as least amount of energy and using the least material for a task. "The three way junctions of 120 degrees angles occur quite widely in nature, being the most economical angle for joining things together"4. Honeycomb is the inspiration behind projects that maximizes its strength by using little materials.
The facade of Sinosteel is made in a biomimetic form inspired by the hexagonal honeycomb structures. The building's hexagonal curtain is based upon climate modeling and serves to regulate the structure's temperature and daylight by making each window in a different size. The building facade was made to be energy efficient also by mapping the different air flows and the sunlight direction across the site, therefore they are able to position the different size windows acoordingly, minimizing heat loss during winter and heat gain in summer5.
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THE CONCEPT
Figure 3.1: Japan Pavilion in Shanghai Expo 2010
Energy Generation // Solar Energy
Refshaleoen // The Site
Thin Film Photovoltaics with the characteristics of ultra thin, lightweight, flexible form factor, highly efficient, low cost energy is used to generate the energy from this project. The PV cells are fabricated using semiconductors as light absorbing layers that convet the energy of photons into electricity. The photons are absorbed by the semiconductor when they enter the cell through a transparent contact, then electron hole pairs are made6. The thin sollar cells absorbs sunlight more efficiently than the thicker ones7. Thin Sollar Cells are used in the Japan Pavilion in the Shanghai Expo 2010 (Figure 3.1).
Refshaleoen is a manmade island in Copenhagen's harbor, which until 1996 housed the shipyard Burmeister&wain. At its height, the shipyard employed 8,000 people- an icon of Danish industrial history. A portion of the island was reclaimed in the 1870s when the port's waterways were made deeper. Today the many shipyard workers have been replaced with a mixture of creative entrepreneurships, small crafts facilities, flea markets, warehouse and cultural and recreational venues. This could be an opportunity to create a cultural site [interaction site] in Copenhagen since there are a lot of changes to the site itself8.
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FORM FINDING
Area of Attraction Area of Attraction from One Point Intersection of Attraction Area Atrraction Points Figure 4.1: Attraction Area and Attraction Area Intersection
Original Form
Deriving the Form into different Shapes Final Form - Form 6 + 7
Form// Site The form finding is done based on the attraction points located around the site, one taken from the Little Mermaid, and the other one is from the Water Taxi Terminal. First, a circle was made taking the two middle points of the attraction area. The largest circle represents the area of attraction. Afterwards, another circle is made from the centre of the attraction point. This was done to both attraction points. The two circles that are made from each point intersect with each other. The intersection between
them derived the form of the project. This method was done since it is interesting to have the site moving into a different context as what it is in the past. In the past there are shipyard workers around the area, but now it is replaced by a mixture of creative entrepreneurships, small crafts facilities, flea markets, warehouse and cultural and recreational venues. With this, then attraction is also known as its importance. At last, the form of the intersection are derived into different form/shapes and a final form was found from the form finding process.
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DESIGN INTENT
Design Intent // Function & Space The main function of the space is for people to enjoy the danish cultural tradition which is hygee. There are a lot of interactions and gathering in a cozy space for that tradition. Therefore that is the design intent of the space, to make a comfortable social hub for the people of Copenhagen to enjoy, away from the crowd away from the hectic city life. Since in the area of Refshaleoen there has been changes and dedicate the space more freely for creative entrepreneurships, small crafts facilities, flea
markets, warehouse and cultural and recreational venues. Having this, people travel to the area for those kind of activities, which means that people that travel to the area have interest at that meaning that it is a good opportunity since they will also have an interest in cultural venues which is celebrating hygee. Second, the intent is to make people aware of the solar energy that is generated on site. This could be an inspiration to people to use solar energy to generate their electricity.
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ALGORITHMIC TECHNIQUE
Create smooth curves through out the form to be Lofted
Offset the Surface - Add Hexagonal Cells for both Surface
Lattice Structure to Hold the Panels [Construction]
Hexagon Panels [Not to all hexagons controlled by Cull Pattern]
Offset Hexagon Cells for the Panels going Inwards
Controlling the Inwards opening by Point of Attractor
Algorithm Technique// Developing Design Taking into consideration the lack of exploration with the parametric tool is the boundary for innovative design. The Diagram above is the process of generating the design. The same hexagonal form was generated but with a different concept and additional design. The revised form offers better circulation and use of the site. Revision: The structure that holds the panels, Surface for the solar panels, Inward Hexagons to control the Sunlight entering the Interior Space.
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SITE WORKS & TECHNOLOGY
Select and Process Materials [Choose efficient materials to be sustainable and efficient achieving design futuring]
Having all the panels and materials arrive on site, start arranging, connecting the hexagon cells by angle brackets and bolts.
Each Hexagon Cells are unrolled, they are pre fabricated at the factory due to reducing the amount of time on site, also to maintain the quality. Each unrolled elements are labelled in order to be easily assembled on site.
Fabricate the materials in the factory to be well maintaned. Then transport the materials to the site.
After the frame and connected one to another, start placing them together. Next place the panels in place as well as the inwards hexagons.
Excavate the ground to place the heating coil before the concrete slab is placed.
Setting up the structure is done, energy from the solar panels then could also be generated.
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TECHNOLOGY ON SITE
Figure 5.1: GiInnooTech 100 LED Outdoor String Lights Solar Powered
Figure 5.2: Underground Coil for Heating
Generating Electricity // Solar Energy The energy taken from the Sun to generate electricity will be use in two kinds of ways for the project. It will mainly be use to light up the lights in the pavilion to keep the feeling of coziness since hygee is about getting together and make yourself feel cozy and relaxing (Figure 5.1). Second, the energy will also be use to heat the space during the
winter season. Heating Coils (Figure 5.2) will be placed under the slab. This function is integrated in the site to maintain the comfort of the users, again , to fulfill the coziness, comfortable feeling for the users even they don't celebrate it at home.
Proposal: Storing Solar Power Efficiently // Consentrated Solar Power Storing the solar power efficiently should also be a case for this project. This could be done by the Solar-ThermalPower Plants that turns sunlight into steam and efficiently store heat for cloudy days9. Strong heat is much easier than storing electricity, with this Solar Thermal Plants it is capable of storing 16 hours of heat. Since Copenhagen is
moving towards being the first carbon neutral capital in 2025, this attempt might be beneficial to reach the goal. This method also reduces the amount of greenhouse gas emissions also the cost of electricity while keeping the power effeciently.
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SUN ANALYSIS
January
February
April
May
July
October
March
June
September
August
December
November
Generating Sun Path Diagram // Lady Bug in Grasshopper The Lady Bug plug in is used to generate the Sun Path Diagram in Copenhagen according to different seasons. Sun angle in Copenhagen is 45-60 degrees. The amount of Sunlight during summer is 18 hours, while during winter it is only 7 hours10. With this information it is not enough to decide on which direction to place more of the
Photovoltaic Panels. The Sun Path Diagram generated provide the information on which direction the Photovoltaic cells should be placed the most to generate the optimum amount of energy from the Sun. The Sun Path during Summer is what derives where to place the Photovoltaic cells since there are more areas of Sunlight it absorbs.
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C2 // TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOTYPES
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C2 // TECTONIC ELEMENTS & PROTOTYPES
Hexagonal Frame
Bolts Connecting Two Frames
Figure 6.1: Hexagonal Frame Connection
Figure 6.2-6.3: Joints Connection Spirit Space Pavilion
Connection of the Frame // Lattice Structure Lattice Structure [Gridshell Structure] is usually used in a timber arch construction in order to achieve a wide span. The structure is laid out in two directions, which this allows
the forming of the shape (such as hexagons, triangles, etc). Connections are by bolts. There are a lot of elements in this, however it does provide rigidity.
Hexagonal Panels/ Structure
Wooden Frame Base Plate
Connecting the structure by bolts to the base frame
Footings
Base Frame
Bolts connecting the Base Frame with the Foundation
Figure 6.4: Connection between Base Frame and Hexagonal Frame
Base Plate
Figure 6.5: Connection with the Base Plate to connect with the footing
Holding the Entire Structure // Bolting Hexagonal Frame and the Base Frame The base frame is nailed or bolted with the hexagonal frame, this is to provide rigidity and make sure the pavilion can stand to itself. Below the base frame, there is a base
plate bolted to the frame that connects it with the footings below the ground. Since the built pavilion is heavy and large, additional structure is needed below.
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Hexagonal Frame
Hexagonal Frame
Angle Brackets with bolts
Angle Brackets with bolts
Hexagon Panels
Inwards Hexagons
Figure 6.7: Connecting the Inwards Hexagons with the Frame
Figure 6.6: Connecting the Panel with the Frame
Connection of the Hexagon Panels // Detailing
Connection of the Inward Hexagon Cells // Detailing
The connection between the hexagon cells are attached by the angle brackets. The angle brackets are use to connect the panels with the frame. This provide rigidity and flexibility for adjusting the panels and the hexagon frames.
The same method of bolting is use to join the hexagon cells together. The inward hexagon panels are also connected by using angle brackets and bolts. This method is use to easily adjust the angles accordingly so that it would attach one to another. This also provide great strength to hold the cells together in place since it is tight.
Figure 6.8: Prototyping the Detail Joints of the Hexagon Frame with the Panels, Inward Hexagons
Detailing Construction // Prototype The Prototype of the details are made out of 3mm MDF. MDF is the subsitute of using timber as the real material. The connections are made by using angle brackets and bolts. The construction of the detailing construction is more flexible comparing the the frame (structure). The intention to use the inward hexagons is to direct the
sunlight to enter the space but not in a large amount to keep the interior cozy even during day time. Therefore, if there are gaps occuring on the fabrication it doesn't matter because it could also function for the sunlight to enter creating shadows on the ground which is also interesting having shadows from the gaps.
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MATERIALS
Element 1: Main Structure //Hexagonal Frame
Element 2: Hexagonal Panels & Inwards Hexagons
Figure 7.1: Kebony Wood
Figure 7.2: UPM Grada Plywood
Kebony Wood / Materials
UPM Grada Plywood// Materials
Kebony technology is an environmental friendly process, which enhances the properties of non-durable softwoods with bio based liquid. The wood's cell structure is permanently modified according to its characteristics. Kebony is a highly durable, sustainable wood with aesthetics and performance with the best tropical hardwood which requires minimum maintainance. Kebony is suitable for high performance11.
Grada Plywood is a zero or even negative CO2 balance without risk of toxics. The wood material is natural, renewable and sustainable material. The wood is recyclable and does not contain harmful components. This new wood offers to design with CNC machine, water and laser cut, variable thickness in design can be created cost effectively, light weight structures can be easily created12.
Material // Fabrication Regarding Design Futuring, the materials and fabrication process should represent sustainability. The energy generation should also be visible to the visitors in order to achieve awareness of the use of renewable energy. The main use of material for the construction will be timber.
Different kind of timber will be use for the panels and the inward hexagons. Some panels are the Photovoltaic Panels according to the area where there is the most amount of sunlight.
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PHYSICAL PROTOTYPES
Figure7.3: Hexagon Panels failed to stick to the frame there are gaps in between due to a non planar surface
Figure **: View inside the Pavilion, light enter through the inwards hexagons
Prototype as a Whole // Prototype The Prototype is made out of Ivory card. During the First part of the construction, it succeeded, the card wants to bend following the curve made in Rhino. The prototype was made by stikcing all the frames together first. Afterwards, stick the panels and the inwards hexagons.
This was done when the frame is still layed out on a flat surface (Figure **). However, during the bending process, there are failures occured. There are gaps opened during the bending. As a results, the panels are not neatly stick to the frame as there are gaps between the frames.
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PROTOTYPE DOCUMENTATION
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C3 // FINAL DETAIL MODEL
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C3 // FINAL DETAIL MODEL
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C3 // FINAL DETAIL MODEL // REVISED
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C4 // LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
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C4 // LEARNING OBJECTIVES AND OUTCOMES
Learning Objectives of the Studio // Studio Air Sem 2/2014 As discused in Part A, how design futuring is achieved by computational design. Back then, it was just reading and looking at precedents on the parametric tool that are used in each precedents I look at. Now, by the end of Part C. I have figure it out and proven it on my own. Technology surely does bring architecture to another level. Parametric design brings efficiency to the design process as well as to the fabrication and assembly of the product/design. For Part C, I created curves to be lofted with grasshopper, as my script changes, the lofted curves changes as well. Even the grasshopper script is completely different, the lofted curve adopts to it. In addition, as the brief requires to use solar energy to generate energy, the design should be carefuly thought of placing solar panels or to what extent the design should be to generate electricity. This is one of the reason for my design as well, why it is hexagons, why there are panels laid flat why there are inward panels or why don't I use another approach (material system) such as sectioning, etc. This is because with the approach I did it have the largest potential to generate energy. The final outcome was derived from the earlier explorations in Part B. However, I try exploring more potentials that could
be use in this form exploration. Therefore, not only using hexagonal frames and in Part B, I try to explore surfaces and inward hexagons (funnels). The further exploration was lead by a deeper brainstorming of the concept, where it leads to design ideas that is made by the parametric tool. Beside generating a design to take solar energy to generate electricity, I try to explore on how parametric tool can lead to aesthetics. This was the reason the inward hexagons are made, the side where there are not much sunlight, the panels are replaced by the inward hexagons, this is to bring aesthetics and to point out the natural light into the space. However, a very important lesson I pick up from this subject, especially in Part C is that prototyping is also very important, the model in rhino could not work after a prototype was made, there maybe some minor or major errors. This also happens to my design project, there are things that I discover that might not work in the real form which is not seen digitally. Grasshopper is an interesting tool where as there has been a lot of new tools that leads to more potential in using parametric tool for the future. Finally, the design project have affected my knowledge of architecture and the roles of computation in the design process, this is an important tool that I could develop for my career in the future and to encourage sustainability in our environment as well as the designing world.
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What Goes Wrong // Prototyping During assembeling the prototype, the hexagon frame seems to be fine and works properly as it is digitally. The prototyping was done in a flat surface before bending to form a curve. During the bending of the hexagon frame there seems to be problems occuring. The individual frame are out of shape some bend inwards and some pull itself. This problem was not expected since what I see digitally is that the bending is done properly since it is a smooth curve. Exploring and facing with this kind of issue also teaches me on the depth of parametric tool.
Not all techinques or design could be assembled after fabrication. As there are a lot of precedents I look at that uses polygons (triangular/hexagons, etc) works well after fabrication. However, with the limited amount of knowledge on Parametric Design, I thought it would work in the same way, however, it doesn't. Due to this failure, further explorations should be explored on how to solve this issue and still attempt to fabricate hexagonal frames. Further detail of refinement will be discussed in following section.
Feedback // Final Presentation After the final presentation I then understand what my problem is with the prototype i made, at that stage I'm still blur on what the problem is. The problem with the unsuccessful prototype was because the surface of the hexagon frame and the panels are not planar. That is the reason there are gaps and it is not successful to bend. This feedback help me to solve the problem faced, thus, there should be further exploration of making this form planar to be able to assemble after fabrication. In terms of the function of the site, it will be use by people that
want to interact and celebrate hygee in an open space, therefore, there should be spaces provided for a more private gathering for friends and familities. This could be a way to avoid taking the comfort away for the users. Hygee is about making people comfortable and relax in the space while interacting with friends and families. Another helpful feed back was to use the warm lights to provide coziness during winter, to keep the space warm and to provide good vibe in the space during night time when yellow dim LED lights are all over the space.
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C4 // FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE TECHNIQUE
Unsuccessful Fabrication // Part C.1-3 The limitation to the technique use in Part C is due to the non planar surface. With so, the 2D fabrication assembly doesn't work as it is represented digitally (in renders). Therefore, this extended part of C.4 are further explorations of using other technique or method such that it could be fabricated using 2D fabrication technique instead of 3D. The previous attempt earlier in part C
could be successfully fabricated by using 3D fabrication, however, that is not the point of this subject in exploring the real life possibilities and benefits of parametric design. How could it be integrated in real design for it to be sustainable in designing, fabricating, as well as the construction process. Therefore, further exploration is made to fabricate the design successfully.
Part 1 Attempt // Kangaroo Plug-In The several first attempts are explorations of using the same parametric tools in Part C to create a planar surface so it could be fabricated in 2D. This several attempts was done to keep the same structure as what it is in the previous sections. However, after several attempts with different tools the hexagon frames are not planar. There is a possibilty of making planar hexagons with the kangaroo plug in. This attempt was quite successful, some became planar hexagons, but some doesn't. Therefore this attempt could not be use for this project. However,
this is not the main thing I try to achieve in the exploration. The main thing was to find a way to make the hexagonal frames planar so that it could bend and stay firm when the bending process. To prove the attempt was not successful, I use the polyline tool in rhino tracing the hexagonal frame and make it to be a planar surface, however it fail to make a planar surface. That is the prove of the attempt I try still doesn't solve the issue of making it successful by fabricating it 2D.
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Part 2 Attempt // Ribs/Waffle Structure To achieve a successful prototyping by the 2D fabrication, the waffle structure attempt was made. This is an exploration of the ribs system with square as the geometry. This system works by interlocking one gap to another gap, and click them together. The spacing of the gap is adjusted according to the thickness of the material used. For this prototyping, the material is Boxboard 3MM.
Therefore the gap is made 3MM so they will fit perfectly. Interlocking one to another also provide rigidity before any joints are used. The U and V are adjusted in grasshopper differently for one pavilion to another for my project. This attempt in keeping the amended geometry with another technique was successful by the 2D fabrication.
Part 3 Attempt // Iso Grid Structure Iso Grid Structure is another attempt I try to achieve the same geometry, which is hexagons. With this structure, it is simliar to the waffle grid which is by interlocking one to another. Iso Grid uses 3 different axis, while the waffle structure consists of 2 different axis. This Iso Grid will achieve the issue of constructing hexagonal panels/grid. Interlocking 3 different axis gives a hexagonal shape with a small triangle above or below it. Assembling this structure
might be challengining to make sure the x,y,z are locked in the right way. This way will be the best attempt to keep the geometry the same as my concept. After trying to achieve making the hexagons planar, this attempt works in a better way by providing rigidity considering the real structure is large, therefore having 3 different axis spaning across each other would be a good way of holding the pavilion.
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C4 // DESIGN REVISION
Triangular Ribs // Quarter Iso Grid Method
This form is generated with the Iso Grid m are made with the angle of the sides to f assemble this there are 3 different axis, A instruction and labelling this constructio on site. All the fabrication will be done of
Hexagonal Ribs // Quarter Iso Grid Method
This form is generated with the Iso Grid m in the image on the left, this method allo the same geometry as in part c. There a to assemble this. Clear labelling and inst provided to assemble this easily.
Waffle Ribs / Waffle Method
This method is the most successful met assembling the fabrication. Comparing iso grid, it is quite tough, a group of peo fabricate the iso grid. There are only 2 a faster to assemble on site.
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method, changes form this form. To A,B,C. With clear on is not hard to do f site.
method, as seen ows to generate are 3 different axis truction should be
Figure 8.1: Glue Laminated Timber
Glue Laminated Timber // Material Glue Lamintated Timber is quite a sustainable material. It provides the strength and rigidity. This type of wood is an engineered structural product. It is produced by bonding together a number of graded, seasoned and most finger jointed laminates. The laminates are bonded together with the grain running essentially parallel13. The laminating process allows longer spans, which is suitable for this project since the form it self is large. This material also allows more flexibility in design than traditional timber. With this flexible wood, it is a better material for assembly. MDF 3MM was use for the first attempt in assembling the isogrid prototype, however, the issue was that the material is not flexible so it is hard to assemble. The second attempt was to use Boxboard 3MM, there are more flexibility with the second material, therefore in the real life assembly, a more flexible material is needed to avoid problems on site regarding with the material.
thod in terms of g it to the quarter ople is needed to axis with this so it is
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C4 // PROTOTYPING PROCESS
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C4 // JOINTS DETAILING
Rods to Insert to the hole on the other side
Inserting the Resix Joints
Resix Joints
Figure 9.1: Resix Joints System
Joints System // Resix by Simonin The Resix System is invisible and high performance assembling process. The system uses 3 elements, which are glued laminated wood, high performance epoxy resin, threaded steel bars. The advantages of Resix are elegance is assemblies, exceptional strength, greater architectural freedom, material savings, total absence of
game, durability of joints, economics of transport. With this kind of jointing system is is easy and flexible since it could be prepared of site. Also since the type of material use for the whole structure is glue laminated timber. While the joints should be used with the glue laminated timber. This also provide efficiency in timing to build the structure14.
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C4 // FINAL LEARNING OUTCOME
Learning Outcome // After Revision After the revision from part C, there are a lot of exploration I did, starting with the exploration to try keeping my form but with planar hexagons. However, that exploration doesn't really come with a good result at the end. Therefore, my attempt in trying a new exploration keeps on going. I try to explore the waffle structure, with this exploration, I see a good potential for making it into be constructed in real life since the structure it self without any detailing joint should be quite rigid, and this is also an efficient kind of structure. In addition, I try another approach that is more similar with my Part C design, trying to keep the hexagon geometry. Therefore I try to still keep the script but add an additional axis to form the hexagon shape. This also come into success in creating the form, however, fabricating it in
2D and assembling it is quite a problem. Clear instructions and numbering should be done to keep it easy to assemble. This final part of part C is challenging, but with a lot of explorations I did it lead me to a better understanding in using the software. Surely I see a lot of chance for me to keep exploring and to use this software in the future. It is efficient, such as changing the form anytime with the same algorithm. While using other software I have to do that from the beggining while with this one I can change the form even I am done with it. Also, for the detailing joint in the new form, it is much easier and it will look good aesthetically. The joints are hidden and it provides rigidity bringing and keeping the structure in place.
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TEXT [1] Visit Denmark, ‘The art of Danish Hygee’ <www.visitdenmark.com/ denmark/culture/art-danish-hygge> [accessed 3 October 2014] [2] Harvard Magazine, <harvardmagazine.com/2009/09/ architecture-imitates-life)> [accessed 4 October 2014] [3-4] Ask Nature, ‘Nest Cells Support Heavy Weights’ <www.asknature. org/strategy/735f37e668dea62b70f 763f6ca154bba#.VDHmbSmSw4g> [accessed 6 October 2014] [5] Inhabitat, ‘MAD Architects Honeycomb Skyscraper’ <http:// inhabitat.com/mad-sinosteel-plaza/ >[accessed 6 October 2014] [6] Solo Power Systems, ‘Technology: Thin-Film Photovoltaics’< http:// solopower.com/solutionstechnology/thin-film-photovoltaics/> [accessed 12 October 2014]
[10] Climatemps, ‘Sunshine & Daylight Hours in Copenhagen’ <http://www.copenhagen. climatemps.com/sunlight.php> [accessed 10 October 2014] [11] Kebony, ‘What is Kebony & Products & Benefits’ <http:// www.kebony.com/en/index. cfm?c=product&pp=3225> [accessed 27 October 2014] [12] UPM Grada, ‘Products’ <http:// www.upmgrada.com/#tab_ products> [accessed 27 October 2014] [13] The Australian Timber Database, ‘Glued Laminated Timber’ <http://timber.net.au/index.php/ timber-wood-products-glulam.html> [accessed 27 October 2014] [14] SiMoNiN, ‘Hidden and Remarkable’ <http://www.simonin. com/catalogue-produits/resix/> [accessed 28 October 2014]
[7] Stanford News, ‘ Solar Cells thinner than wavelengths of light hold huge power potential, Stanfor researches say’ <http:// news.stanford.edu/news/2010/ september/nanoscale-solarcells-092710.html >[accessed 12 October 2014] [8] Land Art Generator Initiative, ‘Lagi 2014: Copenhagen’ < http://landartgenerator.org/ competition2014.html> [accessed 12 October 2014] [9] MIT Technology Review, ‘Storing Solar Power Efficiently’ <http:// www.technologyreview.com/ news/408746/storing-solar-powerefficiently/> [accessed 18 October 2014] studio air/00150
REFERENCES
IMAGES [Fig 1.1] Visit Denmark, ‘The art of Danish Hygee’ <www.visitdenmark. com/denmark/culture/art-danishhygge> [accessed 3 October 2014] [Fig 2.1] Ask Nature, ‘Nest Cells Support Heavy Weights’ <www. asknature.org/strategy/735f37e 668dea62b70f763f6ca154bba#. VDHmbSmSw4g> [accessed 6 October 2014] [Fg 2.2] Inhabitat, ‘MAD Architects Honeycomb Skyscraper’ <http:// inhabitat.com/mad-sinosteel-plaza/ >[accessed 6 October 2014] [Fig 3.1] Japan Pavilion, <http:// www.detaoma.com/yanbanyu/wpcontent/uploads/2013/01/JapanPavilion-Expo-Shanghai-2010.jpg> [accessed 12 October 2014] [Fig 5.1] Amazon, ‘Innto Tech 17 M LED Outdoor’ <http://www.amazon. com/gp/product/B00D8XY7RI/ ref=pd_lpo_sbs_dp_ss_3?pf_ rd_p=1944687742&pf_rd_s=lpotop-stripe-1&pf_rd_t=201&pf_ rd_i=B008M4LUKU&pf_rd_ m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_ r=172GWQ6WWDHWQC5VAZF9> [accessed 25 October 2014] 5.2] Underground Coil, <http:// www.sutmundo.com/wp-content/ uploads/2010/11/ground-sourceheat-slinky.jpg> [accessed 23 October 2014]
[Fig 6.4] Vermont Timber Works, 'Pst Base with Steel Rod and Washer' <http://www.vermonttimberworks. com/learn/timber-frame-joinery/ post-bases/> [accessed 28 October 2014] [Fig 6.5] ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2010, <http://cobagonzo.blogspot. com.au/2011/10/temporarypavillion-structures-2.html> [accessed 28 October 2014] [Fig 7.1] Kebony, ‘What is Kebony & Products & Benefits’ <http:// www.kebony.com/en/index. cfm?c=product&pp=3225> [accessed 27 October 2014] [FIg 7.2] UPM Grada, ‘Products’ <http://www.upmgrada.com/#tab_ products> [accessed 27 October 2014] [Fig 8.1] DisneyCeiling, <http://www. westernwoodstructures.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/12/_disneyice-hockey-arena.jpg> [accessed 30 October 2014] [Fig 9.1] SiMoNiN, ‘Hidden and Remarkable’ <http://www.simonin. com/catalogue-produits/resix/> [accessed 28 October 2014]
[Fig 6.2-6.3] Dezeen Magazine, ‘Movie by Spirit Space: South Pond by Studio Gang’ <http://www. dezeen.com/2010/08/22/movieby-spirit-of-space-south-pondby-studio-gang/> [accessed 28 October 2014]
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STUDIO AIR LETIZIA PRISKILA // SEMESTER 2 // 2014 TUTOR // BRADLEY DAVID ELIAS
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