'MEROS' Final Project in fulfilment of a MArch in Architectural Design by Leyla El Sayed Hussein

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

University College London Bartlett School of Architecture 2016-2017

MArch Graduate Architectural Design RC8 | Large City Architecture lead by Daniel Kรถhler

MArch Graduate Architectural Design Rania Kaadan - Anqi Su - Leyla El Sayed Hussein Research cluster 8 / Large City Architecture Supervised and led by Daniel Koehler

Submitted on the 4th of September of 2017

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

RANIA KAADAN | ANQI SU | LEYLA EL SAYED HUSSEIN 2016-2017

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

University College London Bartlett School of Architecture 2016-2017

Submitted on the 4th of September of 2017

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

A Special acknowledgment to our Family and Friends To Daniel Koehler; without his continuous support, none of this work would have been accomplished To Christoph Zimmel, for his highly appreciated help in programming and advanced computation To Inigo Dodd, for his highly appreciated effort in digital fabrication and to the rest of the BMade Staff To the faculty members

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

01 / INTRODUCTION 01.01 Design and Research Intent 01.02 Design Methodology

02 / HAKKA HOUSE 02.01 Hakka House as an Outset 02.02 Parthood Conditions

03 / EXPLORING ARCHITECTURE CASE STUDIES

04 / WALL STUDIES 04.01 Procedural Walls Sequences 04.02 Wall Fragments Interaction

05 / RE READING WALLS 05.01 Walls Figures 05.02 Figure and Figuration 05.03 Spatial Figure and Figuration

06 / EXPLORING SPATIAL CONDITIONS 06.01 Developing Digital Methods 06.02 Exploring Enclosures 06.03 Exploring Clustering 06.04 Exploring Nesting 06.05 Exploring Connections

138

07 / EXPLORING LARGE SCALE ARCHITECTURE 07.01 Exploring Cities 07.02 Exploring City Elements 07.03 Exploring Buildings

182

08 / MEREOLOGICAL CITY 08.01 Mereological Framework 08.02 Mereological Architectural Application 08.03 Final Proposal 08.04 Fabrication Process

202

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

[01] INTRODUCTION

“Objects can be related to one another as Wholes to Parts, they can also be related to one another as coordinated parts of a whole. These sorts of relations have an a priori foundation in the Idea of an object. Every object is either actually or possibly a part” [4]

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

E.Husserl / Logical Investigations / 1901

If we look at the city as the sum of parts’ behaviors new levels of complexity start to emerge. Such an approach shifts our perspectives towards the notion of the house, the neighborhood, and consequently the city. Classical history of architecture was first considered mereologically, as a compositional contrast, exchangeable in scale, as a tension between partsto-whole. It was viewed as a room, building, and city division by architect and philosopher Leon Battista Alberti. His vision of complete wholes can be observed in his idea of interchange of city-and-house and house-and-city. (Alberti. 1443-1452). This type of understanding of Architecture contributes to the specific identity of each interdependent part and how it performs on its own and eventually form potential wholes. Each of which has its own magnitude and manipulating any of its aspects; whether in scale, orbit, position, or even material; will result in influencing the overall composition of the whole. Mereological systems do not function like other systems, they are neither typological nor formalistic, they are behaviors. Moreover, Mereology has been expressed through different views within the writings and designs of several architects and philosophers. It is a foundational matter that lies within the philosophy of Architecture and signifies how each individual part has its own identity, whether approached in an independent manner or in association to other parts. Mereology’s convoluted connotation encompasses philosophy and mathematics, most recently in the manner of object-oriented philosophy. (Bryant. 2011) It indicates the value of individual parts and echoes that each building must be recognized as a partial fulfillment within a whole.

In architecture, micro parts and macro wholes range from being the room and its elements to forms of cities. They include ceilings, walls, floors, and their relation to corridors, courtyards, stairs, adjoining rooms, or other buildings. Therefore, a potential building that encloses a street block is generated as a result of arranging rooms with other parts within a specific layout. Thereby producing a wide-range of considerable relationships that may also result from modified specifications and diverse practices until they eventually advance to new types of philosophical forms.

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

Our research’s topic stands within the cluster’s research: Large City Architecture. A mereological approach will help us understand such a topic on multiple levels: the relationship between architecture and city; between the micro and the macro. Mereology investigates the behavior of the parts, the behavior of their relationship, and the process in which they form a larger system. Mereology functions on multiple levels: the parts to parts relation, the parts to whole relation, and the whole to whole relation. Through a digital approach such relations can be researched and integrated in a design research questioning the dynamics between parthood conditions and field conditions.

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[01] INTRODUCTION [01.02] Intent & Methodology

Figure 1. Theo van Doesburg - Composition IX - 1917 Courtesy of the Haags Gemeentemuseum, The Hague

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

MEROS from Ancient Greek μηρός : merós, means “part”. From Meros emerged mereology. MEROS investigates the relationships among architectural elements, and how do their relations affect the whole. Our design research examines the relations’ effect of the micro elements in an architectural system, and how do they affect the macro, or the system as a whole. This research explores embodied relationships among architectural elements. Focusing on the Hakka Houses in Fuji, a vernacular type of dwelling located in rural areas of China, the research explores part-to-whole relations as a specific body of knowledge within architecture to emerge with an applicable methodology to other architectural systems. The Hakka House will be a starting point to come up with a design and analysis methodology that can be applied to other architectural systems. The Hakka House is analyzed on multiple levels: the architectural, the social and the environmental. From this analysis we extracted parthood conditions such as, walls to walls relations, walls to courtyards relations, walls to stairs relations, etc. Consequently, these parthood conditions were digitally simulated, and started forming fields. When simulated, such conditions might give new physical spaces that do not have to be formatively following the Hakka House. From a specific architectural condition, a new generic condition emerges, and consequently a new system.

[02] Hakka House

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The Hakka Houses performing as a whole, operates as a city within a city that serve defensive purposes and act as village unit. Parthood relationships can be extracted from the Fujian tulou or as mentioned earlier, the Hakka House. It acts as an example, in terms of relation, for a house of houses. The tulou also serves as an example of vernacular architecture, and because of its significance it has been referenced by several architects for their own design concepts. Shedding light on this historical model helps demonstrate the strategical role of Mereology through digital software to generate form and design. The tulou buildings are of vernacular architecture located in Fuji and different other parts of China. They echo the cultures and traditions of the Fujian people and how they operated their daily lives around its parts and structures. These buildings have been built by common people without the interference of architects or designers. Such builders demonstrate admirable talent to fit their buildings into the natural setting by using available material sources while recognizing their natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s need and capabilities (Rudofsky. 1964).

The existing tulou buildings date back to the 12th century all the way to the 20th century (Yaun. 2008). They are characterized by many significant parts and relations within these parts. For instance, their tall, thick, and fortified mud walls serve as one of their critical characteristics. They function as both defensive and temperature controlling barriers considering their environmental and shelter purposes. Other essential parts are both their shared and private courtyards that can be seen as individual spaces with different subdivisions. Each of which adopting the needs of its residences and creating various arrangements and spaces. Through interacting with the building, it is possible to escape the state of one building and start observing completely different aesthetics. The relation that can be seen within its parts results in a large complex and ingenious spatial order. It develops from altered positions and reciprocal needs and leads to new forms and relationships. Each part within has its own significance and its ratio ranges on different scales. The rooms, corridors, stairs, and courtyards range on the smaller scale while its exterior shell arrives on a larger scale.

Figure 2. Hakka House Courtesy of the Haags Gemeentemuseum, The Hague

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

[02] HAKKA HOUSE

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[02.01] Hakka House as an outset

The tall, thick, and fortified mud walls serve as one of the critical characteristics of the Hakka House. They function as both defensive and temperature controlling barriers considering their environmental and shelter purposes. Other essential parts are both their shared and private courtyards that can be seen as individual spaces with different subdivisions. Each of which adopting the needs of its residences and creating various arrangements and spaces. Through interacting with the building, it is possible to escape the state of one building and start observing completely different aesthetics. A new form is generated, which can be described as typology. The relation that can be seen within its parts results in a large complex and ingenious spatial order. It develops from altered positions and reciprocal needs and leads to new forms and relationships. Each part within has its own significance and its ratio ranges on different scales. The rooms, corridors, stairs, and courtyards range on the smaller scale while its exterior shell arrives on a larger scale. The first significant part to come across in the research of Hakka Houses, is the single shared courtyard. However, it is not morphological as it still maintains the multiple houses although they may have different appearance. Their interaction with each other and with the whole building can be noticeably seen as they transform when meeting other parts with different arrangements like entrances and stairs. Each arrangement demonstrates these parts and for instance the role the vertical connections or stairs, play in the division of the inner spaces and the formation of a double façade while serving different functions for its residents. Another part is the entrance that forms a link between the shared and private courtyards. The unit consisting of two entrances provides more privacy for the private courtyard than the one with a single central entrance. Thereby, the entrance is emphasized by the fact that a simple part, like a door, can provide a complete different order to the whole.

Originally, the Hakka houses were built next to cultivation lands. The Hakka house, which can hold up to 60 families, is often surrounded by rice terraces intended for the Hakka communities to work and cultivate. The vertical organization of the families is not according to social hierarchy, but according to need and space. Usually, the ground floor is intended to store the livestock, while the second floor is used to store the grain, the food and the living accommodations of the families. The houses were made from local material, such as timber and rammed earth. Their thick fortified wall that surrounds the units act like a “whole” boundary, however when seeing an aerial view of the Hakka settlements, and how these big rings are being interactive on the macro level, these thick walls seem to lose their “boundary” character

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.01] Hakka House as an outset

1 Entrance: The entrance is used as a kitchen and storage space. It is usually made of one central passage flanked by two or more units from both sides. 2 Double Facade System: After the entrance comes the double facade system. The corridor in between accentuates the thermal mass insulation. It is also one of the main circulation corridors that take you to multiple units. 3 Vertical Circulation: The inner circulation among the units is controlled by the stairs. The stairs of the Hakka house, made of light wood can be easily moved, therefore the inner vertical circulation of these units is in constant change according to the need.

4 Slab and Wall Thickness: The different thicknesses of the walls of the Hakka house have multiple functions. The outer ring serves as a defense mechanism, and provides a thermal insulation for food storage. The inner walls are thiner, and only serve as rooms separator.

Different wall thickness

Vertical Circulation

Double facade creating a corridor in between Entrance / usage as kitchen and storage space

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

[02] HAKKA HOUSE

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[02.02] Parthood Conditions

The first significant part to come across in the research of Hakka Houses, is the single shared courtyard. However, it is not morphological as it still maintains the multiple houses although they may have different appearance. Their interaction with each other and with the whole building can be noticeably seen as they transform when meeting other parts with different arrangements like entrances and stairs. Each arrangement demonstrates these parts and for instance the role the vertical connections or stairs, play in the division of the inner spaces and the formation of a double façade while serving different functions for its residents. Another part is the entrance that forms a link between the shared and private courtyards. The unit consisting of two eantrances provides more privacy for the private courtyard than the one with a single central entrance. Thereby, the entrance is emphasized by the fact that a simple part, like a door, can provide a complete different order to the whole. This relation recalls the example of the element of a window used by Hilberseimer to demonstrate how the increase in an element’s quantity changes the part-to-whole relationship. (Hilberseimer. 1927) Hilberseimer explains how a single window, located for a specific purpose, exists within a different relationship than that of a windows array. (Hilberseimer. 1927) Historically, single windows are used to mark specific significance. In contrast, the pattern of multiple windows in a high-rise are described by Michael Hays as a “mass ornament”. (Hays.1992) Daniel Koehler describes this in short words saying “The whole becomes a part for the part as whole” (Koehler. 2014). Meaning, the grid of windows is originally not a part, however it becomes a part as the array creates a whole, the grid. Observing and articulating these relationships sets the first steps to answer the question of how can design engage in both the parthood relationships and in today’s highly inventive technology. Here, we examine the relationship of the entrance to the courtyard. Multiple parthood conditions emerge. Each condition has its own level of enclosure / visibility / privacy / openness.

two adjacent functions as an entrance, storage and kitchen

a corridor + two adjacent functions as an entrance

two entrances leading to a private corridor leading to the courtyard

an in between spaces as an entrance, a corridor

a function sandwiched between two corridors as two entrances

a function sandwiched between two private corridors as two entrances

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

Case 01: One main entrance to the courtyard, flanked by two functions

Case 02: One main entrance to the courtyard, the entrance is flanked by one function but opposed by another one

Case 03: One main entrance to the courtyard, with one central function, a radial circulation is produced

Case 04: One main entrance to the courtyard, opposed by one function. A private circulation is created

Case 05: Two main entrances to the courtyard opposed by two functions. A corridor is created in the courtyard

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

Abstracting the Hakka House to reduce its parthood condition: the relation of the units among each other and the relations of the units to the courtyard. Such an abstraction can help us in our design process to argue that certain parthood conditions can be abstracted in a new physical form yet keeping their own nature. This method consists of turning the circular courtyard into a corridor, abstracting the concept of a collective space into its basic generic form.

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Original Plan of the Hakka House

Abstracting the Hakka House

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

Abstraction 1 Abstraction 1

1 relation of circulation i

Abstraction 2

Abstraction 3

Abstraction 4

Abstraction 5

Abstraction 6

3 relation of circulation iii

Abstraction 7

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Abstraction 5

2 relation of circulation ii

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

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Abstracting the Hakka House to reduce its parthood condition: the relation of circulation from one unit to another translated into different connections. Breaking the circular rigidity of the courtyardâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s circulation and extroverting the inner circulation if the units. This type of abstraction allows to see the interface between visibility and circulation. These diagrams represent the visibility level translated into opaque walls and framed walls.

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

[02] HAKKA HOUSE

[02.02] Parthood Conditions

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

Abstracting the Hakka House to reduce its parthood condition: the relation of the circulation among the different units and the vertical navigation in respect to the level of enclosure and openness. The degree of enclosure is not only dependent on the horizontal walls position but also on the height of the walls, therefore the enclosure level functions horizontally and vertically.

4 5 6 7

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

[02] HAKKA HOUSE

[02.02] Parthood Conditions

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

After abstracting all the parthood conditions, the research focused on the wall fragments. These walls form the base of all parthood conditions, and have a high potential to produce a new design proposal that can still keep the same parthood conditions but a different physicality.

Original Wall Distribution of the Hakka House

[02] HAKKA HOUSE

Taking the wall figuration as a base for the design research

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

[02.02] Parthood Conditions

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

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Several existing and successful datasets, originate in the form of graphs or networks. They are used to generate images, sound tracks, or even perform montages. Therefore, the research proposes a new framework to estimate generative models via an adversarial process, called Generative Adversarial Networks that contains two training processes, both generative and discriminative. (Goodfellow Ian J.) Then during the researchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s progress, graph convolutional networks are replaced with graph networks in order to allow graph features to be learned. This training process uses the data of countless buildings or cities to present formulation of convolutional neural networks in the context of spectral graph theory, in order to generate similar designs. The designers begin by feeding the neural network with a rich representation of the structure. This structure can then represent the relationship between the elements by a separate matrix. At that point, the convolutional kernel will try to automatically extract graph features, better yet, it will discover graph patterns on several scales as convolutional kernels are added with various Hakka House / Parthood conditions sizes. (KipfCirculation 2016) and Navigation

AHAKKA HOUSEHOUSE

ood ns 2 itions Parthood Conditions Conditions 2.01 ourtyard yard anceEntrance to Courtyard to Courtyard urtyard Unit 2.02 Courtyard to Unit to Unit 2.03 t to Unit Unit to Unit

gation ing avigation vertical the vertical navigation navigation MEROS / A.Su - R.Kaadan - L.El Sayed Hussein / Led by Daniel Koehler

Therefore, parthood relationships will be extracted and processed to train, learn from, and eventually generate new developed building relationships that undergo again the same process.

02 | HAKKA HOUSE 02.02 Parthood Conditions 02.02.01 Entrance to Courtyard 02.02.02 Courtyard to Unit 02.02.03 Unit to Unit

Studying the vertical navigation among the sub-units of the Hakka House. Such an analysis help us to extract the parthood conditions that will help us generate our design in three dimensions

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[02] HAKKA HOUSE

[02.02] Parthood Conditions

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

circulation 1

circulation 2

circulation 3 end end

end end

starts

shifting end and start depth 4

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depth

shifting end and start depth 1

duplicating depth 3 duplicating depth 2 duplicating depth 1

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

circulation 1

circulation 2

circulation 3

circulation 4

circulation 5

circulation 6

circulation 1

circulation 2

circulation 3

circulation 4

circulation 5

circulation 6

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[ Depth of Circulation ]

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

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The Hakka Houseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s environmental assets are concentrated in its central courtyard. The thick outer fortified wall function as a temperature barrier, controlling the heat amount in the summer and the cold amount in the winter. The main entrance that pierces the outer wall of the Hakka House is the direct channel of ventilation from the outside to the inside. The inner courtyard lower part stores the cooling air while the hot air is dissipated upward. Many architects referenced the Hakka House, and where inspired by its vernacular environmental and cultural aspect. Looking at the Hakka House as a series of fragmented walls with different sizes of porous spaces will allow a better ventilation. In the following are a series of architectural case studies that can be linked to the Hakka House, although all of them broke the rigidity of the outer wall and broke the centrality of the courtyard by multiplying it and fragmenting it, no one looked to the Hakka House as a series of wall figurations. A series of fragmented walls that interact together according to specific parthood conditions to form different types of spaces.

[02] HAKKA HOUSE [02.02] Parthood Conditions

thermal data analysis with different floors

the enviromental asset of the Hakka House as a ring

the use of thermal mass during winter door remains closed

the enviromental asset of the Hakka House as an extroverted system of walls

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

creating natural air flow, chimney effect. during summer door remains open

[03] Exploring Architectural Case Studies OMA, Ole Scheeren / The Interlace / 2013

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Located in Singapore, The interlace project is a series of blocks that are interlaced forming multiple courtyards. These courtyards are horizontally and vertically distributed. The courtyards are no longer centralized, but fragmented and integrated in the whole project. This fragmentation will affect the visibility parthood conditions. Unlike the Hakka House, where the visibility is oriented towards the central courtyard, here the visibility is also fragmented on multiple levels and multiple directions. This parthood condition enhances the social interaction among the residents, and creates multiple areas of communal spaces.

[03] Exploring Architectural Case Studies

[Beginning of Courtyards]

[Fragmenting Courtyards]

[City of courtyards]

Semi-enclosed courtyards in a concaved space

The courtyards become fragmented, overlooking each other

The courtyards become further fragmented, the distribution becomes highly complex

The courtyards become highly distributed and orient most of the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s parthood conditions

Assigned Plan

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OMA, Ole Scheeren / The Interlace / 2013

[03] Exploring Architectural Case Studies Jean Renaudie, Cité des Etoiles / 1974

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Located in France, these star shaped apartments have a very specific arrangements. Such arrangements provide the possibility of having multiple courtyards on different levels. The Hakka House, which provides different type of courtyards, always provide the same arrangement. In Renaudi’s cité des Etoiles, we see a mereological play based on combination and different sets of arrangements.

[03] Exploring Architectural Case Studies

[Semi-Enclosed]

[Multiple Semi-Enclosed]

[Stepped Courtyards]

[City of courtyards]

Semi-enclosed courtyards in a concaved space

Distorted elliptical ring completely non porous. A completely introverted system towards a common courtyard. The cour yard now have multiple convexities.

Courtyards are now placed on terraces. Visibility between the courtyards emerges

Multiplying the stepped courtyards until they become the whole

Assigned Plan

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Jean Renaudie, CitĂŠ des Etoiles / 1974

[03] Exploring Architectural Case Studies NTU Thomas Alexander Heatherwick Studio / 2013

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The project is a series of towers surrounding a big atrium acting like a collective courtyard. This example represents the idea of an introverted city embedded in the Hakka House. A narrow entrance between the towers takes you from a complete open space to an introverted space fully active and filled with multiple functions.

[03] Exploring Architectural Case Studies

[Complete non-porous]

[Distored non-porous]

[Distored porous]

Elliptical ring completely non porous. A completely introverted system towards a common courtyard

Distorted elliptical ring completely non porous. A completely introverted system towards a common courtyard. The cour yard now have multiple convexities.

Parts within the whole. The system becomes porous, but still inwardly inverted. The parts all are oriented towards the center of the common courtyard.

The parts now have unequal height, a new layer of complexity is added.

Assigned Plan

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

NTU Thomas Alexander Heatherwick Studio / 2013

[04] Wall Studies / Procedural Wall Sequences

Studying the various possibilities of having one continuous walls creating multiple units. Such a study do not show the unitsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; interaction, but show one character induced by the wallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s path. Increasing the scale and the complexity of such studies does not change the character of overall field. The same character is maintained moving from a small to a big field.

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The first steps of moving from the micro to the macro were to allow for one type of continuous wall to repeat itself in some random points in space. The macro dimension here does not show a high level of complexity, or a heterogeneous variety of spaces; the process is similar to 3D printing, a procedural linear building of space.

Procedural sequence of walls

Wall Arrangements of single elements 1

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Wall Arrangements of single elements 2

[04] Wall Studies

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04.01 Procedural Wall Sequence

Wall Arrangements of single elements 3

Wall Arrangements of single elements 4

[04] Wall Studies

Wall Arrangements of single elements 5

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04.01 Procedural Wall Sequence

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[04] Wall Studies

04.01 Procedural Wall Sequence

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Wall Arrangements of single elements. One continuous wall that keeps populating itself and propagating infinitely in space.

[04] [04]Wall WallFigurations Studies 04.02 04.01Wall WallFragments FragmentsInteraction Interaction

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Interaction 1: Unidirectional courtyard interaction, the courtyards are open towards one specific direction. They have two main aspects: completely open from the left and completely closed from the right

Interaction 4: Inner spaces by closing the courtyards due to their interaction

Interaction 2: Frontal interaction of courtyards the result is heterogeneous types of frontal courtyards, introverted interaction.

Interaction 5: Inner irregular spaces formed by closing the courtyards onto each other

[04] Wall Studies 04.01 Wall Fragments Interaction

Interaction 6: Dissolving the courtyard character and turning it into an open space

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Interaction 3: The courtyards are interacting back to back, having an extroverted system towards the outside

[04] Wall Studies 04.01 Wall Fragments Interaction

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Using digital computation for wall-to-wall interactions, two aspects of this research are particularly important: the type of the wall figures, and the interactions between parts. Assemblies from a partial or a full extent of the set of parts have their value, because the new figuration generated by multiple identifiable elements creates a new character, and relatively similar parts also create a new character. Each wall affects its adjacent wall and vice versa. These characters cannot be categorized as ‘served’ or ‘servant’. Some of the walls may address similar problems; some are bold, and reformulate without humanizing the walls; some are affected by the other wall fragments, and regard themselves as necessary and subject to private desires.

Wall Figuration / Hakka House Different conditions, different units arrangements

[04] Wall Studies

juxtaposed two sub-units

porous units oriented towards a common courtyard

Wall Figuration / Rereading walls Different conditions, different units arrangements

juxtaposed three sub-units

juxtaposed four sub-units courtyard formation

juxtaposed twp units 2 courtyard formation

four units forming four inner courtyard, and subspaces in between

four units forming four inner courtyard, and porous spaces in between

dissolving the units, dissolving the passage between the units and the courtyard

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04.01 Wall Fragments Interaction

[04] Wall Studies

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04.01 Wall Fragments Interaction

two interlocking units

two clusters of four units

multiple clusters with same sized courtyard

multiple clusters with multiple sized courtyard

beginning of field formation

[04] Wall Studies 04.01 Wall Fragments Interaction

basic part

part to part interaction / simulation result

MEROS / A. SU - L.. EL SAYED HUSSEIN - R. KAADAN / M.ARCH

basic part

[05] Re-reading Walls

The wall interaction here investigates the different porosities on the level of the linearity of both the void and the mass. The rigid walls becoming active walls create a method of interacting allowing for different possibilities for these linear types of spaces.

rigid wall

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rigid wall between active walls

Some of the walls may address similar problematics; some are bold, that reformulate without humanizing the walls; some are prefer to share among the whole group, one that regards itself as necessary and positive to subject private desires

active wall

partly active wall between active walls

Linear interaction / porous linearity two

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Linear interaction / porous linearity one

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05.01 Wall and its Figure

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05.01 Wall and its Figure

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courtyard interaction 1 courtyard interaction 2 courtyard interaction 3 courtyard interaction 4 courtyard interaction 5 courtyard interaction 6

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orthogonal wall interaction

non orthogonal wall interaction

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linear wall interaction

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05.01 Wall and its Figure

Digital Model

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After extracting the parthood conditions of the Hakka House, a detailed analysis took place on the level of the wall fragments. The wall fragments are the base of all parthood conditions, and unlike any other architect who read the Hakka house and get inspired by its physical shape, here the reading is more complex, and more faithful to the complex spatial qualities of the Hakka House.

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Thus, after collecting these data attributes from the Hakka House, it consider one very fundamental part, that no other architects considered before, and that is the arrangement of its walls. From that, the design approach begins to describe the house in terms of its wall figurations. While reconfiguring and learning from these wall parts which were extracted and redesigned to digitally create a whole alphabet of wall figures.

The process of creating these wall alphabets, generates countless wall figures that are then processed to remove the outliers to help develop an advanced set of wall interactions. One way to standardize and normalize these figurations is to constrain the dimensions of a single figure to a scale of 0 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1, thus making it easier for the model to learn. Furthermore, aiming to form objective figurations, automatic derivation is used to allow specific behaviors among the figures. As well as, observing more about the influence of a single multiplied basic figure within a whole and various types of figures on one whole figuration.

[05] Re reading Walls 05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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After developping the previous fields the research focused on the “thingliness” of the wall, i.e the embedded nature within the part. The research explored the various designs and fields of figurations that comes from the distinct nature of the part. If such wholes can be formed based on the “thingliness” of parts, therefore one would project or simulate such formation according to the intrinsic nature of the object which will in turn form the relation of one part to another (the structure), or observe the constant change of the whole when new dynamic parameters are integrated into the system. Such a relation can perhaps offer some tangible ground to the theoretical arguments previously discussed, making an introduction to an architectural analysis that allows understanding the distinctive effect of each of the following notions: the behavior of the whole is more important than the parts, the behavior of the parts dictate the behavior of the whole, the whole is never achieved but is always a heterogeneous composite, the behavior of the parts and the whole depend on the “thingliness” of the object.

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The movement from one wall figuration, to a parthood condition and consequently to a beginning of a field was the first jump towards the movement from the architectural to the urban. The way parts interact is almost a bottom-up approach but never a linear approach. Parts might be interacting simultaneously, and relations might occur in different locations of the system.

Such a discussion also serves to enlighten our understanding of advanced computation’s interference with architecture. The discussion of “field conditions” leaves a few questions to be thought about: can a field turn into a whole? Is a field ever achieved? However, with the integration of computation the question of wholes achievement becomes secondary. Wholes become uncertain and unexpected.

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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[05] Re reading Walls 05.02 Figure and its Figuration

3D Printed Field Wall Interactions 0.6*0.3 m

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The following 3D printed fields show three different types of field figurations. The first field, “breaking the linearity” (upper left), shows a wall interaction that allows a series of mutations upon an existing linear rigid field. The monotone equally spaced are broken by a series of heterogeneous porous spaces.

The second field, “free form”, (lower left) shows malleable walls freely floating on the ground, sometimes creating enclosures, other times, creating open spaces. The third field, (right) shows a perspective of how these spaces can be inhabited, and how can they transform later into a human scale architecture.

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3D Printed Field Wall Interactions 0.6*0.3 m

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05.02 Figure and its Figuration

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05.03 Spatial Figure and Figuration

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05.03 Spatial Figure and Fuguration

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05.03 Spatial Figure and Fuguration

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Section 3

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Section 2

Section 1

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Interaction 3

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Fragments 2

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Fragments 1

Treating the whole as one unit

Treating the whole as unit interacting together

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Treating the whole as six unit interacting together

[05] Re reading Walls 05.03 Spatial Figure and Figuration Fragments 3

Fragments 2

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Fragments 1

Cluster 3 Cluster 4

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Cluster 2

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Interaction 1

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The digital simulation of the units interaction and the cluster formation was translated into physical models to see the three dimensionality of the design, and to see how we can further move to developing a bigger spatial field of three dimensional figuration in order to achieve the aim of the research, creating a mereological city.

Cluster formation 1 3D Printed 0.6*0.3 m

Cluster formation 2 3D Printed 0.6*0.3 m

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CNC Milled fragment of field 0.3*0.2 m

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05.03 Spatial Figure and Figuration

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05.03 Spatial Figure and Fuguration

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All the elements are being used in different ways, each time in a different interaction to create a new whole. Sometimes the wall becomes the slab and vice versa. The interaction among them is always fixed through the vertical connection represented here through the purple slab.

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part 1 part 2 part 3 part 4

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The same concept is applied here through a different way of interaction. The elements here are arranged in a different method, and thus they create different outcomes in terms of aggregation and porosity.

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Unit of interacting wall

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Model 1 / rotation 1

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Model 1 / rotation 2

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These series of 3D printed models explore the possibilities of interlocking between these parts and the way they come together. The method of interlocking create a new sense of porosity in between the parts which have a different sense from different perspectives.

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Model 1 / rotation 3

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Unit of 3 Sub Units / Interaction 1

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Unit of 3 Sub Units / Interaction 2

Unit of 3 Sub Units / Interaction 1

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Cluster of Units / Interaction 1

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Cluster of units / interaction 6

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Cluster of Units / Interaction 1

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Cluster of units / interaction 2

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Cluster of units / interaction 6

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Interaction 1

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Interaction 1

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Process of assembling the 3D interlocking pieces

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Physical Process of developping the interlocking pieces. A big number of 3D printed pieces was printed based on the simulation of the wall's interaction

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Series of Figurations that can be translated into units

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Vertical Interaction 1

Vertical Interaction 2

Vertical Interaction 3

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Unit 2

Unit 3

Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3

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Unit 1

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Mereological interaction forming a vertical circulation

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Mereological interaction forming interlocking pieces

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Mereological relations among the multiple parts. We begin to see interactions between the horizontal plates, the vertically stacked plates and the plates that are forming the enclosure. The interactions result in a three dimensional field.

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Model 2 / rotation 1

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Model 2 / rotation 2

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Model 2 / rotation 3

Model 2 / rotation 4

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Model 3 / rotation 1

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Model 3 / rotation 2

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Model 3 / rotation 4

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These series of 3D models show an interaction on the level of the single wall, multiple walls previously acting as one wall, whether vertical or horizontal, split and create a void in between which can be a space on its own

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Interaction 1- Void Density 1

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Interaction 1- Void Density 2

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Interaction 2- Void Density 1

Interaction 2 - Void Density 2

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Interaction 3 - Void Density 1

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Interaction 4

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Interaction 4 - Material Testing

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[06] Exploring Spatial Conditions 06.01 Developing Digital Methods

Computation today deals with the possibility of combinations of parts. The established principles of particle simulation can fulfill the demands of architecture and city planning, but the possibilities are open and indefinite. It is therefore important to find a method of collecting and categorizing all the possibilities. Classifying these elements by shape alone is apparently insufficient for design approaches. Hence, for different types of form, we need to consider how different types of digital readings can be generated. Interpreting these more complex figurations generated by the monomer require a more intuitive method of visualization. During this research, from the form of the wall figurations, some appear to have similar characters to existing cities. One of the methods of thinking how we pass through the shared and enclosed spaces inside the city, and how we feel and behave, is to read the field according to its enclosure.

Structure

(1) Continuity (space)

Infrastructure

(1) Navigation (2) Connectivity (connection between spaces)

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Environment

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(1) Ventilation (wind) (2) Sun Insulation

Program (1) Continuity (2) Porosity (3) Depth (4) Clustering (5) Enclosure (6) Density

connecting parts

depth of space (connectivity)

tagging parts as windows, doors, or connection points

visibility density of the enclosed spaces

by adjusting the area of the enclosed spaces and open space, organized ventilation can be carried out

by calculating the direction of the windows (privacy and sunlight)

enclosed spaces colored based on clustering

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by calculating how many dots do we have, we are able to know how many enclosed spaces within one field

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[06] EXPLORING SPATIAL CONDITIONS 06.02 Exploring Enclosures

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One of the significant objectives of the research, is to achieve clear visualizations of comparable arrangement readings by differentiating closed and open spaces. This concept recalls a comparable classical architecture example called the Nolli Map. The map consists of twelve engraved copper plates and was surveyed to help create demarcations of shared and unshared spaces. (Oregon 2017) Similarly, when the feature engineering stage is initiated, the research embeds the understanding of an enclosure to an ML algorithm to help learn how to read these figurations. The understanding of enclosures is then defined by measuring the convexity of space and clustering of convex cells, all together while creating closed spaces to help differentiate the spatial qualities of one entity to another. One of the methods of thinking how we pass through the shared and enclosed spaces inside the city, and how we feel and behave, is to read the field according to its enclosure. Considering this as an entry point, we can start to read the field by its enclosed versus open spaces, in a similar way to reading a city from its city map. Technically speaking, we can measure the enclosed spaces among one field by measuring the convex spaces. Through the inherent quality of the computational results, some of the results showed that adjacent parts can enhance the quality of the void spaces. By understanding different fields through their openness and enclosures, we can design not only with respect to enclosed spaces but also with respect to void spaces. In terms of a field plan, the enclosures are defined by wall figures, which means that we can control the wall figures to create a more specific scale of the space, such as a plaza or other functioning area. Meanwhile, by linking the enclosed spaces to ventilation, the wind speed can reflect back to the size of the open space. Cataloging these characters enables us to analyses information from computational calculations based on the voxel arrangement. Furthermore, the information can improve the performance of some of the outcomes between different entities. Figure 2. Enclosures Studies on Different Fields

Figure 2. Nolli, Giambattista, Map of Rome, 1748-Earth Sciences & Map Library-University of California, Berkeley

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[06] Exploring spatial conditions 06.02 Exploring Enclosures

This developed method allows to control the Density of the Enclosed Space in relation to the distance between buildings. Based on computational simulations, the enclosed spaces of these fields can be controlled. Considering these fields as floor plans, by adjust the area of the enclosed spaces and open space, a proper design for ventilation can be carried out.

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Original Field

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Original Field

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Enclosure condition 2

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Enclosure condition 1

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Enclosure Field 1

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Clustering 1

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Enclosure reading 1

Enclosure reading 2

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Following the demand of the area, colored enclosed units represent multiple types of floor plan, separate colored enclosed spaces show a multi function area, gathered color units demonstrate a character of a house in a house, or a group of houses inside a house. The white digital method based that measures the convexity of spaces do not show a nesting of enclosures within other enclosures, while the colored digital method measures the convexity of spaces while showing the enclosures within enclosures.

[06] Exploring spatial conditions 06.03 Exploring Clustering

Field 2 / Reading of Enclosures 1 ( left ) / Reading of Enclosures 2 ( right )

Field 3 / Reading of Enclosures 1 ( left ) / Reading of Enclosures 2 ( right )

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Field 1 / Reading of Enclosures 1 ( left ) / Reading of Enclosures 2 ( right )

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Nesting in relation to Clustering

Nesting and Enclosure Level

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Nesting 1

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[06] Exploring spatial conditions 06.05 Exploring Connections

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This developed method allows to control the points of connections in the field. These points are both physical and visual connections, they can be points of passages, doors or windows. By controlling the points of connections we can control the densities of the units in the field.

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Points of connection 1

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Exploring the relation between the enclosure and nesting level ( Upper fields) and the level of Connection points (Lower fields)

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Enclosure and Nesting 1

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Enclosure and Nesting 1

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9 nodes

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“Creating buildings and creating cities were one and the same thing” [27]

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F.Maki / Nurturing Dreams / 2008

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In exploring cities the research stresses on the importance of the autonomy of the parts. The singularity of parts form the cities. The singularity of parts will oblige the singularity of relations among the elements that form the city. In this design research, the formation of the discrete elements is not prior to the formation of the linkages, however it is a simultaneous process. With the introduction of the digital, such a dynamic between the micro and the macro, the architectural and the urban, expands to include multiple layers of complexity. The point of describing the design in relation to the micro-macro is to assure the importance of the single architectural element in forming large city systems; once the latter becomes highly complex, the system will depend on the dynamics between the micro and the macro, while the interrelation among the elements expands and changes in an infinite pattern. The dissection of the urban systems as: grid systems, radial systems and linear systems was an introduction for the research to develop a method of mereological systems. The singularities of the elements can sometimes form a mutation of what is previously called “grid”, “linear” and “circular”. the detachement of the previous city systems nomenclatures was first acheived through: - the development of the 2D and 3D alphabet, meaning complexity in quantity - the development of the 2D and 3D merging alphabet, meaning complexity in probabilities of combinations - the development of the field figuration merging, meaning complexity in spatial diversity and consequently a larger variety in the types of spaces. This method proposes a new way of planning. The classical ways of predefining all the aspects of the city before building it is different here. This type of city emergence is not chronological, nor pre-planned, but it sometimes unexpected and unforseen on the level of parts, behaviors, and wholes.

https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2 &ccid=D47OxF6o&id=F2BA01FD511A9379C63E390E Grid System Grid System Austin 1980 by Thomas Jefferson E098B749364E54EF&thid=OIP.D47OxF6on9_jmVhKR Austin 1980 by Thomas Jefferson mWnOAEsCd&q=jefferson+wi+grid&simid=60802220 9389003829&selectedIndex=28&ajaxhist=0

h t t p s : / / w w w. b i n g . c o m / i m a g e s / s e a r c h ? v i e w = d e t a i lSystem V 2Radial & c c iSystem d = 2 s rc nv M u & i d = 7 7 D F 8 C F 9 CC 1 E E Radial Projet pour ville D FA 9 0 B F 2 0 B 4 Ade 3la6Chaux 1 Ade 1 5Chaux F 3 Nicolas 5 1by 5 1Nicolas B 1Ledoux 1 &Ledoux t h i d = O I P. 2 Projet pour la ville by s r c nv M u b 4 S S x 4 P j E k E o j Q E s D H & q = l e d o u x & s i m

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https://www.bing.com/images/search?view=detailV2&c cid=l%2bzMIeIJ&id=38024D8046A0434A44C497F21BE9 Linear System Linear System La ville lineaire by Arturo Soria 48A84D5DF838&thid=OIP.l-zMIeIJaGXSr7-GSY6kjAE8DF La ville lineaire by Arturo Soria &q=cul+de+sac+plan&simid=608028260992878586&se lectedIndex=49&ajaxhist=0

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Case Studies Urban forms

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Walls Figuration

Enclosure levels

Center of Enclosures

Depth of Circulation

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Walls Figuration

Enclosure levels

Center of Enclosures

Depth of Circulation

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Walls Figuration

Enclosure levels

Center of Enclosures

Depth of Circulation

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Condition 1 Heterogeneous

Condition 2 Homogeneous

Condition 1 Web Connectivity

Condition 2 Abrupt Connectivity

Condition 3 Dissociation

Condition 4 Centrality

Condition 3 Linear Connectivity

Condition 3 Radial Connectivity

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[07] Exploring Large City Architecture 07.01 Exploring Cities

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These evaluation methods allow the reading of the radial city in terms of density and clustering. It also shows how these densities change when different fields interact together and lose their circular form.

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Enclosure in relation to center of densities

Enclosure in relation of fieldsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; encounters

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part a

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part b

part c (part a+b)

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mereological analysis parthood conditions

Program

Entrances Infrastructure Accessibility from one unit to another direction of the window Building type

enclosed units - diversity of the units

Living conditions

enclosed units - ventilation

Envronment

density of units

Structure

connectivity, continuity clustering

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DESIGN APPROACH

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Re-Reading Wall Figures / Wall figures and function [07] Exploring Large City Architecture 07.02 Exploring City Elements

Re-Reading Wall Figures / Wall figures and f The interaction among the fields yielded a new way of thinking about functions. A non pre planned methodology of zoning was integrated here, where the field and the interaction itself force a nature of functioning. Such functions can be private / public / semi-private / semi-public. Some spaces act as corridors, transition spaces and circulation spaces whether horizontal or vertical.

private units / bedrooms + bathrooms

semi private units / living rooms + dining

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public units / courtyard

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horizontal linking units / corridor

vertical linking units / stairs and elevators

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type of space c

type of space b

type of space a

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[08] Mereological City

The aim of this research to create a mereological city, inspired from the beginning from the different wall figurations. The previous digital methods where all used to create this proposal. The mereological city made of interacting walls, parts, clusters and wholes, is the result of investigating, in the first place, the definition of mereological parts and relations of behaviors between discrete parts, where no part can undermine the other, and where all parts are ontoligically flat.

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This proposal is also a new way of designing, analyzing and reading cities and urban systems.

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[08] Mereological City 08.01 Mereological Framework

Urban lay-outing that offers various functions due to the interacting walls. This variety can be on the level of urban structure and infrastructure. This method consisting of merging interactive fields of figurations allow a new way of designing a mixed function plan. The different fields interacting where in the first place based on the distinct part that formed them.

Type a

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Type c

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regional loose and disordered cluster

regional intensive cluster

Mereological Plan, six interacting sub fields

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residential to commercial

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This field, made of 6 different mereological relations, was analyzed on the level of navigation. The analysis shows a higher diversity in the types of navigation from one space to another when multiple mereological sub parts are integrated within one field

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Mereological Plan, navigation analysis

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Mereological Plan, six interacting sub fields

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Analyzing the multiple types of enclosure of the mereological plan showed a diversity types of enclosuresâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; nesting within each other. These different types of enclosures reflect a different type of functional distribution and a different type of navigation.

Type a

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Type c

Mereological Plan, six interacting sub fields

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regional loose and disordered cluster

enclosure type 1

enclosure type 2

regional intensive cluster enclosure type 3

Mereological Plan, enclosure analysis

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residential to commercial

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This method consist of controlling the behavior of the fields, sometimes constraining it, sometimes allowing it to flow freely. This differentiation in behavior create precincts, predominant clusters within the field.

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same behavior

different behavior

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Dominating precincts

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Mereological Plan, seven interacting sub fields

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type 2: Navigation dispersed in local spaces

Mereological Plan, navigation analysis

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type 1: Navigation oriented towards the center

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Mereological Plan, seven interacting sub fields Level of Nested Enclosures

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Mereological Plan, seven interacting sub fields Level of Enclosures

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Mereological Plan, three interacting sub fields

Mereological Plan, three interacting sub fields Level of Enclosures

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Mereological Plan, Walls as Boundaries

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Mereological Plan, Walls as Boundaries

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Enclosure Level

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Field A

Field A + B

Field B

Field A + B

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The digital coloring method shows the different types of enclosure in this field. Although both types look similar in the area of enclosure, how this enclosure if fragmented is highly different. Type a shows tens of enclosures nested within each other, acting as one big enclosure. While type b shows enclosures within voids and porous spaces.

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Mereological Plan, Types of Enclosures

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The higher the interaction among parts, the more “curious” objects emerge. These “curious” objects as named, are sometimes unexpected results in the interaction. They have a very distinct character and behavior.

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individual items within the city: curiosity objects

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This plan shows not only merging the types on their own ( as seen in type a,b and c), but also merging these types together (type a+ type). This method helps creating a further step to move these trials from field figurations to actual plans that be applied in urban and architectural systems.

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Type a

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Type b

Type c

Type a + type b

Type c

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Type b

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active / rigid walls

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Large Plan Figuration Combining different types of fields through the evaluation of enclosures. Active walls are types of walls that form irregular walls, while rigid walls are types of restricting walls that do now allow a smooth movement on their own behavior, and implicate such a behavior on neighboring walls.

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Large Plan Figuration Combining different types of fields to create another functional purpose. In the previous large plan figuration, the interaction of the rigid and active walls yielded a somehow rigid form of space. This plan figuration shows a density of road networks determining the possibility of squares and other functions.

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Large Plan Figuration

Based on the evaluation method, we have the following under control in this field: - Some parts deal with a simple type of space - Some parts can respond to the environment and neighboring walls - The environment might not change the part

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Large Plan Figuration / Connection Points

Labeling different parts according to a developed digital method that allows to measure under the control of the designer a certain distance and generate accordingly a new part, such as a connection point / a door / a window

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Large Plan Figuration / Connection Points

Labeling different enclosures and nested enclosed spaces according to the developed digital method

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[08] Mereological City 08.02 Mereological Architectural Application

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This developed 3D alphabet create these three dimensional mereological part that can interact together to create new figurations. Similar to the previously developed method of the two dimensional alphabet, here the same method is applied on a three dimensional level. These types of spaces are clustered together to form bigger fields of interaction. The higher the number of the three dimensional prefabs interacting the higher the diversity of the fields.

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[08] Mereological City 08.02 Mereological Architectural Application

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The beginning of the architectural application was to develop the previous fields into three dimensional types of spaces that can be livable and inhabited. Every two-dimensional figuration became a three-dimensional figuration, and the previous merging methods of different types was similarly applied on the three dimensional level. The interaction on the three dimensional level gave a new perspective to use these spaces on the level of the function, the infrastructure, and the circulation. Some interactions created open communal spaces and closed communal spaces, other interactions created large scale buildings, and other created a type of spaces similar to social housing. This diversity, which is consciously designed, simulated and tested, proposes a new way of thinking about cities as buildings and buildings as cities. These units started interacting with other units forming clusters. In each study a certain type of interaction based on a digital logic allowed to read the part-to-whole differently. Sometimes, the whole cluster can be read as one whole and other times it can be read as a series of independent units acting together

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Three dimensional Figurations

Three dimensional Figurations moving from fragments to clusters

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3D prefabs

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Field 1

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Field 1

Three dimensional Interaction 1

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3D prefabs

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Field 1

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Field 2

Three dimensional Interaction 2

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3D prefabs

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Field 1

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Field 2

Three dimensional Interaction 3

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[08] Mereological City 08.02 Mereological Architectural Application

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3D prefabs

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Field 1

Field 2

Three dimensional Interaction 4

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[08] Mereological City 08.02 Mereological Architectural Application

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Three Dimensional prefab

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Interaction 1

Cluster forming 1

Cluster forming 2

Interaction 2

Cluster forming 3

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Cluster forming 4

Cluster forming 5

Cluster forming 6

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These interactions were further developed and merged together to create the large mereological city. Each interaction as seen in the previous images yielded a certain kind of spaces.

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Sub part from the mereological city, three different three dimensional fields interact to create this type of space. The result is a cluster of rooms resonating together with porous communal courtyards.

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Sub part from the mereological city, two different three dimensional fields interact to create this type of space. The result is a cluster of units within each other and a somehow free wall movement that flow in between.

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Sub part from the mereological city, three different six dimensional fields interact to create this type of space. The result is a cluster of long units with a big number of open spaces.

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Sub part from the mereological city, seven different three dimensional fields interact to create this type of space. The result is a multiple height series of blocks that overlook each other, and overlook the communal open spaces.

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Mereological city / part 1

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Mereological city / part 4

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Mereological city / part 3

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Mereological city / part 5

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Mereological city / part 9

Mereological city / part 10

Mereological city / part 7

Mereological city / part 8

Mereological city / part 11

Mereological city / part 12

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Fields Figuration / Large Scale Arrangement

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[08] Mereological City 08.03 FINAL PROPOSAL

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As previously stated, the purpose of this design research is to develop a mereological city based on our previous evaluation studies. This large city system is a proof that mereological resonance between parts can create a new way of reading, thinking and designing cities and large scale systems. In the following are a series of evaluations of our final proposal, as well as a description of the fabrication process.

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The final image of the proposed mereological city, which includes hundreds of original prefabs, tens of three dimensional fields and uncountable ways of interaction and resonance between the parts

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[08] Mereological City 08.03 FINAL PROPOSAL

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This evaluation of the final mereological city developed in this research shows the amount of complexity in reading and analyzing large city systems. More than hundreds of colors, each distinct, reflect on a unique type of enclosure.

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Enclosure level / upper height

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Enclosure level / middle height

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Clustering level / upper height

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Clustering level / middle height

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Clustering level / upper height

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Connection Points / upper height

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Connection Points / middle height

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Connection Points / upper height

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The mereological city proved to be a habitable environment with a diversity of architectural spaces. The human scale perspective of this city shows that designing a city, and designing a building are a highly linked series of processes that cannot be segregated. The autonomy of parts is still noticeable in the whole, a relation of part to whole is created when these parts resonate together. This city is an example of behaviors that are designed according to a new methodology of reading, designing and analyzing an architectural space. This design methodology proved attainable to create an adaptive process that arrives at countless co-trained buildings and urban fabrics.

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Section / mereological city / housing units

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Perspective One

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Perspective / mereological city / units and communal spaces

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Perspective Two

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Perspective Three

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[08] Mereological City 08.04 Fabrication Process

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This design research also explored the capacities of contemporary robotic technology in the process of making advanced innovative architecture. A PIRANHA CNC router was used was programmed to carve the mereological city. Due to the size limitations of the CNC milling machine the merelogical city was divided into four sheets that complete each other. The Model Board used was an Off-White Foam M301. The first trials were done on different materials of foam, testing the density, the colors and the translucency. The testing process was also conducted on different milling tools, each carving the material differently. Since the mereological city has a high amount of space diversity that needs a different carving the following tools were used: EM12 - EM6 - EM3

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CNC Router: Piranha Model Board: Off-White Foam M301 Milling Technique: One Sided Coolant: None Tools: EM12 - EM6 - EM3

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Sheet 1

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The mereological city milling sheet was divided into four sheets and then assembled together. The milling processes was planned according to the amount of details in the design.

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[08] Mereological City 08.04 Fabrication Process

CNC Milling Drills to test from

Yellow Foam M240 CNC -Milling EM12 EM6 -Drills EM3to test from Zero base left

Off white Foam M360 EM12 - EM6 - EM3 - EM2 Maintained the whole base

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CNC Milling Drills used: EM12 - EM6 - EM3

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Peach Foam M240 EM12 - EM6 - EM3 - EM2 Maintained half of the base

CNC Milling Drills Height Testing

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Milling Model / Sheet 1 CNC Router: Piranha Model Board: Off-White Foam M301 Milling Technique: One Sided Coolant: None Tools: EM12 - EM6 - EM3

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Milling Model / Sheet 2 CNC Router: Piranha Model Board: Off-White Foam M301 Milling Technique: One Sided Coolant: None Tools: EM12 - EM6 - EM3

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