Bï - D¤Å-Dô ¼ -»Þ G -Æâ P -Bô z -Ç+ ô ¼ -HÛ - Gmºhï P -Áï Å -‚-hP.ü M¾-uÛ º Û - Çe ô P Å-¾-Zï - zºÛ - ¼Û Bï Å -Æô G -VGÅ-Pô - vô h ü PG-hzP-¼z-MÅü Ngawang Rabgyal
M-G¼-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-±ôGÅ-qü Wildlife Protection Society of India
ŸÝ - hG-GmP-¤Dm hG-GmP-¤Dmü uÛ-ºfÞÅ-hGï-zÁïÅ-Ǩôm-¾¤-¤f¼-xÛmü z®ßm-hGôm-hGï-¿km-VôÅ-JÀÛP-GÛ-zôh-hGï-GZm-¤Gôm-hI-¿Ëü zôh-ˆÛ-GŸôm-mݺÛ-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-ˆÛ-iâP-Vï-Çtô-VßP-±P-hôm-Iâz-¿Ë-h¼ü zôh-ˆÛ-zP-Vïm-Gż-ºGôh-q-VôÅ-ZÛh-ºôh-¸ï¼ü Íï-ÁÛ-»-ͤ-Ç+h-ˆÛ-Gż-ºGôh-q-¤P-¼-z-GhÝGÅ-h;¼-ºzÞ¤ü hïz-G¸ÞGÅ-hP-Mz-ÁºÛ-¤²ïÅ-z¸ô-zü zôh-ˆÛ-zP-Vïm-HÛ-Gż-ºGôh-q-hP-WâÅ-ºGôh-q-GTÛG-¿UôGÅ-Gï-z-±P-PG-hzP-f¼-qü 2008 hq¼-fïPÅ-hP-qô-hïz-IPÅ- 3000ü hq¼-Cæm-zhG-hzP-M-G¼-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-±ôGÅ-q¼-»ôhü »ÛG-fôG-mÅ-z;º-Fô¾-¤ïh-q¼-hïz-ºhÛºÛ-V-ÁÅ-Ť-hݤ-zÞ-GP-»P-¼ÞP-z-zB¼-hq¼-hPhq¼-zÁÝÅ-ÅôGÅ-‚ïh-¤Û-VôG © WPSI 2008 All Rights Reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or copied in any form or any manner whatsoever without the prior written permission of the publishers.
Published by: Wildlife Protection Society of India S-25 Panchsheel Park New Delhi-110017 Printed by: Vee Enn Print-O-Pac New Delhi-110020 #011-66605040
WILDLFIE PROTECTION SOCIETY OF INDIA
FOREWORD
In 2005, a joint investigation into the illegal trade in tiger skins and other wildlife products conducted by the Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) and the Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) established beyond doubt that the thriving market for skins in Tibet was being fed by organised criminals who relied on India for their supply. This finding prompted WPSI to approach His Holiness the Dalai Lama who strongly condemned the use of wild animal skins and appealed to his community to refrain from promoting the trade. Convinced that mindsets and behaviour could only be changed through education and awareness, WPSI then launched an extensive campaign that covered the Tibetan community resettlement colonies throughout India.The campaign was spearheaded by Ngawang Rabgyal, our field officer, who has been untiring in his efforts to spread awareness among the Tibetan community. This book on diverse aspects of wildlife conservation and endangered species is the culmination of Ngawang’s efforts. Published in Tibetan, it aims to provide an accessible overview of wildlife conservation to the Tibetan-reading public. It does not confine itself to endangered species in Tibet, but discusses 35 different species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians (there is even a chapter on the trade in the caterpillar fungus, Cordyceps sinensis), describes their habitats and traces behavioural patterns. Considerable attention is devoted to the tiger and the Tibetan antelope or Chiru. The author outlines the illegal trade in tiger skins and in the wool of the antelope used to make the famous shatoosh shawls. We learn about the importance accorded to nature protection and wildlife conservation in Buddhism and the Tibetan tradition as reflected in the speeches and letters of His Holiness the Dalai Lama and other important Tibetan leaders. During the Kalachakra in January 2006, when the Dalai Lama called on Tibetans to refrain from buying and using animal skins, the community responded by publicly burning the wildlife skins they possessed. For those who would like to know more about wildlife laws – international, Indian and Chinese – the appendix, with its wealth of information, will serve as a handy reference guide.
III
This book is a first of its kind. It provides members of the Tibetan community with a unique opportunity to learn more about their environment, the animals they share it with and the significance of conservation. I hope this work will be an important source of primary information for people committed to the cause of conservation as well as a source of inspiration to others to join hands and address issues that will eventually threaten our own existence. We remain deeply indebted to the Sacharuna Foundation for their generous support to this project. BelindaWright Executive Director Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) Date:April 20, 2008
IV
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¾-M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅhP-Bï-hPôÅ-Zô-±ôP-Ç+ô¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-TïÅ-zNå¼-»ôhü hï-zŸÛm-zôh-»ÛG-mP-¤ÛP-±ÛG-hPf-ljh-¤ïh-qºÛ-M¾-Dz-hP-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤ÛP-h‚Ûm-»ÛG-GÛ-O-GhPÅ-zôh-»ÛG-mPƒÛÅ-»ôh-qÅ-M-VïºÛ->ÀôG-q-qô-n¤-qÅ-¤Eïm-xôGÅ-¤-mô¼-z-GmP-¼ôGÅ-ŸÝ-Mã-»Ûmüü
XVI
h;¼-VG M-G¼-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-±ôGÅ-qºÛ-ºGm-º²Ûm¿U¤-Ç+Ý-„Ëï¼-¾m-^-¼-‡Û-¤VôG-GÛ-Vïh-zXôhü ----------------------------..----................. III M¾-z-Ǩm-¼ÛºÛ-FÛ-º²Ûm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤VôG-GÛ-GÅÞP-ºyÛmü ----------------.---------..--- IX hq¾-Å-B-FÛ-º²Ûm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤VôG-GÛ-GÅÞP-ºyÛmü ------------.......---------------....- X ÇSôm-ºIôºÛ-Gb¤ü ------------------------------------------------...................................------.--- XI hïz-ºhÛºÛ-Iâz-V-hP-OÛG-ÇePÅ-Ç+ô¼ü -----------------------.......................--------....--- XV ¾ïºÞ-hP-qôü h¤ÛGÅ-zž-z;º-ÇÀôz-DG hP-qôü &GôP-Å-BzÅ-¤Gôm-Vïm-qô-¤VôG-GÛÅ-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz-Ç+ô¼-¾z°¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôzü --------------------------------.......................................--.....-........... 1 GZÛÅ-qü &GôP-Å-¤VôG-GÛÅ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-Ç+ô¼z°¾-zºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôzü .....................----------............................................................ 5 GÅÞ¤-qü ¤DÅ-hzP-¸¤-GhôP-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-¤VôG-GÛÅzhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-Bôz-Ç+ô¼-¾-GÅÞPÅ-qºÛ-z;º-ÇÀôzü ----------...----.......... 9 zŸÛ-qü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-Bôz-Ç+ô¼-¤Dm-Vïm±ß¾-FÛ¤Å-„Àô-IôÅ-¤VôG-GÛ-GÅÞP-¯ô¤ü ----------------------------------------------..----......... 12 ¾ïºÞ-GZÛÅ-qü º²¤-JÀÛP-uÛºÛ-Bï-D¤Å-Dô¼-»ÞG-Ç+ô¼-uÛ-zÁhü hP-qôü Dô¼-»ÞG-Pô-vôhü ----------------------------------------------------------------..----------...... 15 GZÛÅ-qü Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ-Iâz-Vü ---------------------------------------------------------..---------------... 16 GÅÞ¤-qü uÛºÛ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gmôh-º±ï-hP-h;º-P¾ü ................................. 17 zŸÛ-qü hÝG-µÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛÅ-Dô¼-»ÞG-ºzG-z®ôG-hP-Gmôh-º±ïü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 ¿S-qü ¤Û-ºzô¼-ºwï¾-MÅ-ˆÛÅ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gmôh-º±ïü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 XVII
iâG-qü VߺÛ-fôm-DÞPÅ-h;º-P¾-hP-Gmôh-º±ïü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zhÝm-qü M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz-ˆÛ-¾Å-hômü ............................................ zMh-qü ¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-hô-DÞ¼ü .................................................................... zô h -ˆÛ - ¼P-‚ã P -Dô ¼ -»Þ G -GÛ - GmÅ-zzÅ-Pô - vô h ü hP-qôü zôh-ˆÛ-Dô¼-»ÞG-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ................................................... GZÛÅ-qü zôh-ˆÛ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-Z¤Å-LÝh-hP-Gbô¼-Bômü ............................... GÅÞ¤-qü º‚ãP-ºHã¼-zôh-ˆÛ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-GÛ-GmÅ-zzÅü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . zŸÛ-qü zôh-¤ÛÅ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-¿e-zºÛ-ºhÝ-ÁïÅü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ¿S-qü zôh-ˆÛ-¼P-‚ãP-Dô¼-»ÞG-ÆâP-Bôz-ºzôh-Ç+ݾü ........................................... ¼Û - Bï Å -Æô G -VGÅ-Ç+ ô ¼ -uÛ - zÁhü hP-qôü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ............................................ GZÛÅ-qü ºhz-VGÅ-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ............................................................ GÅÞ¤-qü ¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ˆÛ-º±ô-GmÅ-Dô¼-»ÞG-¾-Gbô¼-zTô¤ü . . . . . . . . . . ¾ïºÞ-GÅÞ¤-qü GTm-G¸m-Ç+ô¼-Pô-vôhü hP-qôü ÇeG-Pô-vôhü ......................................................................................... GZÛÅ-qü ÇeG-ÆâP-Bôz-ˆÛ-FÛ¤Å-¾ÞGÅ-Gbm-ºzïzÅü .......................................... GÅÞ¤-qü M-G¼-mP-¿ËGÅ-qºÛ-ÇeG-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-Ç+ô¼ü .......................................... zŸÛ-qü M-mG-mP-¿ËGÅ-qºÛ-ÇeG-GÛ-hôm-Aïmü .................................................... ¿S-qü zôh-qÅ-ÇeGÅ-¿tGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-Zô-±ôP.ü . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iâG-qü G¸ÛG ............................................................................................... zhÝm-qü Gź-º¤-GPÅ-G¸ÛG ...................................................................... zMh-qü hô¤-Fü ............................................................................................. hGÝ-qü hô¤-F-h¤¼-VßP.ü .............................................................................. zTß-qü Ƥü .................................................................................................... XVIII
24 25 26
28 31 38 39 42
45 50 53
57 60 61 63 68 72 75 77 81 83
zTß-GTÛG-qü iïh-¤ôP.ü .................................................................................. 85 zTß-GZÛÅ-qü hô¤-mG ..................................................................................... 88 zTß-GÅÞ¤-qü G»Ûü ......................................................................................... 91 zTß-zŸÛ-qü ÅïP-Gïü ......................................................................................... 93 zTô-¿S-qü ‚P-Çoï-hô¤-h;¼ü ........................................................................... 96 ¾ïºÞ-zŸÛ-qü ¼Û-hÐGÅ-Ç+ô¼-Pô-vôhü hP-qôü zôh-ˆÛ-¼Û-hÐGÅ-G®ôh-Pô-vôh-¤hô¼-zÇkÝÅü ............................................ 98 GZÛÅ-qü M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-G®ôh-ˆÛ-DÞ-¾Þ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-HÛÅZô-±ôP-hP-hï-hG-zïh-uôh-WÛ-¿e¼-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-¤ïh-Ç+ô¼ü ....................................-.. 101 GÅÞ¤-qü G®ôh-ˆÛ-DÞ-¾Þ-M¾-uÛºÛ-mP-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾mG-±ôP-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-Ç+ô¼ü ......................................................................................... 104 zŸÛ-qü G®ôh-M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-ÆâP-Bôz-ˆÛIÅ-ÅÞ-±ßh-qºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü ................................................................................................ 107 ¿S-qü GZmü ................................................................................................... 109 iâG-qü ºƒôP.ü ............................................................................................... 111 zhÝm-qü zÅï-¼Þü ............................................................................................. 114 zMh-qü ¼-Lôhü ............................................................................................. 117 hGÝ-qü JÀP-Vïmü ........................................................................................... 118 zTß-qü JÀ-zü .................................................................................................. 122 zTß-GTÛG-qü AP.ü ........................................................................................ 125 zTß-GZÛÅ-qü Lô-zü ........................................................................................ 127 zTß-GÅÞ¤-qü ÁÐ-zü ........................................................................................ 129 zTß-zŸÛ-qü z-¤ïmü ......................................................................................... 132 zTô-¿S-qü Gmº-zü ......................................................................................... 134 XIX
zTß-iâG-qü M-¼ü ........................................................................................ 136 zTß-zhÝm-qü ÁÐ-F-Ç+ï-¼ÛP.ü ......................................................................... 138 zTô-zMh-qü Vß-dü ...................................................................................... 140 zTß-hGÝ-qü ¿Ëô-Í-—˜Û-¼Û-DºÛ-AP-Fü ............................................................. 142 ¾ïïºÞ-¿S-qqü ºhz-VGÅ-Pô-vôhü hP-qôü FâP-FâP-Ç+ï-mG ................................................................................. 144 GZÛÅ-qü ‚-¶P.ü ......................................................................................... 146 GÅÞ¤-qü ©-‚ü ............................................................................................ 148 zŸÛ-qü ‚P-Çoï-JÀÛP-GÛ-‚-qïm-JËàmü ............................................................... 150 ¾ïºÞ-iâG-qü Vß-GmÅ-hP-¿eô-ºIô-ÆôG-VGÅ-Pô-vôhü hP-qôü £æ¾-¼ÛGÅü ...................................................................................... 153 GZÛÅ-qü Vß-ÆÛm-¼ÛGÅü ............................................................................... 156 GÅÞ¤-qü ¼ÞÅ-Ç~¾-¼ÛGÅü ........................................................................... 158 zŸÛ-qü Z-Vïm-¼ÛGÅü .................................................................................. 160 ¾ï º Þ - zhÝ m -qü v-hP-vïºÞ-¼ÛGÅü ......................................................................................... 163 ¾ïºÞ-zMh-qü ¯Û-ÁÛP-Ǩm-¯Ó-Pô-vôhü hP-qôü h‚¼-¯Ó-hGÝm-ºzÞü ......................................................................... 167 ¾ï º Þ - hGÝ - qü zôh-qºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-zïh-uôh-hP-¤ï¼-ÆïG-Ç+ô¼ü hP-qôü zôh-mP-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-h¼-±ß¾-¤hô¼-®¤-zXôh-qü ............ 171 GZÛÅ-qü zôh-¼ÛGÅ-hP-ºƒï¾-zºÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-ˆÛmG-±ôP-GÛ-hôm-Aïm-Ç+ô¼ü ............................................................................. 177 GÅÞ¤-qü zôh-mP-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-¤ï¼-ÆïG-GÛ-¾Å-ºGݾ-Ç+ô¼ü ...... 179 XX
¾ï º Þ - zTß - zü D-hô m -¤Û - ¤±ß P Å-qºÛ - ¼Û - Bï Å -Æô G -VGÅ-Æâ P -Bô z ü M-mG-GŸÝP-GÛ-xÛ-M¾-º‚ô¼-¿km-Tm-n¤Å-zôh-hP-M-mG-bà-¼Û-hÐGÅ-QômMG-Vïh-¤Iôm-ºzôh-hP-hq¾-º‚ô¼-ºhÝ-ºGôh-‚Å-qºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü ..................... 186 M-mG-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-¤ï¼-ÆïG-GÛ-¾Å-ºGݾ-ºGôG-fzÅhP-hï-hG-¤Þ-¤fÞh-zïh-uôh-hGôÅ-q-z;º-zbP-zºÛ-Ç+ô¼ü ............................ 189 ¸Þ ¼ -Mmü zôh-zŸÝGÅ-¯ô¤-q-qô-ºGº-ÁÅ-ˆÛ-qGÅ-¼ÛGÅ-Mm-GôÅ-hPhï-hG-¤ï¼-zÆïGÅ-Ç+ô¼-HÛ-hrh-¯ô¤-xôGÅ-zÇkÝÅü ...................................... 194 zôh-Å-¤-Áô¼-GôP-zôh-GŸÝP-GÛÅ-¼Û->ÀâP-¯-±ÛG-G¤¼Û-M->ÀâP-M-zÇk¤Å-qºÛ-FÛ¤Åü ..................................................................... 211 M¾-uÛºÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-hP-Bï-hPôÅ-Zô-±ôPÇ+ô¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-Pô-vôh-GTïÅ-zbàÅü ......................................................... 213 M¾-uÛºÛ-¼P-‚ãP-ÆâP-Bôz-¤Z¤-ºƒï¾-¿Ëm-±ôGÅ-ˆÛFÛ¤Å-»ÛG-Pô-vôh-GTïÅ-zbàÅü ....................................................................... 215 M-G¼-GŸÝP-GÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-zhG-¤ïh-Åï¤Å-Tm-ÆâP-BôzÇ+ô¼-HÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-GTïÅ-zbàÅü ....................................................................... 219 M-mG-GŸÝP-GÛ-ÇeôPÅ-¾-Zï-zºÛ-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅÆâP-Bôz-ˆÛ-FÛ¤Å-»ÛG ............................................................................................. 222 ¼P-ZÛh-mÅ-h-z¼-¼Û-BïÅ-ÆôG-VGÅ-ÆâP-Bôz-VïhGô-dôGÅ-¾Å-ºGݾ-WÛ-Çtï¾-Ç+ô¼ü ............................................................................ 236 ¤WâG-zÇkÝ-zºÛ-Gb¤-hP-fÞGÅ-Xï-¾ïGÅ-GÅô¾ü ............................................ 241 zôh-»ÛG-GÛ-hrh-GŸÛºÛ-»ÛG-V-DG-GÛ-¤ÛP-GŸÝP.ü ....................................... 244 h‚Ûm-»ÛG-GÛ-hrh-GŸÛºÛ-»ÛG-V-DG-GÛ-¤ÛP-GŸÝP.ü .................................... 246 XXI