LANDSCAPE PORTFOLIO LI AIJING JANE BA(LS) HKU ‘18
2
SELF-ORGANIZING METROPOLITAN FALLOW
p. 4-8
COMMONGROUND: REVITALIZING AGING COMMUNITY
p. 9-13
LIVABLE STREET IN THE OVERCROWDED CITY
p. 14-15
CONVIVAL OBJECTS
p. 16-18
TRACING THE LIGHT AND WATER
p. 19
DEVELOPMENT DETOUR
p. 20- 28
RESEARCHES
p. 29- 30
ARTWORKS
p. 31
3
SELF-ORGANIZING METROPOLITAN FALLOW GROUND
NATURAL PROCESSES wetland 1.
wetland
Instructor: Lin Yifeng | HKU 2017 Fall
years without mega flood, wetland evolved into woods
woods 2017 2009 2009
2004
7 years after expo 2010, the expo park at the heart of metropolis Shanghai, an area of 7 km2 still remains largely vacant and idle after the demolish of the temporary exhibition pavilions. This is an difficult ground marked by decades of heavy industries and its toxic pollution remnants, a few active architecture and sporadic poor temporary community of construction workers isolated in an ocean of abandoned fallow land and an urban climate with intolerable heat and droughts in summer.
2.
riparian
soften riverbank
+
2017
block polluted river ot
nt l
aca
v into
3.
meadow
spontaneous succession on demolished sites
planting community balance breaker: Solidago decurrens
4.
grove
remanant soils beds from expo support tree growth 5.
planting beds
discrete canopies and drought area
Without economic or political incentives to sponsor for major transformation, the site cranes for innovative redevelopment strategy which can dramatically change its overall spatial quality in a more sustainable way. I found my solution in the the spontaneous ruderal plants establishing themselves in the impoverished conditions on site. The design will test out a regeneration plan driven by urban ecologies, a new town growing with and enpowered by the improvished group and nature rather than upon their debris.
ACTIVITIES 1. mapping of activities
CATEGORIZE
2.SUBDIVISIONS
3.ACTIVITIES
1.1 mega landscape
2.1 mega landscape
3.1 mega landscape
weekends activities 2. & transportation tunnel passage bus subway frequently used
tourist running concert photograph camping fish/ insect hunt resting
artificial stream and pond planting bed 1.2 mega openspace
spontaneous grove spontaneous meadow
manmade wetland remanant raparian habitat
weekday activities 3. & connection to residential area
3.
fishing
3.2 mega space
2.2 mega openspace
4.
concert family picnic running
camping fish/bu
tterfly
soccer soccer training (kids)
in use
1.3 mega structure
not in use
plaza renewed program 2.3 mega structure
fishing catching
picnic
strolling shoreward wind
vacant lot parking lot covered space
5. profitable activities
mega sports centre concert
3.3 mega structure football field
concert resting dining napping exhibition photograph
6. lack of affordable daily recreation
5.
private P.E.
4
commercial factory
exhibition no program change
5.
INITIAL
existing
PHASE 1
PHASE 2
patch source
spreader
SELF-EVOLVING
editing nodes 0
100 200
500
1000
EXISTING SITE SECTION
5
5 4
3
1
2 6 1 7
8
0
6
100
200
500
1 sheep lawn 2 mowed path 3 paved path 4 subway exit 5 mall 6 SOEs commercial area 7 new commercial area 8 residential area
assigned herbaceous palette self-evolving mosaic woods & shurb
1_INITIAL STAGE MEASURES
3_FIVE YEARS LATER MEASURES
uncover hard surface and allow the vegetation to spread; seedling at the 6 gardens as agitators1;
1
ongoing construction at nearby blocks. developed vegetation trimmed and edited while newly uncovered surface expland freely;
3
2
invite construction workers and gatekeepers to start urban farming at the moisture garden to alter the soil condition2.
as the main construction activities finished, the farming sites turn into moisture gardens1;
1
concentrated maintainance(selective addition & removal at the gardens, mowing out pathes2 and ground for temporary events)
2
ACTIVITIES urban farming; night stroll site for the workers.
2_ONE-TWO YEAR LATER MEASURES
4_TEN YEARS LATER MEASURES full completetion of the area construction;
constructions at surrounding: finish main corridors1;
4
2
1
3
concentrated maintainance(selective addition & removal at the gardens, mowing out pathes2 and ground for temporary events).
concentrated maintainance(selective addition & removal at the gardens, mowing out pathes1 and ground for temporary events2).
2 1
ACTIVITIES
ACTIVITIES
urban farming3;
the park becomes a desitination and daily company for the offices and neiborhood.
night stroll site for the workers; raise 2-3 sheep at the open field assigned for weekends sports4.
0
100
200
500
1000
ecological source for other urban wilderness parks.
7
8
9
10
COMMONGROUND: REVITALIZING AGING COMMUNITY Instructor: Bin Jiang | HKU 2017 Spring
HAMMER HILL PARK
LION ROCK MOUNTAIN VEW “As long as I still have the ability to move, I go exercise in Hammer Hill Road Sports Ground every afternoon and go to Ngau Chi Wan Market for shopping and sociailizing as goods there are so much cheaper than in the estate and it is nice to chitchat with others in Tai Pai Dong. I go to community service center to meausure blood sugar level every Tuesday. Medical service is very important in this estate” -old female resident of Hung Ngok House
NAN LIAN GARDEN (600m, 10mins)
x footbridge (stairs)
“I live in Ping Shek Estate. I took my son to the kindergarten interview here today. But we don’t come to this place before. I usually take him to Ping Shek Playground. It is large and has a lot things to play with.” mid-age female visitor
HAMMER HILL SPORTS GROUND
“I live in Tseung Kwan O. I came here every weekends to visit my friend. I usually sit here to wait for her. But we won’t stay long here. It is too windy. The wind carries sand and sometimes even rubbish all around. I would prefer to spend time in malls with her.” -female mid-age visitor
HAMMER HILL MOUNTAIN VEW
BUS& MINIBUS
MTR EXIT
NGAU CHI WAN MARKET
MTR STATION Tseung Kwan O
x
subway(srairs) & too far
public space visitors in residents out
x
PING SHEK ESTATE
difficulties for elderlies
PING SHEK PLAYGROUND (1km, 15mins)
0
0
0
10
20
50
100
0
100
200
100
500
200
10
500
20
11
Choi Hung Estate is a famed public housing project complete in 1960s. 70 years later, the main user group of its public space, residents aged 75 and above constitutes more than 25% of its population, are suffering from original functionalism space that is unfriendly to aged people, as well as abrupt disconnection with nature.
COMMUAL
PRIVATE
INTO SHELTERED
DECKING FOR
COMMUAL ACTIVITIES
BAY
SOCIALIZING
HUB
BACK GARDEN
PUBLIC
SEMI- PUBLIC
NO EXSITING ON SITE QUIET NOISY
public
semi-public
commual
private
noisy
quiet
LOOKOUT+
TRANSFORM
FREE-RUNNINDECKING
SHOPS
BY PLANTS AND SOLID
FOR
This project firsted analysed formal and informal use of public space, Popular covered space under buildings is identified. Based on the space typology, a garden is created and shared by multiple groups aged from 0 to 95.
open& soften edge program& landscaping attraction
GROUND FLOOR
1ST FLOOR quiet garden
toliet
commual activities area
community committee
tea & movies social area
+1.2 m
water jitter sandpit
morning exercise area
workshop sandpit
outdoor activities centre (extension of kindergarten)
facilities house kindergarten
educational rooftop garden
morning-tea resteraunt
INDOOR PROGRAMS TARGET GROUPS ELDERLIES KIDS RESIDENTS ALL (RESIDENTS + VISITORS)
12
OUTDOOR MIXED-USE SPACE FOR RESIDENTS ALL (RESIDENTS + VISITORS)
A
B
a
b
perspective 0
10
20
50
N
13
0
10
20
50
tolerant wind pollut- shade Chloris barbata Bauhinia Ă— blakeana
Melastoma malabathricum Rhaphiolepis indica
Gardenia jasminoides
Ficus microcarpa
14
Chrysopogon aciculatus Dactyloctenum aegyptium
Cinnamomum burmannii
Eragrostis amabilis
Cardamine flexuosa
Phanera variegata
Lespedeza formosa
Capsella bursa-pastoris Stellaria alsine Grimm. Portulaca oleracea
Dalbergia benthamii
Litsea rotundifolia
Mimosa pudica
Psychotria asiatica Ardisia crenata
preserve existing trees principle: control grading change near root within
Gordonia axillaris
Ilex asprella
Oxalis corniculata
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Machilus breviflora Rhynchlytrum repens
Solidago decurrens
Tabebuia chrysantha
0
10
20
50
tolerant wind pollut- shade Chloris barbata Bauhinia Ă— blakeana
Melastoma malabathricum Rhaphiolepis indica
Gardenia jasminoides
Ficus microcarpa
Chrysopogon aciculatus Dactyloctenum aegyptium
Cinnamomum burmannii
Eragrostis amabilis
Cardamine flexuosa
Phanera variegata
Lespedeza formosa
Capsella bursa-pastoris Stellaria alsine Grimm. Portulaca oleracea
Dalbergia benthamii
Litsea rotundifolia
Mimosa pudica
Psychotria asiatica Ardisia crenata
PRE-EXSITING TREES PLANTING SCHEME preserve existing trees principle: control grading change near root within
Gordonia axillaris
Ilex asprella
Oxalis corniculata
Bryophyllum pinnatum
Machilus breviflora Rhynchlytrum repens
Solidago decurrens
Tabebuia chrysantha
15
LIVABLE STREET IN THE OVERCROWDED CITY Instructor: Matthew Pryor& Gavin Coates | HKU 2016 Fall Queen’s Road East is a historic bustling street full of residents, commuters, tourists and shopkeepers (most run furniture and eatery business). Given such high-density condition, the project explores shared street design and innovative urban greening that balance current conflicting usage and creates a much more livable streetscape.
A
B HIGH-RISE RESIDENCE
COMMERCIAL
EVA
COMMERCIAL (OFFICE TOWER) FLEXIBLE DEFINITIVE
a COMMERCIAL (OFFICE TOWER)
b COMMERCIAL (OFFICE TOWER)
N
1950-60s OLD CHINESE STYLE RESIDENCE 0 1 2
5
10
OTHER BUILDING TYPES
COMUAL/REST ZONE DAILY VEHIVLES COMMUTERS/ PERDESTRI-
16
17
CONVIVAL OBJECTS Instructor: Bin Jiang& Natalia Echeverri| HKU 2017 Spring Group member: Li Aijing& Lee Yingchik
MAIN USERS MINOR USERS SHORTER LONGER 7:00-9:00 STUDENTS& CARETAKERS OTHER
18:00-20:00 RESIDENTS OTHER
EARLIER LATER afterschool we go to Mcdownald to chill I want somewhere to sit and rest where can I have fun at night where can I go before the movie
15:00-17:00 STUDENTS& CARETAKERS OTHER
18
22:00-24:00 FRUIT TRUCK DRIVERS OTHER
The site is at the boundary of Yau Mat Tei Fruit market. The dynamic landscape is often seen as chaotic and undesired by city managers. The design tries to discover the everyday logics behind various flows of groups on-site and absorb the energy to create more humane and continent public space.
b
site 1 830mm 360mm 1100mm
ACTIVITIES ANTICIPATION
BEFORE
INTERVENTION SECTION 1:25
b
B
AFTER PLAN 1:50 SHADED ALL YEAR
7AM - 10AM
PLAN 1:50
B
b STREET SECTIONS 1:100
B
A
site 2
3PM-5PM
6PM-8PM
10PM-12AM
GATHERING 6 - 8 HRS
DURATION
SITTING WAITING 10 - 20 MINS
GARDENING > 1 HR
READING 10 - 30 MINS
SITTING & EATING 10 - 30 MINS
SITTING 3 - 10 MINS EATING 10 - 20 MINS
ORIGINAL ACTIVITY
GATHERING 6 - 8 HRS
STANDING LEANING WAITING 10 STANDING & EATING 10 MINS - 20 MINS
PLAN 1:50 WITH SHADE IN 3:30 PM LATE JUNE
READING 10 MINS
a BEFORE
SITTING 3 - 5 MINS
AFTER 3:20PM
EATING 10 MINS
INTERVENTION SECTION 1:25
1100m
550mm
a
A
a
A
STREET SECTIONS 1:100
19
c
site 3
BEFORE
INTERVENTION SECTION 1:25
1100m
INTERVENTION SECTION 1:25
550mm
a
A
a
A
STREET SECTIONS 1:100
c BEFORE
site 3
INTERVENTION SECTION 1:25
C
c
460mm PLANTING AFTER 10:00AM
REST FOR ELDERLY
C
c
4:00PM
C 1100mm 1020mm
560mm
PLAN 1:50 WITH SHADE IN 11:30AM LATE JUNE
116mm
C
c
D
1020mm
STREET SECTIONS 1:100
d 1:00PM
site 4 150mm 560mm f
F
650mm
650mm
560mm
110mm
3:40PM
INTERVENTION SECTIONS 1:25
PLAN 1:300 WITH SHADE IN 3:30PM LATE JUNE D
e
E
PLAN 1:50 d
D 6:00PM
20
F
f
e
E
STREET SECTIONS 1:100 3:30PM
TRACING THE LIGHT AND WATER Instructor: Matthew Pryor& Andrew Toland | HKU 2016 Spring This ecological-educational trail revails hydrological and light condition along a stream in Sai Kung Natural Park. Studies focused on details of construction process from which practical innovation is made.
ROCK SLAB
METAL PLATE
CARVE OUT ROCK SLAB
WOOD DECK
CONCRETE BASE WOOD FRAME
STEEL I BEAN
EXPLODED DRAWING 1:50
21
DEVELOPMENT DETOUR -- Planning the environmental futures of rural Laos’s new corridors Instructor: Ashley Scott Kelly & Xiaoxuan Lu| HKU 2018 Spring Individual Design Studio The China-Laos Railway cuts through mountainous landscape of northern Laos. For construction logistics, temporary construction roads linking national main road corridors with remote construction sites were built into previously marginalized communities. Particularly, in the section in between Southern Oudomxay and Northern Luang Prabang, such roads reach more than 100 km long, forming a new terrestrial corridor linking up many villages as well as two major cities Muang Xai and Luang Prabang at its ends. The road provides precious infrastructure service and more market access to the villages, a promising solution to the land pressure and overcultivation occurred on site due to coercive government land allocation policy and increasing population. Altitude 800 700 600 500 400
Expansion of cultivation
Marginalized upland community
35 km rural road from Houay Phouly Village to Mouang county was widened. A new route with gentler gradient across the moutain was constructed 45 km of new construction road to Pak Ou, Luang Prabang is built, providing new terrestrial transportation means to Luang Prabang
Luang Prabang Tourist arrival is projected to increase by 1000%
Provincial Road linking Muang to National Highway route 13 was widened and partially asphalted
2003 Agriculture in villages alongside Route 13 gradually commercialized
2004 Rubber boom throughout Northen Laos
Maize Production mainly exported to Thailand
2006
2010
Maize Covers 1,500 ha in Oudomxay, export market shift to China
2012
2016
Rising concerns for great damage done to farmers and environment due to chemical pesticide
JAN, 2017
Railway construction is projected to finish
MAY, 2017
2018 President of GoL urges Oudomxay to boost crop production for railway, while no memodium signed between Oudomxay and China on what crop to produce and what amount
Maize Covers 28,600 ha in Oudomxay Expansion of banana
22
2011
Rubber boom broke due to international price drastically dropped. Rubber in Oudomxay reached ubber already covers over 30,000 ha. Many lied idle or cut down.
Overcultivation in midland & shortened fallow - land allocation policy and population pressure
Insufficient flat land for paddy field in lowland area
Emergent road repair carried out by China railway company at many section of the new construction roads
April,2018
2021
No Freight Station in Muang
Freight Station in Muang
Corridor Migrant Influx: 135 households, 945 persons New Agriculture Land: 1,170 ha
Corridor Migrant Influx: 228 households, 1596 persons New Agriculture Land: 1,950 ha
Muang
Muang
Villagers are reported to move to area alongside the construction route. Some villagers have bought motorcycles and small trucks
Government banned banana plantation. Banana in Oudomxay reaches 6,236 ha
Pak Ou
Pak Ou
Yet the roads can be an unstable ground. The undulating topography and steep long slopes are precarious in wet season. Prevailing unpaved road course and poor construction quality (excessive cut sections and absence of erosion control measurements) put its connectivity into uncertainty. The China railway company fight the terrain by delivering plenteous emergent engineering repairing during the wet season. However, villagers without proper machinery can hardly repeat the same routine after railway construction completes.
45 km 0.8h
Route (Main 13 Natio nal C orrido r)
Muang Xai
Muang
NON-INTERVENTION RISK ANALYSIS
35 km 1h
1 2
Ne
w
Dir
tR
d(
20
1 To Muang and Muang Xai(Capital of Oudomxay)
6
Pak Ou
45 km 1.3h
17
) fo
rR
ail
RISKY SECTIONS
5
4
3
oa
Meanwhile, it is reported that villagers have started to set up settlements and purchasing small trucks and motorcycles along the corridor. While villagers are likely not fully acknowledged the impact of improper agriculture practices on adjacent road structure stability, typically cash crop monoculture and slash and burn on over-steep slopes, future expansion might subject the road to continuous erosion under monsoonal downpouring and series of failures. Eventually, as seen in many precedents, the road will become too rugged to use within a short time.
Co
ns
tru
22 km 0.3h
cti
on
Ac
ce
ss
Luang Prabang
ROAD CONDITION in 2017 widened
ALTERNATIVE if FAIL IN WET SEASON X Take alternative pre-existing road
2 Intra-Village
newly-built
3 Intra-Village
widened
X
4 Intra-Village
widened
X
5 To Luang Prabang
newly-built
6 To Luang Prabang
newly-built
LOW: Provincial road(8-10m wide) from Muang to to Route 13 established for years, previously accessible in wet season, partially asphalted in 2017
HIGH: New dirt road beyond section 6 to Route 13 might fail
VILLAGES WITH LOW RISK IN WET SEASON
scenario i none of 1,3,4 stablized
Keo,Khonthoy Moklom, Tham, Phouhouat gnai, Mokcha laeng, Saenchot
Nongtao
scenario ii only 1 stablized
Tham, Phouhouat gnai, Mokcha laeng, Saenchot
Nongtao, Keo, Khonthoy Moklom
Phouhouat gnai, Mokcha laeng, Saenchot, Tham(East)
Nongtao, Keo, Khonthoy Moklom, Tham(West)
scenario iii only 1&3 stablized scenario iv 1,3,4 all stablized
PRIORITY
PHASE I Terraced Riprap, Live Fascine, Vegetation Preservation Riprap
Riprap Riprap
VILLAGES WITH HIGH RISK IN WET SEASON
INTERVENTION FLOW CHART
10 km
implement phase I at risky road sections
Take alternative pre-existing road to Mekong River (extra 10km)
FURTHER RISK
Nongtao, Keo, Khonthoy Moklom, Tham, Phouhouat gnai, Mokcha laeng, Saenchot
Terraced Riprap
PHASE II APPLICABLE STRATEGIES
Identify SUITABLE AREAS for new settlements and cultivation
Apply strategy to sites according to TYPOLOGY and slope
Based on risk evaluation, Invest in different crops/livestocks withdifferent harvest timing to minimize unexpected loss due to road blockage
if no approperiate crop under current risk level, choose another strategy suitable for the land condition
PHASE III LOCAL PROCESSING
Dried Fruit Processing - Prolong storage time for wet-season harvested products Animal Feed Processing - Build up local market, reduce reliance on external traders and companies
23
MAPPING : RISK & LAND PRESSURE
The project tries to detour villagers from predicted adverse future to more sustainable alterna-tives, by providing a phased strategies system. It first helps villagers identify strategic detouring options on the roads and prioritize labour for some simple rapid action that can be delivered to mitigate road failure risks.
24
Then suitable areas for future settlement and land cultivation is delineated based on multiple factors as topography, edaphic conditions, local hydrology, existing labour pool and biotic interaction.
MAPPING : SUITABLE AREAS FOR FUTURE EXPANSION
Pak Ou
and & shortened fallow nd population pressure 50m
Phase I Rapid Stablization thourgh Micro-scale Transformation Liv
eF
0°
15°
20°
25°
30°
35°
asc
ine
&Ve
get
atio
for risky sections identified
np
res
erv
atio
n
Rip
Ter ra
rap
cin
Before
gc
ons
truc
tion
spo
il
Before After
After
with
tun
nel
exc
ava
tion
Live fascine stops upslope failure. Preserved forest stablizes the soil
was
te
Upslope failure Untreated construction spoil washed into water body and causes pollution
Terraced spoil armored with riprap to protect the road base from erosion. The increased weight also help reduce risk of downslope failure
25
Phase II Appropriate Land Use and Conservative Farming Techniques Fru 0°
15°
20°
25°
30°
it -
35°
woo
dy
*
shr
ub
agr
Legume - Nitrogeon fixation
Annual - labour input/month
Growing
Harvest
Perennial- Investment cycle/ year
Growing
Mature(Harvest)
Type 1. Hill Slope
ofo
Original vegetatiion is replaced by cash crop monoculture. Low biomass and shallow roots of maize can not hold soil and intercept runoff, which will deteriorate erosion
For village with low risk in scenario ii
res
try
sys
tem
Mango
Citrus
Paper Mulberry
* Stylosanthes quianensis (Stylo CIAT 184)
Shallow failure on roadside slope due to continuous erosion in wet season. Loss of agricultural land & crop. Villagers might have grown plants harvest in wet season, the products are trapped due to road disconnectivity.
Brachiaria decumbens (Basilisk)
For village with low risk in scenario i
Cover crop for erosion
Lychee
For
age
Pla
Jackfruit
Longan
Shady-requiring or shady tolerant species such as cadarmom and tea are planted in understories when tree canopy closes. They are simultaneously cover crop provide soft armor the soil against rain
Cardamom
nta
tion
&G
raz
ing
Lan
d
Continuous cultivation of monoculture soil-taxing cash crop for a few years, the soil fertility and structure breaks down and has to lie in fallow for a long period
For all scenario Incorporate forage plantation as cover crop when canopy is still open. It allows farmers to have economic output from the system at initial stage. Also far-reaching roots of forage help hold the soil and extract nutrition in deep leaching layer
Buffalo
/ year
Cattle
Hedgerow of shurbby legume pigeon pea helps to physically intercept runoff and fixes nitrogeon in surrounding soil.
Goat
*
Output Yr 1
Yr 15
Stylosanthes quianensis (Stylo CIAT 184)
+
Brachiaria decumbens (Basilisk)
Soil build-up with legume and grass
Fruit - woody shrub agroforestry system
Riprap
Upland Field
Grazing Land
Type 2. Toe Slope
Phase II Fruit Tree- Woddy Shrub Agroforestry
For low risk village in scenario Month iii 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Upl
and
Fie
ld
Maize Peanut
*
Farmers relying on fertilizer and herbcide provided by contract farmer for continuous cash-crop monoculture, which will eventually lead to soil pollution or depletion
Construction spoil together with vehicular pollutants washed into agricultural field
While the foreign investor might not appear in harvest season
Cassava Chilli
Additional investment in facilities constructed for introduced cash crop Oven house for tobacco (Maintainence 2M kip/ year)
*
Paper Mulberry Pigeon pea
Chromo- Intercropping& Hedge Row laena Crop rotation odorata as cover crop for fallow period
For low risk village in scenario ii
Month 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Cash crop dependent on contract farming Month 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sesame
Sugarcane
Pumpkin
Far
For all scenario
min
gT erra
ce
Month 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tobbaco
Riprap and regenerated vegetation will reduce erosion downslope. Bioswale disposed sediment and allow hydrocarbons pollutants to degrade. Afterwards, water can be recycled for irrigation in dry season
Paddy Rice For low risk village in scenario iii
*
Watermelon
Construction spoils are recycled to build terrace and increase flat area for cultivation Crops can be sold by local traders are encouraged than ones totally rely on foreign investors
Soybean
Chilli For low risk village in scenario ii
Crops for both domestic and China market are planted to reduce reliance on foreign investors
Month 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Sesame
Crop rotationSoil conservation
26
Pumpkin
Riprap
Phase I Riprap
Farming Terrace
Phase I Buffer Biosw
Crop rotationSoil conservation
Type 3. Valley
Rip
For low risk village in scenario Month ii 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
aria
nG
ard
en
Lettuce Cabbage Garlic Onion Cucumber For low risk village in scenario i
Land is used for cultivation regardlessly, esp. under the food security pressure from cash crop expansion
Pineapple
Papaya
Silt recycled from river
Wa te
rsh
ed
Damage of upslope vegetation cover and construction spoil easily washed into water course and polluting water source for villages
Roadside vegetation important to watershed management is preserved for NFTPs harvest and erosion control
Con
ser
vat
ion 13m
Bridge lead agriculture and settlement to flat alluvial plain rather than steep slope adjecent to river
30m
Bridge offer optional site for agriculture in flat plain Conserve vegetation critical to watershed management
For
age
Pla
Watershed Conservation
nta
tion
&L
Type 4. Flat Plain
ives
Phase II Phase II Bamboo Bridge Riparian Gard
For all scenario
toc
kF
arm
Buffalo
Continuous cropping on previous overcultivated land, villagers are trapped in viscious cycle of land degradation
/ year
Cattle
Pig
Composting can be used to improve the soil
Livestock pen make it convenient to manage livestocks, reduces livestock missing. Also proper and concentrated manure management (by composting) provide soil amendment in forage plantation
For all scenario
Com
Forage plantation and commercialized livestock production secure income for villagers. Meanwhile, far-reaching roots of forage help hold the soil and extract nutrition in deep leaching layer and improve the structure. Animal manure can further fertilizes the land
pos
ting
vegetable, grain residues
animal manure
Composting
fallen tree foliage
Composting
Forage Plantation Phase II Composting
food scraps 1m
5m
10m
P F 100m
Phase II Fruit Tree- Woddy Shrub Agroforestry
Phase I Riprap
Non- intervention Scenario
Phase II Forage Plantation Grazing Land
Phase I Buffer Bioswale
Phase I Riprap
Non- intervention Scenario
Phase II Composting
Phase II Farming Terrace
Phase II Forage Plantation
100m
Within those areas, specific land use is planed out considering surrounding slope morphological typology gradients and risk level at different locations. For longterm development, two achievable local processing options are proposed in order to further build up villagers’ resiliency against the uncertain traffic conditions and empower them to live smoothly with the unstable ground.
27 Phase II Phase II Bamboo Bridge Riparian Garden
Phase II Farming Terrace
100m
Phase III Local Processing Network
0-15
Ani
ma
s ha
rves
t at
l Fe
ed
Fruit - woody shrub agroforestry system Grazing Land
+
200 Pro 0 USD 1 cacessin 1 m ttle cog capa ach nsu city ine me : 1to for s 3 n/h eac ton h vil /yea lage r
500 Pro 0~600 Avecessin 0 USD pro rage og capa ces rch city sing ard : 75 time yield kg/h 1m : 80 in L sea achine h/ha aos son for : 60 , 3h 3 h 00k arve a orc g/ha st s hard eas w ons ith per sam yea e sp r ecie
Crop Field(Farming Terrace, upland field etc.)
15-20 20~25 25~30 30~35
Mill
one
Fru
it D
rye
r Ca
Fruit - 3 ha
bin
et
Fruit: 11 ha Fruit: 3 ha
+ +
++
Fruit - 7 ha
Fruit - 4 ha
+
Fruit - 10 ha
+
+ Fruit - 5 ha
Fruit - 23 ha
+ +
28
RESEARCH UNCOORDINATED FRONTIER: RUBBER & ECOTOURISM 1997 S
Lack of sufficient coordination causes problems within rubber and ecotourism industries and incompatibility in-between.
CHALEUNSOUK NAN LANTAY
Key points
NALEU
NAM KOI
• Rubber boom caused devastating impact on natural landscape attraction.
SOUP THOUTH
• Lack of implementation of rubber plantation suitablity zonal guideline induces various risks.
WATERWAY: THE ONLY ACCESS
RURAL ROADS
Nan Lantay
Naleu
Nam Koi
• Management issues in NPA: corridors became rubber plantation. Trekking route on weekly basis cuts through core zone while original habitants were relocated. Insufficient funds from ecotourism.
Soup thouth
2005 Tourism Revenue Comparision
High
PROVINCIAL TOURISM INDUSTRY INCOMR STREAM $3,152,521
NAM HA ECOTOURISM PROJECT $75,000 NAM HA ECOGUIDES $31,745
CONSERVATION OUTREACH ACTIVITIES COVER ADMINISTRATIVE EXPENSES PAY VILLAGERS TO PERFORM TRAIL MAINTENANCE
REVENUE TO NPA MANAGEMENT UNIT $7,600 1 USD per person per time entry permit to NPA
Rubber Suitablity Moderate
Ecotourism Village Village with Lodge
Low
Trek Route
Nan lan tay
Tourism Admin Lodge Food and Travel baverage operaincome stration
ECOTOURISM OPERATION
Unstocked Forest
Other
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
NSEC(ROUTE3) RUBBER PLANTATION
Original Land Cover 2002 Replaced by Rubber 2016
Swidden Agriculture
2018 S
Chaleunsouk
• Wildlife habitat and ecological services degradation resulted from rubber expansion is underestimated.
Swidden Agriculture
BIOLOGICAL CORRIDOR
Wildlife m
on
it o r
Illegal a
Tourism Admin AcFood income stration comen- and dation
Travel opera-
Nan Eng
Tour- Handiism crafts attrac-
ctivities, threates report
Land Cover Raplaced by Rubber Since 2002
a mosaic landscape of various structure, better vegetated corridor and multiple niches than monoculture rubber
Village Relocated Village within NPA National Boundary Provincial Boundary
SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE
NSEC Other Road
NPA
Water Body
NPA Core Zone
SOURCES Alton, C., David Bluhm and Somsouk Sananikone.(2005) Para Rubber Study, Hevea brasiliensis, Lao P.D.R.Lao - German Program Rural Development in Mountainous Areas of Northern Lao PDR. Google earth Pro V7.1.8.3036. (December, 1997). Luang Namtha, Lao PDR. 20°52’03.59’’N, 101°.23’48’’E, Eye alt 24.93 km. Landsat / Copemicus. [January 29, 2018) 6. Earth Explorer. (2018). ASTER. Sioux Falls, South Dakota: USGS. Earth Explorer. (2016). Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1 LC81300462016046LGN01. USGS. Earth Explorer. (2016). Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1 LC81300452016046LGN01. USGS. Johnson, A., S. Singh, M. Dongdala and O.Vongsa. (2003). Wildlife hunting and use in the Nam Ha National Protected Area: Implications for rural livelihoods and biodiversity conservation. December 2003. Wildlife Conservation Society, Vientiane.Nam Ha. (n.d.).Eco-Guide Service in Nam Ha National Protected Area “Nam Ha NPA”. Nam Ha NPA. Retrieved from http://www.namha-npa.org/info/contact_us.htm. Opensreet map contributor. (2018). Untitled. OpenStreet map. Downloaded from OSM editor, ArcGIS. Schipani, S. (2007).Ecotourism as an Alternative to Upland Rubber Cultivation in the Nam Ha, National Protected Area, Luang Namtha. Juth Pakai, Issue 8. Schipani, S. & Marris, G. (2002). Linking Conservation and Ecotourism Devemlopment: Lessons from the UNESCO-National Tourism Authority of Lao PDR Nam Ha Ecotourism Project. Schipani, S.(2008).IMPACT: The Effects of Tourism on Culture and the Environment in Asia and the Pacific: Alleviating Poverty and Protecting Cultural and Natural Heritage through Community-Based Ecotourism in Luang Namtha, Lao PDR. Bangkok: UNESCO. Keovilay, T.(2012).Tourism and Development in Rural Communities: A Case Study of Luang Namtha Province, Lao PDR.Lincoln University. Digital thesis.
UNSTOCKED FOREST
HIGH
20°
MODERATE 900M
10km
LAND COVER IN 2002 REPLACED BY RUBBER PLANTATION RESTRICTED
HIGH 700M MODERATE ELEVATION
SLOPE
(PRIMARY) FOREST
1100M
MODERATE
30°
(SECONDARY) FOREST
(canopy coverage <= 20%, mainly regenerating fallow land)
DISTANCE TO WATERSOURCE
UNSTOCKED FOREST 22% RISKS: soil erosion devastating frost depletion & pol (every 10 yrs) lution of wat ersource
SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE 2%
OTHER (RICE PADDY, PLANTATION,URBAN etc.) 50%
FOREST 26%
RUBBER PLANTATION SUITABLITY HIGH 28%
MODERATE 57%
LOW 15%
29
ETHICS OF SUSTAINABILITY ACROSS FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS Formalizing Illegal Mining
Engineers’ work is often seen as mere calculation and application of certain standards and specification. However, realities of uncertainties and constraints require ingenuity of engineers to engage in much negotiation and coordination in the field of politics.
AASTHO STANDARDS FOR HIGHWAY CONSTRUCTION
Pavement Courses
CAP(CEMENT/ ASPHALT) BASE (FINE AGGREGATE) SUBBASE (COARSE AGGREGATE) SUBGRADE (SOIL/ AGGREGATE) EMBANKMENT (SOIL/ AGGREGATE) COMPACT ORIGINAL FOUNDATION
2002 Standardize Construction FILL
CUT
CUT & FILL
Highway Construction
Key points • Engineering standards’ main concern is security and durability, which is highly reductive and inscribed through numeric
Constrcution Process 1.EXCAVATION
ILLEGAL MINING GROWN EXPONENTIALLY DRIVEN BY HIGH INTERNATIONAL GOLD PRICES
RECOGNIZING SMALL MINING WITH LAW 27,651
2. EMBANKMENT
3. PAVEMENT COURSES
2005
CONSTRUCTION OF INTEROCEANIC HIGHWAY SECTION 3 INAMBARI-INAPARI BEGAN
2008
2010 PERU ISSUED EMERGENCY DECREE NO. 012-2010, WHICH DECLARED IT IN THE NATIONAL INTEREST TO FORMALIZE MINING OPERATIONS IN MADRE DE DIOS. ACTION INCLUDES ESTABLISHMENT OF MINING EXCLUSION ZONES AND PROHIBITING USE OF DREDGE AND SIMILAR DEVICES
2010
190 OPERATIVE SANCTION ISSUED, MANY OF WHICH AIMS TO SEIZE AND DESTROY ILLEGAL MACHINERY.
99% OF MDD MINING ARE ILLEGAL MINING
2011
ENGINEERS SOURCING STONE MATERIAL FROM ILLEGAL MINING
2014
ONLY 1,514 MINING RIGHTS REGISTERED AMONG ESTIMATED 22,000 ARTISANAL MINERS IN MADRE DE DIOS. MASSIVE FORMALIZATION NEEDS FROM NATIONAL GOVERNMENT HAS LEFT THE REGIONAL GOVERNMENT OVERWHELMED. MEANWHILE, ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS CONTINUE TO BE IGNORED
2016
HIGHWAY SECTION 3 CONSTRUTION COMPLETE
STONE IS USED “AS LONG AS” THE ROAD SURFACE BUILT IS STABLE
IMPROVED TRAFFIC CONNECTIVITY FACILITE ILLEGAL MINING INTO MORE REMOTE RAINFOREST
Alluvial Mining in Madre de dios 1. SHIEVE RIVERBED MATERIALS INTO TOP OF THE WOODEN CONTRAPTION.
IVECO
(if other excavation not BORROW EXCAVATION viable)
Excavation
1. COMMON EXCAVATION
2. ROCK EXCAVATION (BLAST-
3.ROCK EXCAVATION (RIPPER, POWERED-SHOVEL)
3.
languages. When landing upon context, specific practices can vary a lot.
4.
1. HAULING & PLACING
Mining Exclusion Zone
In Procedure
Natural Reserve Area
Titled
Natural Buffer Area
Extinct
ANAP Zone
Embankment
2. GRADING
Mining Formalization & Regulation Mine Catastre
3. COMPACTING
1. HAULING & PLACING
2. GRADING
engineers negotiate with specific stakeholders in reality to source materials
ILLEGAL MINING IN AMAZON RIVERS: MORE ECONOMIC VIABLE MATERIAL SOURCE
Pavement Courses Construction 3. COMPACTING
Urban Area
Highway & Illegal Mining Interoceanic Highway National Road Departmental Road Illegal Alluvial Mining 2016 Illegal Alluvial Mining 2010
FIELD LABORATORY
SIEVE SIZE
GRADATION
LIQUID LIMIT
Illegal Alluvial Mining 2004
specific conbination of local material at hand worked out by engineers at field lab
STONE 75 MM
Contour at 100m interval River
30
2 MM
numeric translation of engineers’ prior expectation rather PLASTIC LIMIT than truth-seeking, few consulted during construction
SAND 75 μM
SOIL-AGGREGATE
ENGINEERS’ PRAGMATIC THINKING AS LONG AS THE PROJECT CAN BE CARRIED OUT WITHIN BUDGET AND CAN SUSTAIN UNDER SPECIFIC CONDITIONS FOR A EXPECTED PERIOD OF TIME
Cusco
Madr e Puno de Dios
=
SOURCES AASHTO.(2008).Guide specifications for highway construction, 2008.American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. AASHTO.(2012).Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Asnera,G.P., Llactayob,W., Tupayachia.R., & Lunac,E.R. (2013, NOV.). Elevated rates of gold mining in the Amazon revealed through high-resolution monitoring.PNAS,vol. 110,no. 46.18454–18459. GOMIAM-PERU.(2015).SANCTION POLITICS: LESSONS FROM MINING POLICY IN MADRE DE DIOS, PERU.GOMIAM-PERU. Earth Explorer. (2018). ASTER. Sioux Falls, South Dakota: USGS. Earth Explorer. (2017). Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1 LC80030692016260LGN01. USGS. Earth Explorer. (2016). Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1 LC80030692016260LGN01. USGS. Earth Explorer. (2016). Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-1 LT50030692010259CUB00. USGS. HARVEY,P. & KNOX,H. (2015). Roads:An Anthropology of Infrastructure and Expertise. Cornell University Press. Kowler.L.F., Ravikumar.A., Larson.A.M, Rodriguez-Ward.D., Burga.C., Tovar.J.G.(2016). Analyzing multilevel governance in Peru: Lessons for REDD+ from the study of land-use change and benefit sharing in Madre de Dios, Ucayali and San Martin.Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). Piñeiro,V., Thomas.J& Elverdin,P. (2016).The Agricultural Sector as an Alternative to Illegal Mining in Peru: A Case Study of Madre de Dios.INTERNATIONAL FOOD POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE. SWENSON,J.J., CARTER1,C.E., DOMEC,J., DELGADO,C.I. (2011).GOLD MINING IN THE PERUVIAN AMAZON: GLOBAL PRICES, DEFORESTATION, AND MERCURY IMPORTS. PLoS ONE 6(4): e18875. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018875 Geocatmin.(2018). Catastro Minero. El Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico, Peru. Geocatmin.(2018). Área y restringida. El Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico, Peru. GeoIDEP: Catalogo Nacional de Metadatos del Perú.(2016).Red vial vecinal del Perú del Sistema Nacional de Carreteras al 31.dic. GeoIDEP: Catalogo Nacional de Metadatos del Perú.(2014). Red Vial Departamental del Perú Dic.2014.Lima, Peru: RESIDENCIA DEL CONSEJO DE MINISTROS Secretaría de Gobierno Digital Comité Coordinador Permanente de la Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales del Perú.
GRAVEL
-
Departmental Boundary
3. GOLD DUST IS KEPT DURING FLOWING THROUGH A THICK CARPET OVER THE WOODEN TRENCH. 4. GOLD IS SEPARATE FROM SILT BY MERCURY.
IVECO
• Engineer’s negotiation is based on a contingent pragmatic philosophy, “as long as” the project is carried out seccussfully. Such lack of criticality might cause unwanted political consequences.
2.
1.
2. SUCK AND PUMP WATER INTO THE TOP OF CONTRAPTION. WASHING WATER SEPARATES MUD AND STONES IN THE SLUDGE AND ALLOW SMALLER PARTICLES TO FLOW DOWN.
SILT-CLAY
PLASTICITY INDEX
ANDES MOUNTAINS: STONE MATERIALS AVAILBLE THROUGH RECYCLING CUT SECTION BUT HIGH TRANSPORTATION COST
20 km
31