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Contents
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To help you find things.
006 - Project Themes 008 - Material Studies 020 - Invisible Geometry 038 - Attraction to Memory 056 - Fragments left behind 064 - Physical body left behind 080 - A Project in Time + Place 094 - Locating the Core 108 - The Future 118 - Programme 134 - Concept Development 152 - Pilot Project 186 - Appendix A / B / C ext - Appendix D / E 228 - References
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Contents
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Introduction Semester 1
Project Themes
The Long Version: The themes of this project were generated from interests and preconceptions I had coming back into masters, as well as a unique studio material first approach. Every time I present this project in person, I always refer to a short personal anecdote which acted as the thematic catalyst for this project. This anecdote begins with the use of Facebook. The platform has been present in my life since my early memories, and every major milestone since that point has been processed and logged on its servers. This is true not just Facebook but other areas of the internet such as cloud-based memory storage and third-party data capture (cookies etc.). Not only have fragments of my life been preserved but also that of my friends and family. These fragments have been linked, tagged and algorithmised for the viewing of present and future generations. Social Media was always the same in the beginning - posting, liking and sharing things with the living. The key word in this intended usage is ‘living’, which led me to think about what happens to this plethora of data when someone passes? When one of my family members did pass around 10 years ago, I thought nothing of the profile left behind, but in recent years I found myself returning to this profile to reference an image posted by that individual. What I noticed was that the profile was still active. Those fragments still accessed and shared by connections of the deceased, returning at key milestones to not just publicly share those frozen fragments but also add to them, another part of the story added in the comments by another.
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What we are all observing is the beginning of our digital legacy, a large cultural shift in bereavement and mourning from the physical world to the virtual. When I refer to this ‘shift’ I mean the period following what would be considered the initial ritual process. The looking back. This raises various questions; if these fragments are preserved then how do we protect them? How will this affect mourning rituals going forward? Is there a material change that can aid in this cultural shift? If so, how could this material affect the Virtual? This project begins with a raw material called Magnetite but begins to add and explore other themes and progress into a cohesive narrative, ready to be expanded and explored architecturally in Semester 2. The Short Version: Digital Legacy, Material Response, Burial Issues, Ritual Process and how is this changing going forward?
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Material Studies
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Material Choice Magnetite Uses?
2022 Uses of the Material
- Steel Manufacture - Pigment for Paints / Ceramics - Navigation - Compass - Navigation - Animals - Electronics - Jewellery (Magnetic Healing Properties) - Creation of Ferro fluids - Coal Mining Industry - Process of making Ammonia - Protection against external interference - Originally was used to orientate: 1 Temples 2 Dwelling of the living 3 Interments of the dead
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Images above from various Pinterest uploaders.
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Lodestone Over Time Mapping Exercise
Themes of Lodestone Over Time & Place Metaphysics - Magnetite is believed to alleviate negative emotions such as fear, anger and grief while promoting positive qualities such as tenacity and endurance. Because magnetite has magnetic properties, it acts as a grounding stone and is thought to have powerful positive-negative polarity, meaning it attracts and repels, providing energy and a calming effect. Magnetite attracts love, commitment and loyalty. Magnetite is said to provide stability, balancing the intellect with the emotion as well as bringing a balanced perspective and trust in your own intuition. Magnetite is a base chakra stone, temporarily aligning the chakras, the subtle and etheric bodies and the gemstone is related to the astrological signs of Aries, Virgo, Capricorn and Aquarius. 1
2500 bc
1500 bc
600 bc
The Yellow Emperor China
Olmec North America
South Pointing Spoon Thales of Miletus China Greece
Cleopatr Egypt
The Yellow Emperor Huang-Ti, comissioned the Yellow Emperor book of internal medicine which mentions using Lodestones on the body as well as magnetising accupuncture needles with Lodestones for Greater Healing Effect. 3
Based on the discovery of an Olmec artifact (a shaped and grooved magnetic bar) in North America, astronomer John Carlson suggests that lodestone may have been used by the Olmec prior to the Chinese substantiated discovery.
In China, lodestone appeared in divining boards used by fortune tellers to predict the future. The lodestone also served as the basis of primitive Chinese compasses that could roughly indicate the cardinal directions. 4
Cleopatra have slept Lodestone forehead t young + p beauty. 6
Carlson speculates that the Olmecs, for astrological or geomantic purposes, used similar artifacts as a directional device, or to orient their temples, the dwellings of the living, or the interments of the dead. 2
Themes Physics Animism Navigation Ritual Therapy
Unsubstantiated Substantiated
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1
(Hall, 2009)
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(Carlson, 1975)
50 bc
North America
The oldest known reference to lodestone's properties appeared in 600 BC, when the Greek philosopher Thales of Miletus noted iron's attraction to it. Thales attempted to explain the phenomenon through animism, presuming that the lodestone possessed a soul. 5
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200 ad
1000 ad
1500 ad
1600 ad
2021 ad
ra
Claudius Galen Greece
Al Abbas Persia
Paracleus Switzerland
William Gilbert United Kingdom
Modern Therapy World
a is said to t with a e on her to keep her preserve
Greek physician Galen wrote of using them as a Purgative, it’s not clear whether this was external or internal application. Galen worked in a gladiator hospital. 7
Al Abbas, a persian physician, wrote about using Lodestones for gout + spasms in his perfect book of the art of medicine. 8
Paracleus used magnets to treat hernia, dropsy and jaundice, as well as many other diseases. 9
The Royal Society displayed a six-inch spherical lodestone (a terrella or 'little Earth'), which was used to illustrate the Earth's magnetic fields.
Medically-attested modern magnotherapy uses pulsing or alternating magnetic poles against the body or — in hospitals — electromagnetic coils operated by alternating current. Both of these methods are now well enough proven to be credible therapy. 10
UK
Switzerland Tibet Greece Egypt
3-10
(Bain, 2018)
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(Finlay, 2000)
"Steel Filings prick up themselves one upon the back of another, that they stood pointing like the Bristles of a Hedge-Hog; and gave such Life and Merriment to a Parcel of Needles, that they danc'd as if the devil were in them.” 11
China Persia E
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Invisible Geometry
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Attraction to Memory
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Biogenic Magnetite Data Storage
Positive Effect on Memory Biogenic Magnetite Storage
In 1992 researchers identified the presence of magnetite — a permanently magnetic form of iron oxide — in human brain tissue. But the presence of magnetite in the brain could be more than incidental. Various studies have shown that brain cells respond to external magnetic fields. There is a possible role for magnetite nanoparticles, distributed through neuronal and astroglial membranes, in perception, transduction and storage of information that arrives to the neocortex. 1 This ties to some of the initial themes I was interested in exploring. As magnetite has a potential positive effect on long term memory storage, a parallel to the fragments stored in the virtual world.
1
(Mapping magnetite in the human brain, 2018)
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(Caltech, 2022)
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Biogenic Magnetite Data Degeneration
Negative Effect on Memory Pollution Based Deterioration
Magnetite pollution nanoparticles in the human brain - “We identify the abundant presence in the human brain of magnetite nanoparticles that match precisely the high-temperature magnetite nanospheres, formed by combustion and/or frictionderived heating, which are prolific in urban, airborne particulate matter. Because many of the airborne magnetite pollution particles are <200 nm in diameter, they can enter the brain directly through the olfactory nerve. This discovery is important because nanoscale magnetite can respond to external magnetic fields, and is toxic to the brain, being implicated in production of damaging reactive oxygen species. 1 This shows that the material is not only a positive influence on memory but also a negative. When introduced from the environment through it’s use, it causes neurodegeneration.
1-3
(Maher et al., 2016)
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Alternative Magnetite Uses Data Protection
Positive Effect on Memory Protecting the Legacy?
‘Conductive concrete’ shields electronics from EMP attack - An attack via a burst of electromagnetic energy could cripple vital electronic systems, threatening national security and critical infrastructure, such as power grids and data centres. Their technology works by both absorbing and reflecting electromagnetic waves. The team replaced some standard concrete aggregates with their key ingredient - magnetite, a mineral with magnetic properties that absorbs microwaves like a sponge. 1 This has a similar effect to a Faraday Cage - could the organic form also aid in data protection? Most importantly this is another example of the material being used for memory and data protection. The magnetite studies so far have looked at: the geometrical properties, metaphysical properties and memory protection/degeneration, but what do memories and digital legacy actually look like now? and what will they look like in the ever changing future? In the introduction I talked briefly about the intentions of the project, but now I begin to look a little deeper into what those themes translate to.
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(Klucas, 2016)
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Magnetite Fabric Data Protection
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Fabric Magnetite - Precedent
Following the conductive concrete research, I began to explore how the faraday cage concept could be translated to a fabric rather than concrete. The idea was that a fabric could potentially be translucent and malleable to changing forms rather than set in concrete forever. I have included some inspiration images that show the fabric could be draped or attached to a secondary structural element.
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Benjamin Hubert Colleen Morgan
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Yasuyuki Katayama
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Magnetite Fabric Data Protection
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Fibre + Magnetite Experiment
As a follow up experiment to my inital material research, I attempted to join magnetite and paper fibres to create a fabric like malleable product. I began by tearing up junk mail, soaking it in water and blending it to make a fibre based pulp. I then added different amounts of fine magnetite powder (used in the ferrofluid studies) to the fibre pulp. This pulp was then panned and dried untill a single flexible material was created. The material was soft to the touch (similar to recycled papers) but was extremely thin and tough due to the added magnetite. As expected the material responded to the magnetic field and is assumed to carry a charge similar to the conductive concrete precedent. This experiment acted as a proof of concept with assumptions made for the design project.
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Process (Author)
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Magnetite Fabric Data Protection
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Magnetite Fabric Outputs (Author) Translucent Output (Author)
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Magnetite Fabric Data Protection
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Experiment 2
Experiment 1 was thin and translucent whilst output 2 (right) was thicker like leather. Both experiments responded to the magnetic field. To futher these material tests, a more elastic fabric could be tested to try and achieve a more ferrofluid like result.
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Magnetite Fabric Outputs (Author)
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Fragments left behind
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A Generational Comparison
Existing Digital Legacy Digital Legacy - A digital legacy is the digital information that is available about someone following their death. Someone's digital legacy is often shaped by interactions the person made and information that they created before they died. We are living in a period of change, the biggest and most disruptive change for business and society since the industrial revolution. We are one of the last generations to know a world without the internet. The way we communicate, interact, save memories and grieve is increasingly moving online. The internet and social media has fundamentally changed the way in which we communicate with one another. In a world where our communications are fragmented and leave a trace, we serve the requirements of society when trying to relocate these traces in order to collect and collate them. 1 With increases in data, memory, and individual digital estate over time. This data is becoming increasingly valuable from both a social and economical perspective, and so a need to to preserve and safequard those fragments is of equal value.
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(Prepare for Death Digitally & Build Your Digital Legacy, 2017)
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(What will happen to my Facebook account if I pass away?, 2022)
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A - If someone you care about dies how important is it for you to be able to view their social media profile? 1
Not Important
A Little Important
Very Important
Important
B - Would you like your social media profile(s) to remain present online once you have died? 1
Yes No
Don’t Mind Not Sure
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Memorialised Forever Stories to statistics
The Covid.Memorial
How do we piece together and display this legacy? An example of a virtual presentation of legacy on a basic level can be seen in this Covid-19 memorial. This memorial was created because people were not able to go and visit funeral rituals in person, and so the collective mourning needed to be achieved in a different way. People, not numbers - “Every person who has lost their life as a result of Covid-19 deserves to be remembered for who they were and not just as a statistic. This is the reason we created The Covid Memorial. It is a place not only to put a face and story to every person who has died but also to commemorate everyone who has lost their lives due to the pandemic, either directly or indirectly.” 1
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(People, not numbers, 2020)
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Fragments of Ownership Increasing value in data
Artist Krista Kim sells “first NFT digital house in the world” for over $500,000
Photos, videos and conversations still exist but why would they need protecting? These fragments needed protecting when ownership and real world value became a possibility. Virtual collectibles and estates are now more valuable than their real life counterparts, via NFTs. An example can be seen to the right in an Architectural context. “Toronto-based artist Krista Kim has sold the first NFT-backed digital home for over half a million dollars, as interest in virtual design continues to grow. Named Mars House, the digital home designed by Kim was sold on non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace SuperRare for 288 Ether ($512,000), a cryptocurrency similar to Bitcoin. Based on blockchain technology, NFTs act as digital certificates of ownership and enable digital artworks or designs to be bought, sold and collected.” 1
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(Parkes, 2021)
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Physical Body left behind
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Traditional Burial Burial Issues
What do we do with the Physical body?
Just as we have this shift in preservation of fragments, there is also a shift in burial rituals due to lack of burial space and issues with climate change. What is the future solution? “Almost half of England’s cemeteries could run out of space within the next 20 years, a BBC survey suggests. And a quarter of 358 local authorities responding to the BBC said they would have no more room for burials within a decade. Cemetery experts warned of a looming “crisis”, while managers called for a change in law to allow graves that are more than 75-years-old to be reused. The Ministry of Justice (MoJ) said the issue was “under constant review”. BBC Local Radio approached 699 local authorities - 358 of which responded. Many of the councils surveyed, including those in Gosport, Mole Valley, Crawley and Rother, said they had five years or less before they ran out of room. Other areas - such as Tandridge district council in the South East - said they had already run out of space. Some 44% said they had 20 years or less before burial space ran out.” 1 Later in this portfolio I will show a map which gives a collective overview of these changes.
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(Strangwayes-Booth, 2013)
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Burial Ritual Over Time Mapping Exercise
Elevation of Burial Rituals Over Time
60000 bc
8560 bc
Neanderthal Iraq
Sky-burial Tibet
Mummification Egypt
Entombed in Gold Egypt
Analysis - Death has been a part of life since the dawn of time. The two are linked inextricably, but we did not always mourn the loss of those we care about through the practice of burial or cremation rituals. Over time, funeral rites have developed. In the beginning, they were rudimentary and simple. Over time, funeral traditions have become more complex and varied since different cultures have practiced various forms of cremation, embalming and burial. One thing will certainly never change and that is our desire to create a meaningful way to honor the dead and memorialize their life in some way. 1
Neanderthal men buried with flowers. Earliest evidence of “first funeral”.
Sky-burial: Tradition still in practice today in some countries wjere the body is left in an elevated area and consumed by wild vultures.
Mummification: Organs removed and places in jars. Body is preserved with chemicals, a practice known as embalming still used today.
King Tut is entombed golden sarcophagus. 3 lbs x $25600 per pound gold = Today’s approx market value is $76.8 million making it histo most expensive casket
300 ad
500 ad
750 ad
900 ad
Catacombs Rome
Mayan Cache Mexico
Rock Graves England
Tower of Silence India
Roman underground catacombs: Placed in the graves were paintings, statues, and ornaments. Inscriptions indicated how loving the deceased was, social rank or job title.
Mayans cached objects and buried relatives within their residences. The house and contents were burned down and a new one built in place.
The rock-cut graves of Heysham are one of the earliest example of Christian burial. Six body-shaped graves are cut into sandstone which were preserved for the priviliged only.
Dakhma, or Towers of Silence, lay out their d in a natural process of excarnation, through which the corpse is consumed by carrion b
1930 ad
1951 ad
1963 ad
1979 ad
Funeral Pyres United Kingdom
Underground Vaults Isreal
Cremation Law Vatican
Plastination Germany
Open air funeral pyres are made illegal in Britain following the Cremation Act of 1930. It is also made illegal for remains to be cremated if the deceased noted their wishes otherwise.
The site of the Givat Shaul cemetery, on the border between Palestinian and Israeli territories, has been both built up and excavated down. the plots consist of an underground grave topped by a platform of poured concrete.
A law is passed that cremation is no longer forbidden by the Catholic Church. Cremation rates begin to rise.
The plastination proce preserves bodies or bo parts with a clear hardening resin for purposes of anatomica education.
60000bc 8560bc
1323bc
210bc
300ad
Asia Europe Africa North/South America
Time
Space Mountain Raised burial Sea level Shallow grave Tombs Deep underground
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(The Evolution of Funerals, 2022)
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(Rothstein, Chandran, Staudt and Taylor, n.d.)
3400bc
800bc
1323 bc
3400 bc
500bc
7ad
14ad
2
500ad
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in 3000 d of x.
800 bc
500 bc
210 bc
7 ad
14 ad
Cremation Greece
Dried body Peru
Afterlife China
Natibe Burial Grounds America
Columbarium Rome
Cremation becomes the most common method to dispose of ancient Greeks, using an open fire called a funeral pyre.
Chavin culture: Body was dried and organs removed, th en buried in ground wrapped in cloth embroidered with gods, demons or animals.
Emperor Qin Shi Huang is buried with 6,000 statues of Terracotta warriors and 40,000 real bronze weapons to protect from evil spirits.
Native Burial Grounds: Buried with jewelry, tools, food, and in different body positions depending on their age, sex, or social status.
The Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas is a Roman built structure for the respectful and public storage of funerary urns. It was discovered and excavated in 1831 by Pietro Campana 3
950 ad
1500 ad
1532 ad
1800 ad
1830 ad
Viking Burial Scandinavia
Divine Power Hawaii
Incas Peru
Snatching United Kingdom
Feng Shui China
Vikings believed that the way to the after-life was by boat, Sendoffs for Viking warriors were on burning ships, and some were buried in a ring of stones laid out in the shape of a boat.
A fire was lit over the buried deceased that burned for ten days. The bones were preserved, as it was believed the bones held divine power.
Although most deceased Incas were mummified and entombed, some were sewn inside a llama hide. A face was shaped on the outside, and the body was kept this way inside the family home.
To prevent body snatching, graves were bricked over. The fear of a loved one being buried alive inspired bells to be placed on the graves connected to a chain inside of the coffin.
Burials occur on mountainsides because of the belief in Chinese Feng Shui, the ancient custom of positive energy flow. The higher the person is buried on the mountain, the better it is for them.
ory.s t.
f dead f
birds.
ess ody
al
750ad
3
1993 ad
1996 ad
1997 ad
2004 ad
2007 ad
Divine Power England
World Wide Cemetary Global
Space Launch America
Paper models China
Resomation Scotland
The first natural-burial cemetary is created. The body is returned to the earth free of preservatives or disinfectants. The body is enclosed in a biodegradable coffin or shroud.
The Internet forgets far more than we realize. Obituaries in newspapers and memorials on funeral sites or social media often disappear. A physical grave may be more permanent, but it may also be remote or difficult to visit.
Space launch burials aboard rockets bring one’s cremated remains into the earth’s orbit or the moon, for a never-ending journey.
Paper models of laptops, cell phones, money, cars, TV’s and other luxuries are sold by funeral homes and buried or cremated with the deceased for use in the afterlife.
Resomation, aka Aquamation, is a new process for disposal of remains, similar to cremation but using an alkali solution heated to 350 degrees for 3 hours leaving only skeletal remains.
900ad
1532ad
1930ad
1979ad
1997ad
950ad
1500ad
1800ad
(Har HaMenuchot, 2021)
1830ad
1951ad
1963ad
1993ad
1996ad
2004ad
2007ad
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Adapting for the Future Alternate Approaches
Approaches around the Globe
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(Rothstein, Chandran, Staudt and Taylor, n.d.)
The demand for elegant burial systems can be seen throughout history and around the globe. International study broadens our perspective and gives us the opportunity to understand a range of desires and modern realities, imperatives that will grow more pressing as human migration and modern urbanism continue to increase. These intersections can provoke cemeteries to rethink their place in urban life, in order to keep pace in a changing world. 1
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Further Details Comparison
Impact + Process of Burial Analysis - Attitudes towards mortality and traditional rituals are evolving towards demographic diversity. Increasing percentages of urban residents are non-affiliated with formal religions by choice. An ethos of environmentalism is increasingly embraced across all age groups. “When the bio-methanisation process is coupled with an anaerobic membrane bioreactor, it can also be a low-energy alternative to municipal wastewater treatment, allowing the “matter” of the body to have remediative and generative impact. Assuming increased technological efficiency, the power produced from the corpse could offset some of the carbon footprint the person created during life and power their memories for the future.” (Rothstein, Chandran, Staudt and Taylor, n.d.)
Earthen Burial
Cremation
Alka
Traditional 80 years
Flame-based 2 hours
“Gree Crem 2 hou
Impact
Impact
Impact
- 800,000 gallons of toxic embalming fluid, risking groundwater and soil leaching. - Nearly 2 million caskets purchased in the United States annually. - Over 90,000 tons of steel, 2,700 tons of copper and bronze, and over 30 million board feet of hardwoods used annually for buried caskets. - 1.6 million tons of reinforced concrete and 14,000 tons of steel used annually for burial vaults and vacuum-sealed industrial casket bunkers. 1
- During combustion, non-renewable fuels are used extensively, and toxic hot gases are regularly released to the atmosphere during incineration. - ~ 300 kWh of energy is required to burn a body to ashes. 2
- Chemic process of and press and a sm - The proc resulting consumin roughly t
Process
Carbon Emission Energy Consumption
Process
Process
- To provide a desirable last image for the bereft, the corpse is disinfected, and its eyes and mouth are set, stitched, or sealed. In addition, 2 to 3 gallons of arterial chemicals are injected, while blood from the corpse is drained into the sewer. - Remaining bodily gas and fluids are aldehyde, phenol, and other hazardous or carcinogenic chemicals, to “disinfect” and delay decomposition. - Following the mechanics of preservation, which include dyes to restore "natural" coloration, and humectants to mimic "living" hydration, the hair, the clothing, and a resting position are styled to present the corpse as if it in a benign yet enigmatic sleep.
- The body is prepared by removing any radioactive isotopes, prostheses, silicone implants, and medical devices, which can explode under extreme heat. - A single body inside a flammable container heated to 800 degrees celsius, mechanised doors are opened, allowing the wood or cardboard container to enter the main cremation chamber. - The body is then burned from the torso outward by a jet engine-like column of fire. The body begins to dry, crack, char and vaporize. The bone becomes calcified and crumbles into the white “ash”. - Depending on the mass and bone structure, the process results in 1.3 to 4 kg of bone ash.
kg - Carbon Emission kwh - Energy Consumption 600kg 400kg 200kg 0kg / 0kwh 200kwh 400kwh 600kwh
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Statistics compiled from: Various sources.
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(Dissolving Dead Bodies: Gross, But Green, n.d.)
- The bod resomator potassium breaks do constituen high pres - In about its chemic - The outc greenishpeptides, white bon phosphat released. from the dust may
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aline Hydrolysis
Promession
Bio-methanisation
en” mation urs
Water-based 4 hours
Anaerobic ~ 1 month
Impact
Impact
- The process requires 130kWh of electricity, or about one third the energy consumed by cremation.
3
- The methane produced by the process can be collected and utilized to produce electricity or employed directly in a biogas heating system.
Process
Process
- FREEZING: The deceased is pre-frozen to zero degrees Fahrenheit (-18˚C). This process takes between 24 and 48 hours. - METAMORPHOSIS: The frozen body is then placed in a sealed promator where the metamorphosis occurs. Immersed in about 22 gallons (83 liters) of liquid nitrogen (calibrated to body-size), the corpse is further frozen to negative 321 degrees Fahrenheit (-196˚C) and becomes crystallized. After two hours the liquid nitrogen evaporates into the atmosphere as harmless nitrogen gas, which naturally comprises 78% of Earth’s atmosphere. - VIBRATION: Sixty seconds of ultrasonic vibration reduces the remains to powder. The promessed remains are then passed through a vacuum chamber, where frozen water sublimates and is released as steam. A dry, odorless powder, about thirty percent of the original body weight, is left. Metals or any other foreign substances are selectively separated.
- The production of biogas or methanogenesis is the natural end result of a three-stage process in the decay and decomposition of biomass, preceded by hydrolysis-liquefaction and acidogenesis. To transform animal waste into methane through anaerobic digestion, an oxygen-less process breaks down organic matter and converts it to methane, carbon dioxide, and a nutrient-rich effluent. This process can be used as a means of disposing animal carcasses. - Similar to the production of biogas from animal remains, human remains may also be rapidly decomposed by anaerobic digestion. Methanogenesis is the dominant method of breaking down organic matter in landfill disposal. 4
cal cremation involves an accelerated f alkaline hydrolysis, using lye under heat sure to reduce a corpse to disposable liquid mall amount of dry bone residue or “ash”. cess requires about 90 kWh of electricity, in 1/4 carbon emissions of cremation and ng 1/8 of the energy, costing the consumer the same amount as a cremation.
s
dy is placed in a silk bag and loaded into a r, which is filled with a solution of m hydroxide alkali, a strong base that own the corpse into its underlying nts. The solution is heated to ±160ºC under ssure, which prevents boiling. t three hours, the corpse is dissolved into cal components and bone fragments. come is a small quantity of DNA-free -brown liquid containing amino acids, sugars and salts, as well as soft, porous ne remains comprised of calcium te. The effluent liquid is treated and Magnets are used to extract any metals bone-ash, after which the white-coloured y be scattered or placed in a repository.
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(Keijzer, 2016)
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(Sutton et al., 2011)
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Anaerobic Bio-Conversion Process
Powering the Memories
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(Rothstein, Chandran, Staudt and Taylor, n.d.)
Disposition occurs within discrete Anaerobic Bioconversion Pods — utilizing microbial methanogenesis to break down organic matter — distilling the corpse to its basic chemical and biological components. Energy, in the form of light, will be produced through the generation of methane via anaerobic carbon cycling. Small amounts of remaining organic compounds provide nutrients for plant growth, while inert inorganic content will be suitable as a memento, equivalent to memorial cremains. 1
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A Future Secular Society Comparison
Generational Religious Change Analysis - Attitudes towards mortality and traditional rituals are evolving towards demographic diversity. Increasing percentages of urban residents are non-affiliated with formal religions by choice. 2 different surveys suggest different proportions of religion and no religion but still suggest the same trend over time. Over time, there has been a dramatic decline in the proportion of people who identify with Christianity along with a substantial increase in those with no religious affiliation, and a steady increase in those belonging to non-Christian faiths. Socio-cultural values, while rooted in historical contexts and belief structures, are alive, resilient, and adaptive to contemporary realities. An ethos of environmentalism is increasingly embraced across all age groups. 1
No Religion
Christianity
~ Gen. X + Older 1928 - 1971 ~ Millenials 1972 - 1996 ~ Generation Z 1997 - 2005 ~ Generation Alpha 2006 - 2021
Use of cremation has increased in the UK from ± 72 % in 2000 to ± 79 % in 2020. 4
Greatest Generation Silent Generation
Christian
Generational Split: Whole Population
No Religion Non-Christian Faiths
British Social Attitudes Survey: 100% 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1983
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(Rothstein, Chandran, Staudt and Taylor, n.d.)
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(Office for National Statistics, 2020)
Baby Boomers
77
Buddhism
Hinduism
Judaism
Islam
Sikhism
Other
2
Generation X
Millenials
Generation Z
Generation Alpha
3
2018
2000
3
(UK generation population 2019 | Statista, 2021)
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(Progress of Cremation in the British Islands from 1885 to 2020, 2020)
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Events + Rhythm Commonali�es Diagram
Rituals in Time + Amount Analysis - Funerary rituals vary across cultures, yet share commonalities in events and rhythm. These intersections may inform spatial solutions supporting cross-cultural sacred and secular events. 1 In this diagram, ‘+’ reflects the number of people involved; the stroke indicates whether the event is typically held inside or outside.
Outdoor Indoor Large Gathering
+
1
(Rothstein, Chandran, Staudt and Taylor, n.d.)
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(Religious Funerals: Our Collection of Guides, n.d.)
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2
Remembrance Service
Remembrance Service
3
4
5
6
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Celebrate Life
Burning the Candle
1 year + Remembrance Service
‘Shloshin’ Mourning
6 month Rememberance Service Wear Mourning Clothes
Rememberance Service
1 month
1 week
Reception
Reception
+
+
Burial
Rite of Committal at Burial
Mourning Flowers
+ Reincarnation Ceremony Community Hyms
Rememberance Service
+ Hyms + Prayers
72 hours
+
+
+
Procession
Procession
Community Prayer
+
+
Vigil
Internment of Ash
‘Shiva’ Mourning
Food Offering
+ Ashes scattered over body of running water
+
48 hours
Ceremonial Reading
+
Cremation
Embalming of the Body
Embalming of the Body
+
+
Ashes scattered over body of running water
Burial
+
+
Procession Community Prayer
Burial
Cremation
Funeral Procession
+
+
+
+
Cremation
Community Prayer
Community Prayer
Eulogy
+
+
+
+
Wake
24 hours
Potential Cremation
+ Reception
Wake
Potential Cremation
Congregate at Mosque Congregate at Gurdwara
Tearing of Ribbon
+
Wear Mourning Clothes Wear Mourning Clothes Decorate with flowers Decorate with flowers
Prepare the Body
Mourning Flowers
Congregate at Chapel
Washing the Body Placing Essential Oils Dressing the Body
Wear Mourning Clothes
Prepare the Body
Washing the Body Dressing the Body
Hinduism
Muslim
Sikhism
Jewish
time
Secularity
2
Christian
Buddhism
21 22
A Project in Time and Place
81
1
(Office for National Statistics, 2013)
2
(Greater Manchester Built-up Area, 2021)
2,553,379
2,440,986
1,777,934
957,620
864,122
855,569
774,891
729,977
685,368
617,280
595,879
508,916
482,270
474,485
2 - Greater Manchester
3 - West Midlands
4 - West Yorkshire
5 - Greater Glasgow
6 - Liverpool
7 - South Hampshire
8 - Tyneside
9 - Nottingham
10 - Sheffield
11 - Bristol
12 - Belfast
13 - Leicester
14 - Edinburgh
15 - Brighton and Hove
2
6
2
8
+ 11
4
+ 3
10
+
9,787,426
14
+
1 - Greater London
Population
12
5
+ + 7
13
9
+
+
15
1
S
Major Urban Areas
Highest Population Urban Areas 1
Urban Areas Greater Manchester
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
3
Analysis - The Greater Manchester Built-up Area is an area of land defined by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), consisting of the large conurbation that encompasses the urban element of the city of Manchester and the continuous metropolitan area that spreads outwards from it, forming much of Greater Manchester in North West England. According to the United Kingdom Census 2011, the Greater Manchester Built-up Area has a population of 2,553,379[1] making it the second most populous conurbation in the United Kingdom after the Greater London Built-up Area. This was an increase of 14% from the population recorded at the United Kingdom Census 2001 of 2,240,230, when it was known as the Greater Manchester Urban Area. 1
Greater Manchester Urban Area
83
(National Cemetery Map, n.d.)
1
(Greater-Manchester population stats in maps and graphs, 2018)
2
(GM Open Data Infrastructure Map, 2019)
These questions suggest varying complexities of integration to explore further in the built project in Semester 2. Could the core be dispersed across the city centre? Suspended over streets? Or even hanging from existing infrastructure? The inital basic programme in the next section will begin to show what spaces might be physical and what could be virtual.
The issue of site can be resolved through varying degrees of intrusiveness into the urban environment. The project looks to disseminate the physical space where it is required, weaving itself into the existing infrastructure whilst avoiding replacing existing building or expanding the urban sprawl. To do this the project must refer to space in a couple of different: On something, in something, around something, over something or below something?
2
S
Changing Scale - Zooming in to the city centre. An ideal location for the core would be alongisde running water to allow for cooling of servers and the potential for scattering ashes. Brownfield sites offer the perfect space to support the suggested programme, allowing the land to be revived from past use. Following the research, lack of space is already a problem with regards to burial space.
Manchester City Centre 1
Urban Areas 2 Zooming In
Analysis - In 2020, there were 2.8M residents in Greater Manchester county with an average age of 38.4 years. Population density was 2.2k residents per square kilometer. Population grew by 12.9% since 2002 and population average age increased by 0.7 years in the same period. Based on Census, there were 2.38 residents per household in 2011. 1
Greater Manchester Population Density
85
Analysis - If we didn’t have cremation we’d be looking at expanding graveyards by approximately 200 acres every year, if you say there are 1,000 graves to an acre, with two people buried in a grave. Local authorities couldn’t afford to maintain them and it’s why cremation took off after the war. But now obviously, there are new challenges around the environment. There are a number of key drivers. 1
Popu. 72 71 70 69
83% of the Population lived in ‘Urban’ locations.
68 44% of local authorities: ‘Burial space in England could run out in 20 years’ including examples such as Sheffield + Oxford.
67 66 65 64 63
Big Data - Digital information has become so entrenched in all aspects of our lives and society, that the recent growth in information production appears unstoppable. Each day on Earth we generate 500 million tweets, 294 billion emails, 4 million gigabytes of Facebook data, 65 billion WhatsApp messages and 720,000 hours of new content added daily on YouTube. (Vopson, 2022)
62 61 60 59 58 57 56 Data zb 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90
44zb of accumulated digital universe of data. 90% of the worlds data has been created in the last 7 years. This equates to 1.7mb of data per person per second.
80 70 60 50 40
Gigabyte
Zettabyte
1 000 000 000 000 000 mb
30 20
Metaverse first coined as a virtual world that lies beyond, on top of, or as an extension of the physical world.
10 0
1
(Day, 2019)
2
(Office for National Statistics, n.d.)
NFT concept emerged. Bitcoin blockchain creates coloured coin that represents real-world assets
2020
2019
2018
2017
2016
2015
2014
2013
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
Year
Looking Towards Future Issues
2001
World Building What happens looking forward? 2000
S
1
81% of bodies are now cremated in the UK. Requiring 310,757,073 kwh of energy and producing 122,597,130 kg of emissions.
105,000 burials could be required in this year across the UK with 46,200 with no potential site in some authorities.
2050
2049
2048
2047
2046
2045
2044
2043
2042
2041
Population at 72.2 million with 778,000 deaths per annum.
The UK is now the largest nation in Europe.
Cremation
92% of the Population will live in ‘Urban’ locations.
2040
2039
2038
2037
2036
2035
2034
2033
2032
2031
2030
2029
2028
2027
2026
2025
2024
2023
2022
2021
87
81% 80% 79%
62 million people actively use the internet in the UK with 45 million people using social media platforms (66% of british people)
78% 77% 76% 75% 74% 73%
180zb in the digital universe of data predicted by 2025. 75% increase from the 5 years previous.
NFT’s blow up, ‘Non-Fungible Token’ is a fungible asset is something with unit that can be readily interchanged like money. The digital tokens can be thought of as certificates of ownership for virtual or physical assets. Facebook claims it wants to build the ‘Metaverse.
3
(Progress of Cremation in the British Islands from 1885 to 2020, 2020)
4
(Needham, 2021)
S
1
Work in Progress This is not the design.
Testing Ground This project speculates on Manchester entering a period of mass population increase over the next 30 years, in which the UK has become the largest nation in Europe. The increase in population and an evolving desire to live in the urban environment has led to shortages of burial space as well as reduced crematorium capacity, due to increasingly challenging climate targets. This presents a unique opportunity to reimagine the purpose of the cemetery for a more contemporary (future) need. The way we create, live and experience has shifted to the virtual, where the non-fungible token has allowed for the ownership of virtual property in the metaverse. Our possessions, conversations and lives now exist as fragmented memories scattered across the blockchain, leaving a mass imprint of big data as a digital legacy when we pass away. These fragments are mourned by family, friends and followers and require centralisation to give the bereaved control over the legacy or estate left behind. Control over these fragments is paramount due to the value of big data and potential privacy issues from previous terms and conditions. This information can be pirated and tampered with for financial or legal gain, identities can be stolen, and the lives of the living effected by the past decisions of the deceased.
89
S
1
Concept Image This is not the design.
Visual Brief The sprawling urban area of Greater Manchester is an ideal testing ground for this evolving burial infrastructure, with the outer boroughs being connected through a network of outer hubs to the central core, which centralises the fragments for ritual and security purposes. The core is open and available to the public, filled with vast gardens and memory viewing halls as a celebration of life, as well as a place to mourn the deceased. The core maintains its security through its materiality, which allows the outer and inner skins to be lightly charged with electricity to prevent any unwanted wireless interference or interception. The fragments are accessed through a physical hub or the central core, using decryption keys created as part of the ritual process of the architecture. With this change in the preservation and viewing of these fragments, the body is seen far more as a vessel of creation, whilst the memories live on in the virtual world. This humanistic ideology allows for the body to be re-energised through an-aerobic process in illuminated pods. This process reduces the body over time, and results in nutrients for the surrounding natural environment as well as bio energy to power the fragments and decryption keys. The necropolis of the near future will address the needs of the growing population, protecting the fragments for future generations without requiring the need for acres of expanded cemeteries and carbon emitting crematoriums.
91
1
2
1-2
Images above from various Pinterest uploaders.
S
1
3 Themes To be con�nued in Semester 2
Thematic Framework It should not be designed for one religion or belief system. The spaces should be accessible and adaptable to the issues set out in this proposal which go beyond ritual practice, so that any individual who identifies with the matter may follow out the ritual process sensitive to their own beliefs. To achieve this, the thematic framework and functional programme I am developing should be based off a secular spine to determine the core functions of the Architectural response. I will begin by designing the laic spaces as part of the secular process presented in my research as this will cover the predominant population likely to follow out the project’s process within the physical context. The spaces will be designed to adapt and change order so that they may be used according to the individual or groups requirements whilst fulfilling its core function. The core elements of the programme will concern: the body, data and the mourner. These three elements have process’ in both the physical and virtual world. And the produced programme will seek to bridge the three through the design. The element which will be entirely physical will be the ‘body’ located at the central core whilst the outer hubs will break up the programme locations across the boroughs allowing the mourners to access the virtual in dispersed physical locations as well as virtual. The data could be presented in a virtually designed environment as part of the metaverse as well as in person as part of the ritual process, with both the virtual and physical architecture in this project being inspired by the organic geometry achieved through the initial magnetite research.
93
Phase 1: Pre -Death
Friends Followers Family
Body in Life
Accumulated Digital Property
Mourner
Death
Digital Legacy
Public Space
Funeral Parlour (Private)
Plant Room Shrine Structural Steel Cable
Entrance Hall
Fire Fighting Air Con.
Organic Sheath Rain Water Repository
Funeral Parlour (Public)
Phase 2: Post Death
Procession / Gardens
An-aerobic Bioconversion Vessels
Cooling Tower
Processing Chamber Security Room
Microbial Fuel Cell
Chiller Plant
Heat Exchanger Rememberance Garden
Organic Memorial Nutrients Cremains
Energy
Memory Core
UPS Battery Backup Fragment Viewer
Network Operations Centre
Reception Space
Collumbarium
Ossuary Phase 3: Post Ritual
Encryption Key Memento?
Phase in Time Collected Elements Dispersed Physical Space
Rememberance Service
Change / Event
21 22
Locating the Core
95
S 2
Manchester History Precedent Set
Looking to the past The past helps give meaning to place, informing the future narrative. The recent history of contemporary Manchester began with a small village and its church. This village grew over 1400 years and swallowed up surrounding settlements to become the metropolis it is known as today. 2 The oldest part of contemporary Manchester is the Cathedral which was built over the original church. The grounds on which the cathedral lies was used as burial grounds up until 1811, where bodies were exhumed from the underlands and tipped down the adjacent riverbank. Exhuming practice’ only held for a short period of time, the churchyard had to be closed due to overcrowding and new land purchased; the population at the time was only 6% of what it is today. A reminder that space for burial is not just a future problem, but a problem we have carried from the past.
1 2
John Berry, 1750 (BBC - Manchester - History - The oldest building in Greater Manchester?, 2022)
97
1
S 2
Manchester History Precedent Set
Victoria Arches Around 1838 the banks of the river adjacent to the cathedral were built up to form the Victoria Arches in order to create a new road. Throughout their history the Arches served as business premises, landing stages for steam packet riverboats and as Second World War air-raid shelters. They were originally accessed from wooden staircases that descended from the new Victoria Street but are now bricked up and inaccessible, the staircases having been removed in the latter part of the 20th century due to regular flooding. This precedent can be seen all the way down the river Irwell, the buildings that border the river have historically turned their backs on it. The reason for this is due to the pollution that poured into the river during the industrial revolution, a precedent that has never been righted. Rivers of contemporary cities should be hubs of activity and life, something that could well be implemented in future development of the site. 1
1
(Victoria Arches - Wikipedia, 2022)
99
1
S 2
Victoria Street Present Precedent Set
Today As of today, Victoria Street has been pedestrianised, and a memorial to the victims of the Manchester Arena bombing has been built alongside the former road. The memorial marks the continuation of these themes of burial and mourning, a site that holds all the memories of contemporary Manchester – seemingly changing at a pace separate from the rest of the city. Since the overcrowding event of 1811, the population has grown dramatically, and the city has scrapped to fill every available plot of land with homes, business and infrastructure. Buildings built for a specific use, with their purpose soon to become obsolete or outdated for the growing needs of the people. Manchester currently has more cranes on its skyline than any other city on the planet and continues to climb towards the sky, trying it’s best to imitate London, but what happens when the plots run out? Buildings can be knocked down and built upon, but this isn’t enough to feed the demand of the construction machine that is Manchester. The city is like an organic cell in a petri dish - the boundaries of the metropolis restricted by its surrounding green belt, whilst the cell’s experience mitosis, increasing exponentially year on year.
101
S 2
Victoria Street - Present Site Images- Locations
Site Photo Locations
Direction of photo
103
3 5 1
4 2
S 2
Victoria Street - Present Site Images
1
1
Arches run along the river side (Author)
105
2
2
Victoria Street with Glade of Light memorial (right) (Author)
S 2
Victoria Street - Present Site Images
3
3
River Irwell, Victoria Street to Left (Author)
107
4
5
4 5
Land opposite Victoria Street (Author) Manchester Cathedral (Author)
21 22
The Future - 2050
109
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Context
Prologue Manchester has experienced a period of mass population growth over the past 30 years, in which the UK has become the largest nation in Europe. The increase in population coupled with a surging desire to live in the urban environment has led to a shortage of burial space and reduced crematorium capacity, in accordance with increasingly challenging climate targets. This presents a unique opportunity to reimagine the purpose of the cemetery for a more contemporary need. Since the burial space crisis of 1811, the population has grown dramatically, and the city has scrapped to fill every available plot with homes, businesses, and infrastructure. Buildings were built for a specific use, with their purpose soon to become obsolete for the growing needs of the people. Manchester currently has more cranes on its skyline than any other city on the planet and continues to climb towards the sky. The way we create, live and experience has shifted to the virtual, where the non-fungible token has allowed for the ownership of virtual property in the metaverse. Our possessions, conversations, and lives now exist as fragmented memories scattered across the blockchain, leaving a mass imprint of big data as a digital legacy when we pass away. These fragments are mourned by family, friends, and followers and require centralisation to give the bereaved control over the legacy or estate left behind. The Necropolis.
1
Future Manchester (Author)
1
111
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Context 2
...
1
A site that has dealt with the burying of corpses in the underlands will now play host to the biggest change in burial infrastructure in human history. It is an apt testing ground for this social and technical experiment, as the physical and digital worlds are colliding and coalescing; and the boundaries of the living and the living dead, and the present and the digital afterlives, are blurring. The necropolis will be constructed of a metabolic structure that celebrates and memorialises memories through its ritual, a burial infrastructure that can be reused, whilst attempting to use the energy embedded in the physical afterlife’s active ecosystem of decomposition to continue to power the memories of the people of Manchester. The core of the required infrastructure should only be built in one place, as one last attempt to resolve the issues of the past. The area around the cathedral has seen slow development due to structural complications with building on top of the old arches, as well as the reluctance to grant permission for apartments and offices so close to a site of historical and religious importance. However, over these 28 years a trend has continued to develop, the clergy of Manchester has decreased, and religious belief has largely declined due to the deaths of Generation X and further technological developments. Victoria Street not only fulfils the physical criteria required, but also the future narrative of Manchester, a site that has dealt with the burying of corpses in the underlands will now play host to the biggest change in burial infrastructure in human history.
1
Digital Legacy + Burial Collage (Author)
113
S 2
Basic Future Axo
Other changes noted in DWGs
Victoria Street Axo - 2050
2020 2050
1
1
Buildings begin to surround and tower over the site
115
S 2
Transport Precedent Loop
Loop Underground Transport Precedent Loop is a mostly underground transportation system that offers point-to-point trips between stations where people board Tesla SUVs. One Loop system is already operating in Las Vegas with three stations and 1.7 miles of tunnel at the Las Vegas Convention Center. There are plans to expand the system throughout the Vegas strip, with 51 stations over 29 miles. Transport in Manchester has changed drastically since 2022 and underground tunnels have been created to allow the transport of people and goods under the city. Loop is an example of how this system would work, where the deceased can be brought directly to the infrastructure rather than on public transport (due to the lack of roads in the city centre).
1
(Elon Musk’s The Boring Company now valued at nearly $5.7 billion - ABC17NEWS, 2022)
1
117
21 22
Programme
119
S 2
Programme Calculations Predictions
Deaths in Greater Manchester in 2043: Using ONS statistics I have calculated how many pods would be required to create a new anaerobic bio-methanisation infrastructure in Greater Manchester.
redicted Framework Statistics
Year
GM Deaths
GM Population Predicted UK Deaths
Predicted UK Population
Actual UK Deaths
UK Death % GM - UK Pop% Actual UK Death %Actual GM Deaths GM Covid In
19
22434
2820000
66400000
66400000
589000
0.89
4.25
20
26265
2839000
618000
66800000
662635
0.93
4.25
21
26478
2856000
623000
67200000
0.93
4.25
22
26733
2868750
629000
67500000
0.93
4.25
23
26988
2881500
635000
67800000
0.94
4.25
24
27285
2894250
642000
68100000
0.94
4.25
25
27540
2907000
648000
68400000
0.95
4.25
26
27838
2919750
655000
68700000
0.95
4.25
27
28178
2928250
663000
68900000
0.96
4.25
28
28475
2941000
670000
69200000
0.97
4.25
29
28815
2949500
678000
69400000
0.98
4.25
30
29155
2958000
686000
69600000
0.99
4.25
31
29538
2966500
695000
69800000
1.00
4.25
32
29878
2979250
703000
70100000
1.00
4.25
33
30218
2987750
711000
70300000
1.01
4.25
34
30600
2996250
720000
70500000
1.02
4.25
35
30940
3004750
728000
70700000
1.03
4.25
36
31238
3013250
735000
70900000
1.04
4.25
37
31578
3021750
743000
71100000
1.05
4.25
38
31875
3030250
750000
71300000
1.05
4.25
39
32130
3034500
756000
71400000
1.06
4.25
40
32385
3043000
762000
71600000
1.06
4.25
41
32640
3051500
768000
71800000
1.07
4.25
42
32853
3060000
773000
72000000
1.07
4.25
43
23780
3068500
778000
72200000
1.08
4.25
44
33232
3077000
787920
72400000
1.08
4.25
45
33668
3117375
792180
73350000
1.08
4.25
46
33737
3123750
793800
73500000
1.08
4.25
47
34118
3130125
802785
73650000
1.09
4.25
48
34188
3136500
804420
73800000
1.09
4.25
49
34257
3142875
806055
73950000
1.09
4.25
50
34327
3149250
807690
74100000
1.09
4.25
0.99
28106
121
Quick Numbers: - 23,780 deaths in 2043 - approx. 65 deaths a day - 52 cremated if it wasn’t banned - 0.79% of Greater Manchester population die currently. - This will potentially increase by 6%
ncrease
Deaths / Day Actual Deaths Per Day 61.5
1841
Vessels Max Cremation Rates GM Cremations
Adoption % Adopted Vessels Rituals per Day Rituals per Hour Pod Volume Total Volume
5609
80.6
18082
50
2260
25
3
0.72
1627
6566
80.9
21248
50
2656
29
4
0.72
1912
72.5
6619
81.2
21508
50
2688
29
4
0.72
1936
73.2
6683
81.6
21803
50
2725
30
4
0.72
1962
73.9
6747
81.9
22100
50
2763
30
4
0.72
1989
74.8
6821
82.2
22434
50
2804
31
4
0.72
2019
75.5
6885
82.6
22734
50
2842
31
4
0.72
2046
76.3
6959
82.9
23072
50
2884
32
4
0.72
2076
77.2
7044
83.2
23446
50
2931
32
4
0.72
2110
78.0
7119
83.5
23788
50
2974
33
4
0.72
2141
78.9
7204
83.9
24167
50
3021
33
4
0.72
2175
79.9
7289
84.2
24549
50
3069
34
4
0.72
2209
80.9
7384
84.5
24968
50
3121
34
4
0.72
2247
81.9
7469
84.9
25354
50
3169
35
4
0.72
2282
82.8
7554
85.2
25742
50
3218
35
4
0.72
2317
83.8
7650
85.5
26169
50
3271
36
4
0.72
2355
84.8
7735
85.9
26562
50
3320
36
5
0.72
2391
85.6
7809
86.2
26920
50
3365
37
5
0.72
2423
86.5
7894
86.5
27318
50
3415
37
5
0.72
2459
87.3
7969
86.8
27680
50
3460
38
5
0.72
2491
88.0
8033
87.2
28008
50
3501
38
5
0.72
2521
88.7
8096
87.5
28337
50
3542
39
5
0.72
2550
89.4
8160
87.8
28668
50
3583
39
5
0.72
2580
90.0
8213
88.2
28963
50
3620
40
5
0.72
2607
65.2
5945
88.5
21043
50
2630
29
4
0.72
1894
91.0
8308
88.8
29516
50
3690
40
5
0.72
2656
92.2
8417
89.2
30015
50
3752
41
5
0.72
2701
92.4
8434
89.5
30187
50
3773
41
5
0.72
2717
93.5
8530
89.8
30642
50
3830
42
5
0.72
2758
93.7
8547
90.1
30817
50
3852
42
5
0.72
2774
93.9
8564
90.5
30993
50
3874
42
5
0.72
2789
94.0
8582
90.8
31169
50
3896
43
5
0.72
2805
72.0
77.0
S 2
Programme Calculations
Visual size comparison to the Cathedral
Required Vessel Volume: - Year 2020 would need 1627m3 of volume. - Year 2050 would need 2805m3 of volume. - This is around 5 rituals a day active each hour of an 8 hour working day. - Pod dims. 1800x800x500mm - 52 cremated if it wasn’t banned - Pod process complete every 3 months. This would effect the physical appearance. - In an event such as a pandemic, the infrastructure would need to accomodate an additional 5 deaths a day over the course of a year.
123
S
1
Programme Ritual Process
Key Programme + Ritual Analysis - This diagram shows an overall strategy towards public and private space in the infrastructure. The Body and Mourner follow routes that dissconnect and join at different points in the journey. The 2050 ritual process on the right shows a new secular process that accounts for the earlier design framework.
Mourner
4
3
2
1 Public
Private
Funeral Parlour
1
Procession
2
Memorial
3
Bio-methanisation
4
Key Programme Programme Overlap Procession Gardens
125
1 year +
10 Fragment Service
6 month
9 3 months collect ashes
1 month
8 Reception
1 week
72 hours
7 Pod Returned to Stack
6 Procession
Body
48 hours
5 Empty Pod Removed from the Stack + Pulled on Rail to Prepared Procession Space
Public
4 Body Elevated to Procession Level
3 24 hours
Orientation of Procession Area Set
2 Ceremonial Preperation Body Cleaned
1 Wear Mourning Clothes Body Transported - Loop
time
Secularity 2050
S 2
Programme Calculations
Visual size comparison to the Site
Scale of Programme The Axo below shows a quick exercise to help understand the volume required to produce the programme on the site. The volumes currently sit over the river to understand the relationship to the void space.
1
1
Volumetric Study (Author)
36 29 28 37 30 29 38 31 30 39 32 31 40 33 32 41 34 33 42 35 34 43 36 35 44 37 36 45 38 37 46 39 38 47 40 39 48 41 40 49 42 41 50 43 42 44 43
31238 28815 28475 31578 29155 28815 31875 29538 29155 32130 29878 29538 32385 30218 29878 32640 30600 30218 32853 30940 30600 23780 31238 30940 33232 31578 31238 33668 31875 31578 33737 32130 31875 34118 32385 32130 34188 32640 32385 34257 32853 32640 34327 23780 32853 33232 23780
48 47 Space 49 48 50 49 1 Funeral Parlour 50 Reception of Cadavers
45 44 46 45 47 46
Number
1 2
1.04 0.98 0.97 1.05 0.99 0.98 1.05 1.00 0.99 1.06 1.00 1.00 1.06 1.01 1.00 1.07 1.02 1.01 1.07 1.03 1.02 1.08 1.04 1.03 1.08 1.05 1.04 1.08 1.05 1.05 1.08 1.06 1.05 1.09 1.06 1.06 1.09 1.07 1.06 1.09 1.07 1.07 1.09 1.08 1.07 1.08 1.08
4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 127 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25
34188 3136500 34118 3130125 Min. Area Max. Area 34257 3142875 34188 3136500 34327 3149250 34257 3142875
804420 802785 Min. Volume 806055 804420 807690 806055
73800000 73650000 Max. Volume 73950000 73800000 74100000 73950000
1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09 1.09
4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25
34327
807690 180
74100000 112.5
450
1.09
4.25
1627
2805
3117375 3077000 3123750 3117375 3130125 3123750
3149250 45
792180 787920 793800 792180 802785 793800
Vessel Storage
73350000 72400000 73500000 73350000 73650000 73500000
1.08 1.08 1.08 1.08 1.09 1.08
3
Staff Facilities
45
180
112.5
450
Warehouse/Storage
60
100
150
250
Last Farewell Space Foyer Space Office 1 Funeral Parlour Entrance Area Reception of Cadavers 1 Funeral Parlour Restroom Vessel Storage Reception of Cadavers
150
250
450
8 1 9 2 1 Total 3 2 4 3 1 5 4 2 6 5 7 6 8 7
9 8 3 Total 9 4 Total 5 1 6 2 1 7 2 8 Total 3 1 4 3 5 4
6 5 2 7 6 3 8 7 4 Total 8 5 Total 6 1 Total 1 1 2 2 3 2 4 3
5 4 6 5 Total 6 Total 1 2 1 2
2
70900000 69400000 69200000 71100000 69600000 69400000 71300000 69800000 69600000 71400000 70100000 69800000 71600000 70300000 70100000 71800000 70500000 70300000 72000000 70700000 70500000 72200000 70900000 70700000 72400000 71100000 70900000 73350000 71300000 71100000 73500000 71400000 71300000 73650000 71600000 71400000 73800000 71800000 71600000 73950000 72000000 71800000 74100000 72200000 72000000 72400000 72200000
4 5 Number 6 Number 7
2
735000 678000 670000 743000 686000 678000 750000 695000 686000 756000 703000 695000 762000 711000 703000 768000 720000 711000 773000 728000 720000 778000 735000 728000 787920 743000 735000 792180 750000 743000 793800 756000 750000 802785 762000 756000 804420 768000 762000 806055 773000 768000 807690 778000 773000 787920 778000
33668 33232 33737 33668 34118 33737
3013250 2949500 2941000 3021750 2958000 2949500 3030250 2966500 2958000 3034500 2979250 2966500 3043000 2987750 2979250 3051500 2996250 2987750 3060000 3004750 2996250 3068500 3013250 3004750 3077000 3021750 3013250 3117375 3030250 3021750 3123750 3034500 3030250 3130125 3043000 3034500 3136500 3051500 3043000 3142875 3060000 3051500 3149250 3068500 3060000 3077000 3068500
Staff Facilities Vessel Storage 2 Ritual Process (Service) Warehouse/Storage Staff Facilities Vessel Storage (Above) Last Farewell Warehouse/Storage Service Halls FoyerFarewell Last (5.7m2 per person) Office Foyer (60m2 = 10 People) Entrance Area Office (400m2 = 70 People) RestroomArea Entrance Procession Gardens Restroom Collumbarium (Temp) 2 Ritual Process (Service) Memorial Hall Vessel Process Storage (Above) Ritual (Service) 3 + 2 Echo Chambers Service Halls (Above) Vessel Storage Ossuary (5.7m2 per person) Service Halls Fragment Access (60m2 10person) People) (5.7m2=per (400m2==10 70People) People) (60m2 3 Ritual Process (Service) Procession (400m2 = 70Gardens People) Plant Room (River) Collumbarium (Temp) Procession Gardens Heat Exchanger Memorial Hall (Temp) Collumbarium Fire Fighting Echo Chambers Memorial Hall Cooling Tower Ossuary Echo Chambers Security Room Fragment Access Ossuary Chiller Plant Fragment Access UPS (Battery Backup) 3 Ritual Process (Service) Network operations Centre Plant Room (River) 3 Ritual Process (Service) Heat Exchanger Plant Room (River) 4 Anaerobic Biomethanisation Fire Fighting Heat Exchanger Vessel Storage (Above) Cooling Tower Fire Fighting Processing Security Room Cooling Tower Crusher Chiller Plant Security Room Mixing Tank UPS (Battery Chiller Plant Backup) Network operations Centre UPS (Battery Backup) Network operations Centre 4 Anaerobic Biomethanisation Vessel Storage (Above) 4 Anaerobic Biomethanisation Processing Vessel Storage (Above)
Min. Area Min. Area
150 60
Max. Area
250 100
60 45 60 45 630 45
100 180 100 180 1260 180
60 45 150 60 360 150 150
100 180 250 100 2400 250 250
60 60 630 60
100 100 60000 1260 100 25 1260
60 150 60 60
630 360 360
100 250 100 100
90 2400 5 2400 10
Min. Volume Min. Volume
450 150
60
32 60 32 60 60 60 304 60 32 190 60 32 20 32 60 20 60 32 60 60
60000 25 60000 25 90 5 90 10 5 62530 10 62530
150 150 3352 150 3352 1080 1080
250 450 750 250 7200 750 750
250 250 6205 250 75 6205 360 7200 155 7200 30 7820
150
160 150 80 150 150 150 840 150 160 150 160 80 150
840
20
250
250 750 250 250
304 60
Mixing Tank
750
150 450 150 150
450 150 1080 450 450
304 190
Max. Volume
750
250 450 250 2805 450 6205 450 2805
150 80 150 150 840 150
20 190 20 20
Max. Volume
150 112.5 150 1627 112.5 3352 112.5 1627 150 112.5
62530
Crusher Processing Mixing Tank Crusher
Volume Calculations (Author)
Max. Area
75 75 360 155 360 30 155
7820 30 7820
4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25 4.25
S
1
Programme Flow Charts
Initial Layout Diagam
4
Pod Storage
Crusher
Mixing Tank
Inorganic Material
Funeral Parlour
1
Procession
2
Memorial
3
Bio-methanisation
4
Key Programme Programme Overlap Procession Gardens
W Ir
131
Generator
Generator
Digester
Gas Holders
Outlet Tank
Dewatering Unit
Water Organise Decomposer rrigation Fertaliser Cultivator
Electricity
S 2
Programme Shuffle
Changing the programme to fit the site
Fitting the programme to site The volume of 1 tower has been split into 3. This allows 3 different entry points to procession spaces, ensuring that services do not clash with each other. The river is bridged by 2 procession spaces to create extra space that couldnt be afforded on land. One thing this diagram does not show is the gardens that reside at river level to inhabit the tringular void (these will be seen in later drawings). A strong circular element is introduced to anchour the building to multiple axis points. Walls and benches reach out into the city to create welcoming capture points for returning mourners. The pods are stacked vertically to allow the building to move like a paternoster (precedent shown later), creating a base for future expansion. The arches are also utilised for private spaces for the machinery needed for energy production.
133
21 22
Concept Development
135
S 2
Concept Sketches
Breaking down the Ritual
Mirror Line With afterlife changing and becoming more alive, it is important to remember that putting place to physical death is still as important as ever - to ensure that the process of grief is carried out. People deserve a memorial to their loved ones that carries on the afterlife as the grief of those who have been unable to put place to the bodies of their loved ones can be especially corrosive – acidic and unhealing. The vertical solution I propose for the necropolis will imitate traditional secular burial, as there is still a desire in people to give bodies and their residues to the earth, in part as a means of safekeeping. One thought I find appealing is the idea of the underground as a “perfect inversion of the human realm, with the ground always the mirror-line, such that the feet of the dead, who must walk upside down, touch those of the living, who stand upright.” This idea seems fitting as it indicates that the afterlife lives on, just as the afterlife lives on the virtual world – the other side of the mirror line.
1
Mirror Line Diagram (Author)
137
S 2
Concept Sketches
Breaking down the Ritual
2 - Prepare the body As 3 entrances were introduced to deal with the amount of rituals that could potentially be required, 3 funeral parlour spaces would be needed to allow the rituals to take place undisturbed.
1-2
Sketches exploring the layout (Author)
139
S 2
Concept Sketches
Breaking down the Ritual
3 - Prepare the procession area The procession spaces are to be covered in the magnetite fabric temporarily (canopy) to allow services to go on in adverse weather. The spaces will move and change to the mourner’s requirements. Sketches below show some earlier iterations.
1
1 2
2
Moving Procession Space (Author) Shifting Procession Space (Author)
3
141
3
Short Tower Section (Author)
S 2
Concept Sketches
Breaking down the Ritual
5 - 7 - Pod related aspects The pods that the body is processed in move like a paternoster. The pods are constantly moving to ensure the infrastructure is producing energy by taking on new ‘burials’. Paternoster - a lift consisting of a series of linked compartments moving continuously on an endless belt.
1
1 2
The Structure can be built up over time (Author) Cogs turn for the pods (Author)
143
2
S 2
Structure Precedent Detail Diagram
10 - Structure of tower Following on from the magnetite fabric research, I decided to take metabolism approach to the tower structure. Metabolism was a post-war Japanese architectural movement that fused ideas about architectural megastructures with those of organic biological growth. This organic growth would allow the necropolis to adapt, expand and contract with the infrastructures natural needs.
1 2
Model of metabolic component (Author) Nakagin Capsule Tower
145
S 2
Structure Precedent Detail Diagram
10 - Structure in context This diagram shows an axonametric view of the tower in detail. The pods and chain operate within the metabolic structure and the facade magnetite fabric responds to the tower usage. A pod has been removed and would now be moved to the procession location. This is shown on the proposed site plan.
3
1 2
Model of metabolic component in context (Author) Pod Removed from tower (Author)
1
147
2
3
Organic facade modelling (Author)
S 2
Concept Sketches
Breaking down the Ritual
10 - Memorial Fragment Viewers 3 memorial options are offered so that the digital data stored at the necropolis can be accessed long after the initial 3 month processing of the body. Group fragment viewing hubs are located on the bridge for multipl people to access data at the same time. This is likley to happen on key anniversaries. ATMs are located near the entrances for passerbys to access data whilst passing by. The 3rd option is in the form of the floating memorial gardens, this space is likely to be used for a mix of permanent and temporary memorium for particularly popular members of the public that have passed.
1 2
Floating procession garden sketch (Author) Circular group mourning (Author)
149
1
2
S 2
Concept Precedent Fragment Viewing
1
1-2
Various Pinterest sources. Group Fragment Viewer (Left), ATM (Right).
151
2
21 22
Pilot Project
153
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Existing System
Pilot Project
2
The Pilot Project for this new urban death infrastucture has culminated in a series of drawings that show what this new typology could look like. The Infrastructure has been designed with the magnetite material in mind throughout, and a series of simple animation will breakdown how the building gives the appearance of life. The elevation shifts and the routes of of the mourner and body flow through the infrastructure like veins. There was no precedent for this new type of infrastructure so I am excited to see where the field will go in the future, and hope that someone can build on my research and offer other thoughts to this impending issue of digital legacy and burial. Although the project was complex and slightly dark, I thoroughly enjoyed designing something different before going on to work in practice.
1
1 2
Small Initial Sketch (Author) Note: This visual features an outdated ‘ Group Fragment Viewer’. See Section for updated design.
155
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Diagram
(light produced
New Typology Time Breakdown
phase 1 (body process)
phase 2 (energy production)
phase 1 (data storage)
Phase 1
Interception Other Event Major Phase
157
d)
3 months
4.5 months
Forever
(ash collection)
Phase 2
Phase 3
159
S
Proposed - Site Plan Routes 1-250@A2- 1-500@A4
1
6
5
10
7
3
1
5
10
10
10
6
10
10
3 5 7 1
1 2 3
Body Transported // Mourners Arrive Preperation of the body Orientation of Procession Area Set
4 5 6
Body elevated to procession level Empty pod removed from tower Procession
Mourner Body
161
10 3
1
6
7 9 10
Pod returned to stack Collect Ashes Fragment memorial service
0
5
10
15
163
S
Proposed - Ground Floor Routes 1-250@A2- 1-500@A4
1
10
2 4
1
4 1 2
1 2 3
Body Transported // Mourners Arrive Preperation of the body Orientation of Procession Area Set
4 5 6
Body elevated to procession level Empty pod removed from tower Procession
Mourner Body
165
10 9
2
7 9 10
1
Pod returned to stack Collect Ashes Fragment memorial service
0
5
10
15
167
169
Click animation to play.
171
Click animation to play.
173
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Phases Explained
Phase 1 + 2 - Body Process The diagram on the right shows the tower in plan view. Although the tower can app pods in height and length, it cannot expand width ways. This is due to the way the pods rotate. The tower is 4 pods wide with the outside layer being accessible, the pods on the inside are still processing a body and therefore need to remain closed.
1 2
Phase 1 - Pod Axo (Author) Phase 2 - Tower Plan View (Author)
175
Width restricted to 4 pod width due to paternoster movement
Width restricted to 4 pod width due to paternoster movement
Click animation to play.
177
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Phases Explained
Phase 3 - Fragment Access The magnetite fabric wraps the space.
1
1 2
2
Pinterest Image (Unknown) Group Fragment Viewer (Author)
179
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Phases Explained
Phase 3 - Memory Fragment ATM
1
1 2
2
Pinterest Image (Unknown) Group Fragment Viewer (Author)
181
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Axo View
Axo 1
1
Axo - See Appendix for Final Crit Axo
183
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Key View
Street View 1
1
Note: This visual features an outdated ‘ Group Fragment Viewer’. See Section for updated design.
185
21 22
Appendix A
187
S
1
Circular Economy Steel Life Cycle
2021
Steel is a 100% recyclable, ‘permanent’ material, which loses none of its unique properties when properly processed. The European steel industry works hard to ensure that the steel it produces can be reused, recovered, and recycled. It also ensures that steel production’s by-products, such as slags and process, gases are put to the best possible uses.
Raw Material Extraction
2
(Eco-Friendly Alternatives To Traditional Concrete, 2019)
rap
C Stainless Steel £400 -600 / Tonne Iron £60 -120 / Tonne
(The European Steel Association - EUROFER, n.d.)
Sc
st -
Recycle Scrap Collection and Preperation
1
%
Po 99%
Steel production also results in useful by-products. These go on to have lives of their own as fundamental materials in other sectors, such as cement, chemicals and energy generation. This is industrial symbiosis in action. Currently, there is not enough scrap to satisfy the need for new steel, but at some point in the future, recovered and recycled scrap will be in balance with demand. Steel use in the economy will be completely circular. 1
Blast Furnace
20
The Circular Economy of Steel
Electric Arc Furnace
on
su
m
er
ap Scr
Re
189
educe
Production All Slab Bilet Bloom
Pre
- Co
ns
um
er
S ap cr
Retain Manufacturing Examples include: cars, drinks cans, buildings, machinery, ships, windmills, trains and more. 2
Re-use Re-use and Remanufacturing
Cement Slag - ‘Green’(er) concrete Blast furnace slag is a by-product that can be recycled and used to make an alternative to concrete. This material can replace about 70% to 80% cement, and improves the durability of the concrete. The slag can also be used to create fibers used as an insulation material called slag wool.
Chemical Slag - ‘Green’(er) concrete Use Phase End-of-life steel artefacts can be reused or reborn as something else. 3
Input material for the chemical industry and reducing agents (emulsions + used oils).
Energy Process gases Gases from the process can be used to produce heat and electricity.
3
(Nichols, 2019)
191
193
195
S 1
Location 1 - Snowdon Miners Track
Geological Magnetite
1-4
Snowdon Miners Track Mine (Author)
Naturally occurring magnetite can be found through standard mining techniques (refer to appendix) . With large deposits found in Brazil, US, China and Australia. The Iron Ore mines in the UK all seemed to close in the 60s leaving behind pits such as the mine to the right. This Iron mine was located part way up Snowdon and was identified as having magnetite present. I went to visit this Snowdon Mine and the Ystrad Mine in Wales to obtain my own sample. The next series of pages shows images from the tracks and places the activity took place as well as some obtained samples.
197
1
2
3
4
S 1
Location 1 - Snowdon Pyg Track
1
Pyg Track
2
1-3
Snowdon Pyg Track (Author)
199
3
S 1
Location 2 - Betws Garmon Old Iron Mine
1
Ystrad Mine
2
1-3
Ystrad Mine (Author)
201
3
S 1
Location 2 - Betws Garmon Old Iron Mine
1
1-2
Ystrad Mine (Author)
203
2
205
Collected Samples
All these samples were collected close to the disused mines and were identified as containing potential Magnetite or Iron Ore. Some were broken from surfaces and some found in water ways as potential bog ore. All samples were tested for magnetic qualities with number 9 displaying these properties. Some of the other samples shown on the next couple of pages were identified as copper or siderite. Following this study I began to research into where else Magnetite could be produced or found.
207
Final Crit - Visual
209
21 22
Appendix B
211
Olson Kundig Natural organic reduction vessel
213
S 1
Early Collage
Fabric + Memory
1
1 2
Fabric Arch Side (Author) Memory Core (Author)
2
215
21 22
Appendix C
217
S 1
Final Crit Exports
ATM + Fragment Viewer
1
1 2
ATM (AuthorGroup Fragment Viewer (Author)
2
219
S 1
Final Crit Long Section 1-250 @ A2
221
223
S 2
The Modality of Fragments Axo View
Axo 1
1
Note: This visual features an outdated ‘ Group Fragment Viewer’. See Section for updated design.
225
227
References
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Definitions
Ferro fluid - a fluid containing a magnetic suspension. Bog Ore - Bog iron is a form of impure iron deposit that develops in bogs or swamps by the chemical or biochemical oxidation of iron carried in solution. Fragments - Parts of captured memories. Necropolis - a cemetery, especially a large one belonging to an ancient city. Secular - not connected with religious or spiritual matters. Laic - of the laity; secular.
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