V25I1 (Winter 2022-23) by Redstone Media Group

CONTENTS Winter 2022

Columns 14 MIND, BODY, SPIRIT The top 3 ways dogs and cats change our lives Anyone who shares their home with a dog or cat knows that animal companionship enriches our lives on so many levels. Here are the top ways they do that.

20 FELINE BEHAVIOR How to introduce your cat to a new kitty companion

Cats can be territorial and may not take kindly to a new kitty coming into the household. These six steps will help maintain harmony when making introductions.

Features care for every stage 10 Dofental your dog or cat’s life Whether your dog or cat is a youngster, a senior, or in between, regular dental care is vital for maintaining strong teeth and gums, and preventing painful problems.

5 training tips 16 Tforopnew dogs

It’s important to start training your new dog soon after you bring him home. Here are the top five behaviors and cues every dog should be taught.

28 LEARNING CURVE One Health

Understanding the One Health approach, how it connects humans, animals, and the environment, and what it means for your dog or cat.

32 HEALING

WITH HERBS

Milk thistle – a natural detox herb for dogs and cats

Sometimes called the "house cleaner" of herbs, milk thistle is a powerful detoxifier that can help strengthen your dog or cat's liver.

treats that support 22 Pheret health

From soothing her stomach to cleaning her teeth, these healthy homemade treats help support your dog or cat’s wellness.

ow to keep your dog H fit and active during the winter

Depending on where you live, winters can be harsh, which means you and your dog spend a lot more time indoors. Here are some tips for keeping him fit, active and safe.

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34 MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS

How your dog can benefit from medicinal mushrooms An introduction to the amazing world of medicinal mushrooms, and the health benefits they can offer your canine companion.

38 ANIMAL

CHIROPRACTIC

How do you know if your dog needs chiropractic care?

Chiropractic does much more than ease pain. It can help your dog by enhancing her body’s ability to heal itself, which means it’s beneficial for just about any condition.

44 TREATING CANCER

What’s immunotherapy and can it help dogs with cancer?

Immunotherapy is a buzzword in human medicine. Although there’s still more research to be done, this form of cancer treatment can also benefit dogs suffering from malignancies.

48 HEALING

64 REWIND

INSIDE & OUT

Urinary tract disease and your cat One of the most common health problems to afflict cats is lower urinary tract disease. Understanding the various causes and symptoms are key to ensuring prompt treatment.

50 HEALTH WATCH

How to know if your dog is in pain

74 EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING

Common ear problems in dogs and cats

From infections to agerelated hearing loss, our canine and feline companions are prone to several common ear problems.

66 FELINE HEALTH What can your cat’s poop tell you about her health?

Your dog can’t tell you when he hurts, so it’s important to know the signs that indicate pain and discomfort.

Paying attention to your cat’s poop gets you acquainted with her normal elimination patterns — and alerts you when something might be going wrong.

52 NEED TO

68 EYE CARE

KNOW

Your guide to navigating the veterinary shortage

Here’s how to find your way through the current veterinary shortage, and ensure your dog or cat is getting the care he needs.

Keeping your dog or cat’s eyes healthy and safe Eye care should be a regular part of your dog or cat’s wellness regimen. Know the red flags to watch out for, and what you can do to help preserve eye health and vision.

5 signs your dog needs a friend

Dogs are pack animals and often enjoy the company of other canines. Here are five indications your dog might benefit from having a friend to play and hang out with.

76 AT THE SHELTER

How shelters are dealing with returned “pandemic pets”

Dog and cat adoptions sky-rocketed during the pandemic, but now a lot of these animals are being returned to shelters and rescues. How are organizations dealing with the problem?

79 FUN FACTS

Most popular dog and cat breeds for 2022

80 DOGS

AT WORK

Dogs sniff out pepper weevils in commercial greenhouses

74 Departments 7 From the Editor 26 Newsworthy 42 Product picks 58 Holiday gift guide 72 In the news

Social Media

73 Gear up for winter! 81 Marketplace 81 Classifieds 82 Find 10 differences

Tips, contests and more! AnimalWellnessMagazine

Nutrition videos, recipes and more! Animal Wellness Magazine

Tips, pet photos, and more! AnimalWellnessMagazine

Crafts, laughs, and more! AnimalWellness

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ANIMAL

For a long, healthy life!

WELLNESS VOLUME 25 ISSUE 1

EDITORIAL/CREATIVE DEPARTMENT:

Editor-in-Chief: Dana Cox Managing Editor: Ann Brightman Senior Content Editor: Ashley Tonkens Graphic Design Lead: Ethan Vorstenbosch Web Design & Development: Lace Imson Graphic Designer: Joy Sunga Cover Photo Photographer: Ksenia Raykova

COLUMNISTS & CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Sally E. Bahner Hayley Bauer Suzi Beber, Honoris causa Christine Caplan, CVT Carmen Colitz, DVM, PhD, DACVO Tonya Cooksey, DVM W. Jean Dodds, DVM Holly H. Ganz, PhD Abigail Jane Angie Krause, DVM, CVA, CCRT Ramona Marek Brian Marshall Anna McClain Shawn Messonnier, DVM Sandra Murphy Bill Ormston, DVM Omer Rashid, DVM Laurie Riihimaki Nancy Scanlan, DVM Robert J. Silver, DVM, MS Tonya Wilhelm

ADMINISTRATION & SALES:

President/C.E.O.: Tim Hockley Finance Administrator: Melissa Scripture Circulation & Office Manager: Libby Sinden Subscription Services: Simone Beimbrink Customer Satisfaction Representative: Mattias Wahl

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ON THE COVER

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DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME:

Cover photo by: Ksenia Raykova This gorgeous border collie obviously loves frolicking in the snow! With winter on the doorstep, it’s important to find ways to keep your canine fit and happy, even when the weather outside isn’t the greatest. This issue provides tips on how to do that, along with lots of other timely info on everything from dental care to navigating the current veterinary shortage. Turn the page to learn more!

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Animal Wellness Magazine (ISSN 1710-1190) is published four times a year by Redstone Media Group Inc. Publications Mail Agreement #40884047. Entire contents copyright© 2022. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted by any means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Publication date: November 2022. proudly supporting

improving the lives of animals... one reader at a time.

FROM THE EDITOR

n a c u o y A dvice h t e e t r u o ge t y i n to !

few months ago, when I was brushing little Muffie’s teeth, I noticed a couple of her front ones were quite loose. This wasn’t all that surprising for our 15-year-old rescued Shih Poo, who was most likely a puppy mill survivor. She clearly doesn’t have the best breeding but she’s adorable to us, and, with a natural diet and supplements, she’s actually been very healthy (despite a missing toe!). She did, however, come to us with a snaggle tooth, which sat outside her lip when her mouth was closed. Eventually, that tooth and some others had to be removed when they became loose a few years ago. When we took Muffie back to the vet this time, she recommended removing the loose teeth with local anesthetic and sedation, rather than general anesthetic, because of her age. Once the procedure was completed, I could tell Muffie was more comfortable eating and playing with her toys. She still doesn’t love getting her teeth brushed, but puts up with it (we also sometimes use a water additive and spray for extra support), so hopefully the rest of her teeth will stick around for the long haul. Unfortunately, tooth and gum disease are among the most common issues afflicting our four-legged friends, and it can even lead to serious systemic disease. So it’s really vitally important to make dental health a top priority. To help you on your way, read our article on dental care for every stage of your animal’s life — from puppy or kittenhood to his senior years. Eye and ear care are also crucial facets of a dog or cat’s health regimen, so add them to his wellness checklist too!

Take a look at some of the most common ocular problems in animals, along with tips on protecting your bestie’s eye and vision health; and learn about the conditions that can affect his ears, and how they can be treated and prevented. As we move into the winter months, maintaining our dogs’ fitness levels (and our own) can become a bit more challenging. We offer tips and advice on how to keep your dog active and happy, both outdoors and in (for when the weather is frightful!). Then head to the kitchen and try making some tasty and nutritious treats aimed at supporting your animal’s health, from cleaning teeth to soothing tummy upsets. This issue also presents a comprehensive introduction to medicinal mushrooms and how they can benefit your dog; timely advice on how to navigate the current veterinary shortage; and the most important cues and behaviors to teach a new canine companion. Cat guardians won’t want to miss our articles on urinary tracts disorders, what your kitty’s poop can tell you about her health, and how to safely and smoothly introduce a new feline companion to your household. Yours in wellness,

Dana Cox Editor-in-Chief

Visit our facebook page at facebook.com/AnimalWellnessMagazine Animal Wellness

CONTRIBUTORS Veterinarian Dr. Carmen Colitz is one of the world’s leading veterinary ophthalmologists, as well as a consulting veterinarian for Animal Necessity and co-founder of Animal HealthQuest LLC. p. 68 Veterinarian Dr. Jean Dodds received her veterinary degree in 1964 from the Ontario Veterinary College. In 1986, she established Hemopet, the first non-profit national blood bank program for animals. Dr. Dodds has been a member of many committees on hematology, animal models of human disease and veterinary medicine. She received the Holistic Veterinarian of the Year Award from the AHVMA in 1994. p. 28 Veterinarian Dr. Angie Krause graduated from Texas A&M University, College of Veterinary Medicine in 2007. She incorporates many holistic modalities into her practice, has a love for Traditional Chinese Medicine and Physical Medicine, and offers laser therapy, myofascial release, physical therapy, nutrition, and more. Dr. Angie has a house call practice called Boulder Holistic Vet (BoulderHolisticVet.com). p. 52 Veterinarian Dr. Shawn Messonnier wrote The Natural Health Bible for Dogs and Cats, The Natural Vet’s Guide to Preventing and Treating Cancer in Dogs and 8 Weeks to a Healthy Dog. He’s the pet care expert for Martha Stewart Living’s “Dr. Shawn – The Natural Vet” on Sirius Satellite Radio, and creator of Dr. Shawn’s Pet Organics. His practice, Paws & Claws Animal Hospital (pawsandclawsanimalhospital.com) is in Plano, Texas. p. 64

Hayley Bauer is a freelance writer from Alberta, Canada, and an employee at her local animal shelter. She works with dozens of cats and dogs on a regular basis, and loves to see each animal find their forever home. Animals have always been a huge part of Hayley’s life. She has a Great Pyrenees, a Puggle, and three handsome longhair kitties. p. 20 Christine Caplan is a Certified Vet Tech, and a long-time PR veteran and content marketing expert who brings her unique understanding of social and digital media to connect dog lovers to brands both on and offline. She lives with three hounds – two “doxies” and a beagle/basset hound mix -- who constantly teach her about life and companionship (mylifewithdogspdx.com). p. 32 Abigail Jane is a writer and animal lover. One day, she thought: why not do both? She has combined her two passions while helping other animal guardians to navigate the world of caring for their furry companions. p. 74

Veterinarian Dr. Bill Ormston (“Dr. O.”) practices animal chiropractic in Meridian, TX. People often ask how he ended up as an animal chiropractor. Short story: it found him. “Each animal we adjust teaches us something new and exciting.” He is looking forward to many more years of animal chiropractic, both adjusting and teaching others how to adjust. His book, Yes Its Really A Thing, can be found on Amazon or the clinic website at allcreatureseveryspine.com. p. 38

Ramona D. Marek, MS Ed, is an award-winning writer, and author of Cats for the GENIUS. She writes about pet care, health and behavior, and cats in the arts. Her feline muses are Tsarevich Ivan, a joie de vivre silver tabby Siberian, and Natasha Fatale, a full-time diva dressed as an “anything but plain” brown tabby. Read more about Ramona and her work at RamonaMarek.com. p. 66

Veterinarian Dr. Omer Rashid earned his veterinary degree in 2002 from University of Agriculture Faisalabad, followed by a Master’s degree in Parasitology. He worked for several years in veterinary practice, studied advanced pharmacology at Charles Darwin University in Australia, and has been a science writer for a research company. Along the way, Dr. Rashid developed an interest in integrative veterinary health, and joined Redstone Media Group as Associate Editor for IVC Journal in 2022. p. 44

Laurie Riihimaki is a full-time freelance writer and editor covering topics from animals and holistic medicine to fitness and personal development. Her theater background in Boston, London, and NYC has helped her create a fun voice that she utilizes in her writing. Laurie also develops novels, poetry, and personal essays. When she isn't writing, she is directing, acting, painting, exploring nature, reading, or spending time with her family and dog. p. 60

Veterinarian Dr. Nancy Scanlan is Executive Director for the AHVM Foundation, a board member of the WATCVM, and a consultant on the Veterinary Information Network. She has been using complementary health therapies in her veterinary practice since 1970, including nutraceuticals, acupuncture, non-classical homeopathy, and Chinese and Western herbs. Dr. Scanlan was Executive Director of the AHVMA for three years and president of the VBMA for two years. p. 10 Veterinarian Dr Robert Silver graduated from Colorado State’s College of Veterinary Medicine, and established one of the first US integrative vet clinics in Boulder, CO in 1993. He is a nationally recognized expert in veterinary herbal medicine and veterinary CBD and cannabis therapeutics. He published three chapters in Cannabis Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, and wrote A Guide to Pet CBD and Cannabis. Dr Silver shares a blog site (NurseYourPet.com) and owns the Well-Pet Dispensary (wellpetdispensary.com). p. 34 Dr. Suzi Beber has been creating special needs diets for animals for two decades. She founded the University of Guelph’s Smiling Blue Skies® Cancer Fund and Smiling Blue Skies® Fund for Innovative Research. She received a Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal, and a Doctor of Laws, honoris causa, from the University of Guelph/Ontario Veterinary College. The Smiling Blue Skies Cancer Fund received the “Pets + Us” Community Outreach Champion Award. p. 22

Sally Bahner specializes in cat-related issues, specifically nutrition, holistic care and behavior. She has offered her services as a feline behavior and care consultant and gives classes on cat care. Sally is the resident cat behavior expert on Tracie Hotchner’s Cat Chat radio program, and a member of the Cat Writers’ Association and the International Association of Animal Behavior Consultants. p. 48

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Brian Marshall has won numerous writing awards during his 30-plus year career in journalism. The Detroit native and Western Michigan University grad has owned two dachshunds and currently shares his life with a mixed hound. p. 50 Anna McClain is a certified Grief Support Specialist and owner of PAWS Pathway, offering pet loss grief support focusing on the human-animal bond. She loves animals of all sizes and is also a Support Specialist for MN Pets. She lives in Southern California with her husband, three dogs, and two cats. p. 14 Tonya Wilhelm is a dog training and cat care specialist who promotes positive ways to prevent and manage behavior issues. One of the top ten dog trainers in the US, she has helped thousands build happy relationships with their dogs using humane, positive methods. She wrote Proactive Puppy Care; offers dog training classes; provides training and behavior services; and does workshops at pet expos (raisingyourpetsnaturally.com). p. 16 Sandra Murphy lives in St Louis, Missouri. When she's not writing, she works as a pet sitter. p. 76

DENTAL CARE

FOR EVERY STAGE OF YOUR DOG OR CAT’S LIFE By Nancy Scanlan, DVM

D gs Cats

Whether your dog or cat is a youngster or a senior, or anything in between, regular dental care throughout his life is vital for maintaining strong teeth and gums, and preventing painful problems. Dental disease is one of the most common problems in our dogs and cats. It’s also one of the easier conditions to prevent or minimize, although it requires regular and consistent dental care throughout the animal’s life. This article offers an integrative approach to canine and feline dental care, from babyhood to the senior years.

START YOUNG — DENTAL CARE FOR PUPPIES AND KITTENS Puppies and kittens are born without teeth, but have a full set of baby teeth by the time they are ready to leave their mothers. When the animal is around three months old, these baby teeth fall out and are replaced by bigger, stronger adult teeth.

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DID YOU KNOW?

Sometimes teething can be irritating or painful for a youngster. When that happens, a puppy or kitten might become irritable, eat a little less, paw at his mouth, or start chewing on even more things than he did before, including you. If this happens, ice water or ice on the gums can help relieve irritation and inflammation.

By 16 weeks, adult teeth have all erupted, and the baby teeth should all be gone. Occasionally, though, the baby teeth stay too. This happens most often with the canine teeth of small dogs. When you look in the dog’s mouth, you will see a smaller baby tooth touching the larger adult one. If this baby tooth is not removed, hair and food can get wedged between the two teeth. Try wiggling the baby tooth — if it is loose, give the dog a small Kong or other chew toy, or a raw chicken wing (only for the small guys) to chew on, to help loosen it enough to come out. If the tooth is wedged in the mouth and does not move at all, it usually needs to be removed under anesthesia. Your veterinarian can let you know whether this will be necessary. It can be done at the same time the puppy is spayed or neutered. All puppies and kittens should get used to having their teeth brushed at least once a day. Don’t wait until they are adults — if you do, it can become a wrestling match. If you start slowly and gently, they will expect it as part of their daily routine.

1. In the beginning, gently rub the gums and teeth with your moistened finger. You can also use a little pet toothpaste, to show them that this is just another way of giving them a goodtasting treat.

B e sure to use toothpaste specifically designed for a cat or dog. Human toothpaste has fluoride, which is poisonous if swallowed, often along with a strong minty flavor that animals don’t like. Toothpaste made for animals is designed to be swallowed safely, with flavors that dogs and cats like. While baking soda can also be used, you’re trying to give your puppy or kitten something yummy to make teethcleaning a happy time.

2. The next step is

to use a soft finger brush, which fits over the end of your finger, to get your youngster used to the feel of a toothbrush. Always be very gentle, and again, use some pet toothpaste. Since you are trying to make this a fun event, start with a brief brushing and gradually increase the length of time you spend brushing.

3. Although you can continue using the finger brush, many people prefer to graduate to a regular soft toothbrush. Use one designed for a dog or cat, not a human — it will fit in the animal’s mouth better.

4. You can also use other dental care products to help prevent plaque, including dental gels, powders, rinses, supplements, and oral solutions added to the water. Dental chews, toys designed for safe chewing (like Kongs), and crunchy dental treats are also available to help fight tooth and gum disease.

DID YOU KNOW? An important part of all healthcare, including dental care, is a good, healthy diet made with nutritious whole foods. It contributes to the formation of healthy teeth in puppies and kittens, and keeps the immune system strong to help fight bacteria in the mouth. Start your youngster on such a diet as soon as possible.

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HEALTHY MOUTHS FOR ADULT ANIMALS — INCLUDING RESCUES

THE GOLDEN YEARS — CARING FOR YOUR SENIOR’S TEETH

As your dog or cat grows into an adult, it’s important to continue with the dental care regime you began when she was a puppy or kitten, along with regular veterinary exams. Animals that are adopted or rescued when they’re adults, however, may never have been anywhere near a toothbrush in their lives before they come to live with you. These dogs and cats may also be very head-shy, depending on their former lives, and might need to have their teeth cleaned by a veterinarian.

Seniors often have more dental disease than younger animals, and tend to need more professional oral care. Their diets may have to change due to chronic disease, and some of these foods may not help the teeth as much as their former diets did. Additionally, the immune systems of older dogs and cats do not work as well as in younger animals, so periodontitis and mouth tumors are more likely to occur.

Bad breath in an adult dog or cat is almost always caused by gum disease, tartar buildup, or both. Sometimes, it’s also caused by a broken or abscessed tooth (the pain from this is another cause of head-shyness). You might notice drooling, with blood in the saliva. All these are problems for a veterinarian to solve.

Continuing with a good home dental care regimen into a DID YOU KNOW? dog or cat’s senior years An older animal’s teeth can help reduce ageare more worn down, especially related problems and in dogs that are enthusiastic is an important part of chewers. This can expose the overall healthcare. pulp cavity, and root canal

treatments or tooth removal By looking after your might be necessary. Veterinarians can clean the teeth and spot gum disease and dog or cat’s teeth at broken teeth. Abscesses can be harder to diagnose unless an home, whether he comes x-ray is taken. Board certified veterinary dentists are skilled to you as a youngster or in more advanced dentistry such as root canals and crowns. an adult, you can prevent or If you practice good preventive care, and if your dog is not minimize issues like gingivitis, tartar a rock-chewer, you most likely will not buildup, gum infections and tooth abscesses, as well as bad have to see a specialist. But if you breath. Remember that bacteria from the mouth can get into rescue animals, or have a dog the circulation and cause problems in other areas of the DID YOU KNOW? who seems dedicated to body, such as the kidneys or joints, so when you care for The first professional teeth destroying his own teeth, your animal’s teeth properly, cleaning should be done at one you may need one. you are also caring for his year old in small breed dogs, and general health and between one and two years old for If your animal has well-being. cats and large breed dogs, even if healthy teeth and gums you don’t see signs of any problems. but is head-shy, you This will allow for cleaning under might have to rely on the gums, which animal chews and supplements guardians can’t to help clean her teeth, do easily. without the tooth brushing. However, a good animal behaviorist might be able to change her mind about having her teeth brushed.

THE NEED FOR PROFESSIONAL

DENTAL WORK

Some dogs and cats need little or no dental work, whereas others require regular visits to the veterinarian or even to board certified veterinary dentists. This is especially true for breeds with muzzles that are very short, resulting in tooth crowding or even displacement.

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Regardless of how well you do your job at home, a yearly visit to a veterinarian or dental technician is advisable, to clean under your dog or cat’s gums. Teeth that are not cleaned below the gumline can develop hidden conditions that need medical attention.

MIND, BODY, SPIRIT

The Top 3Ways Dogs & Cats Change our Lives by Anna McClain

Anyone who shares their home with a dog or cat knows that animal companionship enriches our lives on so many levels. Here are the top ways they do that. Words can’t express the pure joy we experience when feeling a sloppy puppy kiss on our cheeks, or the soothing comfort of a cat’s purr against our hearts. Our canine and feline companions are our best friends, our families, healers, and trusted guides. We learn valuable lessons from them about unconditional love, living life to the fullest, and friendship of the most loyal kind imaginable. Our dogs and cats help us celebrate the happiest moments, console us during dark nights, and always know the right times to make us giggle with their silly antics. Here are the top ways dogs and cats change our lives for the better — physically, mentally and emotionally.

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1. PHYSICAL BENEFITS There’s no question that animals enhance our physical wellbeing. Keeping up a daily exercise routine with your dog helps you stay physically active, maintain a healthy body shape, and even recover more quickly from illness. Having a dog physically motivates you to push past your fitness limits. If you have a cat, engaging her in interactive play gives you a bit of extra exercise inside the house. Whether you’re dragging a crinkle toy around the house, playing hide and seek with her, or throwing a catnip mouse for her to catch, it gets you both off the couch and moving around.

The physical benefits of sharing your life with a dog or cat go beyond physical activity. The mere presence of an animal companion can help you de-stress by lowering your heart rate, blood pressure, cholesterol and cortisol levels. A feline’s purr has even been shown to improve the healing of bones and muscles, and reduce the risk of heart attacks.

2. MENTAL BENEFITS Dogs and cats also provide us with mental benefits. The activities you engage in with your dog or cat — such as training, enrichment exercises, agility and more — enhance your own cognitive state as well as your animal’s. Even the act of caring for an animal — feeding, grooming, walking, and so forth — can have cognitive benefits, especially in children or the elderly. Looking after a dog or cat can give people a sense of purpose and responsibility, and help them maintain structure and routine in their lives.

3. E MOTIONAL BENEFITS

Being around a dog or cat increases one’s oxytocin levels, enhancing feelings of trust, empathy, and love, while decreasing anxiety and tension. Animals can also reduce depression and loneliness in humans; for example, walking a dog shows us how to look at the world through new eyes and can help establish social interactions with others. Our animal companions also teach us about us unconditional love, gratitude, and living in the present. They love greeting us excitedly at the door, and express boundless loyalty to their people. The give us important lessons about enjoying each meal and activity, anticipating new adventures, remaining courageous and resilient, and expressing selflessness. They even help us understand loss — for with great love come great loss when we lose a dog or cat. Above all, dogs and cats share lessons on forgiveness and acceptance, even when they come from difficult or abusive backgrounds. Animals change our lives in countless ways, on many levels, and give us love and joy every moment they are with us. The unforgettable bonds we form with them improve our lives physically, mentally, and emotionally, and leave permanent paw prints on our hearts. Anole France said it best: “Until one has loved an animal, a part of their soul remains unawakened.”

The

Social Side Dogs and cats are more than companion animals — many also work to help people in the community, on physical, mental and emotional levels. • Service animals provide assistance to people with physical disabilities such as limited mobility, vision or hearing loss. They help with daily tasks and help these people feel more self-sufficient. • Some animals are able to alert their people to seizures, strokes, and diabetic crises. • Both dogs and cats offer emotional support to those suffering from trauma, PTSD, and other psychological disorders. • Therapy dogs and cats visit schools, hospitals, and retirement homes to bring joy and comfort to kids, patients, and seniors. • Numerous libraries offer programs where dogs can attend story time or have children read aloud to them, thus promoting literacy, selfconfidence, and animal adoption all at once. • For cat lovers, a growing number of cat cafes allow visitors to meet, cuddle, play, and spend quality time with felines that are up for adoption.

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PREVENT COMMON BEHAVIOR PROBLEMS Number one may surprise you, but in all honesty it’s the most important aspect of training. Dogs are not surrendered to animal shelters because they don’t know how to sit. They are typically surrendered because they have some kind of anxiety or behavioral issue. Anxiety also leads to reactive behaviors such as lunging at the end of the leash, growling at strangers, or even biting. Instead of waiting for a problem to develop, you have the opportunity to be proactive in your dog’s training and greatly reduce the risk of a behavior problem sneaking in.

by Tonya Wilhelm

Whether you’ve just adopted a puppy or an adult dog, it’s important to start training him soon after you bring him home. Here are the top five behaviors and cues every dog should be taught. Have you recently brought a new dog or puppy home, but don’t know where to start with his training? You are already providing him with the healthiest food, treats and toys. You know that positive training is essential for your journey to a well-behaved dog. But where do you begin? This article covers the most important cues and behaviors to teach your dog right out of the gate.

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The concept is simple. You want to start conditioning your dog that “X” equals something of value. Let’s take bikes for an example. When you are out walking your dog, reward him with a treat every time you see a bicyclist. Do this often. What you are teaching your dog is that bikes lead to rewards, which leads to feeling good and looking to you for the reward. This training will help prevent your dog from barking or lunging at cyclists. Instead, he will be calm and collected and even look to you for his reward or guidance.

HINT:

This training can and should be utilized for a variety of situations, such as thunder and other loud noises, vacuum cleaners, other dogs, kids, squirrels, etc.

Dogs go through a variety of fear periods during their first two years of life. By actively working at preventing anxiety, you are providing your canine with an important buffer should something big and scary really happen during that time. Prevention is always easier than a cure.

TEACH YOUR DOG THE VALUE OF HIS NAME I’m not talking about the causal attention your dog may give you when you say his name. I’m talking about when you say his name around a distraction and he swiftly turns his head away from it to look up at you. How awesome is that? •

•

TRAIN HIM TO SIT Training a dog how to put his butt on the floor when asked can be a huge benefit to his overall manners. If he’s sitting, he’s not jumping on you, diving for the food you dropped, or dashing out the door. •

First, you need to start in a non-distracting environment when your dog is eager to interact with you. Place high value treats inside your pocket along with a small toy. Say your dog’s name once, in a singsong tone. The moment he looks in your direction, say “yes!”, then give him treats in succession and tell him what a smart dog he is. Wow — your dog just hit the mother lode for a very easy task! Your next job is to do this often throughout the day over the next week. No distractions, nice and easy, big payoff. If you find yourself in a situation where your dog doesn’t turn to you, do not repeat his name. Instead, take the toy out of your pocket and play with it by yourself. Let your dog see how much of a party he missed out on. Wait a minute or two, then say his name again in that singsong tone. I bet he’ll turn to you now! When he does, give him a big payoff of treats and the toy. Now that he’s getting the hang of it, slowly start to increase the distractions. Continue with high payout. Soon, you will have a dog who loves it when you say his name.

•

Start with a treat in your hand. Place the treat next to your dog’s nose and slowly rock your hand up and over his head. You want to do this action slowly so the he follows the treat with his head and places his butt on the floor. The moment he does, say “yes!” and give him the treat. Repeat this process.

"YES!"

"SIT"

Once he’s understanding the behavior, you can add a verbal cue. Say “sit”, present him with the the lure, say “yes!” and treat. Continue this training throughout the day in various situations. Eventually, you will begin to slowly eliminate your hand gestures and just use your verbal cue.

HINT:

If you find your dog is jumping up for the treat, your hand might be too high. Make sure your hand lure is very close to his nose. This will help prevent him from jumping up.

HINT:

If you reach a stage where your dog is no longer getting it, decrease the distractions again.

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TEACH HIM TO STAY If your dog knows how to stay in place, your life will be so much easier. Think about it. If you want to wipe the mud off his feet and he doesn’t wiggle around while you’re doing it, the job will become a breeze. •

•

Start with your dog in a sit. Since everything is pretty new to him, go ahead and reward that behavior. While he’s sitting, give him a treat every second for a total of five treats. Then say “okay” and encourage him to get up. Do not give him a treat for getting up; you are teaching him that not moving gets the reward, and getting up is boring. Congratulations — you now have a one-second sit-stay!

dog is getting into things he shouldn’t, double check your dog-proofing. The best way to teach him not to chew on valuable items is to not keep them within his reach. Management truly is a dog parent's best line of defense.

Repeat this step, but now give him a treat every two seconds. Sit (one second, two seconds), treat (one second, two seconds), treat — again for a total of five treats. Say “okay” for him to get up. Your dog has now just done a two-second sit-stay. Continue this process until your dog has a five second sit-stay for five treats.

"STAY"

HINT:

The goal in teaching new behaviors is to teach your dog that he can win, and learn what is correct. It’s now time to name this behavior “stay”. Ask him for a sit, then say “stay,” count to five and treat. Repeat this for five treats, then say “okay.” Way to go! He’s doing a five-second sit-stay, five times. If your dog is getting up before he should, cut down your time intervals again.

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Fetch isn’t much fun for us humans when the dog won’t drop the toy. That’s not to say it isn’t fun for him! However, teaching a dog to give up a toy or other object not only improves play, but also has the potential to prevent him from eating something he shouldn’t.

HINT: If you find your

"OKAY"

GET HIM TO DROP IT

We are going to teach your dog that dropping an object is a good thing. What you don’t want to teach him is that the fun is over if he drops something. That can easily lead to a dog who steals something, runs off to hide, and may turn into Cujo when you try to get it back.

"DROP IT"

•

Start with two identical toys. This reduces the likelihood of your dog valuing one over another. Toss the first toy down the hall. As your dog races to collect the toy, wiggle the second toy around, showing him how interesting it is. When he drops the toy that’s in his mouth, toss the toy you have in your hand. As he runs to get that one, you pick up the first toy. Again, wiggle the toy in excitement. Once he drops his, toss yours. Repeat.

•

Now it’s time to have a little game of fetch and drop. When your dog is reliably dropping the first toy, say your “drop it” cue right before he does the behavior. You can play this game with food too. He has the toy; you show him the food treat; he drops the toy; you give him the treat and then toss the toy. Win-win for the dog!

These five important behaviors and cues form the foundation for further training, helping to ensure success while keeping the process fun.

FELINE BEHAVIOR

How to introduce your cat to a NEW KITTY COMPANION BY HAYLEY BAUER

You already have a cat. But there’s a precious tabby at the local animal shelter waiting for his forever home — your home! The question is, how will your current cat respond? She may love the idea…but on the other hand, she may need help adapting to the newcomer. To help ensure a smooth, stress-free introduction between two cats, follow the six steps in this article. Note that these steps are meant to be completed over the course of several days, or even weeks, depending on how the cats respond. They can also be adapted for households that already have multiple cats, and are hoping to add another. Create a separate space for the new cat. This should be someplace where he and your existing cat cannot see each other. Ideally, choose a room with a door and set up the space with everything your new cat needs, such as food and water, a litter box, bed, and toys. Keeping him in this separate room at first will help him adapt to his new surroundings. It also allows your other cat to maintain her own space in the rest of the house, and helps avoid territorial tendencies and feelings of displacement.

STEP

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Cats can be territorial and may not take kindly to a new kitty coming into the household. These six steps will help maintain harmony when making introductions.

Let the cats get used to each other’ s scents and sounds from beneath the door. Don’ t let them see each other yet; allow them to familiarize themselves with one another through smell and hearing only. A bit of hissing and growling is normal at this point, but it’ s up to you to make sure it doesn’ t escalate so keep these under-the-door interactions short at first. Continue this step with gradually lengthening durations of time until each cat is comfortable and does not show signs of stress or aggression.

STEP

After your new cat has settled in, give him a turn at being loose in the rest of the house — but only when your current cat is contained someplace where they won’t see each other. This step accomplishes two things. Your new cat becomes accustomed to the remainder of his surroundings, and your existing cat gets used to having the newbie’s scent in the rest of the house.

STEP

This is a big one! Let the cats see each other for the first time through the safety of a barrier. A screen or gate can be used, but perhaps the easiest way is to use a cat carrier. Place your new cat in his carrier, and take him to a room where your current cat can see him, and vice versa. Allow the cats to observe each other through the barrier, but do not force them to come any closer than they are willing to on their own. Give them each a turn at being in the carrier, while the other is loose in the rest of the room. Once again, a bit of hissing or growling may occur. It’s important to do this face-to-face interaction in short spurts at first. When the cats are comfortable seeing each other through a barrier, allow them to be free in the same room together. Open the door of your new cat’s separate room and allow them to visit each other’s space at their leisure. Careful supervision is absolutely crucial here for the safety of both cats. Be sure to keep these visits short at first. Watch for signs of stress or aggression, and end the visit on a positive note.

STEP

The final step is to increase the duration of each cat’s visits to the other’s space. As you increase the time your cats spend together, the separate spaces will become less and less separate as each cat roams freely. Eventually, this step will give way to permanently integrating the new kitty into your home and family.

Integrating a new cat into the household is no small task. It requires a careful strategy, a lot of time and effort, and oh-somuch patience. But it’s worth doing because it exponentially increases the likelihood of a successful introduction, while maintaining peace, harmony, and safety.

Extra tips

for feline introductions Prepare each cat for his/her new friend before the newcomer actually enters your home. If possible, let each cat smell a blanket or toy with the other’s scent on it. This builds familiarity before the new cat even arrives. As the cats interact with each other, give them treats and food, play with toys, or simply pet them calmly. This helps them associate one another with a positive experience. If you find that either cat is showing high anxiety or aggression during a particular step, go back to the previous one and slow the pace. Patience is key. It’s normal for each step to take several days or more before both cats are ready to move on to the next. It’s important to note that some cats tend to be loners, and may not accept a new cat even with careful introductions. However, many other cats enjoy the company of another feline. Having more than one cat can be beneficial, as it often gives them more mental and physical stimulation.

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PET TREATS

From soothing her stomach to cleaning her teeth, these healthy homemade treats help support your dog or cat’s wellness.

D gs Cats

that support her health

Just like us, dogs and cats are prone to a variety of ailments, from allergies to diabetes to GI upsets. Along with providing your companion with regular veterinary care and a healthy lifestyle, you can support her wellness with a quality diet —including homemade treats that use ingredients selected to address specific conditions. Give the following recipes a try next time your dog or cat needs a nutritional boost to help her deal with a health issue.

BY DR. SUZI BEBER, HONORIS CAUSA

The Tastiest treats ing

If you’re looking for cleaner teeth, give these award-winn “dental delights” a try.

Ingredients

2 cups poultry giblets, cooked (hearts, liver, gizzards) o 2 tablespoons fresh oregano or 1 tablespoon dried oregan y 1 tablespoon fresh parsley or 1½ teaspoons dried parsle 1 tablespoon first pressed/extra virgin olive oil 1 whole egg 1½ cups whole grain or seed flour (e.g. oat, spelt, or an alternative whole flour like hemp or quinoa) ¼ cup dried cranberries, finely minced 1 egg white Parmesan cheese

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Instructions

Place giblets in a pot and cover with water. Bring to a boil, then turn down to simmer for 20 minutes. Pureé cooked meat in a food processor or blender, then add all other ingredients, except the whole flour. Ensure all ingredients are thoroughly blended, like a thick paste, before adding the flour, a little at a time. Add a bit more if water or oil if your dough is too dry, and a bit more flour you find it is too wet.

Preheat oven to 350°F. Cover two cookie sheets with parchment paper for easy clean-up. Dust your hands with flour and sprinkle a little on a cutting board or countertop. Oatmeal can be used in

Tummy Soothing Pumpkin Pudding C

ake

Ingredients 1½ cups whole oat flour 1 cup whole brown rice flour ½ teaspoon salt 1½ teaspoons Saigon cin namon 1½ teaspoons ginger 1 teaspoon carob powder 1 tablespoon unsweeten ed coconut ¼ cup ground almonds (optional) 3 cups pumpkin purée ¼ cup combination of loc al and Manuka honey

Instructions

Preheat oven to 350°F. Lig htly oil a cake pan or a Py rex dish. Combine all ingredients in a large bowl. Spoon ba tter into cake pan and bake for 1¼ hours. Test “doneness” wit ha toothpick; it should com e out “clean.” Cool comple tel y before serving. Cut in squ ares and store in an airtig ht container. This recipe fre ezes well.

for teeth and knead well, place of flour. Turn out your dough ut ¼”. This part is then roll it out to a thickness of abo dough on a piece of particularly easy if you roll out the er. Cut the dough floured wax paper or parchment pap out small pieces into desired shapes and sizes, or roll into small treats, to the thickness of a pencil and cut training treat. like biscotti — this makes a great n dow n to 200 °F Bake for 30 minute s. Tur n the ove the ove n. Bea t and rem ove the coo kie she ets from pea ks beg in to or whi sk the egg whi te unt il soft egg whi te, the n form . Bas te the bisc uits with the urn the bisc uits Ret . spr ink le with Par mes an che ese 45 minute s. Tur n to the ove n and bake for ano the r unt il they have the ove n off and leave the bisc uits com pletely coo led.

Key ingredients Pumpkin is often referr ed to as “medicine in a can .” It is very rich in fiber an d contains many diseasefighting nutrients. It helps fight both diarrhea and constipation. Cinnamon was recomme nded as early as 2700 BC for the treatment of nause a, fever, and diarrhea. Native American Indian s used it for diarrhea an d chills. Cinnamon is a car minative and used as a digestive tonic when pre pared as a tea. Ginger has many healing properties, including its ability to cleanse the col on, and reduce spasms an d cramps. It has also been used in the treatment of colitis, nausea, gas, ind igestion, motion sickness and vomiting. Ginger he lps protect the gastric system by supporting dig estive enzyme activity. Carob is great for calmi ng an upset tummy and helping to cure diarrhea.

easily be doubled. This recipe makes 50 treats and can can even store extra Store in the fridge or freezer. You for you any time you dough in the freezer, so it is ready want to make a fresh batch.

Key ingredients lly calcium, Oats are high in minerals, especia ssium. They magnesium, phosphorus, and pota help support strong teeth. perties that Parsley has potent antimicrobial pro er. make it the perfect breath freshen

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Novel protein stir fry Are allergies an issue? Novel proteins can help calm her skin.

Ingredients 1 pound ground novel protein of your choice (e.g. kangaroo, buffalo, ostrich) 3 tablespoons first pressed/extra virgin olive oil ½ teaspoon sea salt ½ teaspoon turmeric powder or 1 teaspoon turmeric paste made with ground turmeric root

Instructions Add olive oil to a middle-sized pan and set heat at medium high. Add ground protein, gently combine with olive oil and spices, and stir. As soon as bubbles appear, turn heat down to simmer, and continue stirring until there is no pink left in the meat. Cool and serve. This dish can also be served raw.

Key ingredients Buffalo is an excellent protein choice for animals that have allergies encompassing both skin-related issues and gastrointestinal problems. Kangaroo is another great source of novel high quality protein. It is a valuable source of vitamins and minerals, including vitamins B6 and B12, riboflavin, niacin, iron and zinc. Ostrich is yet another novel protein choice to try. According to the Canadian Ostrich Association, it has an ideal pH balance, so the meat does not attract bacteria such as E. coli and salmonella. Turmeric contains curcurmin, a compound that acts as a decongestant and antihistamine, which can help in the reduction of mast cell de-granulation and histamine release. Turmeric also has antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antibacterial properties. Keep in mind that “more does not mean better” when it comes to turmeric, as it can cause an upset tummy.

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soup for the soul This soup is great as a topper and a fabulous pick-me-up for the whole family. We always referred to it as “homemade penicillin.” It provides you with a nutrient-dense broth that can be added to any recipe, including biscuits and other treats. It can also be used as a topper for regular meals and may be added to your dog or cat’s drinking water to encourage more liquid intake.

Ingredients

24 cups filtered water 3 pounds chicken backs and necks 2 carrots, cut in pieces 2 celery stalks, cut in pieces 3 Shiitake mushrooms, fresh or dried

1 piece fresh ginger 12 white peppercorns 1 to 2 tablespoons sea salt, to taste Handful fresh parsley Other fresh herbs, to taste (e.g. oregano, thyme, sage)

Instructions Place all ingredients in a large stock pot. Bring to a rolling boil, skim off the foam, then turn down the heat to simmer and leave the pot to stew all day. Refrigerate overnight. Next morning, skim off the fat, strain into storage containers, and freeze. You can also freeze the soup in ice cube trays for perfect serving sizes.

Shiitake Tea for Aging Animals To make a simple tea to use as a topper or add to drinking water, take 2 dried Shiitake mushrooms, broken into pieces, and place in a small pot. Cover with 1 cup filtered water, bring to a boil, reduce the heat to simmer, and leave for 30 minutes. Strain mushroom pieces and cool before serving. One cup of this fortifying tea is equal to 4 doses.

Key ingredient Shiitake mushrooms are a symbol of longevity in Asia. They are a rich source of protein and contain vitamins A, B6, and C, along with copper, folate, iron, magnesium, manganese, niacin, pantothenic acid, potassium, riboflavin, selenium, thiamin, zinc, and dietary fiber. They are also a valuable source of beta-glucans and contain a naturally-occurring amino acid called L-ergothioneine that has potent antioxidant properties; research is demonstrating that it has a positive impact on the aging process in both humans and dogs.

A Smorgasbord of Treats for Special Needs 1

Choose 4 cups whole flour. You can use a single flour or a combination.

Choose 1½ cups filling from the accompanying table. Depending on the flour you have chosen, you may need to use additional liquid when preparing your treats.

Choose 2 teaspoons of healing spices.

Combine all ingredients in a food processor or blender, until the dough pulls away from the sides of the mixing bowl.

Preheat oven to 325°F. Cover a large cookie sheet with parchment.

Turn dough out onto a lightly floured surface and knead well.

Roll out the dough and cut into desired shapes, or simply score it with a sharp knife.

Bake for 20 minutes, then turn the oven down to 175°F and bake for 40 more minutes. Turn the oven off and allow biscuits to cool completely before removing them from the oven, then store in an airtight container.

TREAT INGREDIENTS FOR COMMON CONDITIONS — use organic whenever possible HEALTH ISSUE

WHOLE FLOUR

FILLING

HEALING SPICES

Arthritis

Oats,brown rice, chia, quinoa, coconut

Pumpkin pureé

Ginger, turmeric

Cancer

Chickpea, sweet potato, oats

Fruit and/or vegetable mash, including apples, blueberries, broccoli, carrots, green beans, pumpkin, and/or Shiitake mushrooms

Cinnamon, turmeric, green tea

Diabetes

Brown rice, quinoa, oats

Applesauce, green vegetables, pumpkin pureé

Cinnamon, oregano, thyme

Gastrointestinal problems

Oats, chia, coconut

Applesauce, pumpkin pureé

Cinnamon, carob, ginger, turmeric, dill

Heart

Brown rice, oats, sweet potato

Broccoli, carrots, green beans, squash, blueberries

Cinnamon, oregano, turmeric, green tea

Kidney

Brown rice, oats

Green beans, squash, turnips, zucchini, carrots, cranberries

Cinnamon, ginger, parsley

Liver

Quinoa, oats, coconut

Shiitake mushrooms, broccoli

Ginger, parsley, turmeric

NEWSWORTHY

Stamping out rabies in Kabul Top: Dr. Jawad of Mayhew Afghanistan talks to children about dog bite prevention. Above: Dr. Mo vaccinates a dog in Kabul.

As the capital city of Afghanistan, Kabul is home to over 4.5 million people — and tens of thousands of dogs, many of which are strays. Prior to 2017, an average of 38 people died each year from canine-mediated rabies. But thanks to a mass vaccination program, there have been no confirmed cases of rabies in Kabul since April of 2021, and consequently no deaths. With the goal of eradicating rabies in the city, the vaccination program was spearheaded by Mayhew Afghanistan (the Afghan branch of the UK animal charity Mayhew), in partnership with Kabul Municipality, the Afghan Ministry of Agriculture, Irrigation & Livestock, and Kabul University’s Vet Faculty. To date, almost 95,000 dogs have been vaccinated against rabies in 16 of the city’s districts, and plans are underway for rolling the program out to the six remaining outlying districts. This program is the first of its kind for Afghanistan, and comprises a team of Mayhew Afghanistan veterinarians and a team of Kabul Municipality dog-catchers, who are trained to humanely capture the dogs. After vaccination, the dogs are marked with a dash of non-toxic paint, then released. In order to break the chain of rabies virus transmission, at least 70% of the dog population in any one area is vaccinated

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before the team moves on to the next. In addition, the team is helping raise awareness of rabies and its impact on human health. They talk to locals of all ages, explaining their work and discussing dog bite prevention and how to behave around the roaming dogs in their city. Since May 2021, the team has reached 1,440 adults and 3,120 children. “Since it first began five years ago, our rabies vaccination programme in Kabul — devised by Mayhew Afghanistan’s Country Director, Dr Abdul-Jalil Mohammadzai DVM — has raised the profile of the country’s struggle with rabies,” says Caroline Yates, Head of International Projects and Relations at Mayhew. “Dr Mo, as he is affectionately known, convinced the Kabul authorities to stop culling dogs and helped initiate this lifesaving program. The large number of vaccinated dogs, and the fact there have been no caninemediated rabies deaths in humans for 18 months, proves the campaign is working.” https://themayhew.org/international/

ADVERTORIAL

TOP3 Things to

Know about Hip and Joint Supplements for Dogs

As pet parents, you want to do everything possible to ensure your pup has the freedom and flexibility to run, jump, play, and enjoy life. High quality hip and joint supplements can promote ease of movement so your dog can continue playing like a puppy for many years to come. Here are three things you may not know about these supplements!

Hip and Joint Supplements Contain Beneficial Ingredients

Dogs use their hips and joints for every possible motion, but wear and tear can make it harder for aging fourlegged friends to move with ease. Hip and joint supplements can promote mobility and musculoskeletal system health with ingredients like: • • • • •

What’s more, ingredients like hemp are an excellent source of amino acids, Omega-3s, and Omega-6 fatty acids!

There Are Different Types of Supplements for Different Dogs

Hip and joint supplements come in several forms, including ones with unique ingredients, ones that are specially formulated for seniors, and ones that support dogs at all life stages. PointPet supplements aim to improve the lives of animal companions, and they have several hip and joint products for dogs, including: • Hip & Joint for flexibility, collagen support, and healthy bones and joints.

MSM Chondroitin Glucosamine Hemp seeds and oil Vitamins

• Hemp Hip + Joint to help reduce stiffness caused by inflammation and swelling, improve joint mobility, and promote immunity, energy, and longevity.

Your Pup Could Potentially Benefit in Many Ways

• Peanut Butter & Pumpkin Hip & Joint to aid with mobility, connective tissues, and healthy joint fluid viscosity.

The beneficial ingredients in high quality supplements can be great for dogs of all ages and sizes. These products can help to encourage healthy hips and bones, cartilage and joint health, and connective tissue repair. By supporting musculoskeletal health, hip and joint supplements can help to improve mobility, increase flexibility, reduce inflammation and swelling, and relieve occasional stiffness.

• Advanced Hip + Joint for seniors who experience joint stiffness and need support for proper back function. PointPet products are formulated with premium ingredients and without corn, soy, and gluten. Their hip and joint supplements can help your dog move and play like a young pup, and they come in irresistible flavors that will have your pooch begging for their daily dose of treats! www.pointpet.com

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LEARNING CURVE

ONE

D gs Cats

HEALTH

BY W. JEAN DODDS, DVM

Understanding the One Health approach, how it connects humans, animals, and the environment, and what it means for your dog or cat.

Chances are, you’ve come across references to “One Health” and wondered what it means. This concept has been around since the early years of the 21st century, but what is it all about, and how does it impact your dog or cat? Read on to learn more.

One Health 101 According to the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), One Health is a collaborative, multisectoral, and transdisciplinary approach — working at local, regional, national and global levels — with the goal of achieving optimal health outcomes that recognize the interconnection between people, animals, plants, and their shared environment. The so-called One Health Triad shows how the health of people, animals and the environment are linked to one another, and is a worldwide concept that helps all of us advance health care in the 21st century. The One Health approach also helps protect the health of all living beings — including dogs and cats — by bringing together experts across different fields to solve problems threatening humans, animals, and the environment.

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EO TH

NE HEALTH TRIA D

History and background Back in the 1980s, the late epidemiologist, Prof. Calvin Schwabe, called for a unified human and veterinary approach to combat zoonotic diseases. He provided the modern foundation for One Health, and a strategic framework for reducing risks of infectious diseases at the animal-human-ecosystems interface. Prof. Schwabe was a strong proponent of comparative medicine, and in 1984 coined the term “One Medicine”.

Zoonotic diseases Combating diseases that pass between animals and humans is one focus of the One Health approach. Human populations are growing and expanding into new geographic areas, which means more people live in close contact with wild and domestic animals, both pets and livestock. International travel and trade spread diseases, as animals and plants play an important role in our lives, for food, fiber, livelihoods, companionship and more. Close contact with animals and their environments provides more opportunities for diseases to pass between animals and people. Known endemic diseases, as well as new or emerging zoonotic diseases, are being spread between people and animals, including our dogs and cats in some cases. Some of the more common zoonotic diseases include rabies, Salmonella spp. infection, West Nile Virus (WNV) infection, Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii), anthrax, brucellosis, Lyme disease (borreliosis), ringworm, Ebola virus, and now SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses. Since the COVID-19 pandemic began nearly three years ago, there have been cases of both cats and dogs contracting the virus from humans.

Food safety issues

and deforestation. In fact, livestock production accounts for 72% to 78% of total greenhouse gas emissions. Further, half of all farmed animal product emissions come from beef and lamb. Livestock rearing contributes to global warming not only through the methane gas the animals produce, but also via deforestation and the subsequent reduction of soil and water pH. Other detrimental effects come from raw sewage and animal wastes, which also increase nitrate concentrations in groundwater and alter biodiversity. Given the sizable contribution that that meat production makes to climate change, there’s a fundamental need for dietary changes, not only among humans, but also in our dogs and cats, who mostly eat meat-based diets. Addressing this issue includes using alternative protein sources that don’t have such a large environmental footprint — for example, chicken and turkey instead of beef or lamb — or exploring plant-based protein options such as beans and legumes, grains like quinoa, oats and kamut, as well as algae and mushrooms.

More One Health basics Beyond zoonotic diseases and food safety issues, the One Health approach also addresses: Antibiotic-resistant germs that can quickly spread through communities, the food supply, healthcare facilities, and the environment (soil, water). Antibiotic resistance has become an issue in veterinary as well as human medicine, due to overuse of these medications.

One Health also focuses on food safety issues, with sustainable agriculture and the problems arising from global warming being key points.

Vector-borne diseases that are on the rise with warmer temperatures and expanded mosquito and tick habitats. For example, Lyme disease and West Nile Virus can infect companions animals as well as people.

Worldwide, a quarter of the greenhouse gases contributing to climate change originate from agriculture

Diseases in food animals that can threaten livelihoods, economies and supplies, including pet food. Animal Wellness

Contamination of water used for agriculture, farming, drinking, recreation, and more can make both people and animals sick.

One Health in action As articulated by the CDC and G. Bertoni (“The role of one health approach to feed the world and sustain the planet”. J Vet Sci 2022), the foundation of One Health involves:

The role of alternative, complementary medicine

Communication

For more than three decades, the One Health

Coordination

concept has been applied in veterinary medical

Collaboration For global public health interventions to be successful, we need the collective cooperation of our human, animal, and environmental health partners. Professionals in human health (doctors, nurses, public health practitioners, epidemiologists), animal health (veterinarians, para-professionals, agricultural workers), the environment (ecologists, wildlife experts), and other areas of expertise need to communicate, collaborate on, and coordinate activities. Other relevant players include law enforcement, policymakers, communities, and animal guardians/caregivers. According to the World Health Organization, One Health is an “integrated, unifying approach to balance and optimize the health of people, animals and the environment” that helps address the root causes of a range of health-related problems, and “create long-term, sustainable solutions.” It speaks to the interconnectedness of life and how the health of the individual — be it human, canine or feline — is linked to and supported by the health of the planet as a whole.

He He He alth a al th

e eopl n P y nme ts lth nviro als E y Anim y

clinics and clinical research settings to improve the health and longevity of our domestic animal companions. The application of alternative, complementary modalities of holistic medicine is an example. The history of holistic healing in both Eastern and Western cultures dates back at least 5,000 years, although the term “holism” wasn’t coined until 1926. It refers to a way of viewing life as a whole, and the body as being greater than the sum of its parts, which is very much a One Health principle. Additionally, in this era of scientific skepticism, even the “holy grail” of evidence-based medicine is being challenged. This concept has recently evolved to become evidence-based practice; it represents the more complete discipline, combining research science and publications with the art of medicine, namely that of clinical and patient experience along with expert opinion. Another important part of One Health is the human-animal bond. Many animal guardians and veterinarians are placing greater importance on this bond, which can help improve mental wellbeing for people and their dogs and cats. Better mental/emotional health can in turn contribute to better physical health.

More about One Health www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html www.who.int/health-topics/one-health

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Microbiome science is in the limelight these days. The mutually beneficial relationships between a host body and its microorganisms have become an area of great interest for scientists. Extensive research is underway for a more profound understanding of the dynamics of these symbiotic relationships. Clinical studies involving microbiomes are resulting in the development of advanced probiotic products, which can be immensely beneficial to dogs and cats. Recent studies have further revealed that certain probiotic formulations can bring even better results in companion animals. The De Simone Formulation is a proprietary probiotic blend of eight strains of bacteria, and has been the subject of more than 80 clinical trials in humans and seven in animals. Biotechnology company ExeGi Pharma has used this formulation to develop a veterinary probiotic with excellent results, validated by several clinical studies.

A HIGH-POTENCY PROBIOTIC Visbiome Vet is a high-potency probiotic that helps companion animals normalize and maintain their gut health. It has been studied in seven different placebocontrolled clinical trials focusing on GI disorders and kidney function in canines. The research shows that the formulation used in this probiotic has superior efficiency in normalizing and maintaining gut health. The enhanced effectiveness of Visbiome Vet lies in its higher potency. Available in capsule and packet form, with 112.5 billion CFU live bacteria per capsule and 225 CFU live bacteria per packet, it is more likely to bring positive results for animals as compared to other probiotics. Visbiome Vet takes into consideration the individual needs of companion animals. The probiotic employs weightbased dosing — which means the dose rates are already carefully charted out for different weight brackets.

It is vitally important to ensure the efficacy of a probiotic’s live constituents — and this can only be achieved by maintaining optimum temperatures throughout the supply chain. Probiotics contain live bacteria, which need cold conditions to be kept alive. However, probiotics are different from other refrigerated products, such as milk, in the sense that they don’t smell different or show any other signs of being exposed to heat — which means a temperature sensor is needed to identify heat exposure. Visbiome Vet is stored in refrigerated conditions and shipped in insulated containers with ice packs and a temperature monitoring sensor. To learn more about this high-potency probiotic, talk to your veterinarian. http://exegipharma.com/animal-products/

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HEALING WITH HERBS BY CHRISTINE CAPLAN, CVT

Milk thistle

— a natural detox herb D gs for dogs and cats Cats

Sometimes called the "house cleaner" of herbs, milk thistle is a powerful detoxifier that can help strengthen your dog or cat's liver.

Milk thistle is a flowering plant native to Europe, and which also grows in the western and southwestern US. It has a long history as an herbal remedy, dating back 2,000 years when it was used in ancient Greece as a natural liver tonic. Milk thistle is still in popular use today as the go-to for liver toxicity as well as all other liver conditions. And it can be just as helpful for our dogs and cats as it is for humans.

HOW DOES MILK THISTLE HELP ANIMALS? The liver may be the most important organ in the body. Inflammation of the liver is a very serious condition, but milk thistle can help the organ work more efficiently. Active substances in milk thistle may also have anti-cancer effects. Holistic vets commonly use milk thistle to flush out toxins from drugs, including preventive flea and tick medications. Some herbalists add milk thistle to almost every herbal prescription because no matter what the disease, the liver is involved in detoxification.

SILYMARIN — THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT The active biochemical in milk thistle is known as silymarin and is extracted from the plant’s seeds. Silymarin’s major active compound is silybin. A recent study done by BMC Vet Research about the effects of silybin supplementation on liver function states: “Silybin supplementation can serve as an effective therapeutical tool in dogs with hepatopathies.” Milk thistle also contains flavolognans and essential oils.

OTHER BENEFITS OF MILK THISTLE In addition to benefiting liver conditions, silymarin inhibited the growth of certain types of cancer in some studies. Milk thistle can be used in animals to help with kidney damage, hepatitis, jaundice, leptospirosis, and parvovirus recovery.

active biochemical in The

Silymarin inhibited the growth of certain types of cancer in some studies. 32

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milk thistle is known as silymarin and is extracted from the plant’s seed s .

Integrative vets use milk thistle for gallbladder complications and diabetes. Animals who have been on heartworm medication or dewormers, or have been given vaccines or chemotherapy, might benefit. Milk thistle is also known to block the potential liver-damaging effects of anesthesia. Milk thistle has been found to be a free radical scavenger, and acts as an antioxidant. Milk thistle works as an emergency antidote to mushroom poisoning. This herb prevents the mushroom’s poisonous amatoxins from reaching and damaging liver cells. (Editor’s note: if you ever suspect your animal has eaten a poisonous mushroom, it’s still important to get him to an emergency vet as fast as possible.)

BUYING THE RIGHT PRODUCT FOR YOUR ANIMAL There are all kinds of milk thistle supplements on the market, and some are better than others. So it’s best to work with a holistic or integrative vet for advice on which brands are appropriate for your dog or cat. Some products are specifically designed for animals, but over-the counter human supplements may also be used. Look for a minimum of 70% silymarin on the label.

How milk thistle is used The whole seeds of the milk thistle plant are not biologically active. For liver issues in veterinary medicine, therefore, it's often used as a combination of milk thistle extract and SAMe (a compound that helps maintain cell membranes), given in an alcohol tincture form. Milk thistle is a very safe herb, although some rare mild laxative effects have been reported.

More about the milk thistle plant “Milk thistle looks like any other thistle plant, deeply lobed with spiny leaves and often spiny stems…and white to purple disk flowers,” says Greg Tilford, author of Herbs for Pets. “They resemble a miniature artichoke.”

WHAT’S AN APPROPRIATE DOSE? Veterinarian Dr. Karen Becker, the author of Forever Dog, recommends 1/8 of a teaspoon of loose milk thistle per ten pounds of body weight. If you’re using a human over-the-counter drug, you can follow these dosages: Cats and dogs weighing under 15 pounds : ¼ the human dose Dogs weighing 15 to 30 pounds: ½ the human dose Dogs weighing 31 to 50 pounds: ¾ the human dose Large dogs: full human dose To sum up, milk thistle benefits the liver in several ways. It acts as an antioxidant and helps prevent further damage to liver cells. It's important for cells exposed to toxins, and it stimulates protein synthesis and rebuilds cells damaged by any type of liver disease. The seeds are where the magic is found, and contain the medicinal properties used for tinctures. Milk thistle is safe to use in all dogs and cats; just keep in mind that animals with liver disease benefit more from a tincture rather than a pinch of seeds on their meals. Animal Wellness

MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS by Robert J. Silver, DVM, MS

ANSWERING FOUR KEY QUESTIONS Dog parents and veterinarians want to offer their companions and patients the health benefits medicinal mushrooms provide, but there are four questions that need to be answered first.

What do mushrooms contain that offers so many health benefits? Is it one compound — or multiple compounds, as with cannabis?

Mushrooms are very complex organisms, neither plant nor animal. They belong to the Fungi Kingdom, which plays a huge role in the health of our planet by recycling dead and dying matter into usable nutrients. They are the sources of drugs such as penicillin and cyclosporin, and also contribute to many foods we enjoy, such as kefir, kombucha, cheese, beer or wine, and breads.

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Mushrooms contain multiple compounds, most of which have health benefits. The fibrous wall of a mushroom cell makes it essential that you cook mushrooms in order to release their powerful active agents. Heat releases beta glucans and chitin from the cell wall. The soluble and insoluble fiber in the mushroom’s cell walls also feeds your dog’s microbiome. Beta glucans signal the cells of the immune system to wake up and be vigilant about a potential threat. They are key to boosting your dog’s immune system to fight cancer or other health problems that improve with better immune function. Beta glucans have been found to improve vaccine titer protection in immunocompromised shelter puppies. Active compounds are also found inside the mushroom cell. For example, terpene molecules can pass the bloodbrain barrier and affect mood and cognition. They have potent anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties as well. Terpenes are also found in the cannabis plant. In fact, the terpenes in cannabis and mushrooms work in synergy with the cannabinoids in cannabis, and the beta glucans in mushrooms.

FAST FACT:

After CBD, medicinal mushrooms have become the next big focus of interest among dog parents and veterinarians. Mushrooms offer potential health benefits to dogs, not only for maintaining health and wellness, but also for addressing difficult-to-manage problems such as cancer, canine dementia, stress and anxiety, and seasonal allergies, to name just a few. This article is a comprehensive introduction to medicinal mushrooms and how they can be used to improve canine health and well-being.

any other active compounds are found in M mushrooms, including flavonoids with their potent antioxidant effects.

Photo above: Medicinal mushrooms, including (left to right) Lion’s Mane, Maitake, Chaga, Shiitake, Turkey Tail, Reishi and Cordyceps, differ greatly in appearance, but all have healing qualities.

An introduction to the amazing world of medicinal mushrooms, and the health benefits they can offer your canine companion.

Are mushrooms safe for dogs, and can they be used with other supplements and pharmaceuticals an animal might be taking?

FAST FACT:

MUSHROOMS Mycelial beds can be found under forested areas. One area in Oregon has a mass of mycelium that’s 2,385 acres in size!

The answer depends on which mushroom your dog is consuming. Any mushroom that is safe for people to eat will be safe for dogs as well. Again, it’s important to cook the mushrooms to release the “goodies” they contain.

The pharmaceutical industry has tamed mycelium by growing it in a special nutrient broth; after sufficient growth, scientists have been able to isolate active molecules, such as the Turkey Tail extracts used in the study mentioned in the sidebar on the next page.

Mushroom extracts may be given to dogs that also are taking other supplements or drugs, but there are some qualifications. It’s best to talk to a holistic or integrative veterinarian to discuss your individual dog’s situation.

In the commercial cultivation of mushrooms, spores germinate into mycelium on sterilized grain called “spawn.” It’s then used to inoculate the appropriate growing material for that particular mushroom, be it compost or wood. Some companies believe that mycelium grown on grain has medical properties, but studies that measure active compounds like beta glucans have found big differences between the mycelium grown on grain and in the actual mushroom itself.

What should you look for in a medicinal mushroom product, and how much should you give your dog?

To answer this question, let’s first look at the complex life cycle of the fungus that grows into mushrooms. Spores from a mature mushroom are dropped onto a suitable growing material, usually leaf litter, soil, or dead and dying wood. The spores germinate to form a tangled mass of “mycelium” with digestive enzymes that break down the growth medium to feed themselves so they can grow and mature. When conditions are right, the mycelium organizes itself into a mushroom, which then arises from the forest floor and produces spores, which then drop to repeat the life cycle, over and over again. The mycelium is an amazing stage of the mushroom’s life cycle, helping to recycle dead and dying matter on our planet.

As well, mycelial products contain at least 50% carbohydrates from the grain. In a time when we are trying to avoid feeding too many carbohydrates to our overweight, arthritic dogs, or those with cancer, it doesn’t seem healthy to give them these grain-based mycelial products. For these reasons, the recommendation is to seek out products that contain mushroom, not mycelium grown on grain. Historically, it was the mushroom itself that was used medicinally. Only recently have companies started selling grain and mycelium blends as health supplements. As of this writing, there are no studies to support the clinical value of mycelium grown on grain products. Animal Wellness

Most companies will use hot water to extract the beta glucans and other active compounds from the dried and powdered mushroom. Some will standardize their products to always contain the same amount of beta glucans in each batch. You should choose a product that tells you how potent it is, in terms of its beta glucan content, as that will help you decide how much is appropriate to give your dog. I recommend administering mushrooms based on their beta glucan content, your dog’s weight, and the seriousness of his health condition: •

Wellness and mild conditions: 1 mg of beta glucan for each pound of body weight

•

Moderately serious conditions: 2.5 mg to 5 mg of beta glucan for each pound of body weight

•

Serious conditions: 10 mg to 15 mg of beta glucan for each pound of body weight

Lion's Mane

The first event that boosted popular interest in giving mushrooms to animals occurred in 2012 when the University of Pennsylvania published a pilot study in dogs with hemangiosarcoma, a very aggressive malignancy of the spleen and heart. The researchers used an extract from Turkey Tail (Trametes versicolor), and the results were astounding!

Do different mushrooms have different effects? There are ten to 15 mushrooms with health significance. How do you choose the right one for you dog?

Briefly, all mushrooms possess similar properties based on their beta glucans, which are common to all mushrooms. This means they all offer good immune system benefits. It is the other molecules — the terpenes, flavonoids and other compounds — that make for the differences of clinical activity between individual mushrooms. Here are a couple of examples:

•

Not surprisingly, Lion’s Mane is the most popular mushroom in these highly stressful times.

Turkey Tail was used historically by indigenous peoples to treat cancer and viral infections. It has the highest beta glucan content of any mushroom, and contains a variety of different beta glucan molecules and a large number of different triterpenes, all working together as a result of the Entourage Effect to have such a strong influence on cancer cells.

In summary, medicinal mushrooms are safe for dogs, and contain multiple bioactive constituents that can strongly benefit his health when given in adequate amounts for a sufficient period of time.

All the dogs in the study had their spleens removed, which is done to prevent the cancer from spreading further. But their families refused chemotherapy, and instead opted to try this mushroom extract instead. The study tested different doses of Turkey Tail extract to see which yielded the best benefits.

Lion’s Mane (Hericium erinaceus) has potent beta glucan content. This explains the published studies that show it benefiting cancer patients and wound healing. But Lion’s Mane also contains certain large terpene molecules called diterpenes and triterpenes, which have an effect on mood and mentation. This mushroom is therefore a natural stress reducer.

FAST FACT:

•

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The huge popularity of the Netflix documentary, Fantastic Fungi, is just one example of our current fascination with mushrooms. This interest in mushrooms started with people experiencing great benefits from their own use of mushrooms. The search for products to protect against viral diseases during the pandemic invariably led many more people to discover medicinal mushrooms. From there, they naturally wanted to share these same benefits with their beloved dogs.

Turkey Tail

It found that dogs who received the highest dose of mushroom extract lived far longer than dogs who were splenectomized and received chemotherapy. It shocked the world of oncology that a natural product could succeed where conventional pharmaceuticals failed. As a result of this study, sales of Turkey Tail increased astronomically as people sourced this mushroom for their own animals’ cancers.

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Dogs have evolved to be able to process grains and some gluten, and they’re omnivores that can eat meat and plants.

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But like their wild relatives, dogs need a diet that’s high in fat and protein but low in carbohydrates. Grains like wheat, which contain gluten, are high in carbohydrates, so dogs should only eat them in moderation. Lots of dogs thrive when they go gluten-free, and it could even help to support their digestive and overall health.

A food allergy or sensitivity in a dog is a pet parent’s nightmare. Allergies cause constant itching, hair loss, skin and ear infections, and major discomfort for your pup. Food sensitivities can be equally bad in the gut, causing bloating, digestive upset, vomiting, diarrhea, and gas.

PAWFOODS TO THE RESCUE!

WHAT A NATURAL DOG DIET LOOKS LIKE

GLUTEN AND YOUR PUP’S DIGESTION

I E S E R VAT

Gluten-free diets have been popular among humans for some time, and many pet parents have also started adopting them for their dogs. Many dogs could benefit from gluten-free dog food, especially if your pup struggles with allergies or sensitivities.

CY CL A BLE

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ANIMAL CHIROPRACTIC

How do you know if your dog needs

chiropractic care? BY BILL ORMSTON, DVM

Chiropractic does much more than ease pain. It can help your dog by enhancing her body’s ability to heal itself, which means it’s beneficial for just about any condition.

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Many people associate chiropractic care with fixing back pain, but that only touches the surface of what this modality can do for your dog. While it’s not a cure for disease, what it does is boost the body’s capacity to heal itself and create new tissue. This makes chiropractic a truly holistic therapy for a range of health problems in your dog, from infections to injuries to metabolic conditions.

VETERINARY VS. CHIROPRACTIC DIAGNOSES Clients will often call and tell us that their dogs have been diagnosed with “xyz” and wonder if chiropractic care will fix them. In order to answer that question, we must first examine the ways in which a veterinary diagnosis and a chiropractic diagnosis are made.

Veterinary diagnoses always include the organ or tissue causing the problem. Broken bones, lacerated skin and muscles, torn tendons, metabolic syndromes (e.g. diabetes, Cushing’s), facet syndrome, sore muscles, strained muscles, and tendonitis are all examples of veterinary diagnoses. They allow veterinarians to communicate with clients and other vets about what we believe the patient’s problem is. The certified animal chiropractor will make only one diagnosis — vertebral subluxation. Without seeing the dog, it’s difficult to know if subluxations are present; however, most animals experience three things on a regular basis that cause these misalignments — thoughts, trauma, and toxins. Without adjusting the dog, it is impossible to know if removing

the nerve interference caused by the subluxation will allow the animal’s innate wisdom to restore the homeostatic condition that is health.

HEALING = NEW TISSUE CREATION When you cut your finger, you destroy a billion cells — yet your body will create new cells to heal that cut. When all those new cells have been created, your finger is healed. Similarly, if your dog has a sore ear it’s because billions of cells in there are sick and dying. When all those sick cells die off and are replaced by new healthy ones, the ear is healed. If the cells are replaced by unhealthy ones, the ear still hurts. Healing takes place by one means only — the creation of new living tissue. The living body replaces damaged cells with healthy cells if it is given the correct information and building blocks.

Highlight: Chiropractic is not a cure for any disease, but it helps correct the information the brain is transmitting to all areas of the body.

I see people sit back and give up when their dogs develop certain problems and get bad diagnoses because they were told there was no hope. But there is hope, because any living body, when it's working properly, has the ability to recover completely from almost any condition known to man. There are very few hopeless cases; it doesn’t matter what the condition is. From a chiropractic standpoint, there is only one answer no matter what disease

you’re asking about. Chiropractic doesn’t treat any disease; it just removes nervous system interference. Every dog, no matter what her condition, is better off if her body is working a little better — and that is how chiropractic relates to health. It helps the body by allowing it to work a little better.

CHIROPRACTIC CAN EVEN HELP WITH INFECTIONS Any dog can contract an opportunistic bacterial or viral infection. This leads to the use of medications to help the animal clear an infection that one with a functioning immune system wouldn’t have been fazed by. These medications can cause side effects that may lead to long-term complications. Highlight: Louis Pasteur once said: “In a state of health, the body is shut off from the invasion of germs.” Regular chiropractic care increases the immune system’s ability to fight infections.

METABOLIC DISEASE AND THE ROLE OF CHIROPRACTIC The power that turned two cells into the amazing mass of cells that is now your beloved dog is the power that controls every reaction that occurs in her body. Chiropractic is about helping restore normal communication between your dog’s brain and every part of her body. Restoring this communication allows the brain to

resume appropriate control and guide the organs to function at optimal levels. As far as you can tell, your dog may appear to have a functioning nervous system. However, a dog with a subluxation will experience improper nerve flow to and from the organs of her body. Without this power, cellular dysfunction begins to occur. For example, cellular nutrition requires glucose and insulin levels to maintain balance; diabetes occurs when cells and hormones are not working together to control and provide appropriate nutrition to the body’s cells. Inappropriate responses cause the cells to become resistant to the function of insulin, which causes glucose and cortisol levels to be elevated all the time. Cushing’s disease, another common condition in dogs, is characterized by an inappropriate level of cortisol. In other words, diabetes, Cushing’s and similar diseases are symptoms of a lack of power. Highlight: With an improved nerve supply, your dog’s health and wellbeing will be elevated. Chiropractic adjustments for your dog, along with other healthy lifestyle choices such as a good diet, will have a cumulative effect and result in noticeable changes.

Chiropractic is about restoring the power that created the body, so it can heal itself. Animal chiropractors focus on restoring life, not eliminating symptoms or curing disease. The reason is simple: only the power that made the body can heal the body. With life restored via chiropractic adjustments, the body is free to work as intended, curing disease and eliminating symptoms on its own!

What is a

subluxation? In short, a subluxation is a misalignment of the vertebrae. This can happen due to all sorts of reasons, and the side effects can vary from dog to dog. But one thing all sufferers have in common is that subluxations definitely harm health and should be corrected. These misalignments create pressure or irritation on the various nerves of the spine, and can cause a wide variety of symptoms throughout your dog’s body, such as localized pain, soreness, imbalance, and weakness. When pressure is applied on a nerve in the spine, the nerve energy is interrupted, which can profoundly affect the function of other systems or organs in the body. Dr. Chung Ha Suh of the University of Colorado showed that even very light pressure on a nerve (about the weight of a dime) can reduce the function of that nerve by 60%, and that the nerve will start to degenerate if the pressure is sustained for three hours.

Issues that can benefit from chiropractic care Decrease in performance or laziness Problems climbing stairs, getting up after a nap or jumping on the couch Behavioral changes Problems eating Refusing to play with toys Nail dragging Abnormal posture Head shaking Chronic conditions Recurring infections

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2022

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When emergencies occur, quick action is paramount, and being able to respond fast if your dog or cat needs immediate help can save his life. Walks 'N' Wags’ online Pet First Aid course includes hands-on practice, multiple choice quizzes, and a user-friendly manual complete with custom illustrations.

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TREATING CANCER

What's

IMMUNOTHERAPY

and can it help dogs with cancer? BY OMER RASHID, DVM

Immunotherapy is a buzzword in human medicine. Although there’s still more research to be done, this form of cancer treatment can also benefit dogs suffering from malignancies.

If you know someone with cancer, you may have heard them refer to immunotherapy as a potential form of treatment for their disease. While immunotherapy started out as a human treatment, more recent advancements now mean it can also be used to help dogs with cancer. But what exactly is it, and how does it work?

WORKING WITH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM As the name suggests, immunotherapy revolves around the immune system, which is the body’s built-in ability to fight off ailments and destroy abnormal cells. Immunotherapy involves manipulating the immune system to either prevent or get rid of a malady in the body.

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The history of immunotherapy can be traced as far as back as the Chinese Qin dynasty, when people were purposefully inoculated with the variola minor virus to boost the immune system and prevent smallpox. In 1718, another localized inoculation method was noticed by the wife of a British ambassador in Turkey, and reported back to Britain. However, the event largely accepted as the inception of immunotherapy as a valid treatment option occurred in 1796, when physician Edward Jenner successfully proved protective immunity against smallpox by using the common cowpox virus inoculation. In the 1980s, the first vaccine based on specific portions of disease-causing agents became available — it was commonly known as the hepatitis B vaccine. This gave further impetus to the development of immunotherapy, which was now being looked on as a potential savior against many diseases, including cancer.

IMMUNOTHERAPY COMES OF AGE

How IMMUNOTHERAPY is used

Prior to the 1980s, in-depth research was already ongoing in the field of cancer immunotherapy. During the 1970s, an immuno-oncology professor, Loyd Old, predicted that immunotherapy would prove to be the fourth pillar of cancer treatment — the other three being chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery.

Immunotherapy can now be used in various ways to harness the immune system’s power to repel cancer: The most commonly-used path is that of vaccines. Most often, the vaccines have constituents that help prime the immune system to be ready to prevent or fight off cancer.

With the accumulation of advanced knowledge about the immune system, immunotherapy has certainly come of age and can now be seen as an effective cancer treatment option. Its evolution has entailed many years of intensive research and carefully conducted clinical trials.

Immune checkpoint inhibition is a method by which the brakes on the immune system are released to better deal with cancerous cells that derail the body’s immunity.

CANINE CANCERS AND IMMUNOTHERAPY

Adoptive cell therapy is a technique used to either boost immune cell numbers or modify them so they can perform more efficiently against cancer.

One in four dogs is likely to develop cancer, with the most common malignancies being: Melanoma Osteosarcoma (bone cancer)

Hemangiosarcoma

Soft-tissue sarcomas

f ro

Lymphoma

Tu m o r ce l l s

Mast cell tumors

Monoclonal antibodies are developed in labs and can mimic the normal antibodies produced by cells. Antibodies are proteins that work by binding to foreign bodies or antigens. Once they complete the binding process, they can signal other parts of the immune system to attack the bound alien or cancerous entity. g

unde

r a m i c ro s

co p

While immunotherapy’s potential as an effective treatment for these canine cancers is promising, some road bumps need consideration. The canine immune system has not been studied as extensively as the human immune system, which means most of what we know about canine immunotherapy is derived from human studies. This makes it difficult to be sure how individual canine patients will respond to immunotherapy for different kinds of cancers. A lot of research is being done, however, to make immunotherapy more precise and effective for canine cancers. Different dog breeds have variable genetic makeups, which means their innate responses to cancer will not be identical. And understanding how a certain body form reacts to an ailment is pivotal to comprehending the disease dynamics and developing efficacious treatments. Currently, only a handful of immunotherapy options are available for canine cancer patients, and these products are not very well regulated. So you need to be aware of the authenticity

Immune system modulators such as interleukins and interferons can be made in the lab to boost the activity of the immune system and counter cancer.

and safety of commercially-available immunotherapy products. Your veterinarian can research and validate the efficacy and safety of these treatment choices.

WHICH CANINE CANCERS RESPOND BEST TO IMMUNOTHERAPY? The immune system has the ability to detect abnormal cells, including many different kinds of cancers. The University of Wisconsin is using this knowledge to develop a universal vaccine against canine cancer. It targets about 30 proteins that are present on cancer cells as a result of mutations. This single vaccine can prime immune cells to counter Animal Wellness

a variety of cancers such as mast cell tumors, hemangiosarcoma, osteosarcoma, and lymphoma. This vaccine is still under clinical trial.

IMMUNOTHERAPY — when traditional cancer treatments fail

While dogs show good remission rates with traditionally-available cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiation, there are always unresponsive patients. As well, conventional therapies can result in collateral damage; during their onslaught on cancerous cells, they end up harming normal cells as well. Immunotherapy targets only abnormal cells. It also causes the immune cells to remember cancer cells, so there are fewer chances of recurrence. It can be used either in combination with other therapies, or on its own as a plan B when all else fails. Immunotherapy as a first-line treatment has yielded encouraging results for many human cancers, and there is no reason why it can’t be used in dogs as well.

main benefits of immunotherapy

Immunotherapy can save your dog from the side effects caused by traditional canine cancer treatments.

Immunotherapy can prove to be a long-term and dependable cure for cancer, and reduces the chances of recurrence.

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The nature of a cancer can also help decide an appropriate immunotherapy approach for successful remission. Hematological cancers can be treated with vaccines because the immunomodulatory agents can reach the site of the tumor and its cancerous cells. Solid cancers need a different approach because they create a microenvironment where blood flow gets distorted. Direct intratumor injections can prove to be a better option for these cancers. Autologous vaccines that constitute the patient’s own treated tumor cells have also shown promising results against solid cancers such as transitional cell carcinomas and anal sac adenocarcinomas. Studies on localized injections of natural killer cells have shown good results with locally advanced osteosarcoma. One study on checkpoint inhibitor drugs that stop cancer cells from deactivating the canine body’s immune cells shows this method can be effective treatment for oral melanoma. It’s worth noting that immunotherapy can yield the best results when the cancer is already receding due to other therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy. So using immunotherapy as one of the pillars of the overall canine cancer treatment can yield better outcomes.

AVAILABLE CANINE CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY OPTIONS Most of the immunotherapy techniques mentioned above are still under development and not commercially available.

1 2 3 4 5

The first widely-used canine cancer vaccine was developed for second-stage melanoma. The recorded results indicate an almost 50-50 pattern; some dogs recovered, while others showed no positive effects. The canines with the best remission rates were those who received the vaccine as an additional treatment along with radiation and surgery. Vaccines are not the only immunotherapies currently being used. The Penn Vet cancer center at the University of Pennsylvania has successfully used an approach that upgrades the immune system to produce an antibody that precisely targets the tumor. The center has also efficaciously used adoptive cell therapy, involving T cells, to treat leukemia. However, at this stage, dogs have to be enrolled in the center’s treatment programs to be able to benefit. As mentioned earlier, only a handful of commerciallyavailable immunotherapy products currently cater to canine cancer. Most are still under development and going through trial phases, but the day will come when more will be available. In the meantime, consult your veterinarian about the use of available immunotherapies if your dog has cancer. Personalized adoptive cell therapy for canine osteosarcoma is available. Immunity enhancer drugs to counter canine mammary cancer are also on the market.

Based on available clinical data, experts indicate that immunotherapy works best in conjunction with other cancer treatments. At the moment, there isn’t enough information to be sure the therapy will work in particular dogs of specific breeds. However, immunotherapy is certainly a good cancer treatment option, and research and clinical trials are underway to make it more refined and effective for canine patients.

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HEALING INSIDE & OUT

URINARY TRACT

disease an d your cat BY SALLY E. BAHNER

One of the most common health problems to afflict cats is lower urinary tract disease. Understanding the various causes and symptoms are key to ensuring prompt treatment.

ur feline companions are prone to lower urinary tract problems. There are a number of reasons for this, some of which can be addressed by making a few lifestyle changes. It’s important to have an understanding of why and how urinary tract problems manifest, and what the signs and symptoms are. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) can be obstructive or non-obstructive. In the former case, the obstructions (urolithiasis) come in the form of calcium oxalate stones and struvite crystals. Due to their narrow urethras, males are more susceptible to calcium oxalate stones, which may require surgical removal. In chronic cases, perineal urethrostomy surgery may be needed as a last resort; this involves shortening the urethra to allow for better urine flow. Females are more likely to have struvite crystals, which can be dissolved by diet. Urethral plugs are solid, soft masses composed of crystals, mucous protein and cellular debris, which can result from chronic inflammation.

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what causes urinary tract disease? The causes of urinary problems in cats are as varied as the methods of treatment, and can be either medical or behavioral. In some cases, a specific cause may not be found, and the issue is referred to as “feline idiopathic cystitis”.

Stress is often a big culprit in the development of

urinary tract issues. A detailed study called it the “Pandora Syndrome,” pointing to a variety of non-medical factors such as the lack of stimulation and exercise found in indooronly cats; excess body weight; genetic predisposition; and interactions with other cats in the household.1

Lack of dietary moisture is another main cause.

Cats that eat poor quality dry foods are more susceptible to urinary tract issues, especially as felines don’t normally drink a lot of water. According to veterinarian Dr. Jean Hofve, dry foods “contribute to overall dehydration and high urine concentration. Cats with lower urinary tract symptoms should not be fed any dry food at all.” She adds that canned, raw, or homemade foods help keep the urine dilute, which

minimizes irritation and lowers the risk of crystal or stone formation. “It’s also best to feed in timed meals rather than leaving food available 24/7.” 2

Dr. Hofve stresses the importance of play therapy. “A bored cat can easily become a stressed cat,” she writes on her website, littlebigcat.com. “Exercise is a good way to reduce stress as well as weight, given that a large percentage of cats with LUTS [lower urinary tract symptoms] are overweight.”

Poor litter box set-up is another potential cause of

urinary problems, according to feline behaviorist, Amanda Caron. Incorrect placement, the wrong type of box, and not enough boxes for the number of cats in the household are all factors to consider. Consistency, cleanliness, litter preference — and patience — are key to a successful resolution, Amanda says.

Treating urinary tract problems A blockage is often resolved by catheterization and fluids, but that’s just the beginning. Treatment also often involves the use of anti-inflammatories, whether conventional or herbal and nutritional. Steroids may be used in cases of severe inflammation, along with urinary acidifiers, although both should only be used short term. The use of antibiotics has fallen out of favor among experts, says Dr. Hofve. “Antioxidant vitamins such as C and E, which are also helpful in times of stress, are indicated,” she says, adding that the vitamin C should be in the form of sodium ascorbate or Ester-C, and vitamin E in dl-alpha tocopherol form, not d-alpha tocopherol, which is synthetic). “Other antioxidants…may also be helpful, because of their anti-inflammatory action. Herbs such as slippery elm, horsetail, and couch grass have helped some cats. Many cats have done well with co-enzyme Q10, which prevents inflammation at the cellular level.” Other alternative therapies that help bring the cat’s body back into balance may include acupuncture, homeopathy, and Chinese herbs. Diet is also very important. Look into high quality canned foods or a raw or homemade diet, and offer plenty of fresh, pure water. If your cat doesn’t drink enough, consider investing in a pet fountain — cats are often drawn to running water.

The big take-away here is that cats never avoid the litter box out of spite. If your cat has started eliminating inappropriately, your job is to figure out whether it’s a physical or behavioral problem, or both. If you suspect a urinary tract issue, schedule an immediate visit with your veterinarian. 1 www.dvm360.com/view/pandora-syndrome-rethinking-our-approach-idiopathic2

cystitis-cats https://littlebigcat.com/urinary-tract-disorders-in-cats/

Symptoms an d diagnosis The first indications of a urinary problem are frequent, non-productive trips to the litter box. You might see signs of straining or small amounts of urine that may be tinged with blood. A normally well-behaved kitty may also pee outside the box — she may associate the litter box with the pain associated with her problem. IMPORTANT: This is not a wait-and-see matter. A urinary blockage is life-threatening and a visit to the veterinarian is imperative. At the vet’s office, a urinalysis will determine the pH level of the urine, which should be slightly acidic. According to the Feline Nutrition Foundation, a cat fed a meat-based diet should have a urine pH of 6.0 to 6.5. The vet will also measure the specific gravity of your cat’s urine. This determines its concentration. Decreasing the specific gravity below 1.025 to 1.045 may help decrease symptoms of urinary disease.

pr eventi ng further problems Along with the recommendations in this article, a plethora of urinary supplements containing nutraceuticals and herbs are available. They can be added to your cat's food or given as treats to maintain urinary tract health. Check out the ingredients and ask your veterinarian which products would best work for your cat.

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HEALTH WATCH

Your dog can’t tell you when he hurts, so it’s important to know the signs that indicate pain and discomfort.

How to know if

your dog is in pain BY BRIAN MARSHALL

Your dog seems to be favoring one leg. Or maybe you’ve noticed him trembling. Are these just passing issues, or do they signify something more serious? Dogs that are presenting unusual behaviors or physical abnormalities may be suffering from pain. Because your dog can’t speak, it’s important to be able to recognize any signs that he might be hurting, so you can take the appropriate action to help him feel better.

SIGNS OF PAIN Pain can afflict any part of your dog’s body, and signs of discomfort can range from the subtle to the obvious. “Not bearing weight on a leg is often a sign of pain,” says vet tech Christine Caplan. “A lack of appetite is almost always an indication that something is wrong, as is not wanting to be handled or touched. Labored breathing or an abnormal heart rate are other indications of pain.” Following are some of the most common types of pain that dogs are prone to, along with the relevant signs. Any indication of pain or discomfort in your dog should be checked out as soon as possible by a veterinarian.

BACK PAIN While you may regard back pain as more of a human problem, dogs can develop it too. “Dogs with back pain can present as being quiet or less active, although they can also

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be in obvious pain,” says veterinarian Dr. Mark Newkirk. “Disc disease is common in breeds with long backs, such as dachshunds and Basset hounds. Often, this presents as neurologic lameness; that is, the leg is lame because the nerves are not ‘communicating’ with the brain and it therefore drags or collapses.”

Keep in mind: Older dogs often have disc disease that affects their backs.

LEG PAIN Limping, or an inability to put weight on a limb, are the most common symptoms of leg pain. “Limping in puppies is usually injury-based, and ‘crack fractures’ are often seen,” says Dr. Newkirk. “As the term implies, the bone is cracked, not broken. Splints are often applied. “Cruciate ligament injury is common in young to middle-aged dogs, especially if they’re into playing Frisbee, flyball, or doing agility, although any dog can tear one in the backyard,” he continues. “These dogs will present as acutely painful, with an inability to put any pressure on the leg.”

Arthritis is another major cause of limb pain (as well as back pain) and becomes more common as dogs get older. It also causes stiffness, poor mobility, and difficulty getting up and down. The dog may slow down on walks, or even become reluctant to go for walks.

Keep in mind: Large breeds frequently have hip arthritis or dysplasia.

DENTAL PAIN Periodontal disease can cause a dog a lot of discomfort. Difficulty eating, head shaking, drooling, dropping food, or pawing at the mouth are all possible indications of dental pain. The dog may also become unwilling to be touched around the head or mouth, and may even get snappy.

ABDOMINAL PAIN Digestive upsets and diseases are common in dogs, and can lead to abdominal pain as well as diarrhea, constipation, vomiting and other problems. A dog suffering from abdominal pain may be restless, unable to get comfortable when lying down, or can exhibit a hunched posture when standing. Whining, drooling and a lack of appetite are other possible signs of abdominal discomfort.

SKIN PAIN Allergies and other skin problems can make a dog miserable. It’s not just the incessant itching, but the irritation and soreness caused by the resulting rashes, hot spots and secondary infections. If your dog scratches, licks and bites himself a lot, and his skin looks red and inflamed, he has some type of skin problem and needs veterinary attention.

Keep in mind: Infected ears can also be painful, and manifest as head shaking, scratching, and a reluctance to be touched.

DIAGNOSING AND MANAGING PAIN Again, the first step when your dog is in pain is to take him to the vet so he or she can determine the exact cause. Only then can a treatment plan be developed. Dr. Newkirk advises against the use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or similar pain-relieving drugs due to side effects such as vomiting, stomach ulceration, and more. Many human medications, given at the wrong dose, can be very harmful to dogs.

Keep in mind: “Veterinarians have many options for treating pain, including medications, laser therapy, and acupuncture,” Dr. Newkirk says. “Holistic veterinarians may add chiropractic, herbs, and homeopathy.” A variety of pain relief chews or tablets for dogs contain potent all-natural ingredients such as willow bark extract, cat claw extract, and turmeric. These products provide powerful anti-inflammatory aid without notable side effects. Supplements containing fish oil can also help calm pain by lubricating the joints. It’s a good idea to work with your vet to determine the best product for your dog’s issues and needs. Understanding any signs of pain in your dog, and what might be causing them, is vitally important. Being able to recognize when something is “off ” means you can get it dealt with promptly, helping your dog back to balance, wellness, and quality of life.

Mental / emotional pain Dogs can also suffer from mental and emotional pain. Nervous behaviors such as pacing or hiding, loss of interest in normal activities, and abnormal sleep patterns can all be signs of emotional distress. Body language cues that indicate mental/ emotional pain include turning away from people, growling or snapping, showing the whites of the eyes, flattened ears, or tucking the tail between the legs. Discovering the cause of your dog's stress, and either eliminating or minimizing it, can help, but he might also need calming aids such as flower essences or essential oils, or guidance from an animal behaviorist.

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NEED TO KNOW

If you’re having difficulty securing a veterinary appointment for your dog or cat, you’re not alone. Here’s how to find your way through the current veterinary shortage, and ensure your companion is getting the care he needs.

YOUR GUIDE D gs TO NAVIGATING THE Cats VETERINARY SHORTAGE by Angie Krause, DVM, CVA, CCRT

Getting an appointment to see a veterinarian has become increasingly difficult for many dog and cat parents. You may be faced with a significant wait to see a veterinary specialist, and even your regular vet. Emergency clinics are frequently experiencing long wait times or are closing altogether due to staffing shortages. General practices are also dealing with long wait times or have stopped accepting new patients. As a dog or cat parent, this can feel really scary and unpredictable. There are a lot of reasons why this has happened, starting with the COVID-19 pandemic (see sidebar on page 54), and navigating this altered healthcare landscape can feel overwhelming. Fortunately, there are ways you can stay a step ahead of the veterinary shortage epidemic. Here are five steps you can take to help protect your dog or cat during this time of uncertainty.

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1. C REATE A RELATIONSHIP WITH MORE THAN ONE VETERINARY HOSPITAL Many people are hesitant to do this for fear they will damage the relationship with their primary veterinarian. However, most veterinarians will understand the desire to grow your dog or cat’s medical team, and feel guilt when they can’t see your animal right away. If your dog or cat has a complicated illness, or your veterinarian has suggested you seek the opinion and care of a veterinary specialist, add one to your team. The addition of another veterinarian and facility helps ensure that your animal will get medical care when needed.

Hint: Many specialists are booking weeks to months

ahead, so be sure to schedule an appointment as soon as your veterinarian recommends a second opinion.

2. S TAY CURRENT WITH YOUR ANIMAL’S EXAMS, BLOODWORK AND PREVENTIVE CARE Staying up to date with your dog or cat’s physical examinations makes it easier for your veterinarian to call in prescriptions or see your animal via telemedicine. Completing annual or biannual blood work, even if your companion is healthy, may help detect disease before a health crisis occurs. This also gives your veterinarian historical data if your dog or cat does get sick.

3. B E PROACTIVE WITH PRESCRIPTIONS Veterinary offices and pharmacies are processing more prescriptions with less staff. It may take days to fill a prescription, so if your dog or cat is taking any kind of medication, ask your veterinarian to prescribe at least three months’ worth at a time to decrease the number of refills needed. If you use a human pharmacy for your dog or cat’s medications, ask to enroll in automatic refills. Initiate the refill process seven to ten days ahead of the time you need the medication.

Hint: The same applies for any supplements or natural

remedies your vet has recommended for your dog or cat — make sure you keep a good supply on hand and don’t wait until you’re out before reordering from your veterinarian or visiting the health food store.

4. K EEP A LIST OF EMERGENCY CLINICS IN YOUR AREA If your dog or cat gets sick after hours, or your veterinarian is fully booked, it’s important to have several backup plans in place. Keep a list of additional veterinary clinics and emergency clinics in your area. Creating a list of names, numbers and addresses will keep you focused and organized in an urgent or distressing situation.

Hint:

Call the clinic before driving your animal to the facility, to ensure they are open and can see your dog or cat. Many emergency clinics will give you an estimated wait time once you arrive. If your animal is beginning to show symptoms and you are not quite sure if he needs to be seen, start calling the list of clinics to find out who can see him if necessary, so you can be prepared.

5. B ECOME AN EXPERT AT MONITORING YOUR ANIMAL AT HOME Understanding how to evaluate your dog or cat and take her vital signs at home is very empowering. Here are several parameters you can record at home that will help decide if she needs emergency care. a. Heart rate: The normal heart rate of your animal can vary based on her size and health status. For cats and small dogs, 120-180 bpm (beats per minute) is normal. For medium-sized dogs, 70-90 bpm is average. For large dogs, 50-80 bpm is normal. The best way to take your animal’s heart rate is by accessing the pulse inside her back leg. You can also place a hand on her chest, directly behind the front leg on the left side. Set a ten-second timer and count the number of beats. Take that number and multiply it by six to get the number of beats per minute.

10s

Taking your animal’s heart rate when she’s healthy can help you know what is normal for her. A very high heart rate indicates that she’s in some kind of distress and should be seen by a vet. If she has a very low heart rate and is lethargic, emergency care should be sought.

IT STARTED When the world locked down in 2020 at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented number of people acquired dogs and cats to soothe their boredom and loneliness, brighten their time in quarantine, and complement their new remote work lifestyles. Shelters were empty and breeders saw their waitlists double. 54

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b. R espiratory rate: The number of breaths your animal takes each minute can help you detect distress. Cats and dogs generally take ten to 30 breaths per minute (bpm). To determine your animal’s respiratory rate, count the number of breaths he takes in 15 seconds and multiply that number by four.

Hint:

Measuring his respiratory rate at different times of day can be helpful. Observing how much effort it takes to breathe in and out is also an important factor to report to your veterinarian. Fast respiratory rates and labored breathing can indicate that your animal is distressed or is having trouble breathing.

We are living in unprecedented times, and adjusting to new and changing circumstances. Developing a relationship with your veterinarian, technicians and reception staff can help your dog or cat get seen as quickly as possible. Be proactive, and remember that you are your animal’s best medical advocate, especially in the current veterinary climate.

c. T emperature: This may be a difficult measurement to obtain. The most accurate way to get your dog or cat’s temperature is through a rectal reading. You will need a fast-reading oral thermometer and some water-based lubricant. A normal cat or dog’s temperature lies between 99.5°F and 102.5°F. d. Gum color: Your animal’s gums should be pink in color. Some cats and dogs have pigmented (black gums); while this is a normal variation, gum color can only be assessed with pink gums. To check for gum color, lift your animal’s lip on the side of his mouth, away from the nose. Colors that indicate he may need to be seen by a veterinarian include very pale pink, a purple or blue tint, or a brick red color. Knowing your animal’s normal gum color when healthy can help with this assessment.

WITH THE PANDEMIC At the same time, veterinary clinics were hobbled by restrictions while maintaining their businesses as frontline workers, and adopted “curbside medicine”, resulting in a lack of face-to-face visits with clients. Supply chain issues added insult to injury by causing a scarcity of some medications, prescription foods and medical equipment.

Many veterinarians and their staff also took this opportunity to find other forms of employment or leave the profession entirely. All these circumstances left clinics with more patients, less staff, and a lot of stressed-out animal parents and vets. Animal Wellness

MICROBIOME

YOUR DOG AND CAT’S GUT HEALTH

– WHY IT’S SO IMPORTANT by Tonya Cooksey, DVM, and Holly H. Ganz, PhD

THE GUT MICROBIOME You’re probably aware that gut health is key to The gut microbiome is a community of your dog or cat’s overall bacteria, fungi, and other microbes that live in your dog or cat’s digestive tract. well-being, but may These microbes are foundational to health; need some guidance among other things, they contribute to on understanding their proper digestion, produce vitamins and serotonin, protect the gut lining, and microbiome and how support immune system function. to support it. How much do you know about your dog or cat’s gut health? A recent survey of cat and dog parents uncovered a disconnect between an awareness that gut health is important for the health of our animals, and an understanding of how to support and maintain it. Most animal parents know that gut health is essential for overall health, but don’t know about the microbiome and its role in establishing and maintaining gut health.

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When this community is disrupted, a number of symptoms can emerge. A gut microbiome becomes imbalanced when it is missing beneficial bacteria, has too many harmful bacteria, or does not have enough diversity in the types of bacteria. Itchy skin, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and bad breath can all indicate an imbalance in your animal’s gut microbiome. When your dog or cat’s microbiome is out of balance, some of the gut’s important functions don’t work as well.

WHAT CAUSES MICROBIOME IMBALANCE? Factors like disease, age, diet, and medications can cause long-term disruption of the gut microbiome, and may be contributing to the digestive and skin conditions affecting over 60 million cats and dogs in the US. Fortunately, a number of approaches can be taken to monitor, restore, and support gut health, such as gut microbiome testing, providing a healthy diet, and using supplements when possible to reduce the use of medications.

ANTIBIOTICS CAN CAUSE IMBALANCES IN THE GUT MICROBIOME

KEY FINDINGS FROM THE STATE OF THE GUTTM REPORT In an effort to promote awareness of the significance of gut health, we conducted a survey of 2,000 cat parents and 2,000 dog parents. They were asked what they think about gut health in general, how it might affect their animals’ wellness, and what they can do to support and improve gut health. We also compiled seven years of information from our microbiome database, revealing trends in the bacterial makeup of the microbiome of cats and dogs. We presented the findings in The State of the Gut Report1 (available as a free download). Most people are aware that gut health matters for their animals’ overall well-being, but aren’t sure what they can do to better support gut health.

DIET PLAYS A PRIMARY ROLE Feeding your dog or cat a healthful diet helps prevent common illnesses; supports and boosts the immune system; and positively influences the composition and function of bacteria living in his gut microbiome. However, many people are unaware of the connection between diet and gut health. In our survey, we found that nearly one in three animal parents did not know that diet plays an essential role in gut health. Even fewer realized that treats, which may seem insignificant compared to the daily diet, can also affect the structure and function of the gut microbiome. An appropriately balanced diet is an important way to maintain the gut microbiome by supporting beneficial bacteria and discouraging harmful bacteria from populating the gut.

While antibiotic treatments are sometimes necessary, antibiotic use has been shown to cause detrimental — and sometimes long term — changes to the gut microbiome. Many antibiotics reduce both beneficial and harmful gut bacteria, and this can allow opportunistic pathogens like E. coli to flourish, promoting inflammation and causing clinical signs. Nevertheless, only 50% of surveyed animal parents were aware that antibiotics had an impact on gut health.

EXPOSURE TO RISK FACTORS FOR GUT IMBALANCE We also asked people to report any exposure to risk factors that could have negatively impacted their animals’ microbiome over a 12-month period. Not surprisingly, exposure to antibiotics was one of the two top risk factors reported for both dog and cat parents. A change in diet was another top risk factor associated with gut imbalance. There are many different kinds of microbes in a dog or cat’s gut microbiome, and each requires certain nutrients to survive. Some specialize in digesting complex carbohydrates, others digest proteins, and some thrive on sugar. As a result, the macro-nutrients (carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and fibers) in the food an animal eats influence which bacteria thrive in their gut. When a diet has an overabundance of one macronutrient versus another, it can shift the natural balance of the gut bacteria, leading to an imbalance or dysbiosis. For example, bacteria in the Prevotella genus play fundamental roles in the breakdown of carbohydrates in food. However, if an animal’s diet is too high in carbs, and has insufficient protein, Prevotella can overwhelm the gut microbiome.

As another example, elevated levels of protein in a diet that lacks sufficient fiber can cause bacteria in the Fusobacterium genus to overgrow. In both situations, elevated levels of these beneficial groups of bacteria can lead to GI distress. By looking at data gathered from our microbiome database (composed of over 60,000 samples), we found that one in three dogs and one in seven cats — both symptomatic and asymptomatic — had unhealthy levels of E. coli in their fecal microbiome samples, and that these animals were likely to have prior exposure to antibiotics and to experience chronic diarrhea.2

SUMMARY Our State of the Gut survey revealed that people truly care about the gut health of their dogs and cats, but many find it challenging to navigate the world of diets, nutrition, medications, and supplements. We recommend finding a veterinarian who uses gut microbiome testing and makes recommendations you can follow to support your own animal’s gut health and, in turn, their overall health.

State of the Gut. 2022. https://stateofthegut.com/.

J essica K. Jarett, Dawn D. Kingsbury, Carlton X. Osborne, Alex L. Martin, Jonathan A. Eisen, and Holly H. Ganz. 2020. Defining Healthy: The Utility of Building a Companion Animal.

Dr. Tonya Cooksey is Director of Veterinary Relations at AnimalBiome. She received her doctorate in veterinary medicine from Auburn University in 2006, with an interest in small animal medicine and soft tissue surgery. She continues her passion for patient advocacy, improving veterinary understanding of the gut microbiome and its influence on dog and cat health. Dr. Holly Ganz is Chief Science Officer and co-founder of AnimalBiome. She received her PhD from the University of California, Davis and was a postdoctoral scholar at UC Berkeley. Her efforts to translate academic research into solutions for companion animals began in 2015 when she launched KittyBiome, a citizen science project, which revealed that imbalances in the gut microbiome are common in animals and that there was a pressing need for better approaches to maintaining and restoring gut health.

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Holiday

Gift Guide HELP HER FEEL “PAW-SOME”

SUPERIOR NUTRITION FOR GOOD HEALTH Feeding your dog or cat the highest quality food possible is one of the best ways to help ensure a long and healthy life. Made in the US from carefullysourced ingredients, RAWZ natural pet foods are high in meat and minimally processed to provide your companion with complete natural nutrition. Offering dehydrated, wet, and dry selections, the company uses no rendered meals or other unhealthy ingredients. rawznaturalpetfood.com

Winter weather can cause dry, cracked paw pads. Washbar’s Kanuka + Repair Paw Balm helps soothe and moisturize her paws. A chemical-free combination of essential oils and beeswax, this balm is perfect for dry or damaged skin, and can help repair cracks and minor wounds, as well as minor skin conditions found in wrinkles, tail flaps, ear creases, etc. Contains sustainably-sourced Copaiba oil, and Kanuka oil from New Zealand. washbar.com

QUALITY SUPPLEMENTS MAKE A DIFFERENCE There are lots of animal supplements on the market, but choosing quality is crucial. With Endurapet, you know you’re getting the best. Included in their extensive line of products for dogs and cats is an Immune Support supplement loaded with natural ingredients such as Maitake mushroom, Omega-3 fatty acids, Coenzyme Q10 and more. It boosts your best friend’s immune system to help her fight viruses, respiratory illnesses, allergies, and more. endurapet.com

KEEP TRACK OF YOUR BEST FRIEND Help ensure your animal companion’s safety, health and happiness with the next generation Pawfit 3s pet location and activity tracker, featuring the unique Pawfit Voice training and command tool. Your dog or cat will love wearing the 100% waterproof, smart GPS tracker, wherever he may go. Up to 30 days of battery life. Use code AWPT15 for 15% off. pawfit.com

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SOOTHE HIS SKIN WITH FISH OIL During the winter, dry indoor air can sometimes exacerbate your animal’s skin problems and allergies. Fish oil may help alleviate discomfort and improve his overall skin health. Iceland Pure provides only the highest quality pharmaceutical-grade fish oil products for animals. Sourced from Norway and Iceland, the oils are extracted at cool temperatures to keep the fatty acids intact. icelandpure.com

TIME FOR A TREAT!

LUXURY FASHION FOR YOU AND YOUR DOG Want you and your dog to look and feel your best? Dogily offers premium, eco-friendly accessories for dogs and humans made from natural silk — a luxurious fabric that’s also easy on the skin. Their collection features three elegant designs that come in a hair scarf and scrunchie for you, and a matching square scarf for your dog. dogily.com

Whether you’re training your four-legged friend or just want to give him something special, it’s important to use treats that are healthy as well as tasty. Raw Rewards from Northwest Naturals is a line of freeze-dried single ingredient treats for both dogs and cats. Simple and nutritious, these gluten-free goodies come in many choices, from beef, chicken or pork heart to bison liver, wildcaught salmon, green-lipped mussel and more. nw-naturals.net

REAL FOOD DELIVERED TO YOUR DOOR What could be easier — or healthier — than top quality dog food delivered right to your door? Chi Dog sends your canine companion cooked food therapy meals designed by integrative and holistic veterinarians across the country. These diets are formulated to strengthen the therapies your dog is receiving from your holistic vet. Order online for home delivery, and choose from a variety of menus. chidog.com

ARE YOU BUYING THE RIGHT DOG TOYS? Play is important to your dog’s physical and emotional well-being, and provides both exercise and mental stimulation. Buying the right toys can make playtime even more beneficial and enjoyable. Cooltugs offers a range of carefully-chosen dog toys that are easy to use, and rewarding for your dog. From PitchDog Rings to Liker Balls by Collar, the toys are well made and designed for optimal fun — for both of you! cooltugs.com

ATTENTION ALL DOG AND CAT PARENTS! Looking for innovative and trustworthy pet education 24/7/365? Join the Animal Wellness Academy! From the publishers of Animal Wellness, this educational platform offers video lectures from leading industry experts, product manufacturers, and integrative veterinarians, PLUS over 2,000 articles, blogs, tips and studies, all at one convenient easy-to-navigate location. Register today for a free basic membership! animalwellnessacademy.org Animal Wellness

BY LAURIE RIIHIMAKI

how to keep your dog

Fit and active activ during the winter

Depending on where you live, winters can be harsh, which means you and your dog spend a lot more time indoors. Here are some tips for keeping him fit, active and safe during the cold weather months.

nce the weather turns colder and the days get shorter, most of us spend more time inside — and so do our dogs. Whatever the season, however, regular exercise is important for maintaining your canine companion’s health and fitness. This means getting him outside when conditions and temperatures allow, and finding ways to give him indoor exercise when they don’t. Read on for tips on how to keep your dog fit, safe and happy during the winter months, along with suggestions for activities you can do together.

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Why year—round fitness is important “It is crucial that we keep our dogs mobile, to prevent them from stiffening up and gaining weight,” says veterinary surgeon Dr. Linda Simon. “Not only that, but exercise and keeping active are important for mental health, and prevents dogs from becoming depressed or apathetic.” This is especially true for older dogs who may be dealing with conditions such as arthritis.

Some dogs just don’t like winter While some dogs love going outside to romp in the cold and snow, others hate it. A lot depends on the breed, size, and coat length of the dog. Smaller dogs such as pugs, dachshunds, and Chihuahuas like warmer weather. Basset hounds also prefer to stay put during the winter because their short legs and stocky frames make it hard to get through the snow.

Tip:

Even big dogs like great Danes tend to shy away from cold weather because of their short hair and reduced ability to stay comfortable in harsh temperatures.

Winter health risks to be aware of Although you may think your dog is being a bit dramatic when she’s reluctant to go outside in the winter, veterinarians and other animal experts caution that lengthy exposure to cold temperatures can be harmful to your canine. Coupled with low windchills, sub-freezing temperatures can lead to frostbite of the ears, paws and the tip of the tail.

The paws are most prone to injury during winter. “Heat loss is typically prevented through a ‘countercurrent heat exchanger’ that extends from a dog’s paws, allowing the body to remain warm even though the paws are exposed to the cold,” says pet travel expert, Lisa Porter. “However, there is a temperature point at which this inherent system of heat preservation does not work. Because paws are served by a network of nerves and blood vessels, walking a dog when it is extremely cold subjects him to paw injuries that can cause pain, bleeding, and cracking.” Additionally, the salt used to melt snow and ice on roads and sidewalks can cause burning and pain to a dog’s paws. She may show signs of discomfort such as holding up her feet, limping, excessive licking or vocalizing. When walking your dog during the winter, it’s always best to avoid salted surfaces.

Tip:

It’s essential to keep a close eye on your dog and her behavior when taking her on outdoor adventures, especially in the winter. If she’s shivering or showing signs of stiffness, such as slowing down or stopping, it’s time to head back inside.

Outdoor activity tips Rather than taking your dog on a long hike, try keeping walks shorter and focusing more on play and letting him sniff around and use his senses. In other words, quality over quantity. This limits the length of time he’ll be exposed to the cold and damp, yet ensures he’s getting adequate activity and stimulation. Animal Wellness

If your dog is a reluctant winter walker, try taking him to an interesting new place such as the beach or a park, and allow him to sniff around and explore for a short period of time. This helps beat wintertime boredom while giving him needed exercise.

Indoor winter fitness activities When the weather is especially bad — or if your dog just doesn’t like winter or is of a breed that can’t be outside much in the cold — you can still keep her fit and engaged by exercising her indoors. Simple agility courses can be created with household items such as boxes, stepstools and chairs. You can play fetch with your dog up and down the hallway, or engage her in a game of hide and seek. If your dog is a social butterfly, make a play date with another dog belonging to a friend, family member or neighbor. Doggy daycare is another good way to help ensure your pooch is getting sufficient exercise and playtime. Mental simulation is also important during the winter; keeping a dog’s mind active helps her stay happy and curious, and you don’t need the outdoors for that. Puzzle treat games or a classic Kong stuffed with peanut butter are favorite ways to enrich a dog’s mind and keep him stimulated.

Tip:

Scent work is another fun option — just hide some high-value treats around the house and invite your dog to search them out.

Winter doesn’t have to mean letting your dog turn into a couch potato. Outdoor activities are still an option as long as you keep his safety and comfort top of mind. And with a little imagination, you can give him exercise inside the house as well. Keeping him fit, both physically and mentally, is important, no matter what time of year it is!

Animal Wellness

when is it too cold for your dog? To help keep your dog safe outdoors in winter weather, Lisa recommends following this temperature guide: 35°F — potentially unsafe for some dogs, especially small or toy breeds. 25°F — dangerous, particularly for small and medium-sized dogs. 10°F — life-threatening for all dogs — avoid prolonged outdoor activity.

don’t forget the winter wear! Besides keeping an eye on the temperature, it’s also important to outfit your dog in protective apparel. Dog boots and a warm, weatherproof coat will help keep your pooch warm, comfortable and safe, allowing him to better enjoy spending time outdoors. Do your homework when choosing garments for your dog — opt for high quality products made from durable materials, and take his measurements to ensure a proper fit.

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Animal Wellness Magazine Animal Wellness

REWIND

Common ear problems in dogs and cats

D gs Cats

BY SHAWN MESSONNIER, DVM

From infections to age-related hearing loss, our canine and feline companions are prone to several common ear problems.

Does your dog or cat scratch his ears and shake his head a lot? If so, he may have a problem. Ear issues are among the most frequently seen conditions in veterinary practice. Unlike humans, who commonly have “earaches” involving the middle and inner ear, the majority of problems in animals involve the outer or external ear canal.

1 EAR

infections in older animals are usually caused by yeasts or bacteria.

Animal Wellness

EAR INFECTIONS

In most animals, ear disease takes the form of infections. In younger dogs and cats, ear mites are the most common culprit and are contracted by contact with other infected animals. Ear infections in older animals are usually caused by yeasts or bacteria. These can result from excessive wax in the ears (very common in many spaniels), excess moisture, allergies, food sensitivities, mange, immune problems, and hormonal disease (thyroid and adrenal disorders).

The cause is diagnosed by visual examination and by taking a small quantity of the material in the ear and looking at it microscopically. After determining the exact cause of the infection, the proper therapy can be prescribed.

HEMATOMAS

Aural hematomas (ear blood blisters) are occasionally seen in dogs and rarely in cats. They can occur in animals of any age, although most of my patients are middle-aged and older.

Herbal and homeopathic therapies can resolve some hematomas, especially the smaller ones. Hematomas develop as the smaller blood vessels under the skin of the ear bleed. The cause is not always known but is usually associated with

animals that, for whatever reason, shake their head and ears. The leaky vessels form a blood clot that develops between the skin of the ear and the underlying cartilage.

the veterinarian’s office. Since infected ears are often painful, sedation or anesthesia may be needed.

Herbal and homeopathic therapies can resolve some hematomas, especially the smaller ones. Larger hematomas usually require surgery to remove the clot and stop the bleeding.

Most of my patients with ear disease respond to therapy with topical medications, immune support, and natural antimicrobials. If your animal has recurring ear infections, don’t get discouraged; he or she can benefit from a similar treatment.

HEARING LOSS AND DEAFNESS

Some deafness is inherited. Light-colored dogs and cats and merle-colored dogs tend to exhibit variable degrees of deafness from birth. There is no treatment for these animals. Hearing loss, meanwhile, is quite common in senior animals, just as it is in older people. In some cases, it’s a sign of cognitive disorder and will improve with therapy for that condition. For this reason, I treat all cases of deafness with the therapies I use when treating animals with cognitive disorder. Most often, however, deafness in older animals is part of the normal aging process, and is progressive and irreversible.

DEALING WITH INFECTIONS Treating ear infections requires topical therapy with either conventional medications or herbal or homeopathic ear drops. Treatment must be given for at least two to three weeks to make sure the infection has cleared. Ear mites must be treated for a minimum of four weeks with the appropriate topical therapy. I rarely need oral medications to treat ear disease, but I do use them to control infections. Olive leaf extract is a wonderful natural therapy that helps boost the immune system as well as kill bacteria and yeasts. Used with topical therapies, it has helped cure many a problem ear disorder. Other therapies, including various homeopathics and herbs such as Echinacea or goldenseal, may also boost the animal’s immune system and act as a natural antibacterial/antifungal. Prior to treatment, it’s important that your animal’s ears are thoroughly cleaned, or your attempts to treat them at home will be less successful. This is done while your animal is still at

What about chronic infections? When it comes to chronic ear infections, the underlying cause must be determined and treated. Chronic ear infections are common in dogs, especially spaniels and retrievers. Whenever I consult with someone whose animal has a chronic infection of any type, I always consider several things: First, while true food allergies are rare, a natural diet can help. A better diet is indicated even if the animal doesn’t get better by simply switching foods. I also consider the possibility of an underlying immune problem that predisposes the animal to chronic infections. I therefore always do something (herbal or homeopathic) to support the immune system I make sure the animal isn’t suffering from adrenal or thyroid disease. I ensure any current treatment the animal is receiving is correct. So often, the drug, dosage, or dosing interval and duration of treatment aren’t right.

Lend me your ears Some animals are more prone to ear diseases, particularly infections and aural hematomas. Breeds with large floppy ears (spaniels and basset hounds) and those susceptible to allergies (terriers and retrievers) seem to have more infections and hematomas than others. Regular ear cleaning using non-medicated rinses (homeopathics and herbal ear rinses containing tea tree oil, peppermint oil, eucalyptus oil, etc.) are particularly helpful in reducing ear odor and infections.

Animal Wellness

n a c t Wha

FELINE HEALTH

your

s ’ t a c

poop tell you

about

her health?

s a cat parent, you know scooping the litter box is an important part of caring for your kitty. And while it may sound unpleasant, it’s also important to pay attention to what’s happening inside the box. It gets you acquainted with your cat’s normal elimination patterns, giving you a useful indicator of her overall health — and alerting you when something might be going wrong. This article takes a closer look at cat poop, and what it may be telling you about your feline friend’s health.

PERFECTLY NORMAL POOP Your cat’s feces indicate what’s happening inside her body. It’s a natural health monitor. Veterinarian Dr. Vicki Thayer describes normal cat poop as: "Formed and firm, dark brown, with nothing on the surface such as blood or mucus."

Did you know? You may not think of your cat’s poop as a

gem, but you can still apply the four C’s of gemstone jewelry to it — color, clarity, carat weight, and cut. In the case of your cat, color, content, consistency and “chunkload” provide invaluable information about her health.

Animal Wellness

by Ramona Ma rek

1. COLOR A normal, healthy stool is commonly characterized as "poop brown", a color most people recognize. "The brown color is due to bilirubin, the passage of bile out of the liver and gallbladder into the digestive tract," says Dr. Thayer. Sometimes, certain meats create a darker brown. The overall color of your cat’s poop can run the gamut and may or may not be significant. Because of this variation, a vet cannot diagnose a condition based only on color. There are several factors to evaluate and piece together. Some colors to watch for include green, black, orange, and white.

GREEN:

"Bright green might be due to rapid transit through the gastrointestinal tract, when the bacteria hasn’t had time to break down the bilirubin that leads to a brown color,” says Dr. Thayer.

RED:

While some flecks of red could come from food ingredients, the obvious presence of bright red blood signals a problem such as inflammation in the GT tract.

Stool changes can be a sign of GI disease Gastrointestinal disease is one of the most common problems that veterinarians see. “A change in bowel health and stools can be a way for us to know if something’s beginning to happen,” says Dr. Thayer. “The liver, galbladder and pancreas are closely tied, so we often see pancreatitis, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease occurring together in cats.”

BLACK:

“Black stools are usually due to an upper GI bleed, tumor or ulcer. Those can be very significant things to watch for, especially in older cats, and could signal intestinal cancer.”

ORANGE:

An orange color could be caused by diet, an ingredient in your cat’s food, or medication.

WHITE OR GRAY: "A white or clayish color could

be related to a gallbladder obstruction," says Dr. Thayer.

Did you know? "With exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI), which means there aren’t enough pancreatic enzymes to help digestion, you can see greasy as well as clay-colored stools.”

2. CONTENT The surface of the stool also provides helpful information. You’ll normally see a slight bit of mucus coating the poop; that’s normal, since mucus helps lubricate the colon lining. Increased or excessive mucus could mean there’s an issue. "Mucus usually comes from the colon, so it can indicate a problem like colitis," advises Dr. Thayer.

Did you know? "In cats, fresh blood on the stool

does not necessarily mean intestinal cancer,” says Dr. Thayer. “I see it with colon issues such as colitis, or intestinal parasites.” It doesn’t rule out cancer entirely, though, so it’s a good idea to see your veterinarian. Looking inside the stool also gives clues. Hair is one of the most common substances seen in a cat’s poop due to normal grooming. Other items could include plant material or intestinal parasites. Some cats eat clay litter when they are anemic. If you notice an unusual foreign object in your cat’s stool, call your vet.

3. CONSISTENCY Normal cat poop is firm, but not dry. "Hard, small, round pellets, especially in older cats, can indicate more moisture reabsorption, which can signal an underlying problem like kidney disease, co-morbidities like hyperthyroid disease, and diabetes,” cautions Dr. Thayer. “Alternatively, they’re just not taking enough water in for one reason or another.” At the other end spectrum is diarrhea. Stools can be very moist, soft and loosely-formed. They may feature a puddinglike texture that’s partly liquid, without a defined shape, or the poop might be fully liquid with no texture. Diarrhea also ranges in color.

Did you know? If your cat’s litter box deposits are

consistently not within the normal range, it’s time to make a veterinary appointment.

4. “CHUNKLOAD” The size and quantity of normal poop should correlate to the size of your cat. Adult cats pass stools once or twice daily while kittens may go more often. Volume can depend on the cat’s diet, including what and how much is eaten.

Did you know? Diarrhea can make stool volume appear larger.

Examining your cat’s poop isn’t something you’ll enjoy, but noting any unusual changes can tell you a lot about her wellbeing, and even help catch health problems early on.

How stinky is it? Cat poop won't ever not smell, but it shouldn't cause you to gasp for air. "A lot of smell can be related to parasites, bacteria, diet, and how the cat digests food,” says Dr. Thayer. “If there's a change from normal, yet nothing has altered in the cat’s diet, environment or behavior, then it's worth asking your vet about it.”

Animal Wellness

EYE CARE

D gs Cats

by Carmen Colitz, DVM, PhD, DACVO, MBA

Eye care should be a regular part of your dog or cat’s wellness regimen. Know the red flags to watch out for, and what you can do to help preserve eye health and vision. If you’re like a lot of animal parents, you might doubt your dog or cat would ever encounter an eye problem, much less need to see a veterinary ophthalmologist. But eye issues are more common than you think, so it is important not to overlook your dog or cat’s eye and vision health. This article presents some helpful hints that can help you keep their eyes healthy and safe.

Animal Wellness

1. D O THE EYES HAVE ANY DISCHARGE? Look at your dog or cat’s eyes on a daily basis. There should not be any build-up of discharge that requires regular cleaning.

In dogs, discharge can have many causes • Tear film deficiency, called dry eye disease, can affect the amount (quantitative) or quality (qualitative) of the tears. Allergies will sometimes contribute to dry eye disease. Discharge can range from chronic wetness on the hair/ fur around the eyes, to ropy clear or yellow discharge. The animal may also be squinting, which is a sign of pain. Dry eye disease requires lifelong, daily medication(s) to improve tear deficiency and quality. If allergies are involved, they will need to be treated as well. • An anatomical abnormality called entropion, or a rolling in of the eyelid(s), means the hairs/fur will touch the cornea and cause pain. This can also result in wetness around the eye(s), ropy clear or yellow discharge, and squinting. Entropion usually requires surgery if it is causing constant irritation or pain, since it can lead to vision-threatening corneal ulcers. • Extra eyelashes on the margin of the eyelids, called distichiasis, can cause excessive wetness. If the lashes are many and/or firm, squinting may be evident as well. These extra eyelashes are best addressed with surgery. Tip: Extra eyelashes can also occur on the inside of the eyelids — these are called ectopic cilia, are usually very painful, and can cause squinting, excessive discharge, or mucoid build-up.

•A blocked nasolacrimal puncta that cannot drain tears properly and may become irritated or inflamed is another cause of excessive wetness and discharge. A procedure to unblock the nasolacrimal puncta can often help clear the blockage.

WHAT IS A VETERINARY OPHTHALMOLOGIST? A veterinary ophthalmologist is a veterinarian who has completed one or more internships, as well as a three- or fouryear residency training program in comparative ophthalmology. He or she must also pass an arduous examination, earning them status as a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists (DACVO). To find a veterinary ophthalmologist in your region, go to acvo.org.

In cats, discharge is often due to FLV Excessive tearing in cats can be due to an underlying feline herpesvirus-1 (FHV) infection, though other bacterial or viral infections can occur alone or concurrently with FHV. Conjunctivitis is not uncommon in kittens and cats, as they may acquire the disease early in life from their mothers or other cats in the environment. If squinting persists, see your veterinarian or a veterinary ophthalmologist to alleviate pain and avoid a worsening of the problem. Most of the time, the kitty’s immune system will fight FHV, and they will recover with minimal issues. In other cases, however, the virus can cause upper respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, and sometimes corneal ulcers that can progress to blindness or loss of the eye(s). FHV can lie dormant for a long time and become re-activated if the cat is stressed. To address FHV, your veterinarian or veterinary ophthalmologist may prescribe an oral or topical antiviral, possibly along with antibiotics and pain control. Tip: Supplements that include a combination of docosanol (a natural antiviral) and L-lysine are often helpful for controlling mild or chronic infections, and can be used daily.

2. D O YOUR DOG OR CAT’S EYES LOOK THE SAME? Watch for any differences between your animal’s left and right eyes, especially changes that occur quickly (i.e. within hours to a few days). If your dog or cat is bright-eyed and normal one day, then is suddenly squinting or experiencing discharge from one (or both) eyes the next, see your veterinarian or ophthalmologist immediately to diminish the risk of progression and the possible development of severe visionthreatening issues. Tip: Veterinary attention is also necessary if you notice redness in one or both eyes, or if the pupils are different sizes.

Animal Wellness

3. IS HE EXPERIENCING VISION LOSS? Changes in how your animal sees can sometimes be very difficult to identify. Dogs and cats are very good at adapting to diminished sight, so they can fool even the most astute animal parent. Clinical signs of diminished sight include: • Walking cautiously around the house, especially when it is dark or lights are dim. • Bumping into objects, especially if you rearrange the furniture or move to a new home. • Not wanting to go up or down stairs, when it previously was not an issue. • Not wanting to jump on or off the bed. • Falling into the pool or off the deck when this was never a problem before. Serious causes of diminished or lost vision that would benefit from seeing a veterinary ophthalmologist include:

1 . Opaque or cloudy corneas due to chronic dry eye disease, previous corneal ulceration, inflammation inside the eye(s) called uveitis, or high intraocular pressure called glaucoma Tip: Corneas are the windshields of the eyes, so keeping them clear is important for sight.

DIABETES MELLITUS AND ITS IMPACT ON VISION Diabetes mellitus can affect middle-aged to older dogs and cats. Unfortunately, it causes secondary eye problems in dogs, including cataracts that can seem to develop in days to weeks; dry eye disease; and sometimes neuropathies. While cataracts cannot be reversed, they may be slowed with blood sugar control, and supplementation with an antioxidant vision supplement such as OcuGLO®. If surgery is needed, it is very successful in most patients.

Animal Wellness

THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS Even the healthiest eyes are flooded with oxidative stress from routine living and aging, as well as sunlight and environmental or dietary effects. Chronic exposure to oxidative stressors may result in premature aging changes, including cloudy spots on the corneas in hot climates (called Florida spots); nuclear sclerosis of the lens (evident as a homogeneous clouding of the lenses); or a less apparent change in the retinas causing diminished night/dark vision. A variety of vitamins and other antioxidants may provide protection against oxidative stressors and help keep your dog or cat’s eyes healthier as he or she ages.

. Cataracts are lens 2 opacities and may not be obvious in the early stages. The most common causes of cataracts in dogs include inherited/genetic conditions, diabetes mellitus (see sidebar at bottom left), inherited retinal degeneration aka Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA), and aging. In cats, chronic inflammation is the most common cause of cataracts, although inherited cataracts are possible as well.

3 . Retinal degeneration in young to middle-aged dogs is

most commonly due to PRA. Other causes include Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome (SARDS), agerelated retinal degeneration (over nine to ten years of age), and less commonly, immunemediated retinopathy.

4 .

Glaucoma is a blinding and painful disease that is either primary (aka inherited/ genetic) or secondary, or due to other issues such as chronic inflammation related to infections or cataracts, lens instability/luxation, retinal detachment, hemorrhage inside the eye, or trauma. In cases of glaucoma, the eye may become permanently blind within three to four days.

TAKING CARE OF YOUR ANIMAL’S EYES Do a daily evaluation of your dog or cat’s eyes and look for any changes, such as squinting or holding the eye(s) closed, tearing, redness, excessive or unusual ocular discharge, and rubbing or pawing at the eye(s). H int: Pain may indicate serious problems, including dry eye disease, corneal ulcers, uveitis (primary or secondary inflammation inside the eye), or glaucoma.

These diseases may benefit from antioxidant and anti-inflammatory nutritional support in addition to conventional medicine. The best way to care for your dog or cat’s eye health is to be proactive and seek veterinary help as soon as you notice any issues. A yearly wellness visit to a veterinary ophthalmologist can detect diseases early in their course. At home, keeping your animal at a healthy weight and on a quality diet, as well as supplementing with antioxidants, will go a long way toward ensuring her eyes stay bright and healthy all her life!

PUPPY PREP FOR NEW PET PARENTS! Create a Routine with Lots of Scheduled Naps Puppies need LOTS of rest! Set a routine that includes walks,

feeding times, play times, and plenty of naps. Older puppies can spend more time being active and less time napping.

Give Your Puppy a Space to Be Alone Dogs need a quiet place to rest, so you should start crate training the very first night your puppy comes home. The

crate should be big enough for your pup to stand upright, turn around, and lie down.

Start Leash Training Right Away Leash training doesn’t have to be hard! Get a good leash,

such as the Heather’s Heroes Sidekick. Start by getting your

puppy used to having the leash on, and then begin teaching them how to walk next to you.

Look After Your Pup’s Health Find a good vet before you even bring your puppy

home and have a wellness and vaccination appointment

scheduled. Ask your friends and family for recommendations, and look for an office with 24-hour emergency care.

Get Extra Help from an Experienced Dog Trainer Make goals about your training outcomes and find a

trainer who can help you meet them. Once your puppy has completed a training program,

keep practicing at home to help them succeed.

Training a puppy

takes time, patience, and positivity.

Just remember to

stick with it and be consistent!

Heathersheroes.com

Animal Wellness

IN THE NEWS

active folks have active dogs, says new study Do you jog with your dog? New research from the University of Guelph has found that dog guardians who exercise regularly tend to ensure their canine companions also get exercise. That in turn influences whether or not people believe their dogs are a healthy weight.

weight than those who did not vigorously exercise. Respondents who reported their dogs regularly performed vigorous exercise (playing ball, swimming, agility) were 1.8 times more likely to believe their dogs were at an ideal weight.

Led by researchers in the university’s Department of Animal Biosciences within the Ontario Agricultural College (OAC), the study is believed to be the first large-scale international survey to demonstrate a relationship between the exercise routines of people and their dogs, as well as folks’ perceptions of their dogs’ health.

Conversely, dogs that received less than 30 minutes of exercise per day had guardians who were much more likely to spend less time moderately exercising themselves.

According to lead author and PhD candidate, Sydney Banton, the study is important, given that 40% of dogs are overweight, and that many dog guardians are unaware of their four-legged friends’ unhealthy weights. Along with animal biosciences professor and lead author, Dr. Kate Shoveller, as well as colleagues from OAC and the Ontario Veterinary College, Banton analyzed results from a survey of almost 3,300 dog guardians in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States. They asked people about their own diets and exercise routines as well as their dogs’, along with their perceptions of their dogs’ weight. Those who reported spending four or more days per week vigorously exercising were 2.8 to 3.5 times more likely to believe their dogs were at an ideal body

Animal Wellness

About 13% of those surveyed thought their dogs’ weight was not ideal or had someone, such as a veterinarian, tell them their dogs were overweight. These people were also more likely to restrict their dogs’ food intake to control weight. The results of this study, which appears in the journal PLOS ONE, highlight the need for more exercise to avoid weight gain in dogs.

GEAR UP FOR

r e t n i W Joint health supplement for dogs

Does your dog have achy joints? Duralactin® Canine Chewable Tablets are a joint health supplement for managing inflammatory conditions. The vanilla-flavored tablets contain Microlactin®, a dried milk protein concentrate with factors that appear to block cytokines and help manage neutrophil participation for a healthy and normal inflammatory response. prnpharmacal.com

Is your dog Warm, Cool or Neutral?

Side by Side has created a patented system to determine and deliver not only the BEST non-GMO whole foods nutrition, but the RIGHT food for your dog’s “temperature” and longevity. Scan the QR Code to get the answer. SidebySidePet.com

Powerhouse infection-fighter Tired of dog/cat healthcare remedies costing a fortune, drying up, or expiring too quickly? Banixx Pet Care is the answer. Rapid results for ear infections, hot spots, wounds, ringworm and itchy, irritated skin – one bottle does it all! It’s a powerhouse infection-fighter that’s even safe around the eyes. banixx.com

Making the switch to raw?

Most dogs thrive on a raw food diet, and yours can be one of them! Turn to Northwest Naturals for complete and balanced raw foods available in chubs, bars and nuggets for easy-to-feed nutrition. The company uses only the highest quality ingredients, along with minimal processing, for optimum nutritional integrity. nw-naturals.net

No more spots and smells

The world's best dog distraction!

Does your dog get bored on those stormy winter days? Give him something fun to do with the Pupsicle! This wonderful toy opens in the middle for easy cleaning and filling, and the companion freezer mold lets you prep healthy treats in advance. You can also freeze larger treats that last longer than regular chews. mywoof.com

Winter means spending more time in the house, so you want it to look and smell its best! Out Dam Spot has been carefully formulated to remove stains, spots and odors from almost every surface. It works on animal urine, feces, vomit and body oils, and can also be used for human-caused stains. goodinwol.com

Animal Wellness

EMOTIONAL WELL-BEING

SIGNS YOUR

DOG NEEDS A FRIEND

by Abigail Jane

Dogs are pack animals and often enjoy the company of other canines. Here are five indications your dog might benefit from having a friend to play and hang out with.

As pack animals, dogs are very social and love being around others. You probably spend as much time as you can with your dog — and that’s great! — but might he be even better off if there was another dog around to play with and give him company, especially when you’re out? These five signs can help you decide if your dog is in need of a canine friend.

our dog loves Y other dogs

Dogs enjoy having companionship throughout the day, whether for playtime or just cuddling. You can’t always be everything your dog needs, but another canine companion may just be able to fill that role.

Animal Wellness

Watch your dog when you’re on walks or at the park. How does he respond to and interact with other dogs? Does he come to life with happiness and excitement? If he loves the company of other dogs and enjoys playing with them, this is a strong indication of a well-socialized dog that would do well with a canine companion at home.

our dog has Y a lot of energy

Dogs tend to be quite high-energy animals. They’re always ready to do something exciting, such as going on walks or visiting the dog park. If your dog has a large amount of energy and never seems to burn it off throughout the day, this could be a sign he needs a canine friend. Excessive energy can be hard to fix if he’s the only dog in the house, but having another dog around gives him a constant play buddy to help him expend all his energy so he isn’t bouncing off the walls. This is one of the biggest reasons why so many dogs could benefit from having a companion.

Your dog is overly attached

Many people have an issue with their dogs becoming overly attached to them. This behavior can begin during puppyhood, or develop later on. Our dogs love us unconditionally, so it’s not uncommon for them to want to be by our side all the time. But there comes a point when our dogs may grow overly attached to us. You may start noticing that your dog is always on your heels, or won’t leave you alone to do anything. This can be sweet to some degree, but it can also become unhealthy for both of you. An overly attached dog can result from loneliness or a lack of other relationships. If this is the case, he may do better with another dog to spend time with, so he’s not relying solely on your companionship.

Your dog seems bored

Dogs that are bored tend to act a bit depressed or lethargic. They may lie around the house and not want to interact much. This kind of behavior may be normal for some dogs, but if it’s out of character for your dog, it means something’s amiss. Take him to the veterinarian for a check up, just to be on the safe side. If all is well, then it could just be that your dog is bored.

Bored dogs may start to develop bad habits, such as barking at nothing or becoming destructive. They may dig holes outside or steal things to chew on, like shoes and purses. These are all strong signs that your dog isn’t getting enough stimulation in his day-to-day life. Along with physical exercise, it’s very important to a dog’s happiness for him to feel mentally stimulated as well. Another dog could help him stay both physically and Bored dogs may mentally active when lop start to deve you are busy with ch as other things. bad habits, su

th in g b a r k in g a t n o or becoming destructive.

Your dog hates to be alone

If over-attachment isn’t addressed, it may progress to an inability to be alone. This can quickly get out of hand and take shape as separation anxiety as your dog becomes scared of being left by himself for any reason. This is quite a common issue because many dogs are very reliant on their people for love, comfort, and companionship. This means when you have to leave the house for any reason, your dog feels as though he’s being left behind and abandoned. There are many solutions for separation anxiety, and again, it’s always best to consult with a vet first if the problem is getting out of control. Sometimes, your dog may not necessarily need you — he just needs some kind of companion to help him feel like he’s not alone. One way to fix the issue is to get a second dog. This will give him a buddy he can play and cuddle with when you are gone, helping to soothe any anxiety he may be feeling. Adopting another dog is not a decision to be taken lightly, but if your current dog is showing these five signs, then he will most likely benefit from having a companion. If getting another dog isn’t an option, explore alternatives such as doggy daycare, play dates, or other activities that will give him more opportunities to have fun with others canines.

Excessive energy ca n be ha rd to fix if he’s the

only dog in the house. Animal Wellness

AT THE SHELTER

How shelters are dealing with returned “pandemic pets” BY SANDRA MURPHY

Dog and cat adoptions skyrocketed during the pandemic, but now that life is going back to “normal”, a lot of these animals are being returned to shelters and rescues. How are these organizations dealing with the problem?

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For most of us, dogs and cats are for life. Sadly, not everyone feels the same way. Others may be forced by circumstance to give up their animals. This has become especially apparent in the wake of the pandemic, when a lot of the dogs and cats adopted during the early months of lockdown are being returned as people get busy again or find themselves facing financial problems. This article takes a look at how shelters and rescues are coping with the issue.

"PANDEMIC PETS" The pandemic’s work-from-home schedule came as a shock to many people. Without a commute, after-school activities, or family gatherings, people had a lot of extra time to do new things, like bake bread, learn to sew — or get a dog or cat to combat the loneliness and isolation. Just like bread baking caused a yeast shortage, dogs and cats were suddenly in such high demand that shelters and rescues soon had waiting lists.

HOME ALONE Now that remote work and schooling has ended, everyone’s schedules have been upended again, and many dogs and cats are being left home alone for the first time. Because they’re not used to being left on their own, some of these animals are having issues adjusting. Both dogs and cats, when bored and lonely, will find ways to entertain themselves, and they’re not always ways their humans think are appropriate. Some become excessively vocal or destructive.

As well, social distancing during the pandemic has meant that a lot of dogs haven’t been socialized properly, leading to further behavioral issues such as anxiety. The result? Returns and surrenders have increased, and many shelters and rescues are now overwhelmed and beyond capacity.

RISING COST OF LIVING ANOTHER FACTOR The cost of living has also risen astronomically, making it more difficult for many people to afford to keep their animal companions. For already strained budgets, unexpected veterinary bills have forced a lot of people to make some hard choices.

Having difficulty with your “pandemic pet”? What if you’re among those who adopted a dog or cat during the pandemic, and are now experiencing behavioral and/or financial problems that have made you consider returning or surrendering him? Help is available: If you’re having issues with your dog or cat’s behavior, such as separation anxiety, excessive vocalization, destructiveness or inappropriate elimination, a trainer or animal behaviorist may be able to help. Shelters and veterinary offices have contacts for behaviorists, trainers, and pet retention programs that help keep animals with their families. Ask food banks if they have dog and cat food or know of one that does. Try to get the best quality food you have access to. Ask your veterinarian if they have payment plans, or other ways to help clients with their bills. Investigate organizations that help people pay their vet bills — examples include The Pet Fund (thepetfund. com), RedRover Relief (redrover.org/relief/) and Brown Dog Foundation (browndogfoundation.org).

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“What’s going on now is a crisis of enormous proportions that shelters and rescues haven’t seen in decades,” says Temma Martin, PR manager at Best Friends Animal Society.

NOT THE RIGHT MATCH Another contributing factor to the high return rate of “pandemic pets” is that at the beginning of lockdown, when shelters were emptying fast, people weren’t able to choose a dog or cat best suited for their lifestyles. They instead took whatever was available, which meant the animals weren’t always the best match for them. A disconnect between a person’s lifestyle and the needs of the dog or cat can lead to behavior problems in the animal and frustration in the human — which then often result in the dog or cat being returned or surrendered. “We hear ‘the cat is too active, or destructive, and we need to return him,’” says Ramona Marek, a writer and volunteer at O’Malley Alley Cat Rescue in Texas.

WHAT SHELTERS ARE DOING TO COPE To help deal with the influx of “pandemic pets,” shelters and rescues are having to think outside the box. “Shelters are becoming more creative with their adoption programs,” says Brittany Schlacter, PR specialist at the Bissell Pet Foundation. “From reduced-fee or fee-waived adoptions, to writeups that look like dating profiles, shelters work hard to get animals in their care into loving homes.” Zoom introductions can help potential adopters get to better know the animals they’re interested

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in. “They can ask questions, learn the quirks, likes and dislikes of the animal, see the dog’s grin onscreen or the cat on a lap,” says Temma. Keeping lost-and-found animals out of shelters also helps. Most lost animals are within one mile from home, and bringing them to shelters when they’re found wandering isn’t the best solution. For example, Cabot Animal Support Services in Arkansas asks community members who bring a found dog or cat to the shelter to take the animal home for 48 hours, with crate and food provided. Incredibly, 65% end up going back to their original homes after their rescuers spread the word. “If community members must rehome their animals, shelters offer options like the Home to Home adoption website (home-home.org/ findpet) where animals can be posted for adoption without entering the shelter,” says Brittany.

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The pandemic has changed our lives in so many profound ways, and our companion animals are also affected. Doing what you can to help overwhelmed shelters, while securing your own dog or cat’s home with you (see sidebars) will help get us through the crisis.

How you can help There are many ways you can help shelters during this unprecedented time. Adopt or foster an animal; spay or neuter; donate to or volunteer at your local shelter or rescue; and spread the word. “Fosters are desperately needed,” says Temma. “We can’t adopt our way out of dog or cat overpopulation,” adds Ramona. “In one week, we received Facebook Messenger requests to help 46 kittens — and that doesn't include emails or requests to volunteers. The need is endless. To help, rescues and shelters need money, fosters, and adopters.”

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