V14I4 (Fall 2024)

Innovative VETERINARY CARE

VOLUME 14 ISSUE 4

INTEGRATIVE THERAPIES THAT ADDRESS ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS IN DOGS A LOOK AT HERBAL AND NON-HERBAL MODALITIES THAT CAN HELP DOGS WITH ARTHRITIS, HIP DYSPLASIA, AND OTHER RELATED DISORDERS. — P. 8

HOW PROBIOTICS MAY LOWER RISK OF SOME CANINE CANCERS

Research shows probiotics improve immune system function, and can even produce anti-tumorigenic compounds. — p. 18

FALL 2024

www.IVCJournal.com

WHAT ROLE DOES NUTRITION PLAY IN TREATING CANINE OSTEOARTHRITIS? Concepts such as “nutri-nourishment” are among the nutritional approaches that can successfully address osteoarthritis in dogs. — p. 8

USING KINESIOLOGY TAPE IN HORSES WITH DJD

Kinesiology tape provides support, stability, and pain relief, while improving circulation, lymphatic drainage, and proprioception. — p. 28

WHY CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE IS A HELPFUL APPROACH TO IVDD IN DOGS

When combined with acupuncture and Western medicine, a Chinese herbal approach to intervertebral disc disease in dogs can provide immediate and lasting results. — p. 32

CAN ESSENTIAL OILS TREAT PAIN AND INFLAMMATION IN CATS?

Addressing orthopedic problems in feline patients can be challenging, but alternative options such as essential oils can be both safe and effective. — p. 42

BUILDING FOUNDATIONS FOR A HEALTHY, ACTIVE DOG

Addressing nutritional and energy needs is the key to keeping active dogs fit. — p. 46

FALL 2024 EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT

SUBMISSIONS: Please send all editorial material, photos and correspondence to Dana Cox at Dana@redstonemediagroup.com or IVC Journal, 266 Charlotte St., Suite 433 Peterborough, ON, Canada K9J 2V4.

Editor-in-Chief: Dana Cox Managing Editor: Ann Brightman Associate Editor IVC: Omer Rashid, DVM Senior Content Editor: Ashley Tonkens Graphic Design Lead: Joy Sunga

COLUMNISTS & CONTRIBUTING WRITERS Angelique Barbara, MS, DC Chris Bessent, DVM, MSOM, Dipl. OM, L.Ac. Nancy Brandt, DVM, OMD, CVA,CVC, CVMA Todd Cooney, DVM, CVH W. Jean Dodds, DVM Denise Elizabeth Hall, DVM, CVA, MDIV Kimberly Henneman, DVM, DACVSMR(EQ, K9), FAAVA, CVA, CVC Cynthia Lankenau, DVM Jared Mitchell, DVM, CVMA, CVA, CVFT Ruth Roberts, DVM, CVA, CVH, CVFT, NAN Margo Roman, DVM, CVA, COT, CPT, FAAO Marlene Siegel, DVM

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improving the lives of animals... one reader at a time.

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contents FEATURES

NUTRITION NOOK 8 NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES FOR CANINE OSTEOARTHRITIS

by Denise Elizabeth Hall, DVM, CVA, MDIV

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Concepts such as “nutri-nourishment” are among the nutritional approaches that can successfully address osteoarthritis in dogs.

AN INTEGRATIVE 12 BECOMING VETERINARIAN

by Ruth Roberts, DVM, CVA, CVH, CVFT, NAN As an integrative veterinarian, you’ll have the ability to offer more comprehensive and personalized treatment plans for patients by expanding your expertise to include alternative modalities.

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AND CANINE 18 PROBIOTICS CANCER: A NOVEL APPROACH TO IMMUNE MODULATION

by Margo Roman DVM, CVA, COT, CPT, FAAO Research shows probiotics may lower the risk of some canine cancers, help the immune system function better, and even produce anti-tumorigenic compounds.

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THERAPIES 22 INTEGRATIVE FOR CANINE ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS

by W. Jean Dodds, DVM Herbal and non-herbal modalities — including TCVM, Chinese and Western herbal medicine, nutraceuticals and more — can help address arthritis, hip dysplasia, and other orthopedic disorders in dogs.

KINESIOLOGY TAPE FOR 28 USING DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE IN HORSES

by Dr. Angelique Barbara, MS, DC Kinesiology tape helps manage the symptoms of degenerative joint disease in horses by providing support, stability, and pain relief, while improving circulation, lymphatic drainage, and proprioception.

CHINESE HERBAL APPROACH TO 32 (IVDD) INTERVERTEBRAL DISC DISEASE IN DOGS

by Chris Bessent, DVM, MSOM, DIPL. OM, L.AC. Using Chinese herbal medicine to treat intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs can be highly rewarding.

When combined with acupuncture and Western medicine, it can provide immediate and lasting results.

36 JIN SHIN JYUTSU

by Marlene Siegel, DVM Jin Shin Jyutsu is a transformative practice with profound implications for both veterinary professionals and pet parents. Rooted in ancient wisdom and supported by contemporary research, this gentle yet powerful touch therapy offers a pathway to balance and healing.

OILS FOR PAIN 42 ESSENTIAL AND INFLAMMATION IN FELINES WITH ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS

by Jared Mitchell, DVM, CVMA, CVA, CVFT Treating pain and inflammation in our feline patients can be difficult using only the limited pharmaceuticals that are available. Holistic and integrative options offer a treatment plan that can be both safe and effective, and essential oils are a great addition to the regimen.

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advisory board FOUNDATIONS FOR 46 BUILDING A HEALTHY, ACTIVE DOG

by Kimberly Henneman, DVM, DACVSMR (EQ, K9), FAAVA, CVA, CVC Addressing the active dog’s nutritional and energy needs, as well as managing heat during exercise, are the foundations for keeping him fit and healthy.

COLUMNS & DEPARTMENTS

Dr. Richard Palmquist, DVM GDipVCHM(CIVT) CVCHM (IVAS), graduated from Colorado State University in 1983. He is chief of integrative health services at Centinela Animal Hospital in Inglewood, California, former president and research chair of the AHVMA, and an international speaker in integrative veterinary medicine. Dr. Palmquist is a consultant for the Veterinary Information Network (VIN) and a past president of the AHVM Foundation. He has published two books, one for conventional veterinarians and a second for clients discussing how integrative thinking works.

Michelle J. Rivera, MT, VDT, is an instructor at the University of Wisconsin and The Healing Oasis Wellness Center, a post-graduate educational institution offering state-approved programs. She is coowner of The Healing Oasis Veterinary Hospital, offering massage, rehabilitation, chiropractic and Chinese and Western Herbology.

Michelle completed the Chinese Herbal Medicine program from the China Beijing International Acupuncture Training Center, and is certified in Chinese Medicine by the Wisconsin Institute of Chinese Herbology.

7 Editorial 11 From the AVH 21 From the VBMA 41 From the AHVMA 45 From the VMAA IN THE NEWS:

17 The AI revolution: transforming veterinary education and practice

27 Breakthrough in canine periodontal

disease detection: oral microbiome study shows promise

31 Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine: updated report sheds light on research and regulations

52 H5N1 influenza A virus spreads among mammals: new concerns for veterinarians

Dr. Joyce Harman, DVM, MRCVS, graduated in 1984 from Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine. Her practice is 100% holistic, using acupuncture, chiropractic, herbal medicine and homeopathy to treat horses to enhance performance and those with a variety of chronic conditions, with an emphasis on Lyme Disease.

Her publications include the Pain Free Back and Saddle Fit Books, and numerous articles in lay and professional magazines. She maintains an informative website: www.harmanyequine.com.

Dr. Steve Marsden, DVM, ND, MSOM, Lac. Dipl.CH, CVA, AHG lectures for IVAS, the AHVMA, the AVMA, and numerous other organizations. He is co-founder of the College of Integrative Veterinary Therapies and is a director emeritus of the National University of Natural Medicine in Portland OR. He authored the Manual of Natural Veterinary Medicine (Mosby); and Essential Guide to Chinese Herbal Formulas (CIVT). Dr. Marsden is extensively trained in alternative medicine, including Chinese herbology, acupuncture and naturopathic medicine. He has holistic veterinary and naturopathic medical practices in Edmonton, Alberta. In 2010, Dr. Marsden was named Teacher of the Year by the AHVMA; and Small Animal Veterinarian of the year by the CVMA in 2009.

Dr. Jean Dodds, DVM, received her veterinary degree in 1964 from the Ontario Veterinary College. In 1986, she moved to Southern California to establish Hemopet, the first non-profit national blood bank program for animals. Dr. Dodds has been a member of many national and international committees on hematology, animal models of human disease, veterinary medicine, and laboratory animal science. She received the Holistic Veterinarian of the Year Award from the AHVMA in 1994.

Dr. Barbara Fougere, DVM, CVAA graduated in 1986, and was named the American Holistic Veterinary Medical Association Educator for 2011. Dr. Fougere is the principal and one of the founders of the College of Integrative Veterinary Therapies. She has continued studying over the last 26 years, and has three Bachelor degrees, two Masters degrees, three post Graduate Diplomas, several Certifications and numerous other courses under her belt.

Dr. Christina Chambreau, DVM, CVH, graduated from the University of Georgia Veterinary College in 1980. She is a founder of the Academy of Veterinary Homeopathy, was on the faculty of the National Center for Homeopathy Summer School and has been the holistic modality adjunct faculty liaison for the Maryland Veterinary Technician Program and is the former Associate Editor of IVC Journal. Dr. Chambreau teaches classes in homeopathy for animals, lectures on many topics, speaks on Radio and TV, and is the author of the Healthy Animal’s Journal among other titles. She is now on the faculty of the Holistic Actions Academy, which empowers members to keep their animals healthy with weekly live webinars.

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1. ANGELIQUE BARBARA, MS, DC

Dr. Angelique Barbara (affectionately called Dr. Angel by many of her clients) is a Doctor of Chiropractic who also holds degrees in Veterinary Science (BS), Equine Science (Minor) and Veterinary Pathobiology (MS). She was one of the first practitioners to start using kinesiology tape on animals, and was so impressed that she developed a seminar dedicated to the taping applications she developed. Her background in the animal healthcare world, and her experience as a human chiropractor, give her a unique perspective on animal bodywork. Dr. Barbara has been published in the Journal of Veterinary Science and Microbiology and has presented her research at the Conference of Researchers in Animal Disease and the International Equine Conference of Laminitis and Diseases of the Hoof. She is the founder of Angel's Animal Sanctuary, a non-profit for rescued animals p.28

2. CHRIS BESSENT, DVM, MSOM, DIPL. OM, LAC

Dr. Chris Bessent has over 35 years of experience in veterinary medicine, holding certifications in veterinary acupuncture, veterinary chiropractic, and veterinary Chinese herbology. Guided by Eastern philosophy and the belief that food is the foundation of health, Dr. Bessent earned a degree in nutrition and founded The Simple Food Project, which features recipes made exclusively from whole foods. She also launched Medicus Veterinary Diets, freeze-dried therapeutic diets using whole foods. In addition, Dr. Bessent oversees Herbsmith, a manufacturer of innovative herbal and nutraceutical solutions offering a personalized approach to dog and cat health. All these ventures are operated from her facilities in southeastern Wisconsin. p.32

3. JEAN DODDS, DVM

Dr. Jean Dodds received her veterinary degree in 1964 from the Ontario Veterinary College. In 1986, she established Hemopet, the first non-profit national blood bank program for animals. Dr. Dodds has been a member of many committees on hematology, animal models of human disease and veterinary medicine. She received the Holistic Veterinarian of the Year Award from the AHVMA in 1994. p.8

4. DENISE ELIZABETH HALL, DVM, CVA, MDIV

Dr. Denise Elizabeth Hall has a multi-vocational career, first based in professional veterinary medicine, then enriched by a career in professional ministry. She received her Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine from Tuskegee University College of Veterinary Medicine in 1988. Through Wellness Mobile Veterinary Clinics, she applies “wholistic integrative alchemic energy” veterinary medical modalities. As Global Emissary Ambassador Veterinarian for Green Pastures AgriVillages Ashrams, Dr. Hall also consults worldwide for a One Health approach to “small-scale, hemp-based, self-reliant sustainable communities”. p.22

5.KIMBERLY HENNEMAN, DVM, DACVSMR (EQ, K9), FAAVA, CVA, CVC

Dr. Kimberly Henneman is a 1986 graduate of Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine. She is certified in veterinary chiropractic (AVCA) and was the 12th to pass AAVA’s advanced acupuncture exam. She is certified

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by IVAS in veterinary Chinese herbal medicine; has trained in classical veterinary homeopathy; studied Traditional Chinese and Tibetan Veterinary Medicine in China; and is working on a Master's degree in TCVM from the Chi Institute and the Southwest Veterinary College in Sichuan, China. Dr. Henneman’s practice in Park City, Utah is 50% performance equine and 50% companion animal, and uses integrative therapies and thermal imaging in sports medicine, rehabilitation and chronic disease (animalhealthvips.com). p.46

6. JARED MITCHELL, DVM, CVMA, CVA, CVFT

Dr. Jared Mitchell graduated from Mississippi State University’s College of Veterinary Medicine in 2004, and owns Mitchell Animal Clinic in Mobile, Alabama. He has advanced training in essential oils through the VMAA and has published articles for several peer-reviewed journals. Dr. Mitchell is certified in veterinary acupuncture and veterinary food therapy through Chi University, and is enrolled in their Masters of TCVM program. p.42

7. RUTH ROBERTS, DVM, CVA, CVH, CVFT, NAN

Dr. Ruth Roberts is a distinguished veterinarian with over 30 years of experience. She blends traditional veterinary practices with holistic approaches to enhance pet health and well-being. Dr. Roberts also holds certifications in Veterinary Chinese Herbology, Veterinary Food Therapy, Veterinary Acupuncture, and Natural Animal Nutrition. She is the creator of the Original CrockPet Diet, a home-cooked meal plan that supports pets' nutritional needs and addresses specific health concerns. Dr. Roberts is also founder of the Certified Holistic Pet Health Coach Program, which is designed to guide pet owners towards natural and holistic health solutions for their beloved animals, enabling them to become certified pet health coaches. She shares her expertise through consultations, webinars, and her popular blog. p.12

8. MARGO ROMAN, DVM, CVA, COT, CPT, FAAO

Dr. Margo Roman graduated from Tuskegee University Veterinary School in 1978, and did undergraduate studies at the University of Florida. She owns the integrative veterinary practice M.A.S.H. (Main Street Animal Services of Hopkinton in Massachusetts, www.mashvet.com). Dr. Roman has been using Medical Ozone Therapy for the past 20 years and Microbiome Restorative Therapy (MBRT) for 12 years, enhancing her 45 years of practicing both conventional and alternative modalities (e.g. acupuncture, homeopathy, herbs, nutrition, hyperbaric oxygen, UVBI). At home, Dr. Roman has seven standard poodles, sixth generation, and two Siamese cats, who have been donors for over 30,000 MBRT cases. p.18

9. MARLENE SIEGEL, DVM, CNHP, ALT

Dr. Marlene Siegel is an international speaker and innovator in integrative veterinary medicine. Her practice, Pasco Veterinary Medical Center, offers the widest array of alternative therapies and detoxification services in the country. She developed her own raw pet food and supplements company, EvoLoveRaw.com. Passionate about education, Dr. Siegel has online integrative veterinary medicine programs for pet parents and veterinarians. She is launching S’Paws Family Wellness, detox centers for pets and their parents. p.36

editorial

Veterinary orthopedics: bridging tradition and innovation

When it comes to orthopedic conditions in animals, I often find myself thinking that veterinarians truly are superheroes. Our patients cannot verbally communicate their pain or discomfort, making diagnosis and treatment planning a complex endeavor. Orthopedic disorders present unique challenges that demand both expertise and creativity from veterinary professionals.

Yet doing an overall study of veterinary orthopedics reminds one of the remarkable progress this field has made in recent decades.

From advanced surgical techniques to cutting-edge diagnostic tools, the landscape of animal musculoskeletal care has evolved dramatically. This evolution reflects not only our growing understanding of animal anatomy and physiology, but also our commitment to enhancing quality of life for our patients. The continuous development of innovative approaches to pain assessment, diagnostic imaging, and treatment modalities tailored specifically to our four-legged patients has to be the order of the day.

Perhaps one of the most exciting developments in veterinary orthopedics is the growing integration of complementary and alternative therapies with conventional medicine. From acupuncture and herbal medicine to nutritional therapy and physical rehabilitation, these integrative approaches are expanding our toolkits and improving outcomes for our patients.

In this issue of IVC Journal, we are proud to present a diverse collection of articles that showcase the breadth and depth of contemporary veterinary orthopedics. Dr. Chris Bessent contributes a compelling article on herbal approaches to intervertebral disc disease in canines, while Dr. Angelique Barbara shares her expertise on the use of kinesiology tape for equine degenerative joint disease. For those interested in the role of nutrition in orthopedic health, Dr. Denise Elizabeth Hall offers valuable insights in her article, which focuses on nutri-nourishment approaches for canine osteoarthritis. Dr. Jean Dodds enlightens us about different clinically proven integrative therapy options for canine orthopedic conditions. And for a discussion of essential oils for

managing pain and inflammation in cats with orthopedic disorders, be sure to read Dr. Jared Mitchell’s contribution.

We also explore some fascinating alternative therapies, including Dr. Marlene Siegel’s examination of Jin Shin Jyutsu for companion animals. Dr. Margo Roman presents an intriguing look at the potential of probiotics in canine cancer treatment, highlighting the interconnectedness of different body systems. A comprehensive overview of the foundations for a healthy and active canine is offered by Dr. Kimberley Hennemen, while Dr. Ruth Roberts’ insightful piece examines how to define and refine oneself as an integrative veterinarian, providing a valuable perspective for practitioners.

As we reflect on the wealth of knowledge and innovation presented in this issue, it’s clear that the field of veterinary orthopedics is at an exciting crossroads. We are witnessing a harmonious blend of traditional veterinary medicine with cutting-edge research and alternative therapies, all aimed at providing the best possible care for our animal patients. This integrative approach not only enhances our ability to diagnose and treat orthopedic conditions but also opens new avenues for prevention and long-term management.

The future of veterinary orthopedics is bright, with continued advancements in pain management and rehabilitative care on the horizon. Embracing both time-tested methods and innovative approaches is the way forward, and ensures we are providing the highest standard of orthopedic care to our clients’ beloved animal companions.

Best regards,

Omer Rashid, DVM, MSc Parasitology Associate Editor, dromer@redstonemediagroup.com IVC Fall 2024

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nutrition nook

NUTRITIONAL APPROACHES

for canine osteoarthritis

BY DENISE ELIZABETH HALL, DVM, CVA, MDIV

Concepts such as “nutri-nourishment” are among the nutritional approaches that can successfully address osteoarthritis in dogs.

Osteoarthritis is defined as progressive deterioration of articular cartilage in diarthrodial joints. It is characterized by hyaline cartilage thinning, joint effusion, and periarticular osteophyte formation. Joint degeneration in dogs can be caused by trauma, infection, immune-mediated diseases, or developmental malformations. The etiology and inciting cause initiates chondrocyte death and necrosis, the release of degradative enzymes and synovitis, including cartilage destruction and inflammation. In this article, we look at how a nutritional approach, including the concept of “nutri-nourishment,” can help dogs with osteoarthritis.

20% OF DOGS HAVE OSTEOARTHRITIS “Research shows…larger dogs are affected more than younger canines. Degenerative joint disease (DJD), as osteoarthritis (OA), is by far the most prevalent kind…. It is the friction (within the joint) that results in pain and reduced motion” (https://lanapaws. com/blogs/friends-of-lana/arthritis-in-dogs-early-signs-diagnosis-andtreatment).

“Clinical signs of degenerative joint disease include lameness, joint swelling, muscle atrophy, pericapsular fibrosis, and crepitation. Radiographic changes in the joint include joint effusion, periarticular soft-tissue swelling, osteophytosis, subchondral bone sclerosis, and possibly narrowed joint space. Arthrocentesis may be unremarkable or yield minor changes in color, turbidity, or cell counts of synovial fluid” (“Osteoarthritis,” Merck Veterinary Manual 2.1).

In reference to certain breeds, or congenital anomalies, abnormal cartilage congruence and joint capsule anatomy may lead to joint biomechanics dysfunction. Pain and lameness result, secondary to the dysfunction. Muscle atrophy may ensue, with subsequent

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limb disuse. Joint degeneration can often be assessed in dogs that are older or above their ideal weight.

JOINT HEALTH FROM A WHOLISTIC INTEGRATIVE AND PREVENTIVE APPROACH Focusing on nutri-nourishment — i.e. nutrition that is actually nourishing — is a wholistic integrative veterinary medical practice. “Wholistic” refers to the entire being — physical body, mind, environment, and spirit. A wholistic integrative approach brings in the best of all worlds; it’s where West meets East for optimal, overall health and wellness. Nutri-nourishment is front and center of this approach, as preventive veterinary medicine.

A dog’s nutri-nourishment will provide support for osteoarthritic symptomatology, especially if it includes non-GMO, sustainably raised, organic certified ingredients void of preservatives, additives, and colorings. Most manufactured feeds contain

Keep the joints moving!

When coping with osteoarthritis, intense bone pain is often a limiting factor for physical movement, exercise, and basic activities. Positive energy options include rehabilitative exercise, such as “aquatherapy” or water therapy, which offers great recovery responses for intense bone pain. Gentle massage techniques, such as Tellington TTouch, are another alternative, where homeostatically accessing acupressure points provides movement of healing Qi energy.

these ingredients. Thus, it serves us to read labels and become familiar with the ingredients, especially the primary proteins.

Lean novel proteins, minerals, and supplemented vitamins are necessary in the 21st century global context.

Achieving and maintaining a slim, lean, physical body is a primary foundation for optimal wellness, which includes the microbiome (prebiotics, probiotics) and gut health for the immune system (Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue or GALT).

Veterinarians play a key role in monitoring young dogs under the age of one, and especially large breeds with a genetic tendency for hip dysplasia. It’s critical to educate clients who are looking to adopt certain breeds known to have various joint and bone deformities.

NUTRITION IS NUMBER ONE!

For animal stewards (e.g. pet parents), supporting dogs with their carnivorous natures in mind will lead to healthy joints.

Therefore, appropriate and well-thought-out nutri-nourishment, whole food supplementation, regular exercise, and weight management may prevent the onset of osteoarthritis. Ultimately, the end goal is to improve overall health and well-being.

FOOD INGREDIENT OPTIONS FOR DOGS WITH OSTEOARTHRITIS Most of these lean novel proteins are easily found, and are bioavailable for digestive accessibility. novel proteins, such as bison, chevron, duck, lamb, 1. Lean elk, venison, fish, and other game will assist in maintaining a lean body mass and provide vitamins and minerals that promote joint health.

All veterinarians must acquire educational prowess in nutrition, which is a significant realm of animal health. Dogs are very popular as companion animals, and corporate feed companies seem to bring out new offerings on a regular basis. Most of these feeds are loaded with filler additives, preservatives, and colorings.

fish, like sardines, mackerel, salmon, rohu, catla, 2. Oily anchovies, trout, and whitefish contain Omega-3 fatty

Here is where nutri-nourishment must be appreciated. Veterinarians and animal stewards hold the advocacy capacity to hold feed companies accountable for their product ingredients. In particular, kibble-based diets have manufactured their way into a realm of integrity that nevertheless continues to be wrought with questionable corporate practices.

are a whole complete protein that are often over3. Eggs looked when it comes to meal prep ingredients. Boiled eggs

Avoiding processed kibble and canned foods is highly recommended as part of a preventive approach for canine osteoarthritis.

In this article, only verified human-grade and wholistic options are considered viable options, outside of veterinarian-recommended recipes for companion animals. An age-appropriate dietary regimen for growing animals is highly recommended, and daily nutritional requirements must be compliantly adhered to for normal cellular function.

DOGS ARE CARNIVOROUS MAMMALS THAT MOSTLY EAT MEAT As predators, dogs have an innate capacity to eat prey animals.

It serves to understand and appreciate which primary proteins in feed ingredients best serve companion dogs, especially during the first year of life.

acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties. Usually, fish comes highly recommended as a primary protein, due to its high quality beneficial properties.

are simple to make and feed. broth is a favorite, as it contains so many beneficial 4. Bone ingredients, such as collagen. Collagen is derived from the main structural proteins of skin, connective tissues, and bone. Remarkably, bone broth supports joint health, improves hydration, benefits digestion and gut health, supports immunity, and haircoat/skin health. Making bone broth, or purchasing a low-sodium, organic, grass-fed beef or bison bone broth is highly recommended.

WHOLE FOOD SUPPLEMENTS FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS Whole food supplements are a welcome addition to preventive care for common chronic maladies such as osteoarthritis.

• Standard Process has developed “veterinary formulas” or primary veterinary care doctors, with a great system of access for animal stewards (StandardProcess.com).

• Ayurvedic veterinary medicine offers two main options for osteoarthritis: Boswelia and Ashwagandha. Centuries IVC Fall 2024

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Options outside nutri-nourishment Conventional Western treatments tend to be myopically mechanical and compartmentalized, whether medical or surgical. However, utilizing a wholistic integrative and preventive approach translates into utilizing Western medicine when warranted.

Use caution with NSAIDs Nonsurgical options include weight reduction, controlled exercise on soft surfaces, therapeutic application of warm compresses to affected joints, and the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).

NSAIDs such as aspirin, etodolac, carprofen, deracoxib, meloxicam, firocoxib, and tepoxalin are well known to reduce pain and inflammation. However, extreme caution is necessary given Western medicine’s tendency to utilize NSAIDs over the long term. Adverse effects include gastrointestinal upsets such as inappetence, vomiting, and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Carprofen-associated hepatopathy is known to occur in Labrador Retrievers. The suppression of prostaglandin synthesis, with subsequent

of empirical wisdom have shown these herbs are beneficial for inflammation modulation and healing. Excellent results come from Ayurvedic medicine.

• New Zealand Deer Velvet offers astounding healing properties for canine osteoarthritis. It is full of phenomenal nutrients and also contains green-lipped mussel and sea cucumber. It is delivered as a powder, easy and simple to mix in with food preparations.

THE IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS Vitamins are a group of essential (“vita”) organic compounds for normal growth and nutrition. They are required in relatively small quantities for digestive intake, as they are not innately formed within the physical body. Due to current unsustainable agricultural methods on a global scale, along with rapidly changing weather patterns and climate change, an understanding and appreciation of the “Soil Food Web” is crucial for supporting the availability and accessibility of vitamins in food production.

For dogs, the first year sets the foundation for a lifetime of optimal overall health and wellness. Thus, age-appropriate nutrinourishment considerations must be communicated from veterinarians to pet parents. This preventive approach practically eliminates many common chronic ailments, such as obesity and osteoarthritis; it’s dogs above their ideal weight who are plagued with deep bone pain from sensitive joints, recognized as osteoarthritis.

inflammation, often occurs with long term corticosteroid usage.

When administered, corticosteroids should be used for the short term in order to prevent iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, cartilage degeneration, and intestinal perforation. Osteoarthritis may actually result from long term corticosteroid use. The market does offer joint-fluid modifiers, such as glycosaminoglycans or sodium hyaluronate, to prevent cartilage degradation.

Surgery is a last resort Joint fusion (arthrodesis) is most frequently performed on the carpus and tarsus joints. Commonly applied joint surgery, such as hip replacement, is often done in large breed dogs. Joint excision with femoral head and neck osteotomy, as well as amputation, are other surgical options. Prognosis is variable and depends on the location and severity of the arthropathy or diseased joint.

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Most wholistic health practitioners aware of global soil conditions highly recommend nutri-nourishment vitamin supplementation. For example, vitamins C, D, and E provide for optimal immune system response from the gastrointestinal tract’s microbiome, and a reduction of oxidative stressors to help the body move towards overall homeostasis.

Whole food supplementation is the gold standard, and far superior to fractional nutrition. Pet parents who utilize veterinary recipes must acquire the best vitamin options available. Reading labels and understanding the nutritional analyses usually provided by feed companies is very important.

• Peanut butter is fantastic for dogs, and contains vitamin E, one of the fat soluble vitamins that help minimize or prevent inflammation. Vitamin E is also essential for maintaining healthy muscles, eyes, and skin.

• Water soluble vitamin B7 helps maintain healthy skin, coat, and nails, while vitamin B3 (also water soluble) aids with fatty acid metabolism and benefits brain function.

• Yams or sweet potatoes are very valuable for nutri-nourishment. They contain antioxidant and inflammatorymodulating nutrients for osteoarthritis and overall gastrointestinal health. For pet parents making homemade recipes, avoid common seasonings and oils. Plain is perfect.

• Pumpkin is another great choice, and contains several nutrients known to have wonderful gut properties for digestion. It also modulates and reduces systemic inflammation, and offers beneficial nutrients such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, and magnesium.

MINERALS MATTER Minerals such as copper support a healthy immune response from the GALT as well as the total immunological system. Vital minerals must be considered in appropriate ratios, especially for the first year of a dog’s life. The calcium-to-phosphorus ratio, for instance, is essential since the musculoskeletal system takes some priority with bone and muscle growth. The ratio varies depending on the dog’s breed. It is recommended that veterinarians review the proper ratio with pet parents in order to prevent deficiencies, especially in dogs under one year of age.

INGREDIENTS AND SUPPLEMENTS THAT COUNTER OR PREVENT INFLAMMATION • For dogs, celery, carrots, zucchini, sweet potatoes, kale, spinach, quinoa, lentils, parsley, and apples are all part of a whole food dietary regimen that counter, or even prevent, inflammation, especially osteoarthritis. Carbohydrates with low-glycemic indices are well tolerated by the body and will modulate potential inflammation.

• Nutritional supplements, such as glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate, provide supportive cellular relief for inflammation, especially in the joints. Glucosamine is a building block for healthy cartilage cells, while chondroitin sulfate inhibits the degradation of cartilage and joint fluid enzymes.

• Cannabis tincture is well known for helping with any type of inflammatory process within the body. Many veterinarians are currently awaiting new decision-making regarding cannabis from the Drug Enforcement Agency, since this benevolent plant is still designated a controlled Schedule II drug. Most veterinarians will not discuss cannabis as a

Veterinary-Client-PatientRelationship must be maintained The Veterinary-Client-Patient-Relationship (VCPR) is absolutely necessary for ensuring essential communications, along with the best veterinary care. The VCPR is especially significant for follow-up, follow-through, fine-tuning wholistic integrative and preventive options, and monitoring potential inflammatory etiology. Regular consultations in the first year of a dog’s life are vital.

From years one to ten, fine-tuning the feeding regimen must take place every quarter to assure the dog stays lean and healthy. Senior dogs are best monitored on a quarterly basis, and educating pet parents on quality of life, including daily observations, is critical for optimal overall health and well-being. Older dogs must be maintained on an appropriate dietary regimen to ensure their gut microbiome is functioning well, and that they stay lean, especially in the case of large breeds.

viable option, due to this legal limbo from the federal government. However, cannabis is on the horizon as “medical plant nutrition,” and its full acceptance into various markets will revolutionize pain management in both humans and animals.

• Omega-3 fatty acids, particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are known to offer much benefit and relief from inflammatory ailments, especially in the joints. Improved mobility and movement have been readily noted in both humans and animals. Omega-3s are found in fish (e.g. sardines, salmon, mackerel, herring, krill) and seed oils (e.g. hemp, flax, algae).

• Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCT) are easily digestible and offer great potential in modulating inflammation.

Coconut oil is one example. Hemp oil is another option that is gaining more popularity. Begin with small amounts, such as 1 ml per 7 kg (15 lbs) of body weight.

Given the high prevalence of osteoarthritis in dogs, it serves veterinarians well to learn as much as possible about integrative approaches to the disease, particularly the use of nutrition, to help treat or even prevent it in their patients.

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Becoming an INTEGRATIVE VETERINARIAN

BY RUTH ROBERTS, DVM, CVA, CVH, CVFT, NAN

As an integrative veterinarian, you’ll have the ability to offer more comprehensive and personalized treatment plans for patients by expanding your expertise to include alternative modalities. Here’s how to get started.

Integrative veterinary medicine combines conventional veterinary practices with alternative therapies to provide a fully rounded approach to animal health. As a veterinarian, expanding your skill set to include integrative modalities can enhance your ability to treat and support your patients. Here, we will explore several modalities you can adopt to become an integrative veterinarian, along with practical advice on how to begin implementing these techniques.

FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE Functional Medicine is a patient-centered approach to healthcare that aims to prevent and treat chronic diseases by addressing their root causes. Unlike conventional medicine, which primarily focuses on managing symptoms with prescription drugs, Functional Medicine promotes wellness through personalized evaluations of a patient’s genetics, lifestyle, and environment. This approach encourages active client involvement and collaboration with practitioners, aiming to optimize health by treating the individual rather than just the disease.

The following case study illustrates the effectiveness of this method, which integrates nutrition, lifestyle changes, and supplements into the treatment plan.

Case study Finn Mangas, a ten-year-old Sheepadoodle, suffered from chronic atopic dermatitis and impacted anal glands. Despite long-term Apoquel use and a hydrolyzed protein diet,

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his condition showed minimal improvement. By February 2023, Finn appeared depressed and older than his age. His owner worried about the medication’s side effects and restrictive diet.

Our Holistic Pet Health Coach, Michael Daly, adopted a Functional Medicine approach to address these concerns.

Finn transitioned to The Original Crockpet Diet with rotating proteins and specific supplements. He continued on Apoquel initially, and received bi-monthly massage therapy sesssions. His energy and alertness improved within two weeks.

Over six months, Finn showed steady improvement with occasional relapses. A Glacier Peaks Test in August 2023 revealed dietary sensitivities. His diet was adjusted accordingly, and glucosamine chondroitin was discontinued. By January 2024, Finn was successfully weaned off Apoquel.

Six months post-Apoquel, Finn displayed no allergy issues despite seasonal changes. His health and vitality significantly improved and Finn regained his youthful energy. This case highlights the effectiveness of an integreative approach in treating chronic conditions.

For veterinarians interested in pursuing Functional Medicine, excellent training opportunities are available. The Institute for Functional Medicine offers comprehensive courses and certification programs that can enhance your practice. Additionally, Functional Medicine University provides online training

programs specifically tailored for healthcare professionals, including veterinarians. These programs are designed to accommodate busy schedules while delivering valuable and practical knowledge.

Veterinary Surgeons provides valuable training and resources for veterinarians looking to expand their knowledge in homeopathy.

TRADITIONAL CHINESE VETERINARY MEDICINE (TCVM) Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) utilizes ancient Chinese medical practices, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, food therapy, and Tui-na (a form of therapeutic massage). TCVM focuses on restoring balance and harmony within the body by addressing the root causes of health issues, rather than just treating symptoms.

A key concept in TCVM is the flow of Chi (or Qi), the vital life force energy that circulates throughout the body. In TCVM, this flow of vital Qi energy is fundamental to health. Pain occurs when Qi flow is blocked. Acupuncture alleviates pain by restoring the flow of Qi and Blood, which reduces painful stagnation.

Michael Daly used the principles of functional medicine to address Finn's chronic dermatitis.

HOMEOPATHY Homeopathy focuses on stimulating the body’s natural healing processes. This gentle and natural modality complements conventional treatments, providing a comprehensive strategy for improving the health and well-being of pets.

Dr. Ruth Roberts gives Ollie a Tui Na massage.

Case study Homeopathy is a medical system based on the principle of “like cures like.” It involves using highly diluted substances that, in larger amounts, would produce symptoms of the ailment being treated. These remedies are tailored to the individual pet, taking into consideration their unique symptoms, behaviors, and overall health.

The Academy of Veterinary Homeopathy offers courses and certification for vets interested in learning about homeopathy. Additionally, the British Association of Homeopathic

One of the most memorable cases I handled involved my own dog, Nepenthe, who was suffering from bacterial endocarditis, a severe and often fatal condition characterized by a large fibrinous lesion on the heart valve. Initially, I used conventional treatments to control the bacterial infection and support the heart. Despite these efforts, Nepenthe had significant symptoms of advanced heart disease, and her heart valve lesion remained a significant concern, prompting me to seek alternative solutions.

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Tips for choosing the RIGHT INTEGRATIVE APPROACH for your practice ASSESS YOUR INTERESTS: Begin by reflecting on what aspects of integrative medicine genuinely excite you. Whether it’s acu-

puncture, herbology, chiropractic care, or nutrition, your passion for a particular area will drive your commitment and success in

mastering the approach. Choosing an area you are enthusiastic

about ensures you remain motivated and dedicated to continuing your education and applying the techniques in your practice.

As I continued my studies at the Chi Institute in Florida, I turned to my instructors for additional help. They recommended specific acupuncture points, herbal formulas, and food therapy tailored to Nepenthe’s condition. While she was not receptive to acupuncture, she responded remarkably well to the prescribed food therapy and herbal treatments.

Over three months, the lesion on her heart valve shrank from a large mass to just 3 mm, roughly the thickness of a piece of paper. This significant improvement allowed Nepenthe to live a quality life until the age of 13, despite an initially dire prognosis.

CONSIDER YOUR PATIENT NEEDS: Think about the common health issues you encounter in your practice. For example, if you frequently treat pets with musculoskeletal problems, chiropractic

care might be a beneficial addition to your services. On the other

hand, if you often deal with chronic illnesses or immune support

issues, herbology could be a great fit. Aligning your choice with the

needs of your patients ensures you can provide the most relevant and effective care.

EVALUATE MARKET DEMAND: Research what your clients are

asking for or what’s popular in your area. There is a growing demand for natural and alternative treatments among pet owners.

Meeting this demand can set your practice apart from others and

attract more clients. Understanding the market demand will help

you make an informed decision that not only benefits your patients but also enhances your business.

EXPLORE TRAINING AVAILABILITY: Look into the availability

and quality of training programs for each integrative approach.

Reputable institutions such as the Chi Institute for Traditional

Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM) or the College of Integrative

Veterinary Therapies (CIVT) offer comprehensive courses. Assessing the training options will help you find a program that fits your schedule, learning style, and professional goals.

START WITH THE BASICS: If you're new to integrative care, consider starting with an approach that complements your existing skills and knowledge. Nutritional therapy, for example, integrates easily with conventional veterinary practices and can be an excellent

Acupuncture is one of the modalities associated with TCVM. Here, Dr. Roberts performs an acupuncture session on Bruno.

starting point. Beginning with the basics allows you to gradually build your expertise and confidence in integrative methods.

SEEK MENTORSHIP: Talk to other veterinarians who have experience with integrative approaches. Their insights can help you under-

stand the practical applications and benefits of each method. Mentorship provides valuable guidance, helping you navigate challenges and make informed decisions as you expand your skill set.

CONSIDER LONG-TERM GOALS: Think about how mastering a

particular integrative approach aligns with your long-term profes-

sional goals. Choose an approach that not only benefits your cur-

rent practice but also enhances your future career growth. Longterm planning ensures your investment in learning pays off by advancing your career and improving patient outcomes.

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My success with Chinese medicine didn’t stop there. I also treated a dog with osteosarcoma and another with cutaneous hemangiosarcoma, both of which responded well to a combination of herbs and cooked food designed for their specific disharmony patterns. These cases further illustrate the potential of integrating TCVM into conventional practice, offering an effective approach to treating severe conditions in pets.

If you want to expand your expertise and enhance your veterinary practice, consider the exciting training opportunities in TCVM available through several esteemed institutions.

The Chi Institute offers a range of courses and certifications in

TCVM, including acupuncture and herbal medicine. Additionally, the International Veterinary Acupuncture Society (IVAS) provides comprehensive training and certification in veterinary acupuncture. These programs will equip you with the knowledge and skills needed to seamlessly integrate TCVM approaches into your veterinary practice, offering significant benefits for your patients.

CHIROPRACTIC Chiropractic supports overall health by targeting the underlying causes of musculoskeletal issues, facilitating injury recovery, managing chronic conditions like arthritis, aiding in post-surgical rehabilitation, and promoting general wellness and vitality. This non-invasive, drug-free modality involves manual adjustments to the spine, joints, and muscles to correct subluxations that can interfere with the nervous system and hinder normal bodily functions.

Veterinary chiropractic offers numerous benefits to patients, including pain relief, improved mobility, and enhanced performance, particularly in working and athletic animals. A study that looked at the impact of veterinary chiropractic treatment on the development of spondylosis in young Boxers provided promising evidence that such treatment can reduce the early occurrence of this spinal disease. The treated group exhibited a significantly lower frequency of spondylosis compared to the control group, suggesting that regular chiropractic intervention from a young age may help reduce the risk of spondylosis.

HERBOLOGY Also known as herbal medicine, herbology involves the use of various plant parts, including leaves, roots, stems, flowers, and seeds, to create remedies that can help manage and treat health issues. These plant-based treatments are formulated to work synergistically with the body’s natural healing processes, promoting overall wellness and disease prevention. Herbology leverages the therapeutic properties of herbs to support and restore health, addressing both acute and chronic ailments.

Western and Eastern herbology have developed as distinct approaches due to their cultural, historical, and philosophical differences, as well as the unique botanical resources available in their respective regions. Western herbology draws on European and North American traditions, using specific herbs known for their medicinal properties to address particular health conditions. Examples include echinacea for immune support and milk thistle for liver health. This approach is supported by scientific research and complements conventional veterinary practices.

By integrating chiropractic care into treatment plans, veterinarians can offer a more comprehensive and personalized approach, ensuring better outcomes for both acute and chronic conditions. This modality enhances quality of life for pets, making it an invaluable addition to the integrative veterinary practice.

To become a chiropractic veterinarian, enroll in a program accredited by the American Veterinary Chiropractic Association (AVCA) or the International Veterinary Chiropractic Association (IVCA), which combines theoretical training and hands-on clinical practice. Pass the certification exams from AVCA or IVCA and maintain your credentials with continuing education. Integrate chiropractic care into your practice to offer pain relief, improved mobility, and enhanced well-being for patients. And educate pet owners on the benefits of chiropractic care to effectively promote these services.

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In contrast, Eastern herbology, especially TCVM, employs complex herbal formulas to balance the body’s energy systems, or Qi. Herbs like ginseng and astragalus are used to enhance energy and immune function, focusing on maintaining internal balance and long-term health.

Case study Our Holistic Pet Health Coach, Deb Teubert, helped an eight-year-old domestic shorthair cat suffering from severe diarrhea with blood, recurrent ear infections, vomiting, and litter box avoidance. Herbal supplements played a crucial role in her supporting plan for the cat.

Deb included quercetin, milk thistle, and digestive enzymes to support the cat’s overall health, along with a novel protein whole food diet with added bone broth, supplemented with Omega-3 fatty acids for inflammation reduction. Initially, slippery elm and marshmallow root were included but were temporarily discontinued as they worsened the diarrhea.

Choosing the right herbs is important, but administering them at the appropriate time is also crucial. It doesn’t always mean it’s bad for the pet, but it needs to be done correctly.

After four weeks, the cat showed significant improvement, with more solid stools, no vomiting, and reduced blood in the stool. Ear infections diminished and completely resolved by eight weeks. The results of food sensitivity testing were implemented, and slippery elm and marshmallow root were reintroduced successfully. Continued follow-up visits confirmed sustained digestive health improvements and the elimination of ear infections.

This case highlights the effectiveness of carefully selected and timed herbal supplements, alongside dietary adjustments and anti-inflammatory nutrients, in managing chronic conditions.

If you’re interested in expanding your skills in herbology, there are some fantastic training opportunities available.

Check out the sidebar on page 14 for specific opportunities.

Additionally, the Veterinary Botanical Medicine Association (VBMA) offers experiential learning as well as a Herbalist Certification program. The American College of Veterinary Botanical Medicine (ACVBM), meanwhile, provides a means to earn diplomate status.

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CONCLUSION Refining yourself in integrative veterinary care can be a gamechanger for your practice. As a vet, expanding your expertise to include alternative approaches like Functional Medicine, TCVM, herbology, acupuncture, and chiropractic care allows you to offer more comprehensive and personalized treatment plans for your patients. It enables you to address not just symptoms, but underlying causes of health issues, promoting overall wellness and preventative care. Additionally, with many pet owners increasingly seeking natural and less invasive treatment options, being skilled in integrative care can help you meet this demand and enhance client satisfaction. Ultimately, it broadens your toolkit, making you a more versatile and effective veterinarian, capable of providing the best possible care for every animal that walks through your door.

References Bland JS. Functional Medicine Past, Present, and Future. Integr Med (Encinitas). 2022;21(2):22-26.

Collins PJ. A randomized, blinded and controlled study using digital thermal imaging to measure temperature change associated with acupuncture in dogs with back pain. Am J Tradit Chin Vet Med. 2021;16(2):[2].

Hanaway P. Form Follows Function: A Functional Medicine Overview. Perm J. 2016;20(4):16-109. doi:10.7812/TPP/16-109.

Halle KS, Granhus A. Veterinary Chiropractic Treatment as a Measure to Prevent the Occurrence of Spondylosis in Boxers. Vet Sci. 2021;8(9):199. Published 2021 Sep 17. doi:10.3390/vetsci8090199.

Swayne J. International Dictionary of Homeopathy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2000. (Google Scholar).

In the news

THE AI

REVOLUTION: TRANSFORMING VETERINARY EDUCATION AND PRACTICE In a groundbreaking development that is set to reshape the future of veterinary medicine, a researcher at the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) has discovered innovative ways for veterinarians to leverage artificial intelligence (AI) tools in both clinical settings and educational environments.

Dr. Candice Chu, an assistant professor in the VMBS’ Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, has developed a cutting-edge study tool for veterinary students called VetClinPathGPT, which utilizes the power of ChatGPT technology to assist students in learning the complex field of clinical pathobiology. This revolutionary tool allows students to “chat” with the AI, asking questions, clarifying concepts, and even generating their own study questions — a game-changing development in veterinary education.

“Imagine having a microscope connected to a camera with AI capability, so students can look down at their slides and essentially have a clinical pathologist there to explain what they’re seeing,” Dr. Chu said.

“They could ask the AI, ‘What’s that cell?’ and it could tell them not only the type but also how to identify it.”

But the potential of AI in veterinary medicine extends far beyond the classroom. Dr. Chu has also outlined a range of applications for this transformative technology to increase efficiency and expand the capabilities of veterinary educators and clinicians.

“AI is a powerful assistant that can help clinicians, educators and students reduce the time spent on repetitive work,” Dr. Chu explained. “By reducing repetitive tasks, individuals can spend their time on the most important parts of their work, like completing assignments or helping students and patients.”

One such application involves the use of AI-assisted record-keeping, which could free up clinicians’ time for more direct patient care. Dr. Chu envisions a tool that can efficiently sift through medical records and pull relevant information, streamlining the documentation process.

While the integration of AI into veterinary medicine faces challenges, such as concerns over patient privacy, Dr. Chu believes that customizable, secure AI tools are on the horizon. She emphasizes that the goal is not for AI to replace veterinary professionals, but rather to create

a collaborative partnership that enhances diagnostic, teaching, and learning abilities.

“Neither are perfect on their own, so bringing them together increases our ability to diagnose, teach and learn,” Dr. Chu said. “One thing I tell people is not to worry that AI will replace you; it’s the person who knows how to use AI who will replace you. I think that in the future, knowing how to incorporate this technology will be a basic requirement for being an efficient and competitive veterinary educator in the job market.”

As Dr. Chu continues to push the boundaries of what’s possible with AI in veterinary medicine, the field is poised for a transformative shift — one that promises to improve patient outcomes, streamline educational processes, and empower veterinary professionals to deliver even higher levels of care.

https://today.tamu.edu/2024/08/20/texas-amresearcher-explores-benefits-of-ai-in-veterinarymedicine-education/

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PROBIOTICS AND CANINE CANCER:

a novel approach to immune modulation

BY MARGO ROMAN, DVM, CVA, COT, CPT, FAAO

Research shows probiotics may lower the risk of some canine cancers, help the immune system function better, and even produce anti-tumorigenic compounds.

Cancer is an autoimmune disease. When a dog’s body cannot identify something abnormal, such as cancer cells, and the problem starts multiplying, there’s an issue with his body’s innate protection. This article looks at how the gut microbiome, which is closely connected to the immune system, may influence cancer in the dog.

CANINE CANCERS HAVE INCREASED EXPONENTIALLY The incidence of canine cancer has increased so much that over 50% of dogs now get the disease in their lifetimes. This is very troubling and disturbing. In 1974, the literature showed that only Boxers got cancer, in the form of melanomas and mast cell tumors. In 1977, studies out of Angell Memorial Hospital in Boston were finding hemangiosarcoma in German Shepherds. I was an intern at Angell then, working on these cases, and at the time we thought we’d found a new issue.

Now, hemangiosarcoma is found in many breeds.

Dogs age seven times faster than we do, and as such are portraying a picture of us in fast time. They get exposed to

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the same chemicals we do in our homes, and their food is tainted with glyphosate, preservatives, and other microbiomedemolishing compounds, very much as human foods are.

HOW THE MICROBIOME MAY INFLUENCE CANCER The gut microbiome is a complex mix of microorganisms and their metabolites, and is closely linked to the immune system. Would knowing all the species of these microorganisms, and their interactions with each other and their host, be the knowledge we need to understand how cancer starts, and what makes it spread and dominate the host? Does a course of antibiotics reduce microbial diversity, and hence increase the chances of cancer?

The microbiome protects us and our canine patients against pathogens, fine-tunes our immune systems, shapes how we use nutrients, and produces a host of chemicals that impact cell function. We have come to realize that the microbiome can also hasten or slow cancer development as well as influence our response to anticancer therapies. For example,

research is being done into how the microbiome influences the body’s reaction to particular immunotherapies for cancer, and is finding that an individual who was resistant to a particular immunotherapy responded better when they received a fecal transplant from an individual who responded well to the immunotherapy (more on fecal transplants below).

While it is not yet fully understood if microbiomes around a cancer lesion can cause or control the lesion, growing evidence suggests they may influence the tumor environment in several ways.

In cancer, cell types around the tumor are different from normal tissue. The question is, are these microbiome organisms helping to promote the cancer, or trying to stop it from killing the host? Allowing the body to be inflamed around the cancer could give it the microbes needed to attack the malignancy.

Recent evidence shows the state of the human microbiome is associated with various diseases, including cancer. The salivary microbiome, fecal microbiome, and circulating microbial DNA in blood plasma have all been used experimentally as diagnostic biomarkers for many types of cancer. The microbiomes present within local tissues, other regions, and the tumors themselves have been shown to promote or restrict the development and progression of cancer, most often by affecting cancer cells or the host’s immune system.

Perhaps the best evidence that microbiota are not just passengers or bystanders comes from Helicobacter pylori and several oncogenic viruses that drive cancer (see Table 1). H. pylori infections are strongly linked to gastric adenocarcinoma; this is mediated by inflammation with H. pylori–induced gastritis, considered a precursor of cancer While the exact mechanisms by which microbiomes around cancer lesions influence the disease are still being researched, it is clear they can have a significant impact on cancer development, progression, and treatment. Further studies are needed to fully understand these interactions and to develop effective microbiome-based therapeutic strategies. Getting the best response from the microbes you use is also very important for success.

HOW PROBIOTICS MAY LOWER RISK OF SOME CANCERS What gives an animal the ability to live with cancer? Can these qualities be shared? Are they due to specific probiotics in the animal? What microbe species may have protected

our animals from cancer, but have since been lost over the generations?

An organic, plant-based, fresh raw diet seems to reduce cancer.

Is this because it gives microbes to the gut from the plants?

Fewer toxins build up in plants than in animal proteins, so a plant-based diet reduces insults to the body.

Probiotics are being studied as a way to possibly help lower the risk of some cancers, and modulate the gut microbiome during cancer treatment. Probiotics may help the immune system function better, allowing it to detect and kill cells that could become cancerous. Probiotics may have further anticancer effects by eliminating carcinogens, altering colon conditions, and producing anti-tumorigenic compounds. Some clinical applications have shown that certain probiotic strains may reduce postoperative inflammation in cancer patients. See the sidebar of resources on the next page for more information on the potential role of probiotics in cancer.

Probiotics can be obtained through dietary sources like yogurt and fermented foods, or as supplements. However, the FDA has not approved any probiotics for use with immunotherapy, and more research is needed.

LEARNING MORE ABOUT MICROBIOME SPECIES The first step in developing probiotics for immunotherapy is identifying helpful or harmful bacteria down to the strain level. But we do not know the species; we may think some are harmful, but they may be part of a synergistic effect that makes them positive for health. In addition, too much of a particular probiotic will cause dysbiosis, resulting in higher levels than would be present in a balanced microbiome. With probiotics, we are using only a few species of bacteria, when there are so many others that could work together and be even more effective at fighting cancer.

We don’t really know much yet about the balance of bacteria in the microbiome. Could certain species be the influencers that prevent cancer? Studies are looking at specific species, but we are still far from finding the real numbers and relationships we need to be definitive. How many of these species have been lost due to the constant use of chemicals and antibiotics?

MBRT MIXOLOGY Microbiome Restorative Therapy (MBRT) is an emerging therapeutic approach aimed at restoring a healthy and balanced IVC Fall 2024

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Potential benefits of combining MBRT with ozone therapy Combining ozone therapy with Microbiome Restorative Therapy can potentially enhance the restoration of a healthy microbiome by leveraging ozone's antimicrobial and immune-modulating effects. The use of medical ozone with cancer has been showing very positive results.

1. ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS • Pathogen reduction: Ozone's strong oxidizing prop-

erties can help reduce pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and fungi in the gut, potentially aiding in the initial phase of microbiome restoration.

• Biofilm disruption: Ozone can disrupt biofilms, the protective layers formed by microbial communities that can harbor harmful bacteria and impede treatment.

2. IMMUNE MODULATION • A nti-inflammatory properties: Ozone therapy can

reduce inflammation, which may help create a more favorable environment for beneficial bacteria to thrive.

• I mmune system support: Ozone may help modulate

the immune system, enhancing its ability to combat infections and maintain a balanced microbiome.

3. SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS • Enhanced efficacy: Combining ozone therapy with

MBRT strategies, such as pro- and prebiotics and all the supportive microbial diversity of the donor, could enhance the overall efficacy of microbiome restoration by creating a cleaner and more conducive environment for beneficial microbes.

microbiome to improve health outcomes. Unlike Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT), which involves the direct transfer of fecal bacteria from a healthy donor to a recipient, MBRT encompasses a broader range of strategies to modify and restore the microbiome, and is administered in the form of oral capsules or nuggets, and rectal infusions/slurry after ozone gas is insufflated to remove the biofilm (see sidebar at left for more on how ozone therapy can be used with MBRT).

These strategies can include the use of pro- and prebiotics, dietary interventions in the form of fresh organic whole foods, nutraceuticals, and other microbiome-modulating therapies.

With the addition of fecal transplants, these dogs are probably receiving specific microbes, fungi, bacteriophages, and other microbial metabolites. These metabolites can derive from the bacterial metabolism of dietary substrates, modification of host molecules such as bile acids, or directly from bacteria.

When it comes to cancer, my present suggestion is to apply the entourage effect of a total healthy microbiome — a microbiome that has experienced exposure to cancer so seems to live through and with it. We have been doing Microbiome Restorative Therapy Mixology by combining microbiomes from dogs that have had cancer and lived with it beyond the standard life expectancy. We mix this microbiome with that of a younger, less experienced healthy donor, making the best cocktail of poop that can help the individual.

For example, my standard poodle lived almost 15 years even though she had malignant mammary adenocarcinoma for seven of those years. She hadn’t been spayed, and was running with the horses until a few months before she passed (not from cancer). I felt her microbiome protected her from being killed by the cancer.

References www.holisticcharlotte.com/unlocking-hope-ozone-therapy-as-a-complementary-approach-to-cancer/ www.mdanderson.org/publications/focused-on-health/FOH-probiotics.h14-1589835.html www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-29462-7 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5530583/#R37 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7793079/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8779143/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8909345/ www.ons.org/voice-articles/what-evidence-says-about-probiotics-and-cancer-immunotherapy

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From the VBMA

The Veterinary Botanical Medicine Association is a group of veterinarians and herbalists dedicated to developing responsible herbal practice by encouraging research and education, strengthening industry relations, keeping herbal tradition alive as a valid information source, and increasing professional acceptance of herbal medicine for animals.

DID YOU GUESS LAST ISSUE’S MEDICINAL HERB? Coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) is a very common roadside “weed” in the Asteraceae family. It is a mineral salty herb, with a slightly cool and moist energetic.

The leaf and flower buds are the parts used for medicine. Coltsfoot has a long history of use as a medicine in Europe, Russia, and China. In medieval France, a coltsfoot leaf painted on a door was the “sign” of an herbalist. The tea has been used for centuries to relieve irritation of the upper respiratory tract with a ticklish cough.

Coltsfoot has antispasmodic, antitussive, demulcent, expectorant, and subastringent pharmacologic effects.

Coltsfoot also contains senkirkine, an unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) with a potentially hepatotoxic effect. Concerns with this herb began when two cases appeared in the literature citing it as the cause of vascular obstructive disease (VOD) in a newborn infant and a small child. In both cases, however, it turned out the plant ingested was not Tussilago farfara. Nevertheless, it is recommended that coltsfoot be used for only 26 days, and not long term. Animal studies suggest licorice may prevent VOD caused by PAs.

UPCOMING EVENTS • The VBMA is offering a pre-AHVMA Conference herb walk.

This year’s VBMA track at the conference features Chanchal Cabrera, a renowned herbalist, author, and educator who is recognized as a leading authority in herbal oncology.

• The VBMA Eco-Tour takes place in late October. We’ll arrive at the Belknap Hot Springs in Oregon on October 26 and attend the Mushroom Festival at Pisgah Arboretum on October 27. Shuttle service and tickets to the festival are included in the registration price. From October 28 on we have speakers Ihor Basko, DVM, and Scott Kloos of the School of Forest Medicine, and will also get a chance to enjoy the hot springs and hikes among the big trees. Come connect with your colleagues and surroundings on this healing retreat!

• On November 9 and 10, the ACVBM and VBMA are holding a joint virtual conference. It features Jody Noe, ND, speaking on Cherokee medicine and the gut-grain connection; and Brendan Kelly, Lac, who will talk about the School of Cold/ Shang Han Lu and the Five Phases/Wu Xing, Wen Bing Xue/ School of Heat. Brendan will also present case studies from his experience treating many cases of active and long COVID, and his clinical experience integrating Western herbs within Chinese herbal medicine.

You can register for all these events at vbma.org.

CASE REPORT Myra, a 14-year-old Colorado Range mare, had a persistent cough that seemed to start in the late summer following a particularly dry windy period with significant dusty conditions. Her tongue was dry and slightly red. Rather large areas of coltsfoot were growing in her pasture — her cough disappeared when she was seen grazing on small amounts daily.

Submitted by Cynthia Lankenau, DVM

GUESS THIS HERB!

Join the VBMA at vbma.org to find out. The answer will also be published in the next issue of IVC Journal.

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Integrative therapies for canine orthopedic conditions — herbal and non-herbal options

BY W. JEAN DODDS, DVM Both herbal and non-herbal modalities — including TCVM, Chinese and Western herbal medicine, nutraceuticals and other options — can help address arthritis, hip dysplasia, cruciate ligament tears and other orthopedic disorders in dogs.

Like other species, dogs are susceptible to a wide range of orthopedic conditions, from arthritis to osteochondritis (see sidebar on page 10).1-22 This article looks at how an integrative approach that includes both herbal and non-herbal approaches such as TCVM, Chinese and Western herbs, nutraceuticals, laser therapy and more can help treat these problems.

UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WVM AND TCVM Generally, the goals of TCVM and Western Veterinary Medicine (WVM) are the same: to promote health and prevent disease. Each has strengths and weaknesses. WVM deals best with acute diseases and includes advanced surgical techniques. TCVM is beneficial for chronic diseases, especially those WVM can only control but not cure.

The practice of TCVM in the Western world today differs from its Chinese origins. First, most of the acupuncture points and meridian lines used by WVM are transposed from the human body. Many ancient techniques, therefore, have been modified to fit Western perceptions and current medical practice.

For example, the needles commonly used today are very thin, solid and sterile, whereas traditional tools were large, nonsterile needles of various shapes and sizes.

In general, Western Medicine believes in control while Traditional Chinese Medicine believes in balance; WVM is more mechanistic while TCM and TCVM are more energetic. TCM and TCVM practitioners recognize disease as an imbalance in

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the body. They understand that the body is an integrated, energetic structure, and that a disturbance of energy flow creates disease in the whole organism. When a disease pattern is identified, one can help restore balance and health by allowing the body to regulate itself.

Diagnostic tests in TCVM include palpation of the Pulse and Shu Points, namely the Jing (Well), Ying (Spring), Shu (Stream), Jing (River) and He (Sea). These Five Shu Points are situated in the peripheral part of each meridian, below the elbows and knees.

HERBAL OPTIONS FOR DOGS WITH ORTHOPEDIC DISORDERS Generally, the goals of TCVM and Western Veterinary Medicine (WVM) are the same: to promote health and prevent disease. Each has strengths and weaknesses. WVM deals best with acute diseases and includes advanced surgical techniques.

TCVM is beneficial for chronic diseases, especially those WVM can only control but not cure.

Chinese herbal medicine • Examples of Chinese herbal formulas for orthopedic conditions include Wei Qi Booster, based on the classical formula, Si Jun Zi Tang, and Xiao Huo Luo Dan, an herbal formula for pain.

• Chinese herbal medicines fall under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) of the Federal Drug Administration (FDA).

• Various characteristics describe Chinese herbal medicines, including temperature/energy, taste, direction of energy, and channels entered.

• Ancient practitioners initially used individual Chinese herbs to treat diseases. Later, healers found that combining several herbs was more effective, so the concept of Chinese herbal formulas was born.

• TCVM formulas contain different quantities of several Chinese medicinal components, as guided by TCM principles.

UNDERSTANDING YIN AND YANG Ancient Chinese people originally observed that every object in the universe could be described as a relationship of polar opposites, such as hot and cold, light and dark, or active and quiet. This exactly describes the relationship between Yin and Yang, as they both are thought to include many different aspects. Every time a new side or energy is identified, the other side is automatically thought of as its polar opposite.

Commonly used Western herbs Curcumin, Boswellia, and Cannabis are the three most frequently used herbal compounds in veterinary settings. Also frequently chosen is T-Relief Pet Arthritis, which contains Arnica plus 12 other natural pain relievers.

The following herbs can reduce inflammation: • A ndrographis paniculata (King of bitters) • Arnica • Boswellia • Hawthorn • Licorice • Oregano

• Nettle leaf • Turmeric (curcumin extract) • Willow bark (a relative of aspirin, but do not combine with NSAIDs) • Yucca root

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Studies have shown that adding Oregano Essential Oil (OEO) to animal feed can significantly improve their growth performance and health status and reduce the occurrence of disease.20 At the same time, pharmacokinetic studies show that the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion processes of OEO in animals shows good bioavailability.

NON-HERBAL OPTIONS FOR DOGS WITH ORTHOPEDIC DISORDERS

COMMON ORTHOPEDIC DISORDERS IN DOGS

2. T ui Na massage15

• A rthritis — can be categorized as inflammatory arthritis, caused by immune disorders or infections, or may feature the more common osteoarthritis, a progressive and de-generative disorder of the joints.

• Cruciate ligament tears — these can be extremely painful and typically require surgical intervention to correct.

1. Nutraceuticals Nonbotanical nutraceutical interventions for canine orthopedic conditions include fish oil, glucosamine/chondroitin, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables, undenatured collagen, green lipped mussel, and egg shell membrane supplementation1,9,15,17

• Tui Na is a Chinese manual therapy used to prevent and treat disease.

• Various manipulations are applied to acupuncture point meridians; alternatively, special limb-stretching movements are used.

The Spinal Tap is an example of a Tui Na technique.

• Hip and elbow dysplasia — the abnormal development of either the hip or elbow joint, most commonly seen in large and giant breed dogs.

• Luxating patella — also known as floating kneecaps, this is a condition in which the kneecap pops out of the groove that holds it in place; it more frequently affects smaller dogs as this groove is shallower in those breeds.

• Osteochondritis — a developmental disease of the bone that causes various imperfections and deformities in the skeletal system, typically affecting the growth plates at the ends of the patient’s bones.

Osteoarthritis involves all components of the joint

Tui Na is a simple but effective way to relieve pain.

• Tui Na is one of Five Branches of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). The other four are acupuncture, herbology, food therapy, and exercise such as Tai chi and Qigong.

Osteoarthritis

Normal

Inflamed synovium

Synovium

• Tui Na moves Qi and Blood to relieve pain.

Reduced viscocity of synovial fluid

Synovial fluid

Narrowed joint space Osteophyte

Cartilage

Fibrillated/destroyed cartilage Thickened subchondral bone Thickened capsule

Capsule Subchondral bone

Cruciate ligament destruction

The Canine Stifle (Knee) Erosion

Patella Femur

Osteophytes

Tibia NORMAL BONES

3. C old laser therapy12 The light produced by a laser (an acronym for “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”) is absorbed by tissues, creating both photothermal and photochemical reactions that generate a therapeutic benefit. Cold laser utilizes safe, low-level lasers to improve cell function and stimulation.

It helps modulate various biologic processes that enhance:

OSTEOARTHRITIS

• Muscle regeneration • Wound healing • Joint healing • Control of acute and chronic pain.

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In summary, both herbal and non-herbal options have been shown to be beneficial in managing and treating canine orthopedic problems.

Innes JF, Fuller CJ, Grover ER, et al. Randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled parallel group study of P54FP for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. Vet Rec 2003;152(15):457-460.

From the AVH The Academy of Veterinary Homeopathy is comprised of veterinarians who share a common desire to restore true health to their patients through the use of homeopathic treatment. Members of the Academy are dedicated to understanding and preserving the principles of Classical Homeopathy.

1

Reichling J, Schmökel H, Fitzi J, et al. Dietary support with Boswellia resin in canine inflammatory joint and spinal disease. Schweizer Archiv Für Tierheilkunde 2004;146(2): 71-79.

2

Henrotin Y, Sanchez C, Balligand M. Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical management of canine osteoarthritis: present and future perspectives. Vet J. 2005 Jul;170(1):113-23. doi: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2004.08.014. PMID: 15993795 Review.

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Budsberg SC, Bartges JW. Nutrition and osteoarthritis in dogs: does it help? Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract.

2006 Nov;36(6):1307-23, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2006.08.007. PMID: 17085237 Review.

4

Wynn SG, Fougère B. Veterinary clinical uses of medicinal plants. In: Wynn SG, Fougère B, eds. Veterinary Herbal Medicine. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier; 2007:652-654.

5

Siddiqui MZ. Boswellia serrata, a potential anti-inflammatory agent: an overview. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011;73(3):255–261.

ORTHOPEDICS AND HOMEOPATHY Does orthopedic work fall into the realm of homeopathy? Hahnemann addresses this in Aphorism 186, when talking about local maladies: “Surgery…is only appropriate when a mechanical aid is to be brought to bear on the suffering parts in order to eradicate external obstacles to cure. For example, it is appropriate to mechanically restore dislocations...set broken bones, etc.”

Hahnemann is saying surgery is appropriate for many reasons, but only removes external obstacles to cure. Here are two things that jump out of this aphorism:

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Mobasheri A. Intersection of inflammation and herbal medicine in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012;14(6):604–616.

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Perea S. Nutritional management of osteoarthritis. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2012 May;34(5):E4. PMID: 22581724 Review.

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Barrouin-Melo SM, Anturaniemi J, Sankari S, Griinari M, Atroshi F, Ounjaijean S, Hielm-Björkman AK. Evaluating oxidative stress, serological- and haematological status of dogs suffering from osteoarthritis, after supplementing their diet with fish or corn oil. Lipids Health Dis. 2016 Aug 26;15(1):139. doi: 10.1186/s12944-016-0304-6.

PMID: 27566551 Clinical Trial.

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Zhang Z, Leong DJ, Xu L, et al. Curcumin slows osteoarthritis progression and relieves osteoarthritis-associated pain symptoms in a post-traumatic osteoarthritis mouse model. Arthritis Res Ther 2016;18(1):128.

1. Cure itself occurs only through the life force.

2. The entire living organism always demands active dynamic help.

A SELECTION OF HOMOEPATHIC REMEDIES FOR ORTHOPEDICS Arnica — Leopard’s Bane, Compositae • A lways indicated first, immediately post-trauma/surgery, except in certain situations

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Nelson KM, Dahlin JL, Bisson J, et al. The essential medicinal chemistry of curcumin. J Med Chem 2017;60(5):1620–1637.

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Downing R. Laser therapy in veterinary medicine. IVC Journal, Feb10, 2017.

Rhus Toxicodendron — Poison ivy • Stiffness/pain of first movement, but > motion, warmth • Strains, sprains. Chilly animals. Arthritis.

• Swelling, itchy skin, redness also common when this remedy needed

12

Gamble L, Boesch JM, Frye CW, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and clinical efficacy of cannabidiol treatment in osteoarthritic dogs. Front Vet Sci 2018;5;165.

13

Gupta R, Doss R, Lall R, et al. Nutraceuticals in arthritis. In: Gupta RC, Srivastava A, Lall R. eds. Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine. New York City: Springer; 2019:374.

14

Dodds WJ, Leumer D, Cody J. HHC Talks Series, 2019, Nos. 1-35.

15

Richter G. Herbal therapies for osteoarthritis. Today’s Vet Pract 2020.

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Ratsch BE, Levine D, Wakshlag JJ. Clinical guide to obesity and non-herbal nutraceuticals in canine orthopedic conditions. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2022 Jul;52(4):939-958. doi: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2022.03.002. Epub 2022 May 11. PMID: 35562213.

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Barbeau-Grégoire M, Otis C, Cournoyer A, Moreau M, Lussier B, Troncy E. A 2022 Systematic Review and MetaAnalysis of Enriched Therapeutic Diets and Nutraceuticals in Canine and Feline Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci. 2022 Sep 8;23(18):10384. doi: 10.3390/ijms231810384. PMID: 36142319 Review.

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Dohmen L. What are your top 10 herbs. Webinar, 2024, June.

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Cui H, Zhang C, Su K, Fan T, et al Oregano essential oil in livestock and veterinary medicine. Animals 2024, 14, 1532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ani14111532 20

Pedersen A, Hyytiäinen H K, Rhodin M, Forterre F, et al. Effect of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on gait parameters in dogs with osteoarthritis. Animals 2024, 14, 1626. https:// doi.org/10.3390/ani14111626.

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Marsden S. Monograph—Xiao Huo Luo Dan, Herbal formula for pain. June 2024. www.civtedu.org.

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Ruta — Rue plant, Rutaceae • Similar to Rhus tox, with special affinity to tendons and ligaments • Not as touchy as Arnica patients, but may be irritable • Often from overexertion/injury Calcarea Carbonica — middle layer of oyster shells • Many indications, especially chronic disease underlying orthopedic problems Symphytum Officinale — Comfrey, Boneset, Boraginaceae • “In the case of fractures, ensure position and immobility, and Symphytum will take charge.” (ML Tyler, Homeopathic Drug Pictures) I do not carry any NSAIDs or other conventional pain meds in my clinic anymore, as I find that all cases do very well with homeopathic prescribing to match the state of the patient and their injury. Using homeopathy means there are no concerns about drug reactions/side effects causing liver or kidney damage, and no need to monitor bloodwork while the patient is being medicated. Compared to my previous 20+ years of conventional practice, I’m convinced orthopedic cases recover more quickly and with less discomfort using homeopathic remedies and excellent nutrition.

Find a homeopathic vet at theAVH.org.

Submitted by Todd Cooney, DVM, CVH IVC Fall 2024

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In the news BREAKTHROUGH IN CANINE PERIODONTAL DISEASE DETECTION: Oral Microbiome Study Shows Promise

A

groundbreaking study by Waltham Petcare Science Institute, recently published in Frontiers in Veterinary Science, has unveiled a potentially game-changing approach to detecting canine periodontal disease. The research, titled “Real-world diagnostic potential of bacterial biomarkers of canine periodontitis,” demonstrates the effectiveness of using bacterial biomarkers in the oral microbiome for early disease detection.

The study involved 127 client-owned dogs presenting at VCA Animal Hospitals for dental procedures. Researchers collected supragingival plaque samples from conscious dogs, followed by detailed clinical assessments under general anesthesia.

The plaque samples were analyzed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to detect bacterial biomarkers associated with canine periodontitis.

Results showed an impressive 80.9% accuracy in detecting periodontal disease when compared to clinical evaluations performed by veterinary professionals. The test demonstrated a sensitivity of 81.0% and a specificity of 80.0%, indicating its reliability in identifying both positive and negative cases.

This research builds upon a previous study published in BMC Veterinary Research in September 2023, which explored the potential of combining molecular techniques with machine learning models for periodontal disease screening. Together, these studies highlight the growing importance of molecular diagnostic protocols in veterinary dentistry.

The significance of this research cannot be overstated, given that periodontal disease affects more than 80% of dogs over three years old and is associated with serious health conditions such as liver, kidney, and heart disease. Early detection and intervention are crucial for managing this prevalent yet often underdiagnosed condition.

For veterinary professionals, this advancement offers several potential benefits such as: •Q uick and simple diagnostics: The qPCR analysis of plaque provides a straightforward approach to detect periodontitis.

•E arly disease detection: Identifying periodontal disease in its early stages allows for more effective treatment and management.

•T ailored care plans: Early detection enables the development of personalized treatment strategies for each patient.

• I mproved client communication: Objective test results can help explain the need for dental care to pet owners.

As research in this field progresses, veterinarians may soon have access to more sophisticated tools for diagnosing and managing canine periodontal disease.

This could lead to improved oral health outcomes, and consequently better overall health for our canine patients.

While further studies may be needed to refine and validate these techniques, the potential for enhancing canine health through advanced microbiome analysis is undeniably exciting. Veterinary professionals are encouraged to stay informed about these developments and consider how they might integrate such diagnostic approaches into their practices in the future. www.veterinary-practice.com/2024/new-researchon-the-oral-microbiome-supports-molecularscreening-tests-for-canine-periodontal-disease

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USING KINESIOLOGY TAPE FOR DEGENERATIVE JOINT DISEASE IN HORSES

BY ANGELIQUE BARBARA, MS, DC

Kinesiology tape helps manage the symptoms of degenerative joint disease in horses by providing support, stability, and pain relief, while improving circulation, lymphatic drainage, and proprioception.

Degenerative joint disease (DJD) is a common and painful condition that affects many horses, particularly as they age.

It is characterized by the breakdown of cartilage in the joints, leading to inflammation, pain, stiffness, and reduced range of motion. Traditional treatment options for DJD in horses include rest, pain medication, joint injections, and physical therapy. In recent years, kinesiology tape has emerged as a popular and effective treatment option for managing the symptoms of DJD in horses.

KINESIOLOGY TAPING FOR DJD IN EQUINES Kinesiology tape can be used in several ways to manage the symptoms of DJD in horses.

1. One common application is to provide support and stability to the affected joint, reducing pain and inflammation. This can be particularly useful for horses with DJD in the fetlock, knee (carpals), hock, or stifle joints, where the extra support provided by the tape can help alleviate strain on the affected area. Kinesiology tape can also be used to improve proprioception in horses with DJD, helping them maintain proper alignment and reduce the risk of further joint damage.

2. Kinesiology tape can also be used to facilitate lymphatic drainage in horses with DJD. By applying the tape in a

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specific pattern (called fancutting) over the affected area, therapists can help remove excess fluid and waste products from the joint, reducing swelling and discomfort.

This can help improve the horse’s overall comfort and mobility, making it easier for them to move and exercise without pain.

3. Furthermore, kinesiology tape can be used to improve circulation in horses with DJD, helping to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the affected joint and promote healing. By applying the tape in a specific way, therapists can enhance blood flow to the area, reducing inflammation and promoting tissue repair. This can help speed up the horse’s recovery time and improve their overall quality of life.

APPLYING KINESIOLOGY TAPE TO A HORSE When applying tape to horses, you first want to make sure the area is clean and free of any oils (such as oil-based fly sprays or coat conditioners). Tapes made specifically for animals, or intended for athletes who perform water sports, will stick better to the horse’s hair due to their stronger glue composition.

If the coat is naturally oily, or the horse will be sweating, you should consider utilizing an athletic “sticky spray” to allow the tape to stay on longer. Depending on the location where

the tape is applied, it can stay on for one to three days before being replaced. Horses can wear this therapeutic tape during turnout, stall time, exercise, and while being ridden. However, be sure to check the laws regarding kinesiology tape when attending a horse show. The United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) states that horses are not allowed to step out of their stalls while wearing the tape, but can wear it while unsaddled in the stable.

Fetlock joint In horses, arthritis is most commonly found in the fetlock joint, a complex and weight-bearing joint that connects the long pastern bone to the short pastern bone, and then to the cannon bone. The fetlock joint plays a crucial role in the horse's ability to move and perform various activities.

STEP 1

STEP 2

To support the fetlock joint, you will need two to three strips of tape cut at about 13” long. Tear the paper in the middle of the strip of tape and fold the edges back. Pull either side of the tape to create a 50% stretch in the center of the tape. Place the center of the tape directly over the posterior fetlock joint and lay the ends of the tape down at a 45° angle, covering the anterior aspect of the joint with no stretch. Using the second strip of tape, repeat this application but place the ends of the tape at a 25° angle instead. If additional stabilization is needed, you can repeat the second step with a third strip of tape. For horses with DJD in their fetlock joints, this application should be utilized while exercising, riding or training.

STEP 3

Place the center of the tape directly over the posterior fetlock joint and lay the ends of the tape down at a 45° angle covering the anterior aspect of the joint with no stretch.

STEP 4

STEP 5

Front view of the tape.

Using the second strip of tape, repeat this application but place the ends of the tape at a 25° angle

Tear the paper in the middle of the strip of tape.

Pull either side of the tape to create a 50% stretch in the center of the tape.

STEP 6

STEP 7

STEP 8

STEP 9

STEP 10

Applying the second piece of tape as described in Step 5.

Front view of the 2 strips of tape.

If additional stabilization is needed, you can repeat the second step with a third strip of tape.

View of applied tape.

View of applied tape.

HOW KINESIOLOGY TAPE WORKS Kinesiology tape is a stretchy, adhesive tape applied to the skin (or hair when taping horses) over muscles and joints. It is designed to provide support and stability to the affected area while allowing for a full range of motion. The tape works

instead.

by lifting the skin (which is indirectly lifted by raising the hair when taping horses) and creating space between the skin and underlying tissues. This decompression effect can help reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation. In addition, kinesiology tape can improve circulation, facilitate lymphatic drainage, and enhance proprioception (the body's awareness of its position in space).

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Hock joint Another common joint where DJD is found is the hock joint.

One of the primary symptoms of hock arthritis in horses is stiffness and swelling in the affected joint. This can lead to lameness, especially when the horse is moving or exercising.

Other signs of hock arthritis in horses may include difficulty bending the affected leg, decreased range of motion, and reluctance to perform certain movements or activities.

To stabilize the hock joint, you will use two strips of tape approximately 22” in length. Start by anchoring the tape on the superior, posterior aspect of the hock and lay it down with paper-off tension over the lateral aspect of the hock, moving STEP 1

STEP 2

Start by anchoring the tape on the superior, posterior aspect of the hock and lay it down with paper-off tension over the lateral aspect of the hock, moving inferior to the anterior and medial portions of the joint.

View over front of hock.

inferior to the anterior and medial portions of the joint. The base should lie just underneath the chestnut at the inferior, medial aspect of the hock. Mirror this taping with your second strip of tape, starting at the posterior, superior aspect of the hock and placing the tape down in a medial, anterior to lateral position. For horses with DJD in their hocks, this application should be utilized during exercise of any kind.

STEP 3

STEP 4

STEP 5

The base should lie just underneath the chestnut at the inferior, medial aspect of the hock.

Mirror this taping with your second strip of tape, starting at the posterior, superior aspect of the hock and placing the tape, down in a medial, anterior to lateral position.

Medial view of tape.

CONCLUSION Overall, kinesiology tape is a versatile and effective treatment option for managing the symptoms of DJD in horses. Its ability to provide support, stability, and pain relief, as well as improve circulation, lymphatic drainage, and proprioception,

make it ideal for horses with this debilitating condition. By incorporating kinesiology tape into a comprehensive treatment plan for DJD, veterinarians and therapists can help horses maintain their mobility, comfort, and quality of life for as long as possible.

RESEARCH SHOWS BENEFITS OF KINESIOLOGY TAPE Studies have shown that kinesiology tape can have a positive impact on various aspects of physiological function in humans, including muscle activation, proprioception, and neuromuscular control. For example, a study published in the Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport found that kinesiology tape can enhance muscle strength and activation in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Another study published in the Journal of Athletic Training demonstrated that kinesiology tape can improve proprioception and balance in athletes with ankle instability.

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Research on equine kinesiology taping has primarily focused on its effects on muscle function, movement patterns, and performance in horses. Multiple studies have investigated the biomechanical effects of kinesiology taping on horses during various activities, such as trotting, jumping, and galloping. These studies have found that kinesiology taping can improve muscle activation, reduce muscle fatigue, and enhance joint stability in horses, leading to improved performance and reduced risk of injuries.

In the news

CANNABIS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE: UPDATED REPORT SHEDS LIGHT ON RESEARCH AND REGULATIONS

In a significant move to support veterinary professionals, the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) has released an updated report entitled “Cannabis in Veterinary Medicine.” This comprehensive document aims to provide veterinarians and pet owners with a deeper understanding of the laws, scientific research, and potential implications surrounding the use of cannabis-derived products in companion animals.

Published in April, the report touches on several key areas, offering a detailed overview of the current cannabis landscape. It begins by exploring the historical perspective on cannabis in the US, setting the stage for the subsequent examination of the pharmacology of cannabis and the endocannabinoid system.

One primary focus of the report is the clinical research investigating the therapeutic potential and pharmacokinetics of cannabis-derived products, particularly cannabidiol (CBD), in dogs and cats. The AVMA team has meticulously reviewed preclinical studies that provided valuable

insights into the effects of CBD-rich hemp products on companion animals.

This includes data on pharmacokinetic properties and potential adverse effects.

“The report primarily focuses on dogs and cats due to the limited availability of well-controlled clinical studies for other species,” explained Dr. Dharati Szymanski, an assistant director in AVMA’s Division of Animal and Public Health, who oversaw the update of the report.

In addition to the scientific findings, the report talks about the complex regulations surrounding the use of cannabis-derived products in animals. This section provides an updated overview of the state and federal regulations that veterinary professionals must comply with when considering the application of these products.

Dr. Szymanski emphasized the importance of this regulatory update, stating, “AVMA continues to work to support veterinarians in maintaining a current understanding of the many aspects of cannabis-derived products in veterinary medicine.”

The report also covers other critical areas, such as analytical testing and quality control in the cannabis industry, as well as the potential risks of cannabis toxicosis in companion animals.

“This latest iteration of the report is a valuable resource for veterinary professionals,” Dr. Szymanski added. “As the AVMA has been receiving a growing number of inquiries about the efficacy, safety, and legality of cannabis-derived products, this updated report aims to provide the necessary information [for veterinarians] to make informed decisions and better serve their patients and clients.”

By offering a comprehensive and up-todate perspective on the complex and rapidly evolving field of cannabis in veterinary medicine, the AVMA report is a crucial tool for veterinary professionals.

www.avma.org/sites/default/files/2024-04/aphupdated-cannabis-resources-report-2024.pdf

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Chinese herbal approach to intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs

BY CHRIS BESSENT, DVM, MSOM, DIPL. OM, L.AC.

Using Chinese herbal medicine to treat intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs can be highly rewarding.

When combined with acupuncture and Western medicine, it can provide immediate and lasting results.

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs is a common diagnosis in veterinary practice. Numerous studies have shown the beneficial effects of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine (TCVM), including acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and herbal therapies, in canine IVDD patients.1-4 When used together, TCVM and traditional veterinary treatments offer better recovery, along with an improvement in ambulation and the perception of deep pain, than medical treatments alone.

This article focuses on the use of Chinese herbal medicine in dogs with IVDD.

TCVM THEORIES AND CANINE IVDD TCVM associates canine IVDD with a deficiency of Kidney Qi and an accompanying Bi Zheng, a painful obstruction syndrome (spinal Qi and blood stagnation) with invasion of pathogenic factors such as Wind, Cold, and Damp.

Bi Zheng means “obstruction” in TCVM, and specifically refers to an obstruction of the flow of blood and/or Qi along a meridian or meridians. It is caused by a blockage of Qi or blood in the meridians due to an external attack and invasion of pathogenic Wind, Cold, and/or Damp. Classification of the Bi Syndrome, such as Wind Bi and Cold Bi, depends on which excess predominates, and which might change as the disease progresses.5,6

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In Western veterinary medicine, Bi Syndromes include IVDD, rheumatism, arthritis, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, myalgia, sciatica, lumbago, spondylitis, and spondylosis.

Bi Syndromes are often joint-related, such as arthritis, but any obstructions affecting the musculoskeletal system are considered and treated as a Bi Syndrome. Symptoms may manifest as pain, soreness, numbness, or swelling in the joints, bones, muscles, and/or tendons.7

APPLICATION OF CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE In the acute phase of IVDD, herbs are used to assist in the movement of Qi and blood, to unblock the meridians and collaterals, and resolve pain.8,11 The following blood-regulating formulas are commonly used to resolve the spinal blood stagnation of IVDD: • Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang (Drive Out Blood Stasis from a Painful Body Decoction) — activates Qi and blood circulation, dispels blood stagnation, opens the channels and collateral, unblocks Bi Zheng and relieves pain.

•B u Yang Huan Wu Tang (Tonify the Yang to Restore Five Decoction) — tonifies Yang Qi, activates blood circulation, opens channels and collaterals and nourishes the blood of muscles and sinews to restore bodily functions.

The second selection of herbal formulas is used to release pathogenic factors associated with the Bi Zheng of IVDD. The formula is selected based on the predominant invading pathogen:

ETIOLOGY OF BI SYNDROME

Wind expelling formulas • W u Yao Shun Qi San (Lindera Powder to Smooth the Flow of Qi) — dispels Wind, activates Qi, relieves pain, and eliminates phlegm.

• X iao Huo Luo Dan (Minor invigorates the Collaterals Special Pill) — dispels Wind, Cold, and Damp, resolves phlegm, dredges the channels, activates blood circulation, and stops the pain.

Wind Damp dispelling formulas • Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Taxillus Decoction) — dispels Wind-Damp, stops pain, nourishes Liver and Kidney, and tonifies blood and Qi. • Shu Jing Huo Xue Tang (Relax the Channels and Invigorate the Blood Decoction) — dredges the channels and collaterals, invigorates blood circulation, and dispels Damp.

• Yi Yi Ren Tang (Coicis Decoction) — dispels Wind and Damp, benefits Qi, and activates blood.

• S hang Zhong Xia Tong Yong Tong Feng Wan (Upper, Middle, and Lower General-Use Pill for Wind-Pain) — dispels Wind and dissolves Damp, activates blood circulation, eliminates bruising, and resolves pain anywhere in the body.

• Qiang Huo Sheng Shi Tang (Notopterygium Decoction to Overcome Damp) — dispels Wind and eliminates Dampness.

Pathogenic influences from the outside world can invade the body in two different ways. One is due to a decreased Wei Qi, and the other to overuse or trauma.

Wei Qi, or defensive Qi, circulates more superficially and protects the body from external influences. When Wei Qi is weak and fails to protect, pathogenic factors can invade the meridians, muscles, channels, collaterals, and joints at a deeper level. When this occurs, the patient has a deficiency or Xu, especially of the Wei Qi. The body is more easily invaded

by Wind, Cold, Damp, or a combination of these pathogens.

Overuse or trauma involving a part of the

body may be followed by an invasion of Wind, Cold, or Damp. This is a common etiology, and pain may manifest in the injured area years later. If the Bi Syndrome becomes chronic, a Deficiency of Xu in the Liver and Kidney can result, causing weakness of the tendons and bones. In severe cases, deformities, stiffness, contracted tendons, muscular atrophy, and decreased joint mobility may occur.

• G ui Zhi Shao Yao Zhi Mu Tang (Cinnamon Twig, Peony and Anemarrhena Decoction) — dispels WindDamp, clears heat from obstruction, and unblocks the channels and collaterals.

Exterior releasing formulas

• Juan Bi Tang (Remove Painful Obstruction Decoction) — tonifies Qi, harmonizes the Ying (nutritive) and Wei (defensive) levels and dispels Wind and Damp.

Damp Cold dispelling formulas • Xiao Huo Luo Dan (Minor Invigorate the Collaterals Special Pill) — dispels Wind, Cold, and Damp, resolves phlegm, dredges the channels, activates blood circulation, and stops pain.

• G e Gen Tang (Kudzu Decoction — Cervical IVDD Taiyang Syndrome) — treats exterior-excess, Wind-Cold syndromes accompanied by stiffness and pain in the neck.

• J iu Wei Qiang Huo Tang (Nine-Herb Decoction with Notopterygium) — dispels exterior Wind, Cold, and Damp and relieves muscle soreness and pain throughout the whole body.

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The last aspect of herbal treatment for IVDD is the selection of tonifying herbs to resolve underlying deficiencies.

Yang tonifying herbs • Jin Gui Shen Qi San — warms and tonifies Kidney Yang deficiency back pain.

• B a Wei Di Huang San — strongly warms and tonifies Kidney Yang deficiency back pain.

Yin And Yang tonifying formulas • Gui Lu Er Xian Jiao — replenishes Yin and tonifies Jing, benefits Qi, and strengthens Kidney Yang. For cervical IVDD with poor Jing, combine with Juan Bi San and/or Shen Tong Zhu Yu Tang.

1.

Xiao Huo Luo Dan (Minor Invigorate the Collaterals Special Pill) This is a warming and moving herbal formula that dispels Wind, Cold, and Damp, resolves phlegm, dredges the channels, activates blood circulation, and stops pain. It is one of the most used formulas for the treatment of acute IVDD with paresis and paralysis in dogs.12 This formula contains the following herbs: • Z hi Chuan Wu (Radix Aconiti Preparata) — dispels WindCold, warm, dredge the collaterals and relieve pain.

• Z hi Cao Wu (Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffi) — dispels WindCold, warm, dredge the collaterals and relieve pain.

• T ian Nan Xing (Rhizoma Arisaematis) — dries Damp and resolves phlegm.

• R u Xiang (Gummi Olibanum) — activates Qi and Blood circulation and removes blood stasis.

3 COMMONLY USED CHINESE HERBAL FORMULAS The three most studied and utilized herbal formulas for treating acute IVDD in dogs are Xiao Huo Luo Dan (Minor Invigorate the Collaterals Special Pill), Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Taxillus Decoction), and Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Tonify the Yang to Restore Five Decoction).

Canine IVDD tends to involve three TCVM principles 1

i Zheng, painful obstruction syndrome, seen as B spinal Qi and blood stagnation

2

Invasion of pathogenic factors such as Wind, Cold, and Damp

3

Deficiency of Kidney Qi.

As such, it often requires the use of more than one herbal formula, and the strategic use of herbs is often based on the stage of recovery.

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• Mo Yao (Myrrha) — activates Qi and Blood circulation and removes blood stasis.

• D i Long (Pheretima) — guiding herb to open the channels and collaterals.

This formula should be used in dogs with acute IVDD and a strong constitution. It is a powerful formula to be used short term and with caution in patients with blood deficiency or Yindeficient heat. Overdose of this formula is due to the strong nature of the two versions of aconite. In humans, numbness of hands and feet, dizziness, stiff tongue, pale face, cold extremities, sweating, nausea, and palpitations have been reported.12 Gastrointestinal bleeding has also been attributed to these strong warming herbs.

2. Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang (Angelica Pubescens and Taxillus Decoction) This formula is often combined with Xiao Huo Luo Dan (Minor Invigorate the Collaterals Special Pill) in patients with chronic back pain, or post-surgical IVDD patients with concurrent Liver and Kidney Qi and blood deficiencies. The herbs dispel Wind-Damp, stop pain, nourish the Liver and Kidney, and tonify blood and Qi.9,10,12 This formula contains the following herbs: • D u Huo and Xi Xin — dispels Wind, Cold, and Damp.

• F ang Feng and Qin Jiao — dispels Wind-Damp.

• S ang Ji Sheng, Du Zhong, and Chuan Niu Xi — dispels Wind-Damp and tonifies Liver and Kidneys.

Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang is contraindicated in dogs with Liver Wind rising, Yin deficient heat, or stagnation of phlegm.

• D ang Gui, Chuan Xiong, and Bai Shao — tonifies and activates blood circulation.

• R en Shen and Fu Ling — strengthens the Spleen and tonifies Qi. • G ui Xin — warms channels and opens blood vessels.

• G an Cao — harmonizes the herbs in the formula.

The pharmacologic effects include analgesia, anti-inflammation, increased blood perfusion, decreased vascular resistance, and an antiplatelet effect. Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang can be considered an herbal alternative to non-steroidal inflammatory drugs and a fundamental herbal formula to aid post-surgical recovery from decompressive surgery. The combination is also thought to prevent further degeneration of intervertebral disks. It is considered one of the most essential formulas for treating nonsurgical chronic back pain in overweight, middle-aged pets.1

CONCLUSION Treating cases of intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) in dogs can be highly rewarding when using Chinese herbal medicine.

Treatment involves addressing immediate pain, combating pathogenic factors, and managing underlying kidney Qi deficiency. The application of Chinese herbal formulas can be complex, but when combined with acupuncture, electroacupuncture, and Western medicines, it can provide both immediate and lasting results.

Gunawan L, Indarjulianto S. Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine to treat intervertebral disc disease in a Dachshund. Am J Trad Chin Vet Med 2022; 17(2): 63-68.

1

Hein D. Acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine treatment for neck pain and cervical disc disease: A retrospective study in 42 dogs. Am J Trad Chin Vet Med 2022; 17(2): 29-37.

2

3. Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang (Tonify the Yang to Restore Five Decoction) This formula tonifies Yang Qi, activates blood circulation, opens channels and collaterals, and nourishes the blood of muscles and sinews to restore bodily functions.12 It contains the following herbs: • H uang Qi — tonifies Zheng Qi and Yuan Qi. • Dang Gui, Chuan Xiong, Chi Shao, Tao Ren, and Hong Hua — activates blood and resolves blood stasis.

• D i Long — unblocks the channels and collaterals.

Huang Qi makes up 84% of the formula because it’s needed to tonify source Qi. Once this occurs, the lower amounts of other herbs will move the Qi and then move blood to restore muscles, sinews, and bodily functions.12 This formula is frequently used in human medicine to treat post-stroke sequelae and has effects on the central nervous system. Bu Yang Huan Wu Tang has facilitated the healing and recovery of human subjects who suffered nervous system damage to the brain and spinal cord.12 The formula also has antiplatelet, anticoagulant, thrombocyte, antihyperlipidemic, and cardiovascular effects.

Liu CM, Holyoak GR, Lin CT. Acupuncture combined with Chinese herbs for the treatment in hemivertebral French bulldogs with emergent paraparesis. J Tradit Complement Med. 2015 Dec;6(4):409–12.

3

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Brisson BA. Intervertebral Disc Disease in Dogs. Vet Clin N Am-Small. 2010 Sep;40(5):829-858.

Hayashi AM, Matera JM, da Silva TS, Pinto AC, Cortopassi SR. Electro-acupuncture and Chinese herbs for treatment of cervical intervertebral disk disease in a dog. J Vet Sci. 2007 Mar;8(1):95–8.

5

Kim SH, Kim NS, Lee KC, Lee HB, Kim MS. Treatment of Multiple Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Disease using Electro-acupuncture and Oriental Herbal Medicine in a Dog. . 2012 Jan;32(4):631–634.

6

Cantwell SL. Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine: the mechanism and management of acupuncture for chronic pain. Top Companion Anim Med. 2010 Feb;25(1):53–8.

7

Wanrong Song, Haidong Pang, Jingwen Cui, Degui Lin, Jiahao Lin. Acupuncture Combined with Chinese Medicine Iontophoresis Treatment for Chronic Progressive Cervical Intervertebral Disk Disease in a Dog. Complement Med Res 14 June 2021; 28 (3): 263–269.

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Kim MS, Kim SH, Cha JG, Kim NS, Kang HS. Electroacupuncture and “Duhuojisheng-Tang” Administration for Postoperative Treatment in 3 Dogs with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. J. Vet. Clin. 2011;23:318–322.

9

Han HJ, Yoon HY, Kim JY, Jang HY, Lee B, Choi SH, Jeong SW. Clinical Effect of Additional Electroacupuncture on Thoracolumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation in 80 Paraplegic Dogs. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2010;38: 1015–1025.

10

11

Zhong Xi Yi Jie Za Zhi. Journal of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, 1984; 8:491.

Chen JK, Chen TT, Beebe, S, Salewski, M. Chinese Herbal Formulas for Veterinarians. Art of Medicine Press.

2012.

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Jin Shin Jyutsu is a transformative practice with profound implications for both veterinary professionals and pet parents. Rooted in ancient wisdom and supported by contemporary research, this gentle yet powerful touch therapy offers a pathway to balance, healing, and resilience.

— this touch-based healing modality benefits both veterinarians and their patients

BY MARLENE SIEGEL, DVM

Touch can be very healing. As animal lovers, we readily recognize the comforting nuzzle of a dog, or the soothing presence of a cat on our lap. We instinctively place our hands on areas of discomfort in our bodies, and our pets seek to touch us when they sense our pain, both physical and emotional. Similarly, we touch our pets when they are hurting or scared, and they thrive on that connection. Among the healing modalities that involve touch is Jin Shin Jyutsu (JSJ), an energetic touch therapy that offers a gentle and non-invasive approach to restoring balance and vitality in ourselves and our animal companions.

With origins dating back over 3,000 years, JSJ is deeply rooted in ancient wisdom while remaining profoundly relevant today. Master Jiro Murai rediscovered this ancient art in Japan over a century ago, subsequently paving the way for its introduction to the West by Mary Burmeister.

THE ART OF JIN SHIN JYUTSU JSJ is an art form that harmonizes life force energy, or Qi, within the body. It is an acupressure therapy, based on Traditional Chinese Medicine, and involves the application of light finger pressure on specific body points, known as Safety

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Energy Locks, to help restore energy flow. This energy traverses the body along designated pathways, releasing blockages and reinstating internal harmony.

Unlike many other massage and Oriental healing modalities, Jin Shin Jyutsu distinguishes itself by using minimal pressure.

Practitioners employ a technique of “holding” the points while synchronizing with their breath, effectively acting as conduits to redirect or unblock the flow of energy along the body’s pathways. By intuitively feeling for energy pulses over specific channels in a harmonizing sequence, or “flow,” practitioners seek to restore the natural rhythm of energy circulation within the body.

INTEGRATING JSJ INTO THE VETERINARY WORLD In recent years, JSJ has gained recognition among veterinarians worldwide as a valuable tool for promoting the health and happiness of animals. It is also a technique that pet parents can learn to support the health of their animals while fostering deeper bonds between themselves and their fur babies. JSJ’s gentle approach, versatile applications, and emphasis on holistic wellness have integrated it into many animal care routines, offering hope and healing across diverse contexts.

ENHANCING WELL-BEING AND HEALING FOR VETS AND SUPPORT STAFF Beyond its direct benefits for animals (see sidebar on page 38), Jin Shin Jyutsu holds profound advantages for veterinarians and support staff. It provides a crucial way for practitioners to center themselves, connect with their breath, and enter a parasympathetic state, thereby enhancing their ability to synchronize their energy with that of their patients and clients. Given the high-stress nature of veterinary medicine, which is characterized by alarming rates of burnout and suicide, Jin Shin Jyutsu emerges as a vital strategy for mitigating stress and promoting mental well-being among veterinary professionals.

JIN SHIN JYUTSU FINGER HOLDS Many of JSJ’s energy pathways, intricately connected by the fingers, are believed to regulate approximately 14,400 bodily functions. By applying specific techniques for holding the fingers in particular configurations (more on this below),

practitioners can effectively balance and harmonize energy throughout their entire bodies.

JSJ seamlessly integrates into the demanding schedules of veterinary professionals, providing rapid and effective stress relief. You can incorporate Jin Shin Jyutsu into your daily routine, dedicating brief intervals between client appointments to focus on specific finger holds or energy points, thereby recalibrating your energy and enhancing mental clarity. Such practices empower veterinarians to approach each patient interaction with renewed focus and calm, optimizing their ability to deliver compassionate care.

The strategic use of Jin Shin Jyutsu at the beginning and end of each day further consolidates its role in fostering overall well-being among veterinary professionals. Devoting just 15 minutes each morning to connect with the breath and engage in Jin Shin Jyutsu techniques can establish a positive foundation for the day ahead. Similarly, concluding the day with a JSJ session offers an opportunity to release accumulated stress and prepare the mind and body for restful sleep. These intentional practices contribute significantly to building resilience against the demanding pressures of veterinary medicine, promoting sustained mental health and enhancing the capacity for empathetic patient care.

CLINICAL STUDIES AND EVIDENCE Recent research has highlighted the tangible benefits of Jin Shin Jyutsu in various healthcare settings. For instance, a study entitled “Not Just a Theory: The Relationship Between Jin Shin Jyutsu® Self-Care Training for Nurses and Stress, Physical Health, Emotional Health, and Caring Efficacy” revealed compelling outcomes. Nurses who committed to daily selfhelp practices over a one-month period reported significant improvements in their emotional and physical well-being.

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JIN SHIN JYUTSU OFFERS EXTENSIVE THERAPEUTIC BENEFITS FOR PETS 1. JSJ is effective at addressing a wide spectrum of health concerns in animals, ranging from acute injuries to chronic conditions. It has demonstrated efficacy in alleviating pain, reducing inflammation, and enhancing overall wellness by supporting the natural healing processes of the body.

2. It can be used to help pets that are undergoing veterinary treatment or about to have an operation. JSJ has a strengthening effect after surgical interventions, supports the healing process, and makes it easier for pets to tolerate anesthetics.

3. Jin Shin Jyutsu can also provide comfort and peace for pets that are transitioning at the end of their lives. This gentle touch therapy can help calm them and make their journey to the other side more peaceful.

JIN SHIN JYUTSU, QUANTUM PHYSICS, AND FASCIA Sixty years ago, scientists began exploring biological processes through the lens of quantum physics, providing a framework for understanding the subtle energies healers have worked with for millennia. This scientific exploration has revealed fascinating insights into the role of fascia, the connective tissue that permeates the body.

Composed of collagen proteins arranged with water molecules in a structured manner akin to crystals, fascia acts as a conductor for the flow of electrons and protons within the body. Scientists postulate that acupuncture meridians, referred to as flows in Jin Shin Jyutsu, may represent pathways of decreased resistance for these subatomic particles within the crystalline matrix of fascia tissue. This free movement of electrons and protons is believed to play a crucial role in the body's healing processes by facilitating energy flow and restoring balance.

In Energy Medicine in Therapeutics and Human Performance, James Oschman delves into these concepts, offering insights into how practices like Jin Shin Jyutsu harness these subtle energies to promote health and wellness.

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Specifically, participants experienced increases in positive outlook, gratitude, motivation, calmness, and communication efficacy. Conversely, they noted a decrease in anger, resentfulness, depression, stress symptoms, time pressure and morale issues. Additionally, nurses reported fewer incidences of muscle aches, sleeplessness, and headaches.

These findings suggest that Jin Shin Jyutsu self-care practices not only mitigate stress and enhance emotional resilience, but also augment caring efficacy among healthcare professionals.

CARDIOVASCULAR BENEFITS AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS Research into Jin Shin Jyutsu has also explored its cardiovascular benefits, particularly following stroke (“Cardiovascular Benefits of Acupressure [Jin Shin] Following Stroke,” published

by PubMed). Active acupressure treatments, a core component of Jin Shin Jyutsu, have been associated with significant reductions in heart rate compared to placebo treatments.

These cardiovascular findings underscore JSJ’s role in regulating physiological responses and promoting cardiovascular health post-stroke. While more extensive studies are warranted to elucidate this modality’s full spectrum of effects, the initial findings highlight its promise as an adjunctive therapy in rehabilitation settings.

ATTITUDES ASSOCIATED WITH EACH FINGER A primary emotion (what Jin Shin Jyutsu calls “attitudes”) is associated with each finger. As you can see in the “Additional benefits” I’ve listed below each image, additional attitudes as well as physical symptoms are associated with each finger.

You can target these attitudes and symptoms by holding specific fingers, connecting to your breath and setting an intention to release the negative energy.

Here’s an acronym to help you remember the primary attitude associated with each finger. “Get rid of Worry FAST:” W for Worry (thumb), F for Fear (index), A for Anger (middle), S for Sadness (ring), and T for Trying (little).

For each finger or thumb, hold for 3 to 5 minutes or until you feel a “pulse”. Connect to your breath and set the intention to let go of emotions that no longer serve you.

Worry: Thumb

Fear: Index finger

Additional benefits: For depression, hate, obsession,

Additional benefits: For timidity, mental confusion,

anxiety, self-protection, physical fatigue; also helpful

depression, perfectionism, criticism, frustration,

for the back of the head, breathing, and digestive

digestive and elimination issues, wrist/elbow/upper

discomforts.

arm discomforts.

Anger: Middle finger

Sadness/grief: Ring finger

Additional benefits: For cowardice, irritability,

Additional benefits: For negative feelings, lack

indecision, instability, lack of alertness, feeling overly

of common sense, excess mucus, breathing, ear

emotional, general fatigue, eye issues, and forehead

discomforts.

discomforts.

Photo credit this page: Dr. Marlene Siegel

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Trying to/pretense (cover-up): The little finger Additional benefits: For insecurity, nervousness, confusion, issues of “why am I here;” calms nerves, aids bloating.

Photo credit: Dr. Marlene Siegel

HOW TO HOLD THE FINGERS There are two primary ways to practice holding the fingers.

You can either hold all ten at once, starting with one hand and then the other, or focus on the attitudes and benefits associated with one finger at a time.

When concentrating on a single finger, there are two main approaches: 1. The “quickie” hold: In Jin Shin Jyutsu, holding just one finger is known as a “quickie.” This involves holding a finger on one hand with all the fingers and thumb of the other hand. For example, to hold the left thumb, wrap all four fingers of your right hand around your left thumb. You might choose to hold your thumb if you’re feeling worried. Similarly, you might hold your ring finger to alleviate symptoms like tinnitus. It doesn’t

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matter whether you hold fingers on your left or right hand, as energy pathways cross from one side of the body to the other. The key is to do what feels most convenient in the moment.

2. E xtended sequence: The second approach is to use a longer sequence for a particular finger, combining the holds of several fingers one after the other. For example, the extended sequence for Worry involves holding the thumb, then the middle finger, followed by the little finger.

There are also multiple options for how long to hold a finger: • I f time permits, hold all ten fingers each until you feel a pulse. If the finger is already pulsing strongly, hold it until the pulse calms down.

• Alternatively, you can hold each finger for two or more breaths, a practice that can be done throughout the day and is very meditative and relaxing.

• For a single finger “quickie,” you can hold for as long as you like. For instance, if you’re at work and feeling angry, you can discreetly hold your middle finger under the table until the emotion softens.

CONCLUSION Jin Shin Jyutsu is emerging as a transformative practice with profound implications for both veterinary professionals and pet parents alike. Rooted in ancient wisdom and supported by contemporary research, this gentle yet powerful touch therapy offers a pathway to balance, healing, and resilience in the face of demanding challenges. By integrating Jin Shin Jyutsu into daily routines, veterinarians can cultivate a state of mental and emotional equilibrium, mitigating the risks of burnout and enhancing their capacity for compassionate care. Similarly, pet owners can harness the therapeutic benefits of Jin Shin Jyutsu to support the health and happiness of their beloved animals, thereby strengthening the bond between human and animal.

This article is a tribute to my dear friend, Kelly, whose deep love for Jin Shin Jyutsu continues to inspire and guide us, bridging the realms of healing from across the veil.

Resources www.bbc.com/worklife/article/20231010-the-acute-suicide-crisis-among-veterinarians-yourealways-going-to-be-failing-somebody www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9209636/ https://himalayaninstitute.org/online/jin-shin-jyutsu-the-art-of-hands-on-healing/ www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2834413/ https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0898010114531906

From the AHVMA The mindful leader elevating the veterinary profession through innovation, education and advocacy of integrative medicine.

The 2024 AHVMA Annual Conference and Exhibition takes place September 28 through October 1 in Reno, Nevada. Expect over 100 hours of complementary and integrative CE sessions, hands-on labs, and special events. This program is approved

by AAVSB RACE for 98 hours of continuing education credits (22 max being available to any one veterinarian) and/or 98 veterinary technician CE credits (22 max).

This year’s keynote address, “The Changing Landscape of Veterinary Medicine” by Madeline Yamate, will have us looking at the positive ways holistic veterinarians can help change veterinary medicine.

Along with lectures on Photobiomodulation, Ozone, Homeopathy, Botanical Medicine, TCVM, Homotoxicology, Aromatherapy, there will be a special celebration for our founder.

“Wine, Cheese and Cheetos”, a Celebration of Life of our Founder, Dr. Carvel Tiekert, will take place on Monday, September 30 at Virginia Lake Park Shelter.

AHVMA RETREAT The 2024 AHVMA Annual Retreat, hosted by the Council of Elders, follows the conference from October 1 through 3, and will be hosted at Camp Richardson on Lake Tahoe.

More details regarding lodging and registration for the retreat will be updated on the AHVMA website (ahvma.org)

INTERESTED IN SPEAKING AT THE 2025 CONFERENCE? The Conference Program Committee is taking speaker submissions for the 2025 Annual Conference and Exhibition in West Palm Beach, Florida. AHVMA is excited to announce that the Call-for-Papers Portal has been upgraded and is now more user-friendly! For consideration, submit your proposal(s) via the online portal no later than the November 15 deadline. Those selected will be contacted by the AHVMA CPC.

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ESSENTIAL OILS for managing pain and

FELINES WITH ORTHOPEDIC CO N D I T I O N S inflammation in

BY JARED MITCHELL, DVM, CVMA, CVA, CVFT

Treating pain and inflammation in our feline patients can be difficult using only the limited pharmaceuticals that are available. Alternative options offer a treatment plan that can be both safe and effective, and essential oils are a great addition to the regimen.

Cats are very special members of the animal kingdom. Veterinarians agree that our feline patients present a unique challenge in terms of diagnostics and treatments. This is due in part to the unique evolutionary development of the feline species.1,2 Orthopedic conditions are a prime example. While the pathophysiology of these issues is similar in both cats and dogs, conventional treatments for managing pain and inflammation are vastly different. Our canine patients have a wide range of pharmaceuticals to choose from, but this is not the case for their feline counterparts. In fact, fewer pharmaceutical treatments are available for cats, and many are recommended for short term use only.3,4,5 Fortunately, alternative treatment options for orthopedic conditions are being explored for both dogs and, most importantly, cats (see sidebar on page 43). Among these options are essential oils, an easy alternative that can be implemented into treatment protocols within the veterinary hospital, or taught to owners for at-home use.

A-delta fibers have a fast conduction rate and conduct pain impulses that are perceived as acute or a picking sensation.

Type C fibers are slower at conducting pain impulses and often conduct a slow burning sensation.7,8

BASIC PAIN PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Essential oils are concentrated lipophilic extracts of aromatic terpenoid constituents.10 A simpler definition is that essential oils are highly concentrated, aromatic oils extracted from certain parts of plants such as leaves, stems, bark, roots, and flowers using steam distillation, hydrodiffusion, or pressure.11

Pain is a very intricate and complicated physiological process.

It involves the nervous system as well as psychological aspects, and in non-verbal animals a behavioral reaction to painful stimuli.6 Pain receptors, also known as nociceptors, are predominantly found in the superficial layers of the skin, cornea, anus, periosteum, arterial walls, joint capsule, muscles, and tendons.7 Pain signals are transmitted from the periphery to the spinal cord by small type A-delta and type C fibers. Type

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In general, the sensation of pain is a combination of both the initial acute, sharp, painful stimuli, which is then followed by the dull, burning sensation. This indicates that pain perception is an intricate mixture of both type A-delta and type C fibers.7,8,9 Pain fibers enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots and ascend the spinal cord to the brain. Here they terminate at neurons in the dorsal horns of the gray matter. Responses to pain impulses are returned via the spinal cord.7,8

HOW ESSENTIAL OILS HELP WITH PAIN

Essential oils are very versatile and have been utilized as a treatment modality for many disease processes. They have hundreds of constituent compounds that work synergistically or on their own to provide therapeutic actions.12 In the case

of pain, there are three main ways in which essential oils are beneficial: they reduce inflammation, increase blood supply, and directly treat and reduce pain.13,14 • In general, terpene-containing essential oils are known to be strongly anti-inflammatory in nature. They help reduce inflammation and assist the immune system to properly manage inflammation within the body.13,14 • Essential oils that contain menthol can be stimulating and help reduce pain by increasing blood flow to the affected areas.13 An increase in blood flow also increases the important nutrients and oxygen needed for the surrounding tissues, allowing for reduced inflammation and increased healing time.

ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT OPTIONS for orthopedic conditions and pain Laser therapy Acupuncture

Botanical medications o Chinese herbals

o Western herbals o C BD

o E ssential oils

o Flower essences

Species appropriate diet/Chinese food therapy • Other constituents such as eugenol are known for their analgesic and antinociceptive effects.13,14 While there are several ways to administer essential oils, these particular oils work great when applied topically to the affected area.

Veterinary medical manipulation o Veterinary chiropractic

Medical massage o Chinese Tui-na

o Other forms of massage and body work

Veterinary rehabilitation services

COMMON ESSENTIAL OILS FOR PAIN Copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) Copaiba is steam distilled from the gum resin exudate of the tapped copaiba tree.15 Many aromatherapists consider it one of the most important and versatile essential oils for treating painful conditions. As with all disease processes, pain hinges on chronic inflammation as a major contributing factor. Copaiba is known for being one of the most antiinflammatory essential oils available. It contains high levels of beta-caryophyllene — up to 70% according to some reports.16 Copaiba also acts much like an NSAID by blocking the oxidation of 5-lipoxygenace, a major player in the inflammatory cascade, thus reducing pain and inflammation.17

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) No essential oil is as well-known as Lavender. Everyone from medical professionals to the general population have heard of the benefits of Lavender oil, especially its calming effects, which can be of great advantage when treating pain. When the body and mind are relaxed, normal physiological processes can function at optimal levels, allowing for a more rapid healing process. Studies have demonstrated that the constituents in Lavender, specifically linalool and linalyl acetate, contribute

Energy medicine

SIGNS ASSOCIATED WITH PAIN IN CATS Hiding Withdrawal Difficulty moving, or reluctance to move Trembling and shaking Holding head and posture in different positions Facial changes Lack of appetite Not using the litter box Aggression Vocalizing Increased heart rate Increased respiratory rate Decreased gastrointestinal motility Jordan DG, Ray JD. Management of Chronic Pain in Cats. Todaysveterinarypractice.com November/December 2012. pp. 77-82.

Simon BT. Update on Clinical Acute Pain Assessment in Cats. Todaysveterinarypractice.com November/December 2020. pp. 58-66.

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to its therapeutic effect by inhibiting GABA(A) receptors in the central nervous system to induce a state of relaxation and mitigate pain perception.18,19 Human studies have also demonstrated that pain and olfactory pathways are related.19

COMMON ORTHOPEDIC CONDITIONS IN CATS Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Osteoarthritis (OA)

Helichrysum (Helichrysum italicum)

Osteochondrosis (OC)/osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)

Helichrysum, another must-have oil, is very versatile in nature.

It is most often thought of in relation to bruising and bleeding.

It can help when blood clots are present and act as an anticoagulant; however, it can also be indicated when bleeding occurs by helping to clot the blood. It helps decrease bruising as well.20 Helichrysum is also a great addition to a pain protocol.

It has powerful anti-inflammatory and pain management properties.20,21,22 This has especially been noted when it is applied topically, when it acts as a topical anesthetic.

Frankincense (Boswellia carterii) Frankincense is another versatile oil and considered one of the “must have” and “go to” oils in aromatherapy. It has found much notoriety in recent years due to clinical studies demonstrating its use in cancer therapy. Frankincense can also be very useful for pain management. The constituents found within this oil can help with muscle relaxation and oxygenation of the tissues, especially brain and nervous tissue.23

Palo Santo (Bursera graveolens) Palo Santo essential oil is produced from a tree in South America that comes from the same botanical family as Frankincense. In fact, it is known as the “South American Frankincense”. Within its region and throughout aromatherapy, it is highly regarded as a spiritual oil. However, care should be taken because the tree from which Palo Santo essential oil originates is an endangered species in certain areas such as Peru.24 When using this oil, therefore, sourcing is important and using a reputable company that practices sustainable and ethical growing and farming techniques is a must. Palo Santo has been demonstrated to help with pain control as well as cartilage repair and tendon and ligament health and repair.24 Based on studies, it is thought that one of Palo Santo’s main constituents, limonene, is responsible for pain control and inhibiting certain neuronal pathways.25,26

Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) Lemongrass has been shown to be successful in treating a number of conditions. It is known to be a very powerful anti-fungal essential oil. One study conducted by Chao in 2008 found that Lemongrass inhibited the growth of Methicillin

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Hip and elbow luxation Elbow dysplasia Hip dysplasia Trauma Fractures Tendon and ligament disorders (ACL, etc.)

Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA).27 This makes it a very powerful anti-fungal and anti-bacterial essential oil. It has also been demonstrated to help with cases of pain and inflammation. Lemongrass and its constituents can help regenerate connective tissue and ligaments, improve circulation, promote lymph flow, and reduce inflammation.28

FINAL THOUGHTS Due to the cat’s unique evolutionary development, it can be difficult to recognize and treat pain appropriately in our feline patients using only the limited available pharmaceuticals. Alternative options offer a treatment plan that can be both safe and effective, and essential oils are a great addition to the regimen. They can be used by veterinarians in a clinical setting, or at home by owners who have been properly taught how to safely use the oils with their cats. It is important to remember that purity and quality, along with proper use, are key when using essential oils with cats.

The essential oils outlined in this article are a small sample of those that can be used to help with orthopedic conditions and pain in cats. There are many available, some as single oils and some as blends, though the ones highlighted here are the most common and most often used. They provide you with a great starting point for using essential oils for pain control.

Court MH. Feline Drug Metabolism and Disposition Pharmacokinetic Evidence for Species Differences and Molecular Mechanisms. Vet Clin Small Anim 43 (2013) pp. 1039–1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016 /j.cvsm.2013.05.002, vetsmall.theclinics.com 0195-5616/13/$.

1

Khidkhan K, Mizukawa H, Ikenaka Y, et al. Tissue distribution and characterization of feline cytochrome P450 genes related to polychlorinated biphenyl exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol.

2019;226:108613. doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108613.

2

Khan SA, McLean MK. Toxicology of frequently encountered nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in dogs and cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract. 2012;42(2):289-vii. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2012.01.003.

3

Lascelles BD, Court MH, Hardie EM, Robertson SA. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cats: a review. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2007;34(4):228-250. doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2006.00322.x.

4

Gruen ME, Myers JAE, Tena JS, Becskei C, Cleaver DM, Lascelles BDX. Frunevetmab, a felinized antinerve growth factor monoclonal antibody, for the treatment of pain from osteoarthritis in cats. J Vet Intern Med. 2021;35(6):2752-2762. doi:10.1111/jvim.16291.

5

Lamont LA, Tranquilli WJ, Grimm KA. Physiology of pain. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice. 2000 Jul 1;30(4):703-28.

6

Aron DN. Pain. In Lorenz MD, Cornelius LM, Eds Small Animal Medical Diagnosis, 2nd ed. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 1993. pp. 411-422.

7

Hernandez-Avalos I, Mota-Rojas D, Mora-Medina P, Martínez-Burnes J, Casas Alvarado A, VerduzcoMendoza A, Lezama-García K, Olmos-Hernandez A. Review of different methods used for clinical recognition and assessment of pain in dogs and cats. International journal of veterinary science and medicine.

2019 Jan 2;7(1):43-54.

From the VMAA The Veterinary Medical Aromatherapy® Association (VMAA) is an organization of veterinarians and veterinary technicians dedicated to the responsible use of aromatherapy in animal practices. Their mission is to promote standards of excellence in animal aromatherapy, to provide outreach and education to veterinarians and auxiliary animal practices, and to promote continual improvements in Veterinary Medical Aromatherapy®. The VMAA is elevating the veterinary profession through innovation, education, and advocacy of integrative medicine.

8

Landa L. Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review. Veterinarni Medicina. 2012 Apr 1;57(4).

9

Malcolm BJ, Tallian KT. Essential Oil of Lavender in Anxiety Disorders: Ready for Prime Time? Ment Health Clin [Internet] 2017;7(4):147-55. doi: 10.9740/ mhc.2017.07.147.

10

Manion CR, Widder RM. Essentials of essential oils. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy.

2017 May 1;74(9):e153-62.

11

Young DG. Essential Oils: The Missing Link in Modern Medicine. Essential Oils Integrative Medical Guide.

Life Science Publishing. 2003. Page 3.

12

www.themiracleofessentialoils.com/essential-oils-for-joint-pain. Last Accessed on 7/28/2024.

13

Girão DK, Cardoso CC, Silva FR. Effect of essential oils on pain management: what do we know and where do we go. Brazilian Journal of Aromatherapy and Essential Oil. 2024;1.

14

Copaiba. Essential Oils Animal Desk Reference. Life Science Publishing. 2017. pp. 46-47.

15

Shelton M. Copaiba. The Animal Desk Reference: Essential Oils for Animals, 2nd ed. 2018. pp. 241-244.

16

Baylac S, Racine P. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by essential oils and other natural fragrant extracts. Int J Aromather. 2003;13: 138-142.

The following case study shows how biologically active essential oils® are very effective for treating pain and healing tissues in orthopedic cases.

Coco is a five-year-old M/N Rottweiler who had TPLO surgery.

He presented with post-op dehiscence from mid tibia to toes due to inappropriate bandage placement. The surgeon recommended amputation, but the guardian wanted to see if we could save the leg and was very committed.

For pain, a combination of Wintergreen (15 drops), Cypress (15 drops) and Lemongrass (15 drops) essential oils were diluted together in 15ml of carrier oil. Four to five drops of this blend were applied to the knee every 12 hours, with moist heat applied for five minutes afterwards — water applied after the essential oils will help them penetrate 100 times more efficiently.

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Shammas RL, Marks CE, Broadwater G, et al. The Effect of Lavender Oil on Perioperative Pain, Anxiety, Depression, and Sleep after Microvascular Breast Reconstruction: A Prospective, Single-Blinded, Randomized, Controlled Trial. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2021;37(6):530-540. doi:10.1055/s-0041-1724465.

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Abbaszadeh R, Tabari F, Taherian K, Torabi S. Lavender aromatherapy in pain management: a review study. Pharmacophore. 2017;8(3-2017):50-4.

19

Shelton M. Helichrysum. The Animal Desk Reference: Essential Oils for Animals, 2nd ed. 2018. pp. 267270.

20

Appendino G, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Minassi A, Pollastro F, Ballero M, Maxiac A. Helichrysum italicum.

Issue 105. 2017. www.herbalgram.org. pp. 44-45.

21

Viegas DA, Palmeira-de-Oliveira A, Salgueiro L, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Palmeira-de-Oliveira R. Helichrysum italicum: From traditional use to scientific data. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2014 Jan 10;151(1):54-65.

For regenerating the skin, Coco’s guardian applied Frankincense at 1 drop per cm2 once a day before rebandaging. The bandage included a poultice of clay with 5 undiluted drops of each of the following essential oils: Cypress, Lemon, Frankincense, Clove, myrrh and Copaiba.

At the beginning of treatment, the tissue was gray and cold to the touch, with very little circulation. Within one week, the tissue was pink, and within three weeks, there was good regrowth of skin over the area.

22

Shelton M. Frankincense. The Animal Desk Reference: Essential Oils for Animals, 2nd ed. 2018. pp.

256-261.

23

Shelton M. Palo Santo. The Animal Desk Reference: Essential Oils for Animals, 2nd ed. 2018. pp. 303304.

24

de Cássia da Silveira E Sá R, Lima TC, da Nóbrega FR, de Brito AEM, de Sousa DP. Analgesic-Like Activity of Essential Oil Constituents: An Update. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18(12):2392. Published 2017 Dec 9. doi: 10.3390/ijms18122392.

25

Kaimoto T, Hatakeyama Y, Takahashi K, Imagawa T, Tominaga M, Ohta T. Involvement of transient recep-tor potential A1 channel in algesic and analgesic actions of the organic compound limonene.

Eur J Pain. 2016;20(7):1155-1165. doi:10.1002/ejp.840.

26

At this point, the surgeon recommended skin grafts, but the guardian chose to continue using essential oils instead. At eight weeks, the wounds were all filled in with new skin, parts of which even had hair growth. Two toes still didn’t have good circulation, so the guardian chose to have them amputated. The surgical sites healed in three days with essential oil application.

27 Chao S, Young G, Oberg C, Nakaoka K. Inhibition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) by essential oils. Flavour and Fragrance Journal. Volume23, Issue6. November/December 2008. pp. 444-449.

Four years post-op, Coco has full use of his leg, with hair on 80% of the skin and very little scarring.

Shelton M. Lemongrass. The Animal Desk Reference: Essential Oils for Animals, 2nd ed. 2018. pp. 280281

Submitted by Nancy Brandt, DVM, OMD, CVA,CVC, CVMA

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BUILDING FOUNDATIONS

FOR A HEALTHY, ACTIVE DOG

BY KIMBERLY HENNEMAN, DVM, DACVSMR (EQ, K9), FAAVA, CVA, CVC

Addressing the active dog’s nutritional and energy needs, as well as managing heat during exercise, are the foundations for keeping him fit and healthy.

Keeping an active dog healthy means combining several factors such as fitness, nutrition, task training, and musculoskeletal maintenance (including the use of integrative therapies). This article will focus on the foundations of energy and nutritional needs to support exercise and structure, as well as the management of heat during exercise. Applied (w)holistically and appropriately, these approaches can help keep an active canine healthy and happy throughout his life.

THE ACTIVE DOG’S UNIQUE NEEDS Over the 35,000 years since humans domesticated them, dogs have been selectively bred for certain characteristics. These characteristics enabled them to perform desired jobs, such as hunting, herding, pulling, protection, detection, and active companionship. More recently, humans have concentrated the dog’s pack-driven predator drives of prey detection, stalking, hunting and killing into specific looks, athletic abilities, and on-demand behaviors.

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The unique needs of the modern active dog are starting to be addressed by the veterinary medical world. In 2010, the US saw the introduction of the first boarded specialty focused on active canine sports medicine, as well as the rehabilitation approaches needed to help dogs heal from various injuries.

The scientific and practical knowledge aimed at improving

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the quality of work and life for active dogs has been growing by leaps and bounds ever since. As people become more educated about their dogs through clubs and readily available educational sources, it is important for veterinarians to stay as up-to-date as their clients on the newest research regarding active canine energy, fitness, exercise and musculoskeletal health needs.

A QUICK NOTE ABOUT LAMENESS An article dealing with soft tissue injuries alone would fill this journal, and the goal here is to present new information on other less well-known but foundational topics. Therefore, readers are referred to the resources listed at the end of this article for additional information on addressing lameness and gait abnormalities in active dogs. The author would just like to strongly emphasize that one does not need to refer everything to a surgeon in order to successfully diagnose and treat lameness issues in active dogs. Not every hind leg lameness is a cranial cruciate strain, and not every front leg lameness can be traced to the shoulder. There are plenty of other joints, ligaments, muscles and tendons that a high-drive agility dog can injure by slipping on wet grass. Remember that any tissue or structure, anywhere, no matter how small, can be injured to the point of affecting gait. It is the author’s experience from over 25 years of working on active dogs that the majority of

presented injuries are simple strains and sprains. All a practitioner needs to bring to the table of the lameness exam is to: • Review one’s functional anatomy knowledge (one does need to know which muscles, tendons and ligaments are where and what they do) • Watch the dog move on various footings to evaluate biomechanical function • Thoroughly examine all limbs using static palpation and focusing on texture, heat and sensitivity • Carefully examine the range of motion of each joint • Be open to the possibility that any palpated abnormality could be causing the soreness.

only for muscle movement, but also to nose function, can only use glucose (carbohydrates). It turns out, however, that the dog creates energy a bit differently than other species.

When exercise begins, the first few seconds of work are sustained by glycogen (a form of sugar) stored in the muscle cell itself. Cellular glycogen is much like having cash in one’s pocket; it provides just enough oomph to get things up and rolling until the real money — glucose circulating in the blood — can get to the cells to keep the work going. Once cellular glycogen and circulating glucose have been consumed, humans and horses typically turn to making sugar from fats for more sustained energy. Dogs, it turns out, do something very different.

Instead of going to fat for more energy, the dog’s body will deaminate all the various proteins in the liver as the next step to making energy for cells. Therefore, active dogs will consume and have a turnover of protein to sustain the energy of activity.2-5

CALORIC NEEDS FOR A 55 LB DOG Research has demonstrated the following approximate daily caloric need for a 55 lb (25 kg) dog: • Resting, unfit dog: 1,200 kcal/day • Resting, fit dog: 1,500 kcal/day • Hunting dog (non-standardized time of work vs rest): 2,400-2,800 kcal/day • O ff-leash military working dog: 6,000 kcal/day • Racing marathon sled dog: 12,000 kcal/day Normal rear leg movement showing the typical “V” shape of hind limb placement.

From the results of a good physical exam, areas of interest can be identified for additional therapy or imaging. The more time one spends on identifying any and all possible lesions, the less time is lost going down therapy dead-ends, and the faster the dog can return to health.

ENERGY AND NUTRITION It almost goes without saying that active and working dogs have greater energy needs than the average pet dog (see sidebar at right). Typically, sports medicine researchers thought dogs compared equally to humans and horses in how their muscles (and to a more minor degree, tendons and ligaments) prioritize energy sourcing during exercise: glucose first, then fats, and finally protein (amino acids). Nerve cells, critical not

This protein turnover as a preferred energy source can have two unique consequences not seen in human and equine athletes: 1. It will lead to greater protein breakdown and consumption, potentially removing proteins needed for musculoskeletal structure and leading to a weakening of structures such as muscle fibers, tendons, ligament, fascia, and joint capsules.

Since a fit dog has more protein than fat structures, they will need to replace more consumed proteins than an unfit dog, meaning that the former needs to be on a higher protein diet than the sedentary one.

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demand for fluid to wash out the increased nitrogen. This plays a role clinically when interpreting both chemistries and urinalyses as exercising dogs could have higher BUN and creatinine values — they aren’t in kidney failure, they are just excreting the products of metabolism.

Another interesting thing the dog’s body does differently when it comes to energy involves insulin-independent glucose transporters. Glucose transporters sit in a cell membrane and control how glucose enters the cell. Normally, they are insulindependent, opening up only when insulin starts to circulate in the blood. However, all species have recently been shown to have temporary glucose transporters that are insulinindependent, which means they are open all the time. These transporters move to the cell membrane in response to signaling from contracting myocytes. Interestingly, dogs have four times more of these transporters than humans or horses.6-8 Once muscle contraction ceases, the body starts to remove those transporters off the cell membrane — within 30 to 40 minutes, they are back into cellular storage and insulin is once again needed to get glucose into the cell.

Overall then, active dogs need diets higher in protein and carbohydrates than previously thought.

An avalanche dog waits to be deployed. Even while resting, this very fit dog will burn more calories than a sedentary, unfit dog.

FEEDING THE DOG’S NOSE Now, what about the nose? Dogs doing scentwork (SAR, detection, barn hunt, tracking, nosework) have additional special energy demands on top of the muscular ones. Nearly a third of the total mass of the dog’s brain is dedicated to scent detection and discrimination — 40% more than in humans. In a working, scent-based dog, not only do the neurons of movement have to be fed but so do those responsible for processing scent. When the brain and sense nerve cells run out of sugar and energy, dogs shut down and stop working mentally as well as physically.

In terms of feeding the nose, studies have shown that coconut oil supplementation decreases scent discrimination in hunting dogs, but corn oil and animal proteins in the diet increased it.9-11 The research cited using corn oil for PUFA supplementation; however, due to higher levels of pro-inflammatory Omega-6 fatty acids, as well as the presence of petroleum distillate and pesticide residues in US corn oil, this is not an oil I recommend for dogs. Instead, I recommend flax oil or egg yolks, combined with animal protein, for scent-based working and active dogs.

EXERCISE RECOVERY IN ACTIVE DOGS Because of the dog’s use of insulin-independent transporters during exercise, a technique known as “glycogen post-loading” can be used for exercise recovery in active dogs. Despite being originally recommended for sled dogs, it’s very applicable to all working dogs. After exercise is finished, the body is desperate to restock that initially consumed glycogen, so for a short period of time (approximately 30 to 45 minutes in humans and sprint sled dogs) the body will use those insulin-independent glucose transporters to more easily move glucose into the cell without the insulin needed to open the cell gate. Studies have shown that muscle glycogen can be rapidly restored with quicker muscle and nerve recovery if dogs are fed an easily digested carbohydrate meal within 40 minutes of exercise — and with no insulin spikes.12,13 To “glycogen post-load”, I recommend a couple of honey packets, electrolyte drinks, or ice cubes made from powdered Gatorade® (with no artificial sweeteners) or the more organic Skratch® (make according to label directions then dilute again in half), or yogurt/berry/ banana smoothies. The electrolytes can be given with bone broth to improve palatability. If given after the 30 to 45 minute time frame, the sugar creates high blood glycemia (and continued on page 50

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THE ISSUE OF HYPERTHERMIA Between the human, horse and dog, the dog is most efficient in terms of energy production and usage. But surprisingly, the dog is also least efficient at clearing excess heat wastage caused by exercise away from his muscles, core and brain. Humans and horses clear heat through the capillary heat exchangers associated with sweat glands in their skin. Dogs cannot. But as long as blood supply moving to cooler areas can keep up with muscle activity, the heat generated from exercise is within normal tolerance.

A dog’s inability to sweat except on his paw pads means that heat can build up quickly and dangerously in the muscles of working canines. Dogs are considered homeotherms, which means they have a limited tolerance to any deviation from their normal temperature; an average dog can only tolerate about a 3.5°F to 4°F increase in body temperature before things can become dicey.15,16 A trotting dog only has about eight minutes of metabolic heat that can be absorbed before cooling systems need to kick in; a galloping dog has about two minutes. This is because the dog only has two ways to cool himself — blood flow to the mouth (the major way) and pad sweating.

Dogs rely on heat exchange via panting to stay cool. As panting moves air through the respiratory system, the blood in the lungs (and around the head) is cooled through the evaporation of fluid over the mouth’s mucus membranes and the surface area of the tongue; this in turn facilitates rapid heat exchange back into the lung’s blood supply.

Cardiovascular fitness (stroke volume) is the biggest determinant of how well a working dog can cool off; therefore, a fit and conditioned dog can cool off better than one that is unfit. Evaporation of one liter of fluid through panting will cause a loss of about 540 kcal of heat. But it can also lead to significant dehydration, which can in turn drop blood flow and increase hyperthermia. Proper hydration is one of the best ways to keep a dog cool.

the dog’s mouth will become as he pants. Note: fit dogs that have been conditioned to a higher heat tolerance will start panting earlier than unfit dogs. As the dog goes into heat stroke, the mouth opens wider and the tip of the tongue widens into a spoon-like bowl shape. That tongue shape means the dog is struggling to cool off and approaching a critical hyperthermic threshold.17,18 If this happens, immediate steps need to be taken to cool the dog down!

TREATING HYPERTHERMIA

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The best approach is to not allow the dog to get into distress to begin with. And don’t assume that just because it’s winter, the dog isn’t getting overheated. A sled dog trotting in cold temperatures can still end up with an internal body temp at a steady 103°F to 107°F.

2

If a dog’s tongue is becoming longer and wider, and the dog is acting like he thinks he’s hot, stop the exercise immediately and apply cooling interventions.

3

If a dog enters a hyperthermic crisis, it is critical to cool him down any way possible — period. If that means dunking his head or whole body in cold water, or packing the dog in snow, then so be it. Life-threatening post-hyperthermia medical events are not thought to be related to hypothermia from cooling interventions; they are related to the hyperthermia that preceded it, so getting body temperature down is imperative.

The hotter a dog’s core (or brain) thermostat gets, the more of the tongue’s surface area will start to show from the mouth, and the wider

This highly conditioned, sprinting (<100 miles) racing sled dog is as efficient as a canine athlete can get in terms of heat management. His tongue is so exposed for heat management that it waves and flops around in his face as he runs.

This herding dog is sitting in a bucket of water to cool down on a hot day after working a flock of sheep. Notice the red color of the tongue and how the end of the tongue is starting to take a broader, thinner, spoon-like appearance. Ignoring these early signs could lead to heatstroke.

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a subsequent insulin spike) as well as more fat and inflammation. Using an electrolyte also helps recover the electrolytes, especially potassium, lost through panting.

DIETS FOR ACTIVE DOGS In helping clients put together diets for their active dogs, keep in mind both protein and carbohydrate levels. And remember that not all carbohydrates are the same. The point of having dietary carbs in a working dog’s diet is so they are readily digested and quickly available. Unfortunately, it’s the rare dog food manufacturer that actually puts carb levels on the package’s Guaranteed Analysis (GA).

A champion sled dog racing kennel at feeding time. Thousands of healthy sled dogs race successfully every year on a combined diet of raw and commercial foods.

not quality). I like to have mid-distance or effort working dogs such as hunting, tracking, herding and SAR canines on about a 20% to 30% carb diet while they are working. Glucose can be added to a base kibble or raw food diet by adding maltodextrin, honey, Karo Syrup, high fructose corn syrup, other high glucose syrups or fruit. Watch quality and sourcing to make sure they are clean and free of pesticides/herbicides.

In terms of protein, a study done in 1999 on sled dogs showed that if dietary protein dropped below 18%, dogs started experiencing more injuries.14 The magic number seems to be between 30% to 35% protein in the GA. More than 35% was considered too high, causing additional water and oxidative stress on the body, although research is starting to find it depends on the type of protein. So that means an active dog should probably be fed a diet that is about 30% to 32% protein. If the protein is too low, conversely, the dog will start consuming his own proteins, leading to structural weakness.

Sled dog diets of blended raw and commercial foods are also applicable to everyday active dogs.

SUMMARY To determine how many carbohydrates are in any particular food, you can check to see if it’s on the manufacturer’s website, go to an evaluation website such as www.dogfoodadvisor. com, or calculate backwards from the GA. To do the latter (which is a rough guestimate), start with 100%, subtract the protein, fat and fiber listed on the package’s GA, then subtract 20% from that for water, vitamins and minerals. What is left is a rough approximation of the carbohydrate quantity (but

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The foundations of a healthy active dog are to provide a high protein, moderate carbohydrate diet, and make sure he stays well hydrated all the time. Glycogen post-loading with electrolyte mixtures, fruit and honey can be beneficial to the dog’s quick recovery from exercise. Hyperthermia is a real danger in working and active dogs, and manifests as changes in panting behavior and tongue appearance as the dog attempts to cool

his respiratory system (and brain) down. If the warning signs of hyperthermia appear (see sidebar on page 49), then all exercise should be stopped immediately, and cooling interventions should be implemented.

Barrett MR, Scott Davis M. Conditioning-induced expression of novel glucose transporters in canine skeletal muscle homogenate. PLoS One. 2023;18(5):e0285424. Published 2023 May 3. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0285424.

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Altom EK, Davenport GM, Myers LJ, Cummins KA. Effect of dietary fat source and exercise on odorant detecting ability of canine athletes. Res Vet Sci. 2003;75(2):149-155. doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(03)00071-7.

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Angle CT, Wakshlag JJ, Gillette RL, et al. The effects of exercise and diet on olfactory capability in detection dogs. J Nutr Sci. 2014;3:e44. Published 2014 Oct 13. doi:10.1017/jns.2014.35.

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Skoglund P, Ersmark E, Palkopoulou E, Dalén L. Ancient wolf genome reveals an early divergence of domestic dog ancestors and admixture into high-latitude breeds. Curr Biol. 2015;25(11):1515-1519. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.019.

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Miller BF, Ehrlicher SE, Drake JC, et al. Assessment of protein synthesis in highly aerobic canine species at the onset and during exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118(7):811-817. doi:10.1152/ japplphysiol.00982.2014.

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Pratt-Phillips SEO R, Geor R, Zirkle A, Moore A, Harkins C, Davis MS. Effect of reduced protein intake on endurance performance and water turnover during low intensity long duration exercise in Alaskan sled dogs.

Comparative Exercise Physiology 2018;14:7.

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Tosi I, Art T, Boemer F, Votion DM, Davis MS. Acylcarnitine profile in Alaskan sled dogs during submaximal multiday exercise points out metabolic flexibility and liver role in energy metabolism. PLoS One. 2021;16(8):e0256009. Published 2021 Aug 12. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256009.

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Davenport GM, Kelley RL, Altom EK, Lepine AJ. Effect of diet on hunting performance of English pointers.

Vet Ther. 2001;2(1):10-23.

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Zanghi BM, Middleton RP, Reynolds AJ. Effects of postexercise feeding of a supplemental carbohydrate and protein bar with or without astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis to exercise-conditioned dogs. Am J Vet Res. 2015;76(4):338-350. doi:10.2460/ajvr.76.4.338.

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Schnurr TM, Reynolds AJ, Komac AM, Duffy LK, Dunlap KL. The effect of acute exercise on GLUT4 levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of sled dogs. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2015;2:45-49. doi:10.1016/j. bbrep.2015.05.002.

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Reynolds AJ, Reinhart GA, Carey DP, Simmerman DA, Frank DA, Kallfelz FA. Effect of protein intake during training on biochemical and performance variables in sled dogs. Am J Vet Res. 1999;60(7):789-795.

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Hemmelgarn C, Gannon K. Heatstroke: clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2013;35(7):E3.

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Wasserman DH, Cherrington AD. Hepatic fuel metabolism during muscular work: role and regulation. Am J Physiol. 1991;260(6 Pt 1):E811-E824. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1991.260.6.E811.

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Davis MS. Glucocentric Metabolism in Ultra-Endurance Sled Dogs. Integr Comp Biol. 2021;61(1):103-109. doi:10.1093/icb/icab026.

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5

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Barrett MR, Scott Davis M. Conditioning-induced expression of novel glucose transporters in canine skeletal muscle homogenate. PLoS One. 2023;18(5):e0285424. Published 2023 May 3. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0285424.

7

Hemmelgarn C, Gannon K. Heatstroke: thermoregulation, pathophysiology, and predisposing factors.

Compend Contin Educ Vet. 2013;35(7):E4.

Otto CM, Hare E, Nord JL, et al. Evaluation of Three Hydration Strategies in Detection Dogs Working in a Hot Environment. Front Vet Sci. 2017;4:174. Published 2017 Oct 26. doi:10.3389/fvets.2017.00174.

Stephens-Brown L, Davis M. Water requirements of canine athletes during multi-day exercise. J Vet Intern Med. 2018;32(3):1149–1154. doi:10.1111/jvim.1509.

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FOR FURTHER INFORMATION Henneman K. Recognizing soft tissue injuries in the dog from an integrative perspective, Parts 1 & 2, IVC Journal, Fall 2018, Winter 2018/19.

Zink C, Van Dyke JB (eds). Canine Sports Medicine & Rehabilitation, 2nd edition (note that the 3d edition is due out shortly), John Wiley & Sons: 2018.

Fischer MS, Lilje KE. Dogs in Motion, Pet Book Publishing Company, Ltd: 2016.

Von Pfeil D, Griffitts C (eds). Musher and Veterinary Handbook, 4th Ed (in publication), ISDVMA: 2024 (older editions are still available through the International Sled Dog Veterinary Medical Assoc, www.isdvma.org).

Elliott RP. Dog Steps, www.youtube.com/watch?v=S3Y kRX4M088&t=5s (still one of the best videos ever made about dog movement).

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In the news

H5N1 INFLUENZA A VIRUS SPREADS AMONG MAMMALS:

NEW CONCERNS FOR VETERINARIANS In a concerning development for veterinary professionals, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has been detected in multiple mammalian species, including domestic cats, dairy cattle, and wildlife. Recent findings from Colorado and a groundbreaking study from Cornell University highlight the evolving nature of this virus and its potential implications for animal and public health.

Colorado health officials have reported six feline cases of HPAI H5N1 in 2024, with varying exposure histories. One case was linked to an infected commercial dairy facility, while two were indoor-only cats with no direct exposure. Three cases involved indoor/outdoor cats known to hunt small prey. The clinical presentation typically began with lethargy and inappetence, progressing to respiratory and neurological signs. Notably, the neurological symptoms were often indistinguishable from rabies, emphasizing the need for comprehensive diagnostic testing.

The virus strain identified in these cases belongs to the B3.13 lineage of the Eurasian 2.3.4.4b clade, which has shown an unusual ability to spread in non-traditional host species. This particular strain has not

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been detected in migratory waterfowl, suggesting a shift in transmission patterns.

Corroborating these findings, a study published in Nature by researchers from Cornell University’s College of Veterinary Medicine provides evidence of mammalto-mammal transmission of HPAI H5N1.

The study documents transmission between cows and from cows to cats and a raccoon. Whole genome sequencing revealed cow-to-cow transmission when infected animals were moved from Texas to Ohio. Cats, a raccoon, and wild birds on affected farms also contracted the virus, likely through raw milk consumption or environmental contamination.

While the current risk of efficient human infection remains low, Dr. Diego Diel, co-corresponding author of the Cornell study, warns of the potential for mutations that could lead to mammalian adaptation and possible human transmission.

These developments underscore the critical need for veterinary professionals to:

1

Consider HPAI H5N1 in differential diagnoses, even when typical risk factors or clinical signs are not present.

2

Implement rigorous biosecurity measures in all veterinary settings.

3

Educate pet owners about potential risks and preventive measures.

4

Engage in early testing and report suspicious cases.

5

Stay informed about the evolving situation and updated guidelines from health authorities.

As the virus continues to adapt and spread, the veterinary community plays a crucial role in surveillance, containment, and public health protection. Continued vigilance and collaboration between animal and human health sectors will be essential in managing this emerging threat. www.colovma.org/cvma-news/influenza-ahighly-path ogenic-avian-influenza-h5n1-indomestic-cats/