Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
12 February 2015
Kalam Solutions Abu Dhabi August 2014
Photo 1 - An image grab from a video made available on October 9, 2014, by al-Raya Media Foundation allegedly shows a tank belonging to the Ansar al-Sharia militant group, flying the Jihadist flag, during a battle in the Libyan city of Benghazi
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ...................................................................................................................... 4 Organizations ......................................................................................................................... 4 Individuals ............................................................................................................................. 4 Locations ................................................................................................................................ 4 Map of Libya and Provinces....................................................................................................... 5 Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................ 6 Definition of Categorized Events ............................................................................................... 7 Violence in Libya........................................................................................................................8 Libyan Body Count .................................................................................................................... 9 Islamic State Events over Time ................................................................................................. 9 ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya .............................................. 10 Background .......................................................................................................................... 10 Situation ............................................................................................................................... 10 Expansion .............................................................................................................................. 11 Strategy ................................................................................................................................ 12 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 12 Terrorist Events in Libya ......................................................................................................... 14 Week of 8 February 2015 ..................................................................................................... 14 Week of 1 February 2015 ...................................................................................................... 14 Week of 25 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 16 Week of 18 January 2015 ..................................................................................................... 18 Week of 11 January 2015 ...................................................................................................... 19 Week of 4 January 2015 .......................................................................................................20 Week of 28 December 2014 ................................................................................................. 21 Week of 21 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 22 Week of 14 December 2014 .................................................................................................. 23 Week of 7 December 2014 .................................................................................................... 24 Week of 30 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 24 Week of 23 November 2014 ................................................................................................. 24 Week of 16 November 2014.................................................................................................. 25 Week of 9 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 26 Week of 2 November 2014 ...................................................................................................28 Week of 19 October 2014 .....................................................................................................28 2
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 5 October 2014 ....................................................................................................... 29 Week of 7 September 2014 ................................................................................................... 29 Week of 17 August 2014 ....................................................................................................... 29 Week of 20 July 2014 ...........................................................................................................30 Week of 15 June 2014...........................................................................................................30 Week of 16 March 2014 ........................................................................................................30 Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites ................................................................................ 31 Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities ................................................................................... 32 Endnotes .................................................................................................................................. 41
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Glossary of Actors Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized House of Representatives in Tobruk. Libya Dawn – A coalition of militas based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the command of the now defunct General National Congress. Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed unites operating in western Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army. Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries – Islamic Militia Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL
Individuals Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS) Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in January 2015 Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey – Yemeni Emir of Islamic State in Derna
Locations Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center) Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan 4
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libya and Provinces
M AP 1 - M AJOR C ITIES AND PROVINCES OF L IBYA
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libyan Population Density
M AP 2 - L IBYAN P OPULATION D ENSITY M AP
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Definition of Categorized Events Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry. Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation. Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group. Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and assassinations. Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s agenda.
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Violence in Libya
M AP 3 - IS EVENTS BY L OCATION
M AP 4 - V IOLENT D EATHS BY L OCATION 8
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Libyan Body Count Number of Violent Deaths by Month Number of Deaths
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Murder
Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun y 20
1
1
7
14
7
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2014 14 77
12
Kidnapping
98
81
10
1
Human Rights Violation Car Bomb
10
33
11
73
30
87
13
1
1
7
1
6
1
36 1
Beheading
79
1
1
Armed Clashes
99
4
91
45
2015 29 3 4
1 3
2
355 381 322 357 214 220
99
85
Islamic State Events over Time Islamic State in Libya Events over Time 30
Number of Events
25 20 15 10 5 0
Jul
Sep
Oct 2014 4
Propaganda
Nov
Dec
8
2
12
5
3
Kidnapping
1
Human Rights Violation
1 1
Car Bomb Armed Clashes
Feb 2015
Murder
Beheading
Jan
1
1
1
2
4
4
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
9
3
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya Background The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014, by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata, provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present in eastern Libya, seized this opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past six months, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent by ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in mid-September 2014, to an increasingly dangerous force, with bases of operation within all three of historical provinces in Libya.
Situation The attack on the Corinthia Hotel in Tripoli on 27 January shows that the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has considerable influence outside areas originally declared in their “caliphate.” The coordinated attack involved at least one car bomb and two heavily armed gunmen. The two gunmen, one Tunisian and the other Sudanese, were able claim nine victims in the attack. A statement claiming responsibility for the attack was quickly released by the media
P HOTO 2 - P HOTOS OF THE C ORINTHIA H OTEL RELEASED BY AN ISIS MEDIA DIVISION
division of Wilayat al-Tarabulus, the ISIS name for one of the three provinces of Libya.
Following the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing members of MSSI implementing hisbah (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were first tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media 10
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (alligence) to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow Mohamed Eljarh that a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey was declared emir of the newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya.
Expansion The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar Ghaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of Libya. During the week of 9 November 2014, three car bombings and four beheadings were carried out by groups affiliated with ISIS in the eastern province of Barqa. In December 2014, IS affiliates of the Tarabalus province took credit for car bombings outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a group of Egyptian Coptic Christians.
P HOTO 3 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN EASTERN , WESTERN , AND SOUTHERN L IBYA . T HE IMAGE WAS TAKEN FROM A POST ENCOURAGING ISIS SUPPORTERS TO IMMIGRATE TO L IBYA .
On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libya’s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping. The diversity of recent IS attacks throughout southern and western Libya suggests that IS is able to circumvent the meager security apparatus present in Libya.
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Strategy Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations distributing dawa (charity) to children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media publications have been used a powerful tool to build both community support for the groupd and attract new recruits. In regards to recruitment, ISIS has recently launched a large campaign to funnel fighters from other extremist groups within Libya. Again, this follows a similar tactic employed by ISIS in Syria, attracting fighters from similar organizations such as Jahbat alNusra and recruiting them to fight for the Islamic State. The Islamic
P HOTO 4 - A PHOTO FROM AN ISIS PUBLICATION URGING A NSAR AL-S HARIA MEMBERS TO PLEDGE BAYA TO A BU B AKR AL-B AGHDADI . T HE MEN ARE SHOWN WEARING THE LOGO OF A NSAR AL-S HARIA IN B ENGHAZI .
State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar alSharia’s leader, Mohammed al-Zahawi.
Conclusions
As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base 12
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s heavy campaigning for immigration to Libya, without careful strategic international and domestic cooperation, Libya could easily play host as the next bastion for Islamic extremism.
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Terrorist Events in Libya Week of 8 February 2015 Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced: “This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders, almost five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge for Kamilia Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered by the Coptic Church of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī (rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh), both of whom played a crucial role – through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale of the Islamic State mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah al-Muhājir (rahimahumallāh).”i
Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.ii
An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.iii Initials reports suggest that there were clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.iv
Week of 1 February 2015 Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for the Islamic State in Libya.v According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the Egyptian border.vi
Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.vii viii
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Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.ix The Mabruk Oilfield is operated by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.x
Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French. France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.xi Twelve people will killed overall.
Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah. The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and Libyan National Army Forces.xii
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state. Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.xiii
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in Libya tweeted: [W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia, #Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad! xiv
Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.xv According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade.xvi Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia Hotel.xvii
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P HOTO 5 - P HOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI SECURITY D IRECTORATE Sirte – According to reports from social media, the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”xviii
Week of 25 January 2015 Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.xix Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi. This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall dilapidated.xx Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State. According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian converts.xxi
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 6 - C ONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC S TATE Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion. Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.xxii According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware of possible threats for several days.xxiii A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic State in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas al-Libi.xxiv The user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90% empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and subsequent attack. Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who participated in the attack on the hotel.xxv The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead.
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Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi. IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.xxvi
Week of 18 January 2015 Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in what they allege to be Benghazi.xxvii
P HOTO 7 - IS PASSES OUT S WEETS TO C HILDREN Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.xxviii Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.xxix Benghazi – On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent military activity in Benghazi.xxx Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic State to travel to Libya.xxxi
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P HOTO 8 - IS D IVISION OF L IBYA – TARABULUS , F EZZAN , AND BARQA
Week of 11 January 2015 Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in Tripoli, injuring two security personnel. According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.xxxii Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing members distributing clothing and financial aid.xxxiii Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of 21 Christians.xxxiv According to The Telegraph: “On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week earlier.”xxxv
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P HOTO 9 - P HOTOS OF THE K IDNAPPED EGYPTIANS Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely taken in Sabratha.xxxvi
Week of 4 January 2015 On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly showing the execution of two Tunisian journalists.xxxvii
P HOTO 10 - TUNISIANS A LLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN L IBYA Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.xxxviii
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Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.xxxix
P HOTO 11 - "A POSTATE " EXECUTED BY THE IS
Week of 28 December 2014 Benghazi – On 3 January the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi. This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the bulldozing.xl Sokhna – On 3 January the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilityxli for an attack on a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.xlii According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.xliii
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P HOTO 12 - IS IN FEZZAN A TTACKS S OKHNA Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside the headquarters of the House of Representatives.xliv The House of Representatives currently meets in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General Chief of Staff, Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a suicide attack as initially suggested.xlv The most current reports state that a total of 19 people were injured as a result of the explosion.xlvi
Week of 21 December 2014 Tripoli – According to multiple sources a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli in the morning of 27 December. xlviiThe Diplomatic Security Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.xlviii The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence. "The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE said.xlix 22
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.l
Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange for captured Jordanian diplomats.li
P HOTO 13 - A L IBYAN ARMY MEMBER BURNED BY ISIS
Week of 14 December 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were reported.lii On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.liii Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage to the building while injuring no one.liv
Week of 7 December 2014 Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.lv
Week of 30 November 2014 Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.lvi The security directorate is located near the Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.lvii Initial reports suggest that three to seven people were wounded.lviii Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white Hyundai.lix
Week of 23 November 2014 The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine “Dabiq,” focusing on the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantlie discussing the recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he would do as American President. In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria. It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi was ideal for jihad.”lx Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, has released photos of its recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with Islamic Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young men in Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria. The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were 24
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in Derna.lxi
Week of 16 November 2014 Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi. The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.lxii Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were Egyptian, and two were Libyans.lxiii The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED attacks on 12 November 2014lxiv, men pledging allegiance to the ISlxv, and photos of a convoy in Derna.lxvi
P HOTO 14 - IS C ONVOY NEAR D ERNA 25
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and Egyptian embassies.lxvii The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic State.lxviii lxix
Week of 9 November 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani neighborhoods of Tripoli.lxx No casualties have been reported, though photoslxxi show significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.lxxii Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.lxxiii Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.lxxiv The car from which the bomb was thrown then drove away at speed.lxxv Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently dismantled by the Libyan National Army.lxxvi
Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.lxxvii Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have been confirmed killed.lxxviii
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Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter user @loayomran reported the detonation of a car bomb outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in the Al Majuri neighborhood in central Benghazi. Eye witnesses report that a vehicle loaded with explosives was parked on the street outside the café. Reports indicate that there were no casualties as a result of the
P HOTO 15 - VBIED IN B ENGHAZI
bombing, however the café and surrounding shops were destroyed. No indication if the café was the intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned due to continued fighting.lxxix At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida neighborhood of Benghazi.lxxx Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing on to a crowded intersection.lxxxi At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack, however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.lxxxii Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been taken for medical treatment.lxxxiii Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna, eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media, had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish, Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.lxxxiv Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.lxxxv
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Benghazi – On 11 November 2014 a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was captured, forced to appear on videolxxxvi, and then beheaded.lxxxvii According to Al Wasat, the group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.lxxxviii
P HOTO 16 - S OLDIER B EHEADED IN BENGHAZI Shahat – On November 9, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of Shahat in eastern Libya near the building, where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thinni had talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. lxxxixEye witnesses claimed the perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them remotely. Though there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were reported. The intended target was the Security Directorate Building.xc Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.xci
Week of 2 November 2014 Sirte – The Islamic State in Tripolitania releases photos of lectures given by Turki alBin’ali.xcii The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.xciii
Week of 19 October 2014 Derna - After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)xciv launches an 'Islamic Court'.xcv The group announced that its leader is a Yemeni named Abu 28
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Taleb al-Jazrawey.xcvi According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawey moved to Derna in midSeptember with a number of senior ISIS members.xcvii
P HOTO 17 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC C OURT IN DERNA
Week of 5 October 2014 Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one and injuring two others.xcviii
Week of 7 September 2014 Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.xcix
Week of 17 August 2014 Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. cAn amateur video published on social media sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an armed group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.ci
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P HOTO 18 - PUBLIC EXECUTION IN DERNA
Week of 20 July 2014 Benghazi – On 21 July a militia in Benghazi, Libya, has beheaded a Filipino construction worker, allegedly for being a non-Muslim, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs said Monday. The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to the department. It is also the first reported beheading in the country since 2011. The construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the Gwarsha district of Benghazi. A department spokesperson told media Monday that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $160,000. cii
Week of 15 June 2014 Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.ciii
Week of 16 March 2014 Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed eight soldiers and wounded another 12.civ
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Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites
M AP 5- - L OCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO EAST: SABRATHA , TRIPOLI, SUKNAH , S IRTE, AN N AWFALIYAH , B ENGHAZI , D ERNA .
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities
P HOTO 19 - THE BEHEADING OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BY IS
P HOTO 20 - THE CORPSE OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BURNED BY IS
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 21 - PHOTOS RELEASED BY IS AFTER A VBIED EXPLOSION OUTSIDE THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE
P HOTO 22 - THE DESTRUCTION OF TOMBS BY IS
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 23 - THE DESTRUCTION OF A STATUE IN DERNA BY IS
P HOTO 24 - COMMANDERS OF IS AFFILIATES IN BENGHAZI. FROM RIGHT TO LEFT - MOHAMMED AL-ZAHAWI (ANSAR AL-SHARIA), WISSAM BIN HUMAID (LIBYA SHIELD ONE), AND JALAL MAKHZOUM (RAFALLAH ALSAHATI BRIGADE)
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P HOTO 25 - IS AFFILIATES FIGHTING THE LIBYAN NATIONAL ARMY IN AIN MARAH
P HOTO 26 - IS FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 27 - IS FIGHTERS IN AIN MARAH
P HOTO 28 - AN IS FIGHTER PLANTING A FLAG OVER IS CONTROLLED TERRITORY IN BENGHAZI
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 29 - A BANNER IN BENGHAZI DECLARING IS'S OBJECTIVE TO ESTABLISH SHARIA LAW ACROSS LIBYA
P HOTO 30 - A CONVOY OF NEW IS HISBA (MORALITY POLICE) VEHICLES IN BENGHAZI 37
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 31 - A CONVOY OF IS FIGHTERS AND VEHICLES IN DERNA
P HOTO 32 - A RALLY AMONG FIGHTERS AND RESIDENTS IN DERNA
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 33 - AN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE
P HOTO 34 - A RALLY OF YOUNG MEN PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
P HOTO 35 - AN IS FIGHTER GIVING DAWA (CHARITY) TO A CHILD IN DERNA
P HOTO 36 - A CHILD IN DERNA SHOWING SUPPORT FOR IS
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Endnotes "Dabiq 7." February 12, 2015. Accessed February 12, 2015. http://ia601506.us.archive.org/27/items/Dabiq7/Dabiq_7.pdf. i
Nasher.me,. 2015. ' قتال في سبيل الديمقراطية | ناشر.. 'فجر ليبيا. Accessed February 12 2015. http://nasher.me/fajrlibya/. ii
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"Tripoli Revolutionaries Brigade Again Attacked: Report." Libya Herald. February 3, 2015. Accessed February 11, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/03/tripoli-revolutionaries-brigade-againattacked-report/. xvi
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Nasher.me,. 2015. ''(خير لك من ُح ُمر النّعم) اعتناق ثالثة من نصارى إفريقيا الدين اإلسالمي | ناشر. Accessed February 11 ٌ 2015. http://nasher.me/trablos2/. xxi
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
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أميرا على درنة وسعودي يتلقى البيعة للبغدادي ً يمني: '«داعش» في ليبيا.2014 .,'بوابة الوسط. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.alwasat.ly/ar/news/libya/45321/. xcvi
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