UPDATED - Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
16 February 2015
Kalam Solutions Abu Dhabi August 2014
Photo 1 - An image grab from a video made available on October 9, 2014, by al-Raya Media Foundation allegedly shows a tank belonging to the Ansar al-Sharia militant group, flying the Jihadist flag, during a battle in the Libyan city of Benghazi
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ........................................................................................................................ 4 Organizations ........................................................................................................................... 4 Individuals................................................................................................................................ 4 Locations .................................................................................................................................. 4 Map of Libya and Provinces ........................................................................................................ 5 Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................. 6 Definition of Categorized Events ................................................................................................ 7 Violence in Libya.......................................................................................................................... 8 Libyan Body Count ...................................................................................................................... 9 Islamic State Events over Time ................................................................................................... 9 ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya............................................... 10 Background ............................................................................................................................ 10 UPDATED - Situation ............................................................................................................ 10 Expansion ................................................................................................................................ 11 Strategy .................................................................................................................................... 12 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 12 Terrorist Events in Libya ............................................................................................................ 14 UPDATED - Week of 15 February 2015 ................................................................................. 14 Week of 8 February 2015 ........................................................................................................ 14 Week of 1 February 2015 ........................................................................................................ 17 Week of 25 January 2015 ........................................................................................................19 Week of 18 January 2015 ....................................................................................................... 20 Week of 11 January 2015......................................................................................................... 21 Week of 4 January 2015 ......................................................................................................... 22 Week of 28 December 2014 ................................................................................................... 24 Week of 21 December 2014.................................................................................................... 25 Week of 14 December 2014 ................................................................................................... 26 Week of 7 December 2014 ..................................................................................................... 26 Week of 30 November 2014 .................................................................................................. 27 Week of 23 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 27 Week of 16 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 27 Week of 9 November 2014 ..................................................................................................... 28 Week of 2 November 2014 ...................................................................................................... 31 2
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 19 October 2014 ........................................................................................................ 31 Week of 5 October 2014 ......................................................................................................... 32 Week of 7 September 2014 .................................................................................................... 32 Week of 17 August 2014 ......................................................................................................... 32 Week of 20 July 2014 ............................................................................................................. 32 Week of 15 June 2014 ............................................................................................................ 33 Week of 16 March 2014.......................................................................................................... 33 Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites ................................................................................. 34 Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities .................................................................................... 35 Endnotes .................................................................................................................................... 44
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Glossary of Actors Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized House of Representatives in Tobruk. Libya Dawn – A coalition of militas based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the command of the now defunct General National Congress. Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed unites operating in western Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army. Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries – Islamic Militia Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL
Individuals Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS) Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in January 2015 Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey – Yemeni Emir of Islamic State in Derna
Locations Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center) Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan 4
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libya and Provinces
MAP 1 - M AJOR CITIES AND PROVINCES OF LIBYA
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Map of Libyan Population Density
MAP 2 - LIBYAN POPULATION DENSITY MAP
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Definition of Categorized Events Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry. Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation. Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group. Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and assassinations. Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s agenda.
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Violence in Libya
MAP 3 - IS EVENTS BY LOCATION
MAP 4 - VIOLENT DEATHS BY LOCATION 8
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Libyan Body Count Number of Violent Deaths by Month
Axis Title
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma Jun y
Murder
20
1
1
7
14
7
12
Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb
2014 14 77
Kidnapping
98
81
10
1
Human Rights Violation Car Bomb
10
33
11
73
30
87
13
1
1
7
1
6
1
36 1
Beheading
79
1
1
Armed Clashes
99
4
91
45
2015 29 8 4
1 3
2
355 381 322 357 214 220
21 99
104
Islamic State Events over Time Islamic State in Libya - Events over Time Number of Events
35 30 25 20 15
10 5 0
Jul
Sep
Oct 2014 4
Propaganda/Recruitment
Nov
Dec
5
1
14
8
3
Kidnapping
1
Human Rights Violation
1 1
Car Bomb Armed Clashes
Feb 2015
Murder
Beheading
Jan
4 1
1
2
2
4
1
3
1
1
1
8
2 1
1 5
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya Background The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014, by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata, provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present in eastern Libya, seized this opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past six months, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent by ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in mid-September 2014, to an increasingly dangerous force, with bases of operation within all three of historical provinces in Libya.
UPDATED - Situation The beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in a video released on 15 February shows that the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has considerable influence outside areas originally declared in their “caliphate.” The video, released by ISIS’s al-Hayat Media Center, shows the execution and beheading of 21 Egyptians by militants belonging
PHOTO 2 – IS LEADER ABU SULEIMAN AL-JAHBATHY THREATENS ROME
to ISIS’s Wilayat al-Tarabulus, or Tripoli Province of the caliphate. Following the beheadings, the leader of the group declares, in clear English, that Wilayat al-Tarbabulus will be the base for ISIS’s planned advance on Rome.
After the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing members of MSSI implementing hisbah (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were first tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media 10
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (alligence) to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow Mohamed Eljarh that a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey was declared emir of the newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya.
Expansion The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar Ghaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of Libya. During the week of 9 November 2014, three car bombings and four beheadings were carried out by groups affiliated with ISIS in the eastern province of Barqa. In December 2014, IS affiliates of the Tarabalus province took credit for car bombings outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a group of Egyptian Coptic Christians.
PHOTO 3 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN EASTERN , WESTERN , AND SOUTHERN LIBYA . THE IMAGE WAS TAKEN FROM A POST ENCOURAGING ISIS SUPPORTERS TO IMMIGRATE TO LIBYA .
On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libya’s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping. The diversity of recent IS attacks throughout southern and western Libya suggests that IS is able to circumvent the meager security apparatus present in Libya.
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Strategy Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations distributing dawa (charity) to children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media publications have been used a powerful tool to build both community support for the groupd and attract new recruits. In regards to recruitment, ISIS has recently launched a large campaign to funnel fighters from other extremist groups within Libya. Again, this follows a similar tactic employed by ISIS in Syria, attracting fighters from similar organizations such as Jahbat alNusra and recruiting them to fight for the Islamic State. The Islamic
PHOTO 4 - A PHOTO FROM AN ISIS PUBLICATION URGING A NSAR AL -S HARIA MEMBERS TO PLEDGE BAYA TO ABU B AKR AL -B AGHDADI . T HE MEN ARE SHOWN WEARING THE LOGO OF A NSAR AL -S HARIA IN B ENGHAZI .
State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar alSharia’s leader, Mohammed al-Zahawi.
Conclusions
As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base 12
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s heavy campaigning for immigration to Libya, without careful strategic international and domestic cooperation, Libya could easily play host as the next bastion for Islamic extremism.
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Terrorist Events in Libya UPDATED - Week of 15 February 2015 Sirte – On 15 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video confirming the beheadings of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians.i The video was released by the Islamic State’s Al-Hayat media division.ii According to the Washington Post: “In the video, Islamic State fighters marched the Egyptians onto a stretch of coastline before forcing them to kneel and severing their heads. The brutal murders were portrayed as retaliation against what a masked fighter described as “the hostile Egyptian church.”iii
PHOTO 5 - IS IN TRIPOLITANIA BEHEADS EGYPTIANS
Week of 8 February 2015 Sarir Oilfield – On 14 February 2015, El Sarir oilfield in southern Libya was attacked by unnamed perpetrators. The Sarir oilfield provides crude oil to the Hariga port in Tobruk, Libya.iv
Although unconfirmed, a Twitter account linked to IS in Libya posted pictures of a vehicle approaching an oilfield in Libya.v 14
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Derna – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their most recent floggings carried out in Derna. In this instance, at least seven youths were publically flogged for consuming alcohol.vi
PHOTO 6 - YOUTH PUBLICALLY FLOGGED IN DERNA Sirte – On 13 February 2015, in addition to capturing a number of radio stations, the Islamic State in Tripolitania seized the Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte. According to the Libya Herald, “A military convoy carrying IS flags reportedly surrounded the hospital this morning and ordered Misrata-based Central Libya Shield which has been providing security there to leave.”vii
Sirte – On 13 February 2015, gunmen claiming to be members of the Islamic State jihadist group have seized control of a state-run radio station in Libya's coastal city of Sirte, residents said on Friday.viii
Jihadist websites also posted pictures showing armed men sitting in front of microphones in a broadcasting studio and brandishing Kalashnikov assault rifles.ix
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 7 - IS TAKES OVER RADIO STATION IN SIRTE
Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced: “This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders, almost five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge for Kamilia Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered by the Coptic Church of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī (rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh), both of whom played a crucial role – through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale of the Islamic State mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah alMuhājir (rahimahumallāh).”x
Benghazi – On 11 February 2015, the hospital of Benghazi received, “40 human heads with no bodies” after a training camp in the Buatni Neighborhood was recaptured by the Libyan National Army. The training camp was previously occupied by the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries.xi
Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.xii 16
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.xiii Initials reports suggest that there were clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.xiv
Week of 1 February 2015 Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for the Islamic State in Libya.xv According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the Egyptian border.xvi
Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.xvii xviii
Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.xix The Mabruk Oilfield is operated by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.xx
Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French. France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.xxi Twelve people will killed overall.
Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah. The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and Libyan National Army Forces.xxii
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state.
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.xxiii
Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in Libya tweeted: [W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia, #Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad!xxiv
Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.xxv According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade.xxvi Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia Hotel.xxvii
PHOTO 8 - PHOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE Sirte – According to reports from social media, the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”xxviii
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Week of 25 January 2015 Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.xxix Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi. This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall dilapidated.xxx Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State. According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian converts.xxxi
PHOTO 9 - CONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion. Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.xxxii
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware of possible threats for several days.xxxiii A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic State in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas al-Libi.xxxiv The user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90% empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and subsequent attack. Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who participated in the attack on the hotel.xxxv The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead. Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi. IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.xxxvi
Week of 18 January 2015 Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in what they allege to be Benghazi.xxxvii
PHOTO 10 - IS PASSES OUT SWEETS TO CHILDREN 20
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.xxxviii Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.xxxix Benghazi – On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent military activity in Benghazi.xl Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic State to travel to Libya.xli
PHOTO 11 - IS DIVISION OF LIBYA – TARABULUS , FEZZAN , AND BARQA
Week of 11 January 2015 Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in Tripoli, injuring two security personnel. According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.xlii
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Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing members distributing clothing and financial aid.xliii Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of 21 Christians.xliv According to The Telegraph: “On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week earlier.”xlv
PHOTO 12 - PHOTOS OF THE KIDNAPPED EGYPTIANS Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely taken in Sabratha.xlvi
Week of 4 January 2015 Unspecified - On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly showing the execution of two Tunisian journalists.xlvii
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PHOTO 13 - TUNISIANS ALLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN LIBYA Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.xlviii Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.xlix
PHOTO 14 - "APOSTATE " EXECUTED BY THE IS
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 28 December 2014 Benghazi – On 3 January the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi. This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the bulldozing.l Sokhna – On 3 January the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilityli for an attack on a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.lii According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.liii
PHOTO 15 - IS IN FEZZAN ATTACKS SOKHNA Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside the headquarters of the House of Representatives.liv The House of Representatives currently meets in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General Chief of Staff, Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a suicide attack as initially suggested.lv The most current reports state that a total of 19 people were injured as a result of the explosion.lvi 24
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 21 December 2014 Tripoli – According to multiple sources a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli in the morning of 27 December. lviiThe Diplomatic Security Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.lviii The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence. "The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE said.lix Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.lx
Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange for captured Jordanian diplomats.lxi
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 16 - A LIBYAN ARMY MEMBER B URNED BY ISIS
Week of 14 December 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were reported.lxii On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.lxiii Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage to the building while injuring no one.lxiv
Week of 7 December 2014 Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.lxv
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Week of 30 November 2014 Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.lxvi The security directorate is located near the Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.lxvii Initial reports suggest that three to seven people were wounded.lxviii Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white Hyundai.lxix
Week of 23 November 2014 Unspecified - The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine “Dabiq,” focusing on the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantlie discussing the recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he would do as American President. In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria. It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi was ideal for jihad.”lxx Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, has released photos of its recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with Islamic Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young men in Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria. The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in Derna.lxxi
Week of 16 November 2014 Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.lxxii Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were Egyptian, and two were Libyans.lxxiii The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED attacks on 12 November 2014lxxiv, men pledging allegiance to the ISlxxv, and photos of a convoy in Derna.lxxvi
PHOTO 17 - IS CONVOY NEAR D ERNA Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and Egyptian embassies.lxxvii The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic State.lxxviii lxxix
Week of 9 November 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani 28
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
neighborhoods of Tripoli.lxxx No casualties have been reported, though photoslxxxi show significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.lxxxii Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.lxxxiii Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.lxxxiv The car from which the bomb was thrown then drove away at speed.lxxxv Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently dismantled by the Libyan National Army.lxxxvi
Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.lxxxvii Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have been confirmed killed.lxxxviii Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter user @loayomran reported the detonation of a car bomb outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in the Al Majuri neighborhood in central Benghazi. Eye witnesses report that a vehicle loaded with explosives was parked on the street outside the café. Reports indicate that there were no casualties as a result of the
PHOTO 18 - VBIED IN BENGHAZI
bombing, however the café and surrounding shops were destroyed. No indication if the café was the intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned due to continued fighting.lxxxix At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida neighborhood of Benghazi.xc 29
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Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing on to a crowded intersection.xci At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack, however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.xcii Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been taken for medical treatment.xciii Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna, eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media, had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish, Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.xciv Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.xcv Benghazi – On 11 November 2014 a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was captured, forced to appear on videoxcvi, and then beheaded.xcvii According to Al Wasat, the group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.xcviii
PHOTO 19 - SOLDIER BEHEADED IN BENGHAZI
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Shahat – On November 9, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of Shahat in eastern Libya near the building, where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah al-Thinni had talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. xcixEye witnesses claimed the perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them remotely. Though there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were reported. The intended target was the Security Directorate Building.c Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.ci
Week of 2 November 2014 Sirte – The Islamic State in Tripolitania releases photos of lectures given by Turki alBin’ali.cii The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.ciii
Week of 19 October 2014 Derna - After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)civ launches an 'Islamic Court'.cv The group announced that its leader is a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey.cvi According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawey moved to Derna in mid-September with a number of senior ISIS members.cvii
PHOTO 20 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC COURT IN DERNA
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Week of 5 October 2014 Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one and injuring two others.cviii
Week of 7 September 2014 Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.cix
Week of 17 August 2014 Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. cxAn amateur video published on social media sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an armed group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.cxi
PHOTO 21 - PUBLIC E XECUTION IN DERNA
Week of 20 July 2014 Benghazi – On 21 July a militia in Benghazi, Libya, has beheaded a Filipino construction worker, allegedly for being a non-Muslim, the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs said Monday.
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The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to the department. It is also the first reported beheading in the country since 2011. The construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the Gwarsha district of Benghazi. A department spokesperson told media Monday that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $160,000. cxii
Week of 15 June 2014 Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.cxiii
Week of 16 March 2014 Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed eight soldiers and wounded another 12.cxiv
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Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites
MAP 5 - LOCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO E AST : SABRATHA , TRIPOLI , SUKNAH , SIRTE, AN NAWFALIYAH , BENGHAZI , DERNA .
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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities
PHOTO 22 - THE BEHEADING OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BY IS
PHOTO 23 - THE CORPSE OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BURNED BY IS 35
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 24 - PHOTOS RELEASED BY IS AFTER A VBIED EXPLOSION OUTSIDE THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE
PHOTO 25 - THE DESTRUCTION OF TOMBS BY IS
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PHOTO 26 - THE DESTRUCTION OF A STATUE IN DERNA BY IS
PHOTO 27 - COMMANDERS OF IS AFFILIATES IN BENGHAZI. FROM RIGHT TO LEFT - MOHAMMED AL-ZAHAWI (ANSAR AL-SHARIA), WISSAM BIN HUMAID (LIBYA SHIELD ONE), AND JALAL MAKHZOUM (RAFALLAH ALSAHATI BRIGADE)
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PHOTO 28 - IS AFFILIATES FIGHTING THE LIBYAN NATIONAL ARMY IN AIN MARAH
PHOTO 29 - IS FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI
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PHOTO 30 - IS FIGHTERS IN AIN MARAH
PHOTO 31 - AN IS FIGHTER PLANTING A FLAG OVER IS CONTROLLED TERRITORY IN BENGHAZI
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PHOTO 32 - A BANNER IN BENGHAZI DECLARING IS'S OBJECTIVE TO ESTABLISH SHARIA LAW ACROSS LIBYA
PHOTO 33 - A CONVOY OF NEW IS HISBA (MORALITY POLICE) VEHICLES IN BENGHAZI 40
Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya
PHOTO 34 - A CONVOY OF IS FIGHTERS AND VEHICLES IN DERNA
PHOTO 35 - A RALLY AMONG FIGHTERS AND RESIDENTS IN DERNA
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PHOTO 36 - AN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE
PHOTO 37 - A RALLY OF YOUNG MEN PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE
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PHOTO 38 - AN IS FIGHTER GIVING DAWA (CHARITY) TO A CHILD IN DERNA
PHOTO 39 - A CHILD IN DERNA SHOWING SUPPORT FOR IS
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Endnotes 'داعش' يذبح األقباط المصريين المختطفين في ليبيا.. 'بالفيديو والصور.2015 .,'بوابة الفجر. Accessed February 16 2015. https://www.elfagr.org/1654270. i
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Washington Post,. 2015. 'Video Shows Purported Beheading Of Egyptian Christians In Libya'. Accessed February 16 2015. http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/video-showspurported-beheading-of-egyptian-christians-in-libya/2015/02/15/b8d0f092-b548-11e4-bc30a4e75503948a_story.html. iii
Reuters,. 2015. 'UPDATE 3-Libyan Oil Pipeline Sabotaged, Gunmen Storm Sirte Offices'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/14/libya-securityidUSL5N0VO08120150214. iv
Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed February 15 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/566623961266814977. v
Ansamed.info,. 2015. 'Libya: Isis Flogs Youths For Alcohol Consumption In Derna - General News Ansamed.It'. Accessed February 15 2015. http://www.ansamed.info/ansamed/en/news/sections/generalnews/2015/02/13/libya-isis-flogsyouths-for-alcohol-consumption-in-derna_ed20e04e-4a56-4cec-a2bf-2802f7370166.html. vi
"IS Seizes Sirte Hospital: Report." Libya Herald. February 13, 2015. Accessed February 15, 2015. http://www.libyaherald.com/2015/02/13/is-seizes-sirte-hospital-report/. vii
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xvi
مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا
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Sky News Arabia,. 2015. ''مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.skynewsarabia.com/web/article/722649/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%94%D8%A7%D8%AA -%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%94%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D8%A8%D8%B5%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%AF%D8%A7% D8%B9%D8%B4-%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7 Louisa Loveluck, Cairo. 2015. 'Benghazi Faces 'Medical Diasaster' As Libyan City Cut Off By Heavy Fighting - Telegraph'. Telegraph.Co.Uk. Accessed February 11 2015. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/11396855/Benghazifaces-medical-diasaster-as-Libyan-city-cut-off-by-heavy-fighting.html. xvii
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