Report: Terrorism in Libya - 21 May 2015 by Libya Institute for Advanced Studies

28 May 2015

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

Foreword Terrorism and ISIS in particular is an existential threat not only to Libya but to the global community. The murder of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Sirte, Libya, the burning alive of a Jordanian pilot in Syria, and the recent attacks in France and Copenhagen are only a small portion of the heinous crimes committed by these criminals in the name of Islam. The document you have in your hands lists the atrocities committed on a daily basis in Libya. If these criminals are not dealt with, they will continue to murder, kidnap, extort, and enslave innocent people with ever greater impunity. LIAS will distribute these updates on a regular basis so that these crimes are widely reported and these criminals exposed for what they really are.

Dr. Aref Ali Nayed Chairman, Libyan Institute for Advanced Studies

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ........................................................................................................................ 4 Organizations ........................................................................................................................... 4 Individuals................................................................................................................................ 4 Locations .................................................................................................................................. 4 Map of Libya and Provinces ........................................................................................................ 5 Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................. 6 Definition of Categorized Events ................................................................................................ 7 Violence in Libya.......................................................................................................................... 8 Libyan Body Count ...................................................................................................................... 9 Islamic State Events Over Time .................................................................................................. 9 ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya............................................... 10 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 10 Situation ................................................................................................................................. 10 Expansion ................................................................................................................................ 11 Strategy .................................................................................................................................... 12 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 13 Terrorist Activity in Libya .......................................................................................................... 15 Week of 24 May 2015 .............................................................................................................. 15 Week of 17 May 2015.............................................................................................................. 20 Week of 10 May 2015 .............................................................................................................. 31 Week of 3 May 2015 ............................................................................................................... 37 Week of 26 April 2015 ............................................................................................................ 44 Week of 19 April 2015 ............................................................................................................ 49 Week of 12 April 2015 ............................................................................................................ 58 Week of 5 April 2015 .............................................................................................................. 60 Week of 29 March 2015 ......................................................................................................... 65 Week of 22 March 2015 ......................................................................................................... 67 Week of 15 March 2015 .......................................................................................................... 69 Week of 8 March 2015 ........................................................................................................... 74 Week of 1 March 2015 .............................................................................................................77 Week of 22 February 2015 ..................................................................................................... 79 Week of 15 February 2015...................................................................................................... 82 Week of 8 February 2015 ....................................................................................................... 85 2

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

Week of 1 February 2015 ....................................................................................................... 88 Week of 25 January 2015 ....................................................................................................... 90 Week of 18 January 2015 ........................................................................................................91 Week of 11 January 2015........................................................................................................ 93 Week of 4 January 2015 ......................................................................................................... 94 Week of 28 December 2014 ................................................................................................... 95 Week of 21 December 2014.................................................................................................... 96 Week of 14 December 2014 ................................................................................................... 97 Week of 7 December 2014 ..................................................................................................... 97 Week of 30 November 2014 .................................................................................................. 97 Week of 23 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 98 Week of 16 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 98 Week of 9 November 2014 ..................................................................................................... 99 Week of 2 November 2014 .................................................................................................... 101 Week of 19 October 2014 ..................................................................................................... 102 Week of 5 October 2014 ....................................................................................................... 103 Week of 7 September 2014 .................................................................................................. 103 Week of 17 August 2014 ....................................................................................................... 103 Week of 20 July 2014 ........................................................................................................... 103 Week of 15 June 2014 .......................................................................................................... 104 Week of 16 March 2014........................................................................................................ 104 Main Hubs of ISIS Activity ...................................................................................................... 105 Highlighted IS Activity ............................................................................................................ 106

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Glossary of Actors Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized House of Representatives in Tobruk. Libya Dawn – A coalition of militias based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the command of the now defunct General National Congress. Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed units operating in western Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army. Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries – Islamic Militia Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL

Individuals Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS) Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in January 2015 Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey – Yemeni Emir of Islamic State in Derna

Locations Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center) Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan 4

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

Map of Libya and Provinces

MAP 1 - PROVINCES OF LIBYA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

Map of Libyan Population Density

MAP 2 - LIBYAN POPULATION DENSITY MAP

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Definition of Categorized Events Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry. Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation. Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group. Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and assassinations. Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s agenda.

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Violence in Libya

MAP 3 - VIOLENT DEATHS BY LOCATION

MAP 4 - IS EVENTS BY LOCATION 8

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

Libyan Body Count Violent Deaths Over Time 500

450 400 350 300 250

Total

200 150 100 50 0 Jan

Feb Mar

Apr May Jun

Jul

Aug Sep

Oct Nov Dec Jan

Feb Mar

2014

Apr May

2015

Islamic State Events Over Time ISIS Events Over Time Violence Against Civilians - Shelling

Violence Against Civilians - Murder 35 Violence Against Civilians - Kidnapping 30

Violence Against Civilians - Human Rights Violation

Violence Against Civilians - Car Bomb

Violence Against Civilians - Beheading

Violence Against Civilians Assassination

Non-Violent Activity by a Conflict Actor - Propaganda/Recruitment

Non-Violent Activity by a Conflict Actor - Destruction of Property

Headquarters or Base Establishment

0 Jul

Sep

Oct 2014

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar 2015

Apr

May

Battle - No Change of Location Control - Car Bomb

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya Overview The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014 by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata, provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present in eastern Libya, seized the opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past six months, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent in mid-September 2014 by ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, to an increasingly dangerous force, with bases of operation within all three of historical provinces in Libya.

Situation The beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in a video released on 15 February shows that the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has considerable influence outside areas originally declared in their “caliphate.” The video, released by ISIS’s al-Hayat Media Center, shows the execution and beheading of 21 Egyptians by militants belonging

PHOTO 1 – IS LEADER ABU SULEIMAN AL-JAHBATHY THREATENS ROME

to ISIS’s Wilayat al-Tarabulus, or Tripoli Province of the caliphate. Following the beheadings, the leader of the group declares, in clear English, that Wilayat al-Tarbabulus will be the base for ISIS’s planned advance on Rome.

In later videos, ISIS members announce their desire to use Libya as a platform for future expansion and attacks against Europe, notably Italy. An essay written by a prominent ISIS supporter outlines ISIS’s plans for Libya. The author calls Libya a “strategic gateway for the Islamic State.” The essay states that “Libya, by the permission of God, is the key to Tunisia, Sudan, Mali, Algeria, and Niger too. It is the anchor from which can be reached Africa and the Islamic Maghreb. However, for this dream to become a reality we must move quickly.” 10

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Finally the author states, “(Libya) has a long coastline and looks upon the southern Crusader states, which can be reached with ease by even a rudimentary boat and note that the number of ‘illegal immigration’ trips from this coast is massive, estimated to be as high as 500 people a day, as a low estimate. “According to many [of these immigrants], it is easily possible to pass through Maritime Security Checkpoints and arrive in cities. If this was even partially exploited and developed strategically, pandemonium could be wrought in the southern Europe. It is even possible that there could be a closure of shipping lines because of the targeting of Crusader ships and tankers.”

Expansion After the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing members of MSSI implementing hisba (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were the first tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (allegiance) to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow Mohamed Eljarh that a Saudi Arabian named Abu Habib Al-Jazrawi was declared emir of the newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya.

The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of Libya.

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

During the week of 9 November 2014, three car bombings and four beheadings were carried out by groups affiliated with ISIS in the eastern province of Barqa. In December 2014, IS affiliates of the Tarabulus province took credit for car bombings outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a

PHOTO 2 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN EASTERN , WESTERN , AND SOUTHERN LIBYA .

group of Egyptian Coptic Christians. On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping. Since then, ISIS affiliates have increased the diversity and lethality of their attacks. ISIS members in Libya have taken credit for the attack on the Corinthia hotel in Tripoli, the beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, and the coordinated car bombing of three locations in Qubbah. ISIS in Libya has repeatedly demonstrated a willingness to target both civilians and government officials.

Strategy Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations proselytizing (dawah) children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media publications have been used as a powerful tool to build both community support for the group and attract foreign recruits.

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

In regards to recruitment, ISIS has recently launched a large campaign to funnel fighters from other extremist groups within Libya. Again, this follows a similar tactic employed by ISIS in Syria, attracting fighters from similar organizations such as Jahbat alNusra and recruiting them to fight for the Islamic State. The Islamic

PHOTO 3 - A PHOTO FROM AN ISIS PUBLICATION URGING A NSAR AL -S HARIA MEMBERS TO PLEDGE BAYA TO ABU B AKR AL -B AGHDADI . T HE MEN ARE SHOWN WEARING THE LOGO OF A NSAR AL -S HARIA IN B ENGHAZI .

State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar alSharia’s leader, Mohammed al-Zahawi. A video released on 27 February 2015 shows an ISIS fighter calling for supporters to travel to Libya and fight. Other analysts note that ISIS is using Libya as a regional command center and a launching point for further expansion. Large stockpiles of Gaddafi-era weapons can be found throughout Libya. In addition, porous borders allow ISIS to easily smuggle fighters from neighboring countries. On 25 February, Libya’s Tripoli based government abolished entry visas for Algerian and Moroccan nationals. Over 2,000 Moroccans and Algerians are thought to be currently fighting with ISIS. Finally, ISIS attacks on Libyan oil facilities may suggest their desire to control portions of Libya’s lucrative oil resources. It is estimated that ISIS in Iraq and Syria generated up to $2 million per day from illegal oil exports. A similar strategy in Libya would provide substantial funding.

Conclusions As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s 13

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

heavy campaigning for immigration by ISIS officials, ISIS members have turned to Libya as its next area of expansion. Without international cooperation with Libyaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recognized government, ISIS will continue to flourish in Northern Africa.

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Terrorist Activity in Libya Week of 24 May 2015 Benghazi – On 28 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of one of its training camps in Benghazi.i

PHOTO 4 - IS TRAINING CAMP IN B ENGHAZI

Ain Marah – On 27 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of its members using 120mm mortars against Libyan Army forces in Ain Marah.ii

PHOTO 5 - IS MILITANT LOADING 120MM MORTAR 15

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Nawfaliyah – On On 27 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its defensive positions in and around Nawfaliyah.iii

PHOTO 6 - IS CHECKPOINT IN NAWFALIYAH

An Nawwaqiyah – On 27 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a raid carried out on a Libyan Army camp. According to the photo dump, the raid took place south of Benghazi in the village of An Nawwaqiyah.iv

PHOTO 7 - CAPTURED ARMY MATERIEL 16

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 27 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its Environmental Protection Department clearing the streets of debris with a bulldozer and dump truck.v

PHOTO 8 - AAS ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DEPARTMENT

Derna – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a sandstorm in Derna.vi

PHOTO 9 - SANDSTORM IN DERNA 17

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its members fighting against Operation Libya Dawn's 166 Battalion. The clashes took place on the outskirts of Sirte.vii

PHOTO 10 - IS CELEBRATES VICTORY AGAINST LIBYA DAWN

Benghazi – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members firing large caliber mortars in Benghazi.viii

PHOTO 11 - IS U SING 120MM MORTARS

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 26 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recently deceased foreign fighters in Benghazi. Reports from social media suggest that the men were from Egypt, Tunisia, and Saudi Arabia.ix

PHOTO 12 - EULOGIZED FOREIGN FIGHTER

Derna – On 25 May 2015, the Islamic Statein Cyrenaica released photos of its media center in Derna. The new media center features a small, outdoor cinema and a booth for distributing propaganda.x

PHOTO 13 - IS MEDIA CENTER IN DERNA 19

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 25 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a photo of a beheaded Libyan soldier in Benghazi.xi

PHOTO 14 - IS BEHEADS LIBYAN SOLDIER

Week of 17 May 2015 Harawa – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of its members taking up defensive positions against the Libyan Army in Harawa.xii

PHOTO 15 - IS FIGHTERS IN HARAWA 20

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 23 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of its "Sheikh Abu Musab Al-Zahawi" sniper camp.xiii Trainees can be seen using photos of General Khalifa Haftar and Egyptian President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi as targets.

PHOTO 16 - AAS SNIPER CAMP IN B ENGHAZI

Benghazi – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members using mortars against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.xiv

PHOTO 17 - IS U SING MORTAR AGAINST LIBYAN ARMY 21

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of civilians being publicly flogged in Derna.xv

PHOTO 18 - IS FLOGS CIVILIANS IN DERNA

Benghazi – On 23 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of civilians being publicly flogged in Benghazi.xvi

PHOTO 19 - IS FLOGS CIVILIANS IN BENGHAZI

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 22 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing its members driving a tank in Sirte. According to reports from social media, the tank was taken from the Al-Jalet military compound after Libya Dawn fled the area.xvii

PHOTO 20 - IS COMMANDEERS LIBYA DAWN TANK

Sirte – On 22 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its troops patrolling the streets of Sirte.xviii

PHOTO 21 - IS MILITANTS PATROLLING SIRTE 23

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 22 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos promoting its booby-trapping workshops. The release does not specify the location of the workshops, but they most likely took place in Sirte.xix

PHOTO 22 - IS IED W ORKSHOP

Benghazi – On 21 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi posted photos of ammunition, body armor, and weapons seized from the Libyan Army.xx

PHOTO 23 - AAS SEIZES ARMY S UPPLIES 24

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 21 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on Misrata’s “Checkpoint 60.” Reports from social media claim that a man called Abu Hafs AlMuhajer carried out the attack.xxi

PHOTO 24 - ABU HAFS AL-MUJAHER PRIOR TO DETONATION

Sirte – On 20 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing a victory against Operation Libya Dawn's 166 Battalion. According to reports from social media, IS militants also pushed the 166 Battalion out of Al-Jalet military compound.xxii

PHOTO 25 - IS CELEBRATES VICTORY OVER LIBYA DAWN 25

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Harawa – On 20 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out a VBIED attack on the eastern checkpoint in Harawa.xxiii Reports from social media claim that a Sudanese man called Abu Abdallah Sudany carried out the attack.

PHOTO 26 - IS CLAIMS VBIED IN HARAWA

Benghazi – On 20 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos promoting the work done by its Department of Education.xxiv

PHOTO 27 - AAS EDUCATES CHILDREN IN BENGHAZI

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Al-Qubbah – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out a VBIED attack on a security checkpoint in the eastern city of Al-Qubbah, killing one and injuring seven others. The group later released photos claiming responsibility for the attack. According to reports from social media, a man called Hamid Yousef Saleh Suleiman (nom de guerre: Mujahid AlDernawi) carried out the attack.xxv

PHOTO 28 - MUJAHID AL-DERNAWI PRIOR TO DETONATION

Nawfaliyah – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of mujahideen in Nawfaliyah celebrating the fall of Ramadi, Iraq.xxvi

PHOTO 29 - IS EXTREMISTS CELEBRATING IN NAWFALIYAH 27

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of mujahideen in Sirte celebrating the fall of Ramadi, Iraq.xxvii

PHOTO 30 - IS EXTREMISTS CELEBRATING IN SIRTE

Derna – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of Dernawi citizens celebrating the fall of Ramadi, Iraq.xxviii

PHOTO 31 - CHILD CELEBRATING IN DERNA 28

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 19 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a highlight reel of its "Beginning and End" children’s camp in Derna.xxix

PHOTO 32 - COLLAGE FROM IS YOUTH RETREAT

Benghazi – On 18 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a weapon cache the group had allegedly seized from the Libyan Army.xxx

PHOTO 33 - AAS DISPLAYS SEIZED WEAPONS AND AMMO

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 17 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for a VBIED attack on a Libya Dawn headquarters in Misrata.xxxi

PHOTO 34 - IS CLAIMS VBIED A TTACK IN MISRATA

Derna – On 17 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released a set of photos showing its militants securing the southern road that connects Tobruk to Derna.xxxii

PHOTO 35 - AAS MONITORS ROAD TO DERNA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 10 May 2015 Derna – On 16 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released a set of photos showing a recent aid distribution campaign. In what appears to be a new tactic, Ansar al-Sharia applied branding to bottles of holy water and olive oil.xxxiii

PHOTO 36 - AAS BRANDED WATER AND HONEY

Sirte – On 15 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its troops using a 106mm anti-tank weapon against members of Operation Libya Dawn.xxxiv

PHOTO 37 - IS U SES 106 MM AGAINST LIBYA DAWN

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Harawa – On 14 may 2014, the Islamic State in Tripolitania kidnapped and beheaded two men from the central city of Harawa. According to reports from traditional and social media, IS militants raided the city sometime after dawn, kidnapped the men, and then beheaded them in the nearby IS stronghold of Nawfaliyah.xxxv

PHOTO 38 - IS BEHEADS MEN FROM N AWFALIYAH

Benghazi – On 14 May 2014, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video showing the destruction of a Libyan Army tank.xxxvi

PHOTO 39 - AAS DESTROYS LIBYAN ARMY TANK

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica publicly flogged three men on charges of giving false testimonies in Derna.xxxvii

PHOTO 40 - IS PUBLICLY PUNISHES CITIZENS

Benghazi – On 14 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos suggesting that the group used a tank against the Libyan Army.xxxviii

PHOTO 41 - AAS U TILIZES TANK AGAINST LIBYAN ARMY

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi - On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its most recent targeted shelling of Benghazi. According to the captioning, the Islamic State targeted the Beloun neighborhood – the location in which at least three children died from mortar shells.xxxix

PHOTO 42 - IS IN BENGHAZI PREPARES MORTAR ROUNDS

Nawfaliyah - On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its members burning contraband cigarettes in the city of Nawfaliyah.xl

PHOTO 43 - IS IN NAWFALIYAH BURNS CONTRABAND

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 14 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its military fortifications on Airport Road in Sirte. The photos showcase checkpoints, anti-air units, and foot patrols.xli

PHOTO 44 - IS CHECKPOINT IN SIRTE

Derna – On 13 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of additional rallies held for children. According to the propaganda, the contests and entertainment were held to alleviate the stress put upon the children by the Libyan Army.xlii

PHOTO 45 - AAS INDOCTRINATES CHILDREN IN DERNA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 11 May 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its dawah activities in Sirte.xliii

PHOTO 46 - IS IN SIRTE DISTRIBUTES BROCHURES

Benghazi – On 10 May 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries released a promotional video of its military activities in the Sabri neighborhood of Benghazi.xliv

PHOTO 47 - SCREENCAP FROM SCBR PROMO

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 10 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Libya released a video suggesting that the group sent humanitarian aid to Sudan.xlv

PHOTO 48 - SUDANESE MAN IN KHARTOUM THANKS AAS

Week of 3 May 2015 Benghazi – On 9 May 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries released photos of their BM-21 Grad launch vehicle.xlvi

PHOTO 49 - SCBR SHOWS OFF BM -21 GRAD

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 9 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of a rally held for children. According to the propaganda, the contests and entertainment were held in order to alleviate the stress put upon the children by the Libyan Army.xlvii

PHOTO 50 - AAS IN DERNA INDOCTRINATES CHILDREN

Unspecified – On 9 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Libya released the 10th edition of its periodical. Produced by Al Raya Media Foundation, this edition not only highlights Ansar alSharia's services in Benghazi and Derna, but also calls attention to the lives of Al-Qaida members Nasr bin Ali Al-Ansi and Atiyatallah Al-Libi.xlviii

PHOTO 51 - AAS EULOGIZES AQ LEADERSHIP

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi and environs – On 8 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrencaica released a video highlighting its battles against the Libyan Army in the Leithi neighborhood of Benghazi. The video begins with IS militants pledging allegiance to Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, transitions to what appears to be the execution of Tunisian journalists Soufian Chourabi and Nadhir Ktari, and concludes with the mass execution of unknown individuals.xlix

PHOTO 52 - IS REVEALS EXECUTION OF TUNISIAN JOURNALISTS

Derna – On 7 May 2015, the Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna released a video showing the group's battles against the Libyan Army. Towards the end of the video, Saad AlTayra – one of the group’s leaders – challenges General Khalifa Haftar to approach Derna.l

PHOTO 53 - SAAD AL-TAYRA CALLS OUT HAFTAR

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Ajdabiya – On 7 May 2015, the newly formed Shura Council of Ajdabiya Revolutionaries released a promotional video highlighting the group's presence in Ajdabiya. The video features a convoy of technicals adorned with black standards parading through the city.li

PHOTO 54 - CAVALCADE OF SHURA COUNCIL TRUCKS IN AJDABIYA

Benghazi – On 7 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos highlighting its Islamic Police. This release claims that Ansar al-Sharia's Islamic Police confiscated stolen goods and intend to prosecute those who are responsible.lii

PHOTO 55 - AAS ISLAMIC POLICE IN BENGHAZI

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 7 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showcasing their hisba activities in Derna. This release features Islamic State militants gathering and burning cigarettes, hashish, and water pipes.liii

PHOTO 56 - IS BURNS CONTRABAND

Derna - On 7 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos highlighting the aftermath of Libyan Air Force airstrikes in Derna.liv

MAP 5 - IS IN DERNA VILLAINIZES LIBYAN AIR FORCE

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 6 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showcasing the extremist group’s use of underground tunnels in the Sabri district of Benghazi.lv

PHOTO 57 - IS U TILIZES TUNNELS U NDER BENGHAZI

Benghazi – On 5 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video promoting its selfdeclared Department of Transport. The video features masked extremists repairing a technical in front of Ansar al-Sharia's black standard. One interviewee points out that jihad can be carried out in many ways, including fixing cars.lvi

PHOTO 58 - AAS PROMOTES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT 42

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 3 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of a public execution carried out in Benghazi. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State executed the man on charges of sorcery.lvii

PHOTO 59 - IS EXECUTES ALLEGED SORCERER

Benghazi – On 3 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos highlighting its maintenance of downed electrical lines. In this release, Ansar al-Sharia claims that its men are beginning a new phase in upgrading the nation's infrastructure.lviii

PHOTO 60 - AAS PROMOTES DEPARTMENT OF SERVICES 43

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 26 April 2015 Unspecified – On 2 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia's Al Raya Media Foundation published the ninth edition of its newspaper. The newspaper is a compilation of Ansar al-Sharia's recent propaganda.

PHOTO 61 - AAS RELEASES 9TH NEWSPAPER

Benghazi – On 2 May 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries released a set of photos showing, “mujahideen relaxing with a game of football in as-Sabri.” The photos show masked extremists playing football under the protection of armed children.lix

PHOTO 62 - SCBR RELAXES BY PLAYING FOOTBALL 44

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 1 May 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos promoting a newly opened health center. According to the release, Ansar al-Sharia's Health Bureau oversees operations at the new facility.lx

PHOTO 63 - AAS PROMOTES DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

Derna – On 1 May 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica executed three men near Derna’s central square. According to the Libya Herald, the men, accused of being homosexuals, were shot and killed outside of the Ateeq Mosque.lxi

PHOTO 64 - IS EXECUTES ALLEGED HOMOSEXUALS 45

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 30 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos promoting its Fire Department. According to Ansar al-Sharia, their services were required in order to put out a fire started by the Libyan Army.lxii

PHOTO 65 - AAS DEPLOYS FIRE TRUCK IN BENGHAZI

Benghazi – On 29 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a member's wedding. The ceremony allegedly took place in the Guwarsha neighborhood of Benghazi.lxiii

PHOTO 66 - ANSAR AL-SHARIA WEDDING IN BENGHAZI 46

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting life in the city of Derna.lxiv

PHOTO 67 - IS PROMOTES IDYLLIC LIFE IN DERNA

Sirte – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of their members patrolling the streets of Sirte.lxv

PHOTO 68 - IS IN SIRTE PATROLS THE STREETS 47

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli/Sirte – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video highlighting a VBIED attack that was carried out in February 2015. The video, recorded outside of the Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte, calls for foreigners to join the Islamic State's ranks.

PHOTO 69 - IS MILITANT U RGES FOREIGNERS TO COME TO LIBYA

Benghazi – On 27 April 2015, the Islamic State in Benghazi released a set of photos showcasing the destruction of items considered to be haram, namely cigarettes.lxvi

PHOTO 70 - IS BURNS CIGARETTES IN BENGHAZI

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 26 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi eulogized Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb’s (AQIM) Abu Masoud Miloud Sdaqa.lxvii According to the eulogy, Sdaqa died fighting against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.lxviii

PHOTO 71 - AAS MOURNS AQIM' S SDAQA

Week of 19 April 2015 Benghazi – On 25 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting their military activity against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.lxix

PHOTO 72 - IS MILITANT U SES RIFLE GRENADE

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 24 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing Friday prayers at the Rabat Mosque in Sirte. The Islamic State in Sirte's spiritual leader, Hussein Al-Karamy, makes an appearance in this release.lxx

PHOTO 73 - HUSSEIN AL-KARAMY SPEAKS AT FRIDAY PRAYERS

Benghazi - On 23 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a recently graduated group of IS militants. According to the release, the men and children in the photos are a new batch of recruits for the fight against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.lxxi

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 74 - IS MILITANTS INDOCTRINATE YOUNG BOY

Sirte – On 23 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released propaganda stating that Operation Libya Dawn indiscriminately shelled innocent Muslims in Sirte.lxxii

PHOTO 75 -IS BLAMES LIBYA DAWN FOR DESTRUCTION

Tripoli – On 22 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the IED attack on the Spanish Embassy. The embassy, located in the Ben Ashour district of Tripoli, was targeted on the night of 20 April. No one was injured in the attack.lxxiii 51

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 76 - IS CLAIMS EMBASSY B OMBING

Sirte – On 22 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showcasing the city of Sirte.lxxiv

PHOTO 77 - IS PROMOTES IDYLLIC LIFE IN S IRTE

Derna – On 21 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the distribution of informational pamphlets throughout Derna.lxxv

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 78 - IS DISTRIBUTES PROPAGANDA IN DERNA

Benghazi – On 20 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its most recent military activities in Benghazi, specifically the Sabri neighborhood. This set of photos highlights the Islamic State's use of heavy machine guns against the Libyan Army.

PHOTO 79 - IS IN BENGHAZI ENGAGES IN SABRI DISTRICT

Benghazi – On 20 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of aid distribution throughout Benghazi. 53

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 80 - CHILDREN IN BENGHAZI RECEIVE FOOD FROM AAS

Derna – On 20 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica engaged in clashes with the Harir Al-Mansouri family. After roughly 12 hours of clashes, the Islamic State defeated the entire family and hung three of their bodies in Derna as a deterrent to others.lxxvi

PHOTO 81 - IS HANGS BROTHERS IN DERNA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of the group publically punishing a man accused of theft. In the set of photos, IS extremists chop of the hands of a Dernawi citizen.lxxvii

PHOTO 82 - IS DISMEMBER CITIZEN OF DERNA

Cyrenaica/Fezzan – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video wherein two groups of Ethiopian Christians are executed. Titled Until There Came to Them Clear Evidence, the video begins with a lengthy history lesson and ends with the execution of two distinct groups of Ethiopian Christians. According to the Associated Press, the group held in Fezzan was killed via firing squad, while the group in Cyrenaica was beheaded.lxxviii In the first half of the video, a man called Shaykh Abu Malik Anas an-Nashwan is interviewed. An-Nashwan does not appear to have a Libyan accent.

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 83 - IS EXECUTES ETHIOPIAN CHRISTIANS IN FEZZAN

PHOTO 84 - IS EXECUTES ETHIOPIAN CHRISTIANS IN CYRENAICA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its recent military activity in Benghazi. In this set of photos, the Islamic State shows its use of GRAD missiles against the Libyan National Army.lxxix

PHOTO 85 - IS INDISCRIMINATELY SHELLS BENGHAZI

Derna – On 19 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of a rally held Derna.lxxx

PHOTO 86 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA IN DERNA HOLDS RALLY 57

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 12 April 2015 Benghazi - On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video showcasing the use of a wire-guided missile against the Libyan National Army. According to the uploaders of the video, Byan Media, the operation was carried out from the University of Benghazi.lxxxi

PHOTO 87 - AAS EMPLOYS WIRE-GUIDED MISSILE

Unspecified – On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a statement that put bounties on several Libyan Army leaders. According to the statement, Ansar al-Sharia is willing to pay between 25,000 and 100,000LYD for the murder of Wanis Bukhamada, Mohammed Hijazi, Faraj Barasi, Saqir Jeroushi, and Khalifa Haftar.lxxxii

PHOTO 88 - AAS TARGETS MILITARY LEADERS 58

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 13 April 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR) released a video interview with Mohammed Drissi. In the video, Drissi denies rumors of his death. In 2014, Drissi was released from a Jordanian prison in exchange for then-kidnapped Ambasassador Fawaz Al-Etan.lxxxiii

PHOTO 89 - MOHAMMED DRISSI PROMOTES SHURA COUNCIL

Tripoli – On 13 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the VBIED attack on the Morrocan embassy and the drive-by shooting at the South Korean embassy.lxxxiv

PHOTO 90 - IS CLAIMS ATTACK ON SOUTH KOREA 'S E MBASSY

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 5 April 2015 Sirte – On 9 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its military activities in and around Sirte.lxxxv

PHOTO 91 - IS MILITANTS CONVENE IN SIRTE

Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the destruction of CDs that contained haram material.lxxxvi The photos were most likely taken in Derna.

PHOTO 92 - IS BURNS CDS AND OTHER HARAM ITEMS 60

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a member threatens Tunisia. In the video, the IS militant stated that once their work is done in Libya, the Islamic State would then move to Tunisia and free their brothers and sisters from jail.lxxxvii The end of the video shows heretofore unreleased footage of the VBIED attack on the Iranian embassy.

PHOTO 93 - IS MILITANT THREATENS TUNISIA

Derna - On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a youth recruitment rally in Derna.lxxxviii

PHOTO 94 - IS MILITANT RECRUITS CHILD IN DERNA 61

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 7 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia released photos showing a convoy of fuel trucks allegedly delivering fuel to citizens in Derna. The group claims that they were able to bypass the blockade put into place by the Libyan Army.lxxxix

PHOTO 95 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA SUPPLIES F UEL TO DERNA

Benghazi - On 6 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi posted photos of its troops engaged in battle against the Libyan National Army. The photos highlight Ansar al-Sharia's use of snipers, heavy artillery, and mobile anti-aircraft.xc

PHOTO 96 - AAS MILITANT TARGETS LIBYAN ARMY 62

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 6 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos showing their most recent military operations near Airport Road in Benghazi.xci

PHOTO 97 - IS MILITARY ACTIVITY IN BENGHAZI

Tripoli – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi. The attack was carried out by an Egyptian man named Abu Musaab Al-Muhajir.xcii

PHOTO 98 - EGYPTIAN CARRIES OUT VBIED A TTACK IN BENGHAZI

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed reasonability for the VBIED attack on the Sdada Checkpoint in Misrata.xciii According to reports from social media, a Sudanese man named Abu Dujana Al-Sudani carried out the attack with a truck laden with four tons of explosives.xciv

PHOTO 99 - SUDANESE IS MILITANT IN LIBYA

Sirte – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of a vegetable market in Sirte.xcv

PHOTO 100 - IS VEGETABLE MARKET IN SIRTE

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 29 March 2015 Benghazi – On 4 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a raid on a Christian church. The set of photos show the collection and destruction of instruments and books.xcvi In February 2015, the Islamic State in Derna carried out similar activities.

PHOTO 101 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA DESTROYS CHURCH 'S INSTRUMENTS

Derna – On 3 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a statement calling Derna’s Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade an infidel and apostate.xcvii The Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade – led by former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) member Salem Derby – also seeks to implement Sharia in Derna.

Unspecified – On 30 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The set of photos shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos are most likely from Sirte or Sabratha.xcviii

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 102 - IS DESTROYS MUNKARAT (PROHIBITED ITEMS)

Unspecified – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Libya eulogized Ansar al-Sharia’s Mohammed “Buka” Oraibi. The eulogy also chastised the “Libya Dawn Government” for holding a funeral for Oraibi. According to the Islamic State, Oraibi did not die fighting for democracy, but rather for the implementation of Sharia.xcix

PHOTO 103 - IS EULOGIZES MOHAMMED ORAIBI

Derna – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an IED attack on Derna’s Higher Careers Institute, killing three people. The attack is said to have been carried out because the institute was not abiding by the strict gender segregation policies implemented by the Islamic State.c

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 22 March 2015 Benghazi – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a photo showing the dismembered remains of Bashir Mustafa Agha, a retired member of the military.ci The photo was most likely taken in the Laithi district of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia and IS stronghold.

PHOTO 104 - IS DISMEMBERS EX-MILITARY MEMBER

Unspecified – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in eastern Libya. The set of photos shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos are most likely from Derna.cii

PHOTO 105 - IS COLLECTS AND BURNS PROHIBITED ITEMS 67

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on an Operation Sunrise checkpoint near the steam power station in Sirte. The attack left five dead.ciii

Benghazi – On 24 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica claimed responsibility for one of the two VBIED attacks carried out in Benghazi. According to the Associated Press, 12 people were killed in the attack.civ Photos from social media show that the Islamic State used a drone equipped with a camera to capture the aftermath of their attack – a first for the group.cv The attack was carried out by a Tunisian man named Abu Yaqeen al-Tunisi.

Reports from social media and the Libya Herald claim that the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR) carried out a separate attack in the Masakel neighborhood. Twitter accounts tied to both the SCBR and the Islamic State claim that the attacks were carried out as revenge for the death of SCBR commander Mohammed Oraibi.

PHOTO 106 - IS EMPLOYS DRONE FOR PROPAGANDA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Misrata – On 22 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a remote VBIED attack in the Zarouk area of Misrata. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State targeted the barracks of a Misratan militia.cvi

PHOTO 107 - IS VBIED ATTACK IN MISRATA

Week of 15 March 2015 Benghazi – On 19 March 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos showing a graduating class from one of its training camps. According to the Long War Journal, the photographs are captioned thus: “This is the latest class of the protectors of the Shariah and the opposers of injustice graduating from the mujahideen training camps to join their brothers in the battlefronts in order to complete the journey of jihad.”cvii

PHOTO 108 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA GRADUATES 69

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified - On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released video and text that threatened Misratan politicians, Misratan militias, and the current UNSMIL dialogues taking place in Morocco.cviii According to Al Wasat, an Islamic State leader by the name of Abu Mohammed Ferjani threatened to turn Misrata into a city like Mosul or Fallujah.cix

PHOTO 109 - THE ISLAMIC STATE THREATENS UNSMIL

An Nawfaliyah – On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a surprise attack on members of Battalion 166. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State first distracted sleeping soldiers, then murdered them with suppressed weapons.cx The Associated Press reports that 10 members of the 166 Brigade were killed.cxi

Sirte – On 17 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released 20 foreign medical workers they had kidnapped one day prior in Sirte. According to Reuters, IS militants told the medical staff that they would remain safe as long as they treated any wounded fighters.cxii

Derna – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent hisba activities in Derna.cxiii IS militants were photographed collecting and destroying water pipes.

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 110 - IS MILITANTS DESTROY WATER PIPES IN DERNA

Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video showing the destruction of Sufi tombs in Sirte.cxiv According to reports from social media, the man who appears in the first half of the video is named Hussein Al-Karamy.cxv Prior to his appearances in Sirte, Al-Karamy was photographed in Derna.cxvi

PHOTO 111 - IS MILITANTS DESTROY SUFI TOMBS

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released images armed vehicles that were destroyed in the armed clashes against Battalion 166 in and around Sirte.cxvii

PHOTO 112 - BATTALION 166 VEHICLE DESTROYED BY THE IS

Sirte – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing its troops patrolling the streets of Sirte.cxviii

PHOTO 113 - IS CHECKPOINT IN SIRTE

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte/Harawa – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania eulogized the recently deceased Ahmed Al-Rwaisy.cxix Known also as Abu Zakaria al-Tunisi, Al-Rwaisy was killed during clashes between the Islamic State and Battalion 166. According to the New York Times, Al-Rwaisy was the mastermind behind the assassination of Tunisian politicians Chokri Belaid and Mohamed Brahmi.cxx Prior to joining the Islamic State, Al-Rwaisy helped lead Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia.

PHOTO 114 - ABU ZAKARIA AL-TUNISI EULOGIZED BY IS

Misrata – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out VBIED attacks on the barracks of Battalion 166 and an unknown target in the Qasr Ahmed neighborhood of Misrata.cxxi According to reports from social media, the VBIED attack on Battalion 166’s barracks was carried out remotely.cxxii

Tripoli – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on a security headquarters in the Janzour district of Tripoli. According to Reuters, five policemen were injured and another was killed.cxxiii

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 115 - IS VBIED IN TRIPOLI CRITICALLY INJURES POLICEMEN

Week of 8 March 2015 Sirte/Harawa – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania engaged in armed clashes with pro-GNC Battalion 166 – a contributor to Operation Sunrise. Battles took place outside of Sirte in the western area known as Daheera and the eastern city of Harawa. According to Reuters, 17 Islamic State fighters were killed, while others were taken back to Misrata for questioning.cxxiv

Ras Al-Hilal – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of militants operating in the vicinity of Ras Al-Hilal, Libya.cxxv In the past, extremist militias like Ansar al-Sharia used Ras Al-Hilal as a staging ground for their GRAD missile attacks against Labraq International Airport.

PHOTO 116 - IS MILITANTS OPERATING IN RAS AL-HILAL 74

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos titled, "Missionary Tour in Derna." The photos show citizens of Derna carrying out every-day activities under the protection of the Islamic State.cxxvi

PHOTO 117 - IS ACTIVITIES IN D ERNA

Unspecified – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a man speaking Tebu calls for more Toubou tribesmen to join.cxxvii This was the first time the Islamic State in Libya released a video in the Tebu language.

PHOTO 118 - IS MILITANT CALLS FOR MORE TOUBOU TO JOIN

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on the Dahmani Police Station in the Zawiyat Dahmani neighborhood.cxxviii

PHOTO 119 - IS CARRIES OUT VBIED ATTACK IN TRIPOLI

Benghazi – On 11 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting their military activities throughout Benghazi. IS militants are photographed using 81mm mortars, 120mm mortars, and a 155mm howitzer. cxxix

PHOTO 120 - IS MILITANTS U SE 155MM HOWITZERS

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 1 March 2015 Ghani Oilfield – On 6 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an attack on the Ghani Oilfield in central Libya, killing 11 guards and kidnapping at least 10 foreigners. Reports suggest that seven guards were beheadedcxxx, while another three foreign workers remain unaccounted for.cxxxi

Derna – On 5 March 2015, The Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video a member of the Shahhat Security Directorate and a Colonel in the Al Jaweifi Brigade were executed at pointblank.cxxxii While the video does feature the Islamic State’s black standard and a “nasheed”, it does not contain extensive post-production work like many other IS videos.

PHOTO 121 - IS EXECUTES TWO LIBYAN A RMY MEMBERS

Benghazi – On 5 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing their recent activity in Benghazi. The video begins with an Egyptian man calling for youth around the world to join the jihad in Libya. The video ends with Islamic State militants carrying out drive-by shootings on civilians whom they call “sahawat”, or supporters of the Libyan Army.cxxxiii

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 122 - IS CARRIES OUT DRIVE-BY SHOOTING IN BENGHAZI

Derna – On 3 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing residents of Derna pledging allegiance to the Islamic State. The outdoor event appears to have gathered hundreds of attendants.cxxxiv

PHOTO 123 - IS EVENT IN DERNA GATHERS HUNDREDS OF ATTENDANTS

Mabruk Oilfield – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out coordinated attacks on the Mabruk, Bahi, and Dahra oilfields in central Libya.cxxxv Islamic State militants shelled the oilfields, engaged in armed clashes, and subsequently captured at least two of the three oilfields.cxxxvi

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

The Islamic State also carried out an attack on the Mabruk Oilfield on in early February 2015, which left at least 12 dead.

Benghazi – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi.cxxxvii The attack was carried out by a foreign fighter – most likely a man from Tunisia.

PHOTO 124 - TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTER CARRIES OUT SUICIDE BOMBING IN BENGHAZI

Week of 22 February 2015 Benghazi – On 28 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video calling for foreign fighters to come to Libya.cxxxviii The video was recorded in the Leithi neighborhood of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia stronghold. The promotional video concludes with a drive-by assassination. According to reports from social media, the man assassinated is Saiqa Special Forces member Ibrahim Mitri.cxxxix

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 125 - IS MILITANTS CALL FOR FOREIGN F IGHTERS IN BENGHAZI

Unspecified – On 27 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video named, “A Message to the Brothers in Tawheed.” In the video, a non-Libyan man calls for foreign fighters to come to Libya and fight against General Khalifa Haftar.cxl

PHOTO 126 - IS MILITANT CALLS FOR FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN TRIPOLITANIA

Unspecified – On 24 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a promotional video of the two foreigners involved in the attack on the Corinthia Hotel in

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli.cxli According to SITE Intel Group, the video is titled, “Convoys of the MartyrdomSeekers” and is the first of more to come.cxlii

PHOTO 127 - IS FOREIGN FIGHTER DELIVERS SPEECH PRIOR TO CORINTHIA ATTACK

Benghazi – On 23 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos displaying their recent military action throughout Benghazi.cxliii

PHOTO 128 - A M EMBER OF THE ISLAMIC STATE ENGAGES IN BATTLE

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 22 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the double-IED attack on the Iranian Embassy in the Ben Ashour neighborhood of Tripoli.cxliv

Week of 15 February 2015 Unspecified – On 21 February 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video message that threatened politicians and businessmen from Misrata.

PHOTO 129 - IS THREATENS MISRATAN POLITICIANS

Al-Qubbah – On 20 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out at least two simultaneous VBIED attacks in the eastern city of Al-Qubbah. In their official statement, the Islamc State called the VBIED attacks revenge for the recent Egyptian airstrikes carried out in the eastern city of Derna.cxlv The attacks targeted the local Security Directorate building, the house of Speaker of the House Agila Saleh Issa, and a nearby fuel station. At least 45 people were killed as a result. According to The National, the attacks were carried out Bitar Al Libi and Abu Abdullah Al Jazrawi.cxlvi

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 130 - BITAR AL LIBI AND ABU ABDULLAH AL JAZRAWI

Unspecified – On 19 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing the distribution of medical aide somewhere in eastern Libya.cxlvii

Derna – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out Hisba (accountability) activities by burning instruments in Derna.cxlviii

PHOTO 131 - IS CARRYING OUT BURNING INSTRUMENTS IN DERNA

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing off a parade they held in the city of Sirte.cxlix A video later appeared on YouTube in which at least 25 IS trucks can be seen.cl

Unspecified – On 17 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their recent activities in eastern Libya. This most recent release shows boxes of cigarettes being destroyed by men wearing black masks and driving what appear to be newly acquired police vehicles.cli

Sirte – On 15 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video confirming the beheadings of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians.clii The video was released by the Islamic State’s Al-Hayat media division.cliii According to the Washington Post: “In the video, Islamic State fighters marched the Egyptians onto a stretch of coastline before forcing them to kneel and severing their heads. The brutal murders were portrayed as retaliation against what a masked fighter described as “the hostile Egyptian church.”cliv Later reporting indicates that a large portion of ISIS members in Sirte are from Misrata.clv

PHOTO 132 - IS IN TRIPOLITANIA BEHEADS EGYPTIANS

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 8 February 2015 Sarir Oilfield – On 14 February 2015, El Sarir oilfield in southern Libya was attacked by unnamed perpetrators. The Sarir oilfield provides crude oil to the Hariga port in Tobruk, Libya.clvi Although unconfirmed, a Twitter account linked to IS in Libya posted pictures of a vehicle approaching an oilfield in Libya.clvii

Benghazi – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos that appear to confirm their involvement in the VBIED attack on 6 February 2015.clviii

PHOTO 133 - COLLAGE GLORIFYING AN IS SUICIDE BOMBER IN BENGHAZI

Derna – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their most recent floggings carried out in Derna. In this instance, at least seven youths were publically flogged for consuming alcohol.clix

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 134 - YOUTH P UBLICALLY FLOGGED IN DERNA

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos in which they claim to have received the repentance of 42 employees of the Ministry of Interior in Sirte.clx

PHOTO 135 - IS FORCES MAN TO OFFICIALLY REPENT

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, in addition to capturing a number of radio stations, the Islamic State in Tripolitania seized the Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte. According to the Libya Herald, “A military convoy carrying IS flags reportedly surrounded the hospital this morning 86

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

and ordered Misrata-based Central Libya Shield which has been providing security there to leave.”clxi

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, gunmen claiming to be members of the Islamic State jihadist group have seized control of a state-run radio station in Libya's coastal city of Sirte, residents said on Friday.clxii Jihadist websites also posted pictures showing armed men sitting in front of microphones in a broadcasting studio and brandishing Kalashnikov assault rifles.clxiii

PHOTO 136 - IS TAKES OVER RADIO STATION IN SIRTE

Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced: “This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders, almost five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge for Kamilia Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered by the Coptic Church of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī (rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh), both of whom played a crucial role – through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale of the Islamic State mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah alMuhājir (rahimahumallāh).”clxiv

Benghazi – On 11 February 2015, the hospital of Benghazi received, “40 human heads with no bodies” after a training camp in the Buatni Neighborhood was recaptured by the Libyan

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

National Army. The training camp was previously occupied by the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries.clxv

Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.clxvi

An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.clxvii Initials reports suggest that there were clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.clxviii

Week of 1 February 2015 Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for the Islamic State in Libya.clxix According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the Egyptian border.clxx

Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.clxxi clxxii

Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.clxxiii The Mabruk Oilfield is operated by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.clxxiv

Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French. France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.clxxv Twelve people will killed overall.

Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah. The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and Libyan National Army Forces.clxxvi 88

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Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state. Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.clxxvii

Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in Libya tweeted: [W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia, #Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad!clxxviii

Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.clxxix According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade.clxxx Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia Hotel.clxxxi

PHOTO 137 - PHOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – According to reports from social media, the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”clxxxii

Week of 25 January 2015 Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.clxxxiii Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi. This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall dilapidated.clxxxiv Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State. According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian converts.clxxxv

PHOTO 138 - CONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion. Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel 90

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.clxxxvi According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware of possible threats for several days.clxxxvii A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic State in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas alLibi.clxxxviii The user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90% empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and subsequent attack. Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who participated in the attack on the hotel.clxxxix The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead. Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi. IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.cxc

Week of 18 January 2015 Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in what they allege to be Benghazi.cxci

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 139 - IS PASSES OUT SWEETS TO CHILDREN Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.cxcii Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.cxciii Benghazi â&#x20AC;&#x201C; On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent military activity in Benghazi.cxciv Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic State to travel to Libya.cxcv

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 140 - IS DIVISION OF LIBYA – TARABULUS , FEZZAN , AND BARQA

Week of 11 January 2015 Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in Tripoli, injuring two security personnel. According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.cxcvi Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing members distributing clothing and financial aid.cxcvii Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of 21 Christians.cxcviii According to The Telegraph: “On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week earlier.”cxcix

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 141 - PHOTOS OF THE KIDNAPPED EGYPTIANS Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely taken in Sabratha.cc

Week of 4 January 2015 Unspecified - On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly showing the execution of two Tunisian journalists.cci

PHOTO 142 - TUNISIANS ALLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN LIBYA Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.ccii Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.cciii

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 143 - "APOSTATE " EXECUTED BY THE IS

Week of 28 December 2014 Benghazi – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi. This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the bulldozing.cciv Sokhna – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilityccv for an attack on a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.ccvi According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.ccvii

PHOTO 144 - IS IN FEZZAN ATTACKS SOKHNA 95

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside the headquarters of the House of Representatives.ccviii At the time the House of Representatives met in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General Chief of Staff, Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a suicide attack as initially suggested.ccix The most current reports state that a total of 19 people were injured as a result of the explosion.ccx

Week of 21 December 2014 Tripoli – According to multiple sources, a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli on the morning of 27 December. ccxiThe Diplomatic Security Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.ccxii The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence. "The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE said.ccxiii Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.ccxiv

Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange for captured Jordanian diplomats.ccxv

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 145 - A LIBYAN ARMY MEMBER B URNED BY ISIS

Week of 14 December 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were reported.ccxvi On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.ccxvii Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage to the building while injuring no one.ccxviii

Week of 7 December 2014 Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.ccxix

Week of 30 November 2014 Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.ccxx The security directorate is located near the Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.ccxxi Initial reports suggest that three to seven people were wounded.ccxxii Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white Hyundai.ccxxiii 97

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Week of 23 November 2014 Unspecified - The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine “Dabiq,” focusing on the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantile discussing the recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he would do as American President. In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria. It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi was ideal for jihad.”ccxxiv Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, released photos of its recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with Islamic Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young men in Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria. The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in Derna.ccxxv

Week of 16 November 2014 Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi. The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.ccxxvi Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were Egyptian, and two were Libyans.ccxxvii

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Expansion in Libya

The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED attacks on 12 November 2014ccxxviii, men pledging allegiance to the ISccxxix, and photos of a convoy in Derna.ccxxx

PHOTO 146 - IS CONVOY NEAR D ERNA Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and Egyptian embassies.ccxxxi The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic State.ccxxxii ccxxxiii

Week of 9 November 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani neighborhoods of Tripoli.ccxxxiv No casualties have been reported, though photosccxxxv show significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.ccxxxvi Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.ccxxxvii Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the 99

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town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.ccxxxviii The car from which the bomb was thrown then drove away at speed.ccxxxix Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently dismantled by the Libyan National Army.ccxl

Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.ccxli Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have been confirmed killed.ccxlii Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter users reported the detonation of a car bomb outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in the Al Majuri neighborhood in central Benghazi. Eye witnesses report that a vehicle loaded with explosives was parked on the street outside the café. Reports indicate that there were no casualties as a result of the bombing, however the café and surrounding shops were

PHOTO 147 - VBIED IN BENGHAZI

destroyed. No indication if the café was the intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned due to continued fighting.ccxliii At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida neighborhood of Benghazi.ccxliv Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing on to a crowded intersection.ccxlv At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack, however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.ccxlvi 100

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Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been taken for medical treatment.ccxlvii Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna, eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media, had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish, Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.ccxlviii Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.ccxlix Benghazi – On 11 November 2014, a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was captured, forced to appear on videoccl, and then beheaded.ccli According to Al Wasat, the group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.cclii

PHOTO 148 - SOLDIER BEHEADED IN BENGHAZI Shahat – On 9 November 2014, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of Shahat in eastern Libya near the building where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah alThinni held talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. ccliii Eye witnesses claimed the perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them remotely. Though there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were reported. The intended target was the Security Directorate Building.ccliv Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.cclv

Week of 2 November 2014 Sirte – On 4 November 2014, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of lectures given by Turki al-Bin’ali.cclvi 101

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.cclvii

PHOTO 149 - TURKI AL -BIN'ALI DELIVERS LECTURE

Week of 19 October 2014 Derna – After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)cclviii launched an 'Islamic Court'.cclix The group announced that its leader is a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey.cclx According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawey moved to Derna in mid-September with a number of senior ISIS members.cclxi

PHOTO 150 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC COURT IN DERNA 102

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 5 October 2014 Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one and injuring two others.cclxii

Week of 7 September 2014 Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.cclxiii

Week of 17 August 2014 Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. cclxivAn amateur video published on social media sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an armed group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.cclxv

PHOTO 151 - PUBLIC E XECUTION IN DERNA

Week of 20 July 2014 Benghazi – On 21 July 2014, a militia in Benghazi beheaded a Filipino construction worker, allegedly for being a non-Muslim. The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. It is also the first reported beheading in the country since 2011. The construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the Gwarsha district of Benghazi.

103

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A department spokesperson told media that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $160,000. cclxvi

Week of 15 June 2014 Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.cclxvii

Week of 16 March 2014 Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed eight soldiers and wounded another 12.cclxviii

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Main Hubs of ISIS Activity

MAP 6 - LOCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO E AST : SABRATHA , TRIPOLI , SUKNAH , SIRTE, AN NAWFALIYAH , BENGHAZI , DERNA .

105

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Highlighted IS Activity

PHOTO 152 - THE BEHEADING OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BY IS

PHOTO 153 - THE CORPSE OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BURNED BY IS 106

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 154 - PHOTOS RELEASED BY IS AFTER A VBIED EXPLOSION OUTSIDE THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE

PHOTO 155 - THE DESTRUCTION OF TOMBS BY IS

107

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PHOTO 156 - THE DESTRUCTION OF A STATUE IN DERNA BY IS

PHOTO 157 - COMMANDERS OF IS AFFILIATES IN BENGHAZI. FROM RIGHT TO LEFT - MOHAMMED AL-ZAHAWI (ANSAR AL-SHARIA), WISSAM BIN HUMAID (LIBYA SHIELD ONE), AND JALAL MAKHZOUM (RAFALLAH ALSAHATI BRIGADE)

108

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PHOTO 158 - IS AFFILIATES FIGHTING THE LIBYAN NATIONAL ARMY IN AIN MARAH

PHOTO 159 - IS FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI

109

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 160 - IS FIGHTERS IN AIN MARAH

PHOTO 161 - AN IS FIGHTER PLANTING A FLAG OVER IS CONTROLLED TERRITORY IN BENGHAZI

110

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PHOTO 162 - A BANNER IN BENGHAZI DECLARING IS'S OBJECTIVE TO ESTABLISH SHARIA LAW ACROSS LIBYA

PHOTO 163 - A CONVOY OF NEW IS HISBA (MORALITY POLICE) VEHICLES IN BENGHAZI 111

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 164 - A CONVOY OF IS FIGHTERS AND VEHICLES IN DERNA

PHOTO 165 - A RALLY AMONG FIGHTERS AND RESIDENTS IN DERNA

112

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PHOTO 166 - AN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE

PHOTO 167 - A RALLY OF YOUNG MEN PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE

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PHOTO 168 - AN IS FIGHTER ENTICING A CHILD IN DERNA

PHOTO 169 - A CHILD IN DERNA SHOWING SUPPORT FOR IS

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‫ 'معسكر تدريبي لجنود الخالفة في مدينة بنغازي‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 28 2015. http://nasheer.me/barqa5/.

Twitter,. 2015. 'Adem_3 On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/adimtu1/status/603495246043951104. ii

Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://dump.to/brqaribat. iii

‫ 'اإلغارة على تمركز لجند الطاغوت في محور‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 28 2015. http://nasheer.me/egara/.

Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://dump.to/bVv. v

Twitter,. 2015. '‫ ابو طلحة الشامي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/19taalha/status/603315554796105728. vi

Dump.to,. 2015. '♦ ‫الرحمن الر‬ َّ ‫�بسم هللا‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://dump.to/bTn. vii

Twitter,. 2015. '11 ‫ الرادار النيجيري‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/joejim2424/status/602965098408194048. viii

Twitter,. 2015. '‫ ابو استشهادي‬On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/___AK47IS/status/602967619277225985. ix

‫ 'افتتاح نقطة إعالمية في مدينة درنة‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 28 2015. http://nasheer.me/noqta/.

https://twitter.com/Islam_News222/status/602718120164335616

Twitter,. 2015. 'Michael Horowitz On Twitter'. Accessed May 28 2015. https://twitter.com/michaelh992/status/602059024956137473. xii

Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 24 2015. https://dump.to/bPO. xiii

Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‘ #‫�مؤسسة_أجناد لإلنتا‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 24 2015. https://dump.to/bQN. xiv

Ibid.

xvi

Ibid.

Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed May 24 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/601994878436925440. xvii

xviii xix

‫ 'رباط جنود الخالفة في مدينة سرت‬.2015 .,‫'ناشر‬. Accessed May 24 2015. http://nasheer.me/rebat1/.

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Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ في طور النهوض باألمة والرق‬:‫تــقــريــر مصــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 20 2015. http://justpaste.it/l89q. xxiv

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Dump.to,. 2015. ' ‫�والية برقة فرحة الم‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed May 20 2015. https://dump.to/bLA. xxvi

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Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ عمال بقوله صلى الل‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 17 2015. http://justpaste.it/l5bz. xxxiii

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YouTube,. 2015. '‫ صيادوا المدرعات يدمرون دبابة لجند الطاغوت حفتر في محور بعيرة‬: ‫'مؤسسة الراية‬. Accessed May 17 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1B-_lWOgyMc&feature=youtu.be. xxxvi

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xli

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YouTube,. 2015. '#‫'برومو أسود الصابري الشعب كله كان في الجبهه‬. Accessed May 12 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duln40jOp5c. xliv

Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫ من أرشيف أنصار الشريعة‬: ‫ الفيدو المؤثر‬- ‫'إنسحاب تكتيكي‬. Accessed May 10 2015. https://www.facebook.com/5insehab.taktiki/videos/1673290059565422/. xlv

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Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ صحيفة أسبوعية ت‬، ‫ هذه أمتكم أمة واحدة هذه أمتكم‬: ‫صحيفة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 10 2015. http://justpaste.it/htheh10. xlviii

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Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المكتب اإلعالمي لوالية برقة يقدم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed May 6 2015. http://justpaste.it/anfaq1. lv

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Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ تحقيقا للمقاصد التي‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/kudw. lxii

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Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://dump.to/gam3. lxx

Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 23 2015. https://dump.to/wosool. lxxi

Twitter,. 2015. '8 ‫ تارا الحمداني‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 30 2015. https://twitter.com/19tara___/status/591194942401343488. lxxii

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Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫ " كنتم خَي َر أ‬:‫انطالقا من قوله تعالى‬: ‫درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 19 2015. https://justpaste.it/ans7d. lxxx

Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫ مؤسسة بيان لإلنتاج اإلعالمي‬- ‫ صاعقة‬21 ‫'تدمير عربة لكتيبة‬. Accessed April 15 2015. lxxxi

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Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/moltaqa3. lxxxviii

Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/585464559160397825 lxxxix

Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور ربَـاط المجاهـدين بمحـور بنيـ‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://justpaste.it/kcts. xc

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/malahem2. xci

َ ‫ أَبـــو خَـ‬on Twitter ‫طـــاب‬ َ ‫ أَبـــو خَـ‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. Twitter,. 2015. '‫طـــاب‬ https://twitter.com/k8h5a2t6a2b/status/584676842814091264 xcii

Twitter,. 2015. '6 ‫ عق ٌل ادرك الصواب‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/66kkq/status/584959234942599168 xciii

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‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى { كنتم‬... - justpaste.it Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى { كنتم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/kbz0. xcvixcvi

[ ‫ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously! Dump.to,. 2015. '[ ‫ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/aQd. xcvii

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xcix

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Greg Botelho and Ayman Kekly, CNN. 2015. 'Official: ISIS Attacks Libyan Hospital, Kidnaps -Then Frees -- 20 Foreigners - CNN.Com'. CNN. Accessed March 19 2015. http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/17/world/isis-libya-kidnapped-medical-workers/index.html. cxii

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cxxxviii

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clxx

‫مئات األجانب والعرب بصفوف "داعش" في ليبيا‬

123

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