Terrorism in Libya - 30 April 2015

30 April 2015

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Foreword Terrorism and ISIS in particular is an existential threat not only to Libya but to the global community. The murder of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in Sirte, Libya, the burning alive of a Jordanian pilot in Syria, and the recent attacks in France and Copenhagen are only a small portion of the heinous crimes committed by these criminals in the name of Islam.

The document you have in your hands lists the atrocities committed on a daily basis in Libya.

If these criminals are not dealt with, they will continue to murder, kidnap, extort, and enslave innocent people with ever greater impunity.

LIAS will distribute these updates on a regular basis so that these crimes are widely reported and these criminals exposed for what they really are.

Dr. Aref Ali Nayed Chairman, Libyan Institute for Advanced Studies

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Table of Contents Glossary of Actors ........................................................................................................................ 4 Organizations ........................................................................................................................... 4 Individuals................................................................................................................................ 4 Locations .................................................................................................................................. 4 Map of Libya and Provinces ........................................................................................................ 5 Map of Libyan Population Density ............................................................................................. 6 Definition of Categorized Events ................................................................................................ 7 Violence in Libya.......................................................................................................................... 8 Libyan Body Count ...................................................................................................................... 9 Islamic State Events over Time ................................................................................................... 9 ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya............................................... 10 Overview ................................................................................................................................. 10 Situation ................................................................................................................................. 10 Expansion ................................................................................................................................ 11 Strategy .................................................................................................................................... 12 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 13 Terrorist Events in Libya ............................................................................................................ 15 Week of 26 April 2015 ............................................................................................................. 15 Week of 19 April 2015 .............................................................................................................18 Week of 12 April 2015 ............................................................................................................ 25 Week of 5 April 2015 .............................................................................................................. 27 Week of 29 March 2015 ......................................................................................................... 32 Week of 22 March 2015 ......................................................................................................... 34 Week of 15 March 2015 .......................................................................................................... 37 Week of 8 March 2015 ............................................................................................................ 41 Week of 1 March 2015 ............................................................................................................ 44 Week of 22 February 2015 ..................................................................................................... 47 Week of 15 February 2015...................................................................................................... 49 Week of 8 February 2015 ....................................................................................................... 52 Week of 1 February 2015 ....................................................................................................... 55 Week of 25 January 2015 ....................................................................................................... 57 Week of 18 January 2015 ....................................................................................................... 59 Week of 11 January 2015........................................................................................................ 60 2

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Week of 4 January 2015 ..........................................................................................................61 Week of 28 December 2014 ................................................................................................... 62 Week of 21 December 2014.................................................................................................... 63 Week of 14 December 2014 ................................................................................................... 64 Week of 7 December 2014 ..................................................................................................... 64 Week of 30 November 2014 .................................................................................................. 64 Week of 23 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 65 Week of 16 November 2014 ................................................................................................... 65 Week of 9 November 2014 ..................................................................................................... 66 Week of 2 November 2014 ..................................................................................................... 68 Week of 19 October 2014 ....................................................................................................... 69 Week of 5 October 2014 ......................................................................................................... 70 Week of 7 September 2014 .................................................................................................... 70 Week of 17 August 2014 ......................................................................................................... 70 Week of 20 July 2014 .............................................................................................................. 71 Week of 15 June 2014 ............................................................................................................. 71 Week of 16 March 2014........................................................................................................... 71 Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites ................................................................................. 72 Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities .................................................................................... 73 Endnotes .................................................................................................................................... 82

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Glossary of Actors Organizations Libya Dignity – The military operation led by General Khalifa Haftar commanding the Libyan Army to rid Benghazi of Islamist militias, he is allied to the internationally recognized House of Representatives in Tobruk.

Libya Dawn – A coalition of militias based in Tripoli and Misrata, currently under the command of the now defunct General National Congress.

Libya Sunrise – A faction of Libya Dawn, they are the armed units operating in western Libya, stationed in Bin Jawad. Currently, Operation Sunrise is attempting to seize the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminals from the Libyan National Army.

Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi (AAS) aka Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries – Islamic Militia Islamic State in Cyrenaica (Barqa) - (MSSI) Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam – Islamic Militia in Derna, associated with ISIL, largest ISIL affiliate Islamic State in Tripolitania – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL Islamic State in Fezzan – Islamic Militia, associated with ISIL

Individuals Khalifa Haftar – Head of Operation Libya Dignity, allied to HoR, currently leading the Libyan Army against Islamist militias in Benghazi Wissam bin Humaid – Commander of Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (AAS) Mohammed al-Zahawi – Former Commander of Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi, killed in January 2015 Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey – Yemeni Emir of Islamic State in Derna

Locations Tripolitania (aka Tarabulus) – NW province, capital is Tripoli Cyrenaica (aka Barqa) – Eastern Province, capital is Benghazi Fezzan – Southern Province, capital Sebha Derna – Eastern port city, IS headquarters and training center Sirte – Central port city, IS in Tripolitania headquarters (Ouagadougou Conference Center) Bayda – Eastern city, Home to Al-Thinni’s cabinet and Constitutional Drafting Assembly Bin Jawad – Central city, frontline for the As Sidr and Ras Lanuf oil terminal battles Sabratha – City west of Tripoli, stronghold for IS in Tripolitania Sebha – Southwestern city, capital of Fezzan, likely the headquarters for IS in Fezzan 4

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Map of Libya and Provinces

MAP 1 - PROVINCES OF LIBYA

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Map of Libyan Population Density

MAP 2 - LIBYAN POPULATION DENSITY MAP

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Definition of Categorized Events Armed Clashes – Battles or skirmishes between two armed organizations using but not limited to light, medium, and heavy weaponry.

Beheading – The act of execution by decapitation.

Human Rights Violations – Acts committed by a group or individual that deliberately disregard moral principles or norms outlined in international laws such as the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Kidnapping – The forceful abduction and detention of an individual or group.

Murder – The act of intentionally killing another human, this includes targeted killings and assassinations.

Propaganda/Recruitment – The production of media to deliberately spread the principles or doctrines of an organization in the attempt to further that organization’s agenda.

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Violence in Libya

MAP 3 - VIOLENT DEATHS BY LOCATION

MAP 4 - IS EVENTS BY LOCATION 8

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Libyan Body Count Number of Violent Deaths by Month

Total Deaths

500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0

Jan Feb Ma Apr Ma Jun Jul Au Sep Oct No De Jan Feb Ma r y g v c r

Murder

20

1

1

7

14

7

2014 14 77

12

Kidnapping

98

81

10

1

Human Rights Violation Car Bomb

10

33

11

73

30

87

13

1

1

7

1

6

1

36 1

Beheading

79

1

Armed Clashes

99

4

91

38

2015 11 14

1 1

1

3

47

2

45 355 381 322 357 214 220 123 139 90

Islamic State Events over Time Islamic State in Libya - Events over Time 35

Number of Events

30 25 20 15 10 5 0

Jul

Sep

Propaganda/Recruitment

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

2014 4

5

1

14

2015 18

2

Murder

3

Kidnapping

1

1

Human Rights Violation

1

Beheading

2

1

2

2

4

1

3

1

Extortion

1

Car Bomb

4 1

2

Armed Clashes

1

9

14

21

1

8

3

3

1

1

5

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

ISIS Background, Situation, Expansion, and Strategy in Libya Overview The launch of Operation Dawn in July 2014 by militias based in Tripoli and Mistrata, provided the catalyst to sufficiently destabilize Libya’s already fragile political and security situation. During this time, elements of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, long present in eastern Libya, seized the opportunity to advance their own agenda. Over the past six months, IS in Libya has grown from a small group of jihadists in Derna, allegedly sent in mid-September 2014 by ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, to an increasingly dangerous force, with bases of operation within all three of historical provinces in Libya.

Situation The beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians in a video released on 15 February shows that the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has considerable influence outside areas originally declared in their “caliphate.” The video, released by ISIS’s al-Hayat Media Center, shows the execution and beheading of 21 Egyptians by militants belonging

PHOTO 1 – IS LEADER ABU SULEIMAN AL-JAHBATHY THREATENS ROME

to ISIS’s Wilayat al-Tarabulus, or Tripoli Province of the caliphate. Following the beheadings, the leader of the group declares, in clear English, that Wilayat al-Tarbabulus will be the base for ISIS’s planned advance on Rome.

In later videos, ISIS members announce their desire to use Libya as a platform for future expansion and attacks against Europe, notably Italy. An essay written by a prominent ISIS supporter outlines ISIS’s plans for Libya. The author calls Libya a “strategic gateway for the Islamic State.” The essay states that “Libya, by the permission of God, is the key to Tunisia, Sudan, Mali, Algeria, and Niger too. It is the anchor from which can be reached Africa and the Islamic Maghreb. However, for this dream to become a reality we must move quickly.”

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Finally the author states, “(Libya) has a long coastline and looks upon the southern Crusader states, which can be reached with ease by even a rudimentary boat and note that the number of ‘illegal immigration’ trips from this coast is massive, estimated to be as high as 500 people a day, as a low estimate. “According to many [of these immigrants], it is easily possible to pass through Maritime Security Checkpoints and arrive in cities. If this was even partially exploited and developed strategically, pandemonium could be wrought in the southern Europe. It is even possible that there could be a closure of shipping lines because of the targeting of Crusader ships and tankers.”

Expansion After the 2011 revolution, portions of the eastern city of Darnah, a city known for its sympathies for fundamentalist religious groups, had been under the control of Majlis Shura Shabab al-Islam (MSSI). Members of MSSI appear to have been the conduit for ISIS representatives to enter eastern Libya. Reports on social media website began showing members of MSSI implementing hisba (accountability patrols) throughout the city, in a manner mirroring patrols by ISIS members in Mosul and Raqqa. These patrols were the first tendrils of ISIS’s presence in Libya. By mid-September 2014 photos posted to social media sites showed several large ISIS parades throughout Darnah. On 3 October 2014, members of MSSI held a large rally in the center of Darnah declaring baya (allegiance) to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. It was later noted by Atlantic Council research fellow Mohamed Eljarh that a Saudi Arabian named Abu Habib Al-Jazrawi was declared emir of the newly created Wilayat Darnah. This declaration has become the first substantial foothold for ISIS outside of Iraq and Syria. ISIS representatives have used Darnah as a springboard to spread its influence throughout the other provinces of Libya.

The continued political and military chaos in Libya following the ouster of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011 has provided an ideal situation for extremist organizations such as ISIS to expand throughout Libya. In the months following MSSI’s declaration of allegiance to ISIS in October, attacks attributed to other ISIS related groups have occurred across all regions of Libya.

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

During the week of 9 November 2014, three car bombings and four beheadings were carried out by groups affiliated with ISIS in the eastern province of Barqa.

In December 2014, IS affiliates of the Tarabulus province took credit for car bombings outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli, later detonating a car bomb outside of the Embassy of Algeria. Later that month, ISIS in Sirte kidnapped a

PHOTO 2 - A MAP SHOWING THE THREE PROVINCES TO BE GOVERNED BY ISIS IN EASTERN , WESTERN , AND SOUTHERN LIBYA .

group of Egyptian Coptic Christians.

On 3 January, members of ISIS in Fezzan, Libya’s southern promise, attacked a Libyan Army checkpoint in Sokhna, killing 14 soldiers and two cooks while they were sleeping.

Since then, ISIS affiliates have increased the diversity and lethality of their attacks. ISIS members in Libya have taken credit for the attack on the Corinthia hotel in Tripoli, the beheading of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians, and the coordinated car bombing of three locations in Qubbah. ISIS in Libya has repeatedly demonstrated a willingness to target both civilians and government officials.

Strategy Aaron Zelin, Richard Barrow Fellow for the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, recently stated that ISIS in Libya seems to be attempting to follow the same tactics it so effectively employed in Iraq and Syria last June. Unlike its predecessor al-Qaeda, ISIS has effectively used media sharing websites such as JustPasteIt, Manbar, and Twitter to continually update its supporters and potential recruits that it is active in the areas under its control. These press releases not only show the results of attacks by ISIS affiliates throughout Libya, but also show the same organizations proselytizing (dawah) children and the poor. Like in Iraq and Syria, the considerably well produced media publications have been used as a powerful tool to build both community support for the group and attract foreign recruits.

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

In regards to recruitment, ISIS has recently launched a large campaign to funnel fighters from other extremist groups within Libya. Again, this follows a similar tactic employed by ISIS in Syria, attracting fighters from similar organizations such as Jahbat alNusra and recruiting them to fight for the Islamic State. The Islamic

PHOTO 3 - A PHOTO FROM AN ISIS PUBLICATION URGING A NSAR AL -S HARIA MEMBERS TO PLEDGE BAYA TO ABU B AKR AL -B AGHDADI . T HE MEN ARE SHOWN WEARING THE LOGO OF A NSAR AL -S HARIA IN B ENGHAZI .

State in Libya’s largest target has been Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi. ISIS has released a series of statements urging the seasoned fighters of Ansar al-Sharia to join ISIS’s ranks. This campaign seems to have started following the announcement of the death of Ansar alSharia’s leader, Mohammed al-Zahawi. A video released on 27 February 2015 shows an ISIS fighter calling for supporters to travel to Libya and fight.

Other analysts note that ISIS is using Libya as a regional command center and a launching point for further expansion. Large stockpiles of Gaddafi-era weapons can be found throughout Libya. In addition, porous borders allow ISIS to easily smuggle fighters from neighboring countries. On 25 February, Libya’s Tripoli based government abolished entry visas for Algerian and Moroccan nationals. Over 2,000 Moroccans and Algerians are thought to be currently fighting with ISIS. Finally, ISIS attacks on Libyan oil facilities may suggest their desire to control portions of Libya’s lucrative oil resources. It is estimated that ISIS in Iraq and Syria generated up to $2 million per day from illegal oil exports. A similar strategy in Libya would provide substantial funding

Conclusions As noted in the 5th edition of ISIS’s online magazine Dabiq, its largest foreign base of support is Libya. The drastic increase in bombings, kidnappings, and beheadings throughout Libya by organizations allied to ISIS seems to have proven these claims true. ISIS in Libya has been able to take advantage of the nation’s post-revolutionary political turmoil to establish a base of support, though to a lesser degree, using the same tactics as in Iraq and Syria. Like in Iraq and Syria, ISIS in Libya has been able to recruit foreign fighters to join its ranks, as seen at the Corinthia Hotel. Given heavy military setbacks in Kobane and Mosul, coupled with ISIS’s 13

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

heavy campaigning for immigration by ISIS officials, ISIS members have turned to Libya as its next area of expansion. Without international cooperation with Libya’s recognized government, ISIS will continue to flourish in Northern Africa.

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Terrorist Events in Libya Week of 26 April 2015 Benghazi – On 30 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos promoting its Fire Department. According to Ansar al-Sharia, their services were required in order to put out a fire started by the Libyan Army.i

PHOTO 4 - AAS DEPLOYS FIRE TRUCK IN BENGHAZI

Benghazi – On 29 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a member's wedding. The ceremony allegedly took place in the Guwarsha neighborhood of Benghazi.ii

PHOTO 5 - ANSAR AL-SHARIA WEDDING IN BENGHAZI 15

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting life in the city of Derna.iii

PHOTO 6 - IS PROMOTES LIFE IN DERNA

Sirte – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of their members patrolling the streets of Sirte.iv

PHOTO 7 - IS IN SIRTE PATROLS THE STREETS 16

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli/Sirte – On 28 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video highlighting a VBIED attack that was carried out in February 2015. The video, recorded outside of the Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte, calls for foreigners to join the Islamic State's ranks.

PHOTO 8 - IS MILITANT U RGES FOREIGNERS TO COME TO LIBYA

Benghazi – On 27 April 2015, the Islamic State in Benghazi released a set of photos showcasing the destruction of items considered to be haram, namely cigarettes.v

PHOTO 9 - IS BURNS CIGARETTES IN BENGHAZI 17

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 26 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi eulogized Al-Qaida in the Islamic Maghreb’s (AQIM) Abu Masoud Miloud Sdaqa.vi According to the eulogy, Sdaqa died fighting against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.vii

PHOTO 10 - AAS MOURNS AQIM' S SDAQA

Week of 19 April 2015 Benghazi – On 25 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting their military activity against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.viii

PHOTO 11 - IS MILITANT U SES RIFLE GRENADE 18

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 24 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing Friday prayers at the Rabat Mosque in Sirte. The Islamic State in Sirte's spiritual leader, Hussein Al-Karamy, makes an appearance in this release.ix

PHOTO 12 - HUSSEIN AL-KARAMY SPEAKS AT FRIDAY PRAYERS

Benghazi - On 23 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a recently graduated group of IS militants. According to the release, the men and children in the photos are a new batch of recruits for the fight against the Libyan Army in Benghazi.x

PHOTO 13 - IS MILITANTS INDOCTRINATE YOUNG BOY 19

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 23 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released propaganda stating that Operation Libya Dawn indiscriminately shelled innocent Muslims in Sirte.xi

PHOTO 14 -IS BLAMES LIBYA DAWN FOR DESTRUCTION

Tripoli – On 22 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the IED attack on the Spanish Embassy. The embassy, located in the Ben Ashour district of Tripoli, was targeted on the night of 20 April. No one was injured in the attack.xii

Sirte – On 22 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showcasing the city of Sirte.xiii

PHOTO 15 - IS PROMOTES LIFE IN THE CITY OF SIRTE 20

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 21 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the distribution of informational pamphlets throughout Derna.xiv

PHOTO 16 - IS DISTRIBUTES PROPAGANDA IN DERNA

Benghazi – On 20 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its most recent military activities in Benghazi, specifically the Sabri neighborhood. This set of photos highlights the Islamic State's use of heavy machine guns against the Libyan Army.

PHOTO 17 - IS IN BENGHAZI ENGAGES IN SABRI DISTRICT 21

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi – On 20 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of aid distribution throughout Benghazi.

PHOTO 18 - CHILDREN IN BENGHAZI RECEIVE FOOD FROM AAS

Derna – On 20 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica engaged in clashes with the Harir Al-Mansouri family. After roughly 12 hours of clashes, the Islamic State defeated the entire family and hung three of their bodies in Derna as a deterrent to others.xv

PHOTO 19 - IS HANGS DERNAWI B ROTHERS 22

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of the group publically punishing a man accused of theft. In the set of photos, IS extremists chop of the hands of a Dernawi citizen.xvi

PHOTO 20 - IS DISMEMBER CITIZEN OF DERNA

Cyrenaica/Fezzan – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video wherein two groups of Ethiopian Christians are executed. Titled Until There Came to Them Clear Evidence, the video begins with a lengthy history lesson and ends with the execution of two distinct groups of Ethiopian Christians. According to the Associated Press, the group held in Fezzan was killed via firing squad, while the group in Cyrenaica was beheaded.xvii In the first half of the video, a man called Shaykh Abu Malik Anas an-Nashwan is interviewed. An-Nashwan does not appear to have a Libyan accent.

PHOTO 21 - IS EXECUTES ETHIOPIAN CHRISTIANS IN FEZZAN 23

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 22 - IS EXECUTES ETHIOPIAN CHRISTIANS IN CYRENAICA

Benghazi – On 19 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of its recent military activity in Benghazi. In this set of photos, the Islamic State shows its use of GRAD missiles against the Libyan National Army.xviii

PHOTO 23 - IS INDISCRIMINATELY SHELLS BENGHAZI

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 19 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Derna released photos of a rally held Derna.xix

PHOTO 24 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA IN DERNA HOLDS RALLY

Week of 12 April 2015 Benghazi - On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a video showcasing the use of a wire-guided missile against the Libyan National Army. According to the uploaders of the video, Byan Media, the operation was carried out from the University of Benghazi.xx

PHOTO 25 - AAS EMPLOYS WIRE-GUIDED MISSILE 25

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 15 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a statement that put bounties on several Libyan Army leaders. According to the statement, Ansar al-Sharia is willing to pay between 25,000 and 100,000LYD for the murder of Wanis Bukhamada, Mohammed Hijazi, Faraj Barasi, Saqir Jeroushi, and Khalifa Haftar.xxi

PHOTO 26 - AAS TARGETS MILITARY LEADERS

Benghazi – On 13 April 2015, the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR) released a video interview with Mohammed Drissi. In the video, Drissi denies rumors of his death. In 2014, Drissi was released from a Jordanian prison in exchange for then-kidnapped Ambasassador Fawaz Al-Etan.xxii

PHOTO 27 - MOHAMMED DRISSI PROMOTES SHURA COUNCIL 26

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 13 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the VBIED attack on the Morrocan embassy and the drive-by shooting at the South Korean embassy.xxiii

PHOTO 28 - IS CLAIMS ATTACK ON SOUTH KOREA 'S E MBASSY

Week of 5 April 2015 Sirte – On 9 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of its military activities in and around Sirte.xxiv

PHOTO 29 - IS MILITANTS CONVENE IN SIRTE

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the destruction of CDs that contained haram material.xxv The photos were most likely taken in Derna.

PHOTO 30 - IS BURNS CDS AND OTHER HARAM ITEMS

Unspecified – On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a member threatens Tunisia. In the video, the IS militant stated that once their work is done in Libya, the Islamic State would then move to Tunisia and free their brothers and sisters from jail.xxvi The end of the video shows heretofore unreleased footage of the VBIED attack on the Iranian embassy.

PHOTO 31 - IS MILITANT THREATENS TUNISIA 28

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna - On 8 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing a youth recruitment rally in Derna.xxvii

PHOTO 32 - IS MILITANT RECRUITS CHILD IN DERNA

Derna – On 7 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia released photos showing a convoy of fuel trucks allegedly delivering fuel to citizens in Derna. The group claims that they were able to bypass the blockade put into place by the Libyan Army.xxviii

PHOTO 33 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA SUPPLIES F UEL TO DERNA 29

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Benghazi - On 6 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi posted photos of its troops engaged in battle against the Libyan National Army. The photos highlight Ansar al-Sharia's use of snipers, heavy artillery, and mobile anti-aircraft.xxix

PHOTO 34 - AAS MILITANT TARGETS LIBYAN ARMY

Benghazi – On 6 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos showing their most recent military operations near Airport Road in Benghazi.xxx

PHOTO 35 - IS MILITARY ACTIVITY IN BENGHAZI

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Tripoli – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi. The attack was carried out by an Egyptian man named Abu Musaab Al-Muhajir.xxxi

PHOTO 36 - EGYPTIAN CARRIES OUT VBIED A TTACK IN BENGHAZI

Misrata – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed reasonability for the VBIED attack on the Sdada Checkpoint in Misrata.xxxii According to reports from social media, a Sudanese man named Abu Dujana Al-Sudani carried out the attack with a truck laden with four tons of explosives.xxxiii

PHOTO 37 - SUDANESE IS MILITANT IN LIBYA 31

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sirte – On 5 April 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of a vegetable market in Sirte.xxxiv

PHOTO 38 - IS VEGETABLE MARKET IN SIRTE

Week of 29 March 2015 Benghazi – On 4 April 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released photos of a raid on a Christian church. The set of photos show the collection and destruction of instruments and books.xxxv In February 2015, the Islamic State in Derna carried out similar activities.

PHOTO 39 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA DESTROYS CHURCH 'S INSTRUMENTS

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 3 April 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a statement calling Derna’s Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade an infidel and apostate.xxxvi The Abu Salim Martyrs’ Brigade – led by former Libyan Islamic Fighting Group (LIFG) member Salem Derby – also seeks to implement Sharia in Derna.

Unspecified – On 30 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The set of photos shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos are most likely from Sirte or Sabratha.xxxvii

PHOTO 40 - IS DESTROYS MUNKARAT (PROHIBITED ITEMS)

Unspecified – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Libya eulogized Ansar al-Sharia’s Mohammed “Buka” Oraibi. The eulogy also chastised the “Libya Dawn Government” for holding a funeral for Oraibi. According to the Islamic State, Oraibi did not die fighting for democracy, but rather for the implementation of Sharia.xxxviii

PHOTO 41 - IS EULOGIZES MOHAMMED ORAIBI 33

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Derna – On 29 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an IED attack on Derna’s Higher Careers Institute, killing three people. The attack is said to have been carried out because the institute was not abiding by the strict gender segregation policies implemented by the Islamic State.xxxix

Week of 22 March 2015 Benghazi – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a photo showing the dismembered remains of Bashir Mustafa Agha, a retired member of the military.xl The photo was most likely taken in the Laithi district of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia and IS stronghold.

PHOTO 42 - IS DISMEMBERS EX-MILITARY MEMBER

Unspecified – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent hisba activities somewhere in eastern Libya. The set of photos shows IS militants collecting and burning items they believe to be associated with magic. The photos are most likely from Derna.xli

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 43 - IS COLLECTS AND BURNS PROHIBITED ITEMS

Sirte – On 25 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on an Operation Sunrise checkpoint near the steam power station in Sirte. The attack left five dead.xlii

Benghazi – On 24 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica claimed responsibility for one of the two VBIED attacks carried out in Benghazi. According to the Associated Press, 12 people were killed in the attack.xliii Photos from social media show that the Islamic State used a drone equipped with a camera to capture the aftermath of their attack – a first for the group.xliv The attack was carried out by a Tunisian man named Abu Yaqeen al-Tunisi.

Reports from social media and the Libya Herald claim that the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries (SCBR) carried out a separate attack in the Masakel neighborhood. Twitter accounts tied to both the SCBR and the Islamic State claim that the attacks were carried out as revenge for the death of SCBR commander Mohammed Oraibi.

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PHOTO 44 - IS EMPLOYS DRONE FOR PROPAGANDA

Misrata – On 22 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a remote VBIED attack in the Zarouk area of Misrata. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State targeted the barracks of a Misratan militia.xlv

PHOTO 45 - IS VBIED ATTACK IN MISRATA

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Week of 15 March 2015 Benghazi – On 19 March 2015, Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi released a set of photos showing a graduating class from one of its training camps. According to the Long War Journal, the photographs are captioned thus: “This is the latest class of the protectors of the Shariah and the opposers of injustice graduating from the mujahideen training camps to join their brothers in the battlefronts in order to complete the journey of jihad.”xlvi

PHOTO 46 - ANSAR AL -SHARIA GRADUATES

Unspecified - On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released video and text that threatened Misratan politicians, Misratan militias, and the current UNSMIL dialogues taking place in Morocco.xlvii According to Al Wasat, an Islamic State leader by the name of Abu Mohammed Ferjani threatened to turn Misrata into a city like Mosul or Fallujah.xlviii

PHOTO 47 - THE ISLAMIC STATE THREATENS UNSMIL

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An Nawfaliyah – On 18 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a surprise attack on members of Battalion 166. According to reports from social media, the Islamic State first distracted sleeping soldiers, then murdered them with suppressed weapons.xlix The Associated Press reports that 10 members of the 166 Brigade were killed.l

Sirte – On 17 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released 20 foreign medical workers they had kidnapped one day prior in Sirte. According to Reuters, IS militants told the medical staff that they would remain safe as long as they treated any wounded fighters.li

Derna – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent hisba activities in Derna.lii IS militants were photographed collecting and destroying water pipes.

PHOTO 48 - IS MILITANTS DESTROY WATER PIPES IN DERNA

Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video showing the destruction of Sufi tombs in Sirte.liii According to reports from social media, the man who appears in the first half of the video is named Hussein Al-Karamy.liv Prior to his appearances in Sirte, Al-Karamy was photographed in Derna.lv

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PHOTO 49 - IS MILITANTS DESTROY SUFI TOMBS

Sirte – On 16 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released images armed vehicles that were destroyed in the armed clashes against Battalion 166 in and around Sirte.lvi

PHOTO 50 - BATTALION 166 VEHICLE DESTROYED BY THE IS

Sirte – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing its troops patrolling the streets of Sirte.lvii

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PHOTO 51 - IS CHECKPOINT IN SIRTE

Sirte/Harawa – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania eulogized the recently deceased Ahmed Al-Rwaisy.lviii Known also as Abu Zakaria al-Tunisi, Al-Rwaisy was killed during clashes between the Islamic State and Battalion 166. According to the New York Times, Al-Rwaisy was the mastermind behind the assassination of Tunisian politicians Chokri Belaid and Mohamed Brahmi.lix Prior to joining the Islamic State, Al-Rwaisy helped lead Ansar al-Sharia in Tunisia.

PHOTO 52 - ABU ZAKARIA AL-TUNISI MEMORIALIZED BY IS 40

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Misrata – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out VBIED attacks on the barracks of Battalion 166 and an unknown target in the Qasr Ahmed neighborhood of Misrata.lx According to reports from social media, the VBIED attack on Battalion 166’s barracks was carried out remotely.lxi

Tripoli – On 15 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on a security headquarters in the Janzour district of Tripoli. According to Reuters, five policemen were injured and another was killed.lxii

PHOTO 53 - IS VBIED IN TRIPOLI CRITICALLY INJURES POLICEMEN

Week of 8 March 2015 Sirte/Harawa – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania engaged in armed clashes with pro-GNC Battalion 166 – a contributor to Operation Sunrise. Battles took place outside of Sirte in the western area known as Daheera and the eastern city of Harawa.

According to Reuters, 17 Islamic State fighters were killed, while others were taken back to Misrata for questioning.lxiii

Ras Al-Hilal – On 14 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of militants operating in the vicinity of Ras Al-Hilal, Libya.lxiv In the past, extremist militias like Ansar al41

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Sharia used Ras Al-Hilal as a staging ground for their GRAD missile attacks against Labraq International Airport.

PHOTO 54 - IS MILITANTS OPERATING IN RAS AL-HILAL

Derna – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos titled, "Missionary Tour in Derna." The photos show citizens of Derna carrying out every-day activities under the protection of the Islamic State.lxv

PHOTO 55 - IS ACTIVITIES IN D ERNA

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Unspecified – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video in which a man speaking Tebu calls for more Toubou tribesmen to join.lxvi This was the first time the Islamic State in Libya released a video in the Tebu language.

PHOTO 56 - IS MILITANT CALLS FOR MORE TOUBOU TO JOIN

Tripoli – On 12 March 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania carried out a VBIED attack on the Dahmani Police Station in the Zawiyat Dahmani neighborhood.lxvii

PHOTO 57 - IS CARRIES OUT VBIED ATTACK IN TRIPOLI

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Benghazi – On 11 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos promoting their military activities throughout Benghazi. IS militants are photographed using 81mm mortars, 120mm mortars, and a 155mm howitzer. lxviii

PHOTO 58 - IS MILITANTS U SE 155MM HOWITZERS

Week of 1 March 2015 Ghani Oilfield – On 6 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out an attack on the Ghani Oilfield in central Libya, killing 11 guards and kidnapping at least 10 foreigners.

Reports suggest that seven guards were beheadedlxix, while another three foreign workers remain unaccounted for.lxx

Derna – On 5 March 2015, The Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video a member of the Shahhat Security Directorate and a Colonel in the Al Jaweifi Brigade were executed at pointblank.lxxi While the video does feature the Islamic State’s black standard and a “nasheed”, it does not contain extensive post-production work like many other IS videos.

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PHOTO 59 - IS EXECUTES TWO LIBYAN A RMY MEMBERS

Benghazi – On 5 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing their recent activity in Benghazi. The video begins with an Egyptian man calling for youth around the world to join the jihad in Libya. The video ends with Islamic State militants carrying out drive-by shootings on civilians whom they call “sahawat”, or supporters of the Libyan Army.lxxii

PHOTO 60 - IS CARRIES OUT DRIVE-BY SHOOTING IN BENGHAZI

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Derna – On 3 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing residents of Derna pledging allegiance to the Islamic State. The outdoor event appears to have gathered hundreds of attendants.lxxiii

PHOTO 61 - IS EVENT IN DERNA GATHERS HUNDREDS OF ATTENDANTS

Mabruk Oilfield – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out coordinated attacks on the Mabruk, Bahi, and Dahra oilfields in central Libya.lxxiv Islamic State militants shelled the oilfields, engaged in armed clashes, and subsequently captured at least two of the three oilfields.lxxv The Islamic State also carried out an attack on the Mabruk Oilfield on in early February 2015, which left at least 12 dead.

Benghazi – On 2 March 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video showing a VBIED attack carried out in Benghazi.lxxvi The attack was carried out by a foreign fighter – most likely a man from Tunisia.

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PHOTO 62 - TUNISIAN FOREIGN FIGHTER CARRIES OUT SUICIDE BOMBING IN BENGHAZI

Week of 22 February 2015 Benghazi – On 28 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a video calling for foreign fighters to come to Libya.lxxvii The video was recorded in the Leithi neighborhood of Benghazi – an Ansar al-Sharia stronghold. The promotional video concludes with a drive-by assassination. According to reports from social media, the man assassinated is Saiqa Special Forces member Ibrahim Mitri.lxxviii

PHOTO 63 - IS MILITANTS CALL FOR FOREIGN F IGHTERS IN BENGHAZI

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Unspecified – On 27 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video named, “A Message to the Brothers in Tawheed.” In the video, a non-Libyan man calls for foreign fighters to come to Libya and fight against General Khalifa Haftar.lxxix

PHOTO 64 - IS MILITANT CALLS FOR FOREIGN FIGHTERS IN TRIPOLITANIA

Unspecified – On 24 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a promotional video of the two foreigners involved in the attack on the Corinthia Hotel in Tripoli.lxxx According to SITE Intel Group, the video is titled, “Convoys of the MartyrdomSeekers” and is the first of more to come.lxxxi

PHOTO 65 - IS FOREIGN FIGHTER DELIVERS SPEECH PRIOR TO CORINTHIA ATTACK

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Benghazi – On 23 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos displaying their recent military action throughout Benghazi.lxxxii

PHOTO 66 - A MEMBER OF THE ISLAMIC STATE ENGAGES IN BATTLE

Tripoli – On 22 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the double-IED attack on the Iranian Embassy in the Ben Ashour neighborhood of Tripoli.lxxxiii

Week of 15 February 2015 Unspecified – On 21 February 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released a video message that threatened politicians and businessmen from Misrata.

PHOTO 67 - IS THREATENS MISRATAN POLITICIANS 49

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Al-Qubbah – On 20 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out at least two simultaneous VBIED attacks in the eastern city of Al-Qubbah. In their official statement, the Islamc State called the VBIED attacks revenge for the recent Egyptian airstrikes carried out in the eastern city of Derna.lxxxiv The attacks targeted the local Security Directorate building, the house of Speaker of the House Agila Saleh Issa, and a nearby fuel station. At least 45 people were killed as a result. According to The National, the attacks were carried out Bitar Al Libi and Abu Abdullah Al Jazrawi.lxxxv

PHOTO 68 - BITAR AL LIBI AND ABU ABDULLAH AL JAZRAWI PRIOR TO THE VBIED ATTACKS

Unspecified – On 19 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showing the distribution of medical aide somewhere in eastern Libya.lxxxvi

Derna – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica carried out Hisba (accountability) activities by burning instruments in Derna.lxxxvii

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PHOTO 69 - IS CARRYING OUT BURNING INSTRUMENTS IN DERNA

Sirte – On 18 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing off a parade they held in the city of Sirte.lxxxviii A video later appeared on YouTube in which at least 25 IS trucks can be seen.lxxxix

Unspecified – On 17 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their recent activities in eastern Libya. This most recent release shows boxes of cigarettes being destroyed by men wearing black masks and driving what appear to be newly acquired police vehicles.xc

Sirte – On 15 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a video confirming the beheadings of 21 Egyptian Coptic Christians.xci The video was released by the Islamic State’s Al-Hayat media division.xcii According to the Washington Post: “In the video, Islamic State fighters marched the Egyptians onto a stretch of coastline before forcing them to kneel and severing their heads. The brutal murders were portrayed as retaliation against what a masked fighter described as “the hostile Egyptian church.”xciii Later reporting indicates that a large portion of ISIS members in Sirte are from Misrata.xciv

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PHOTO 70 - IS IN TRIPOLITANIA BEHEADS EGYPTIANS

Week of 8 February 2015 Sarir Oilfield – On 14 February 2015, El Sarir oilfield in southern Libya was attacked by unnamed perpetrators. The Sarir oilfield provides crude oil to the Hariga port in Tobruk, Libya.xcv Although unconfirmed, a Twitter account linked to IS in Libya posted pictures of a vehicle approaching an oilfield in Libya.xcvi

Benghazi – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos that appear to confirm their involvement in the VBIED attack on 6 February 2015.xcvii

PHOTO 71 - COLLAGE GLORIFYING AN IS SUICIDE BOMBER IN BENGHAZI

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Derna – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of their most recent floggings carried out in Derna. In this instance, at least seven youths were publically flogged for consuming alcohol.xcviii

PHOTO 72 - YOUTH P UBLICALLY FLOGGED IN DERNA

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos in which they claim to have received the repentance of 42 employees of the Ministry of Interior in Sirte.xcix

PHOTO 73 - IS FORCES MAN TO OFFICIALLY REPENT

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Sirte – On 13 February 2015, in addition to capturing a number of radio stations, the Islamic State in Tripolitania seized the Ibn Sina Hospital in Sirte. According to the Libya Herald, “A military convoy carrying IS flags reportedly surrounded the hospital this morning and ordered Misrata-based Central Libya Shield which has been providing security there to leave.”c

Sirte – On 13 February 2015, gunmen claiming to be members of the Islamic State jihadist group have seized control of a state-run radio station in Libya's coastal city of Sirte, residents said on Friday.ci

Jihadist websites also posted pictures showing armed men sitting in front of microphones in a broadcasting studio and brandishing Kalashnikov assault rifles.cii

PHOTO 74 - IS TAKES OVER RADIO STATION IN SIRTE

Unspecified – On 12 February 2015, ISIS released the newest edition of its Dabiq magazine. The following is a passage taken from the magazine in which the recently kidnapped Egyptians in Libya are referenced: “This month, the soldiers of the Khilāfah in Wilāyat Tarābulus captured 21 Coptic crusaders, almost five years after the blessed operation against the Baghdad church executed in revenge for Kamilia Shehata, Wafa Constantine, and other sisters who were tortured and murdered by the Coptic Church

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of Egypt. The operation was planned by Hudhayfah al-Battāwī (rahimahullāh), wālī of Wilāyat Baghdad at the time, alongside the senior military commander, Abū Ibrāhīm azZaydī (rahimahullāh), both of whom played a crucial role – through their passion and zealousness – in preserving the morale of the Islamic State mujāhidīn after the martyrdom of Abū ‘Umar al-Baghdādī and Abū Hamzah alMuhājir (rahimahumallāh).”ciii

Benghazi – On 11 February 2015, the hospital of Benghazi received, “40 human heads with no bodies” after a training camp in the Buatni Neighborhood was recaptured by the Libyan National Army. The training camp was previously occupied by the Shura Council of Benghazi Revolutionaries.civ

Unspecified – On 10 February 2015, the Islamic State released a statement calling for Operation Libya Dawn fighters to repent to God.cv

An Nawfaliyah – On 9 February 2015, the Islamic State was photographed arriving in An Nawfaliyah, a city located southwest of Bin Jawad.cvi Initials reports suggest that there were clashes between Libya Dawn forces and ISIS forces.cvii

Week of 1 February 2015 Benghazi – On 7 February 2015, a Palestinian man was reported to have died fighting for the Islamic State in Libya.cviii According to SkyNews Arabia, the man entered Libya via a tunnel somewhere along the Egyptian border.cix

Benghazi – On 6 February 2015, two people were killed and 20 were injured after a car bomb exploded in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi.cx cxi

Mabruk Oilfield – On 4 February 2015, reports emerged stating that “extremists” attacked the Mabruk Oilfield, approximately 170km south of Sirte.cxii The Mabruk Oilfield is operated

by Total Oil and produces roughly 70,000 bbl/d.cxiii

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Initial reports suggested that three foreigners were kidnapped, one of whom was French.

France denied that any French citizens were kidnapped, while the Philippines confirmed that three of their oversea foreign workers went missing.cxiv Twelve people will killed overall.

Ain Marah - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos showings its recent troop activity in Ain Marah.

The photos were released just days after clashes occurred between Islamic State forces and Libyan National Army Forces.cxv

Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released a set of photos showing their recent promotional activities somewhere in their self-declared state.

Many of the photos in this release show attendants enjoying themselves at IS-led events.cxvi

Unspecified - On 4 February 2015, a Twitter account associated with the Islamic State in Libya tweeted: [W]e the #Mujahideen of #IslamicState in #Libya ask #Muslims in #Tunisia, #Algeria #Morroco what are u waiting for Join #Ummah #Muhammad!cxvii

Tripoli – On 3 February 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos claiming an attack on a checkpoint in Tripoli’s Souq al-Jumaa.cxviii According to the Libya Herald, the bomb detonated near a building used by the Tripoli Revolutionaries’ Brigade.cxix Although unconfirmed, the Herald and Al Wasat suggest that the attack was revenge for the Brigade’s involvement during the attack on the Corinthia Hotel.cxx

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PHOTO 75 - PHOTOS OF AN IS VBIED ATTACK ON THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE Sirte – According to reports from social media, the Islamic State in Tripolitania turned Qadhafi's Ouagadougou Conference Center in Sirte into a “command center.”cxxi

Week of 25 January 2015 Benghazi - On 29 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.cxxii Benghazi - On 28 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of updated photos of its recent activity throughout Benghazi.

This set of photos does not show any fighters, but instead displays the effects of the fighting in the city. Many of the photographed buildings are riddled with bullet holes and are overall dilapidated.cxxiii Sirte - On 28 January 2015, the Information Office of the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos showing new members in Sirte swearing allegiance to the Islamic State.

According to the Islamic State, the men shown in the photographs are recent Christian converts.cxxiv

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PHOTO 76 - CONVERTS OF THE ISLAMIC STATE Tripoli – On 27 January at approximately 0953 (UDT +2) a VBIED detonated outside of Tripoli’s Corinthia Hotel. No casualties were reported as a result of the explosion.

Immediately following the blast five gunmen entered the hotel and engaged in a shootout with local security, leaving at least three guards dead. Witnesses claim that three other hotel staff members were injured. The Associated Press reported that the gunmen had taken three to five hostages on the hotel’s twentieth floor.cxxv According to the BBC’s Rana Jawad, security officials of the Corinthia Hotel have been aware of possible threats for several days.cxxvi A tweet posted by an account linked to the Islamic State in Tripolitania claims that the attack was revenge for the death of Abu Anas al-Libi.cxxvii The user claims that the attack was directed at the Corinthia Hotel because of its popularity among foreigners. However, hotel staff have stated that the hotel was “approximately 90% empty.” A security guard told the Associated Press that Omar al-Hassi usually stays at the hotel with security guards, but that they were not present at the time of the bombing and subsequent attack.

Twitter users began posting images that allegedly show some of the gunmen who participated in the attack on the hotel.cxxviii The attack on the Corinthia Hotel left at least nine dead.

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Benghazi - On 26 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released a set of photos of its recent troop activity in the Buhidima Neighborhood of Benghazi.

IS troops can be seen climbing houses, viewing videos, and firing upon their opponents.cxxix

Week of 18 January 2015 Benghazi - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released photos of the distribution of aid in what they allege to be Benghazi.cxxx

PHOTO 77 - IS PASSES OUT SWEETS TO CHILDREN Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, the Islamic State in Libya released an open letter to Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Mamoon.cxxxi Unspecified - On 20 January 2015, IS in Cyrenaica released a statement showing their most recent Hisba activities in eastern Libya.cxxxii Benghazi – On 18 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing their most recent military activity in Benghazi.cxxxiii Unspecified - On 18 January 2015, The Islamic State in Libya released a statement dividing Libya into three distinct regions. The statement also calls for foreign members of the Islamic State to travel to Libya.cxxxiv

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PHOTO 78 - IS DIVISION OF LIBYA – TARABULUS , FEZZAN , AND BARQA

Week of 11 January 2015 Tripoli – On 17 January a VBIED exploded Saturday in front of the Embassy of Algeria in Tripoli, injuring two security personnel.

According to a Libyan security source, the two injured workers, whose condition is not alarming, were quickly transported to the hospital of the capital.cxxxv Sabratha - On 17 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing members distributing clothing and financial aid.cxxxvi Sirte - On 12 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania claimed responsibility for the kidnapping of 21 Christians.cxxxvii According to The Telegraph: “On January 3rd, Christian activists in Egypt had reported thirteen of their countrymen kidnapped in the Libyan town of Sirte, and that seven others had been kidnapped a week earlier.”cxxxviii

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PHOTO 79 - PHOTOS OF THE KIDNAPPED EGYPTIANS Sabratha - On 11 January 2015, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos allegedly showing their Hisba activities somewhere in western Libya. The photos were most likely taken in Sabratha.cxxxix

Week of 4 January 2015 Unspecified - On 8 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos allegedly showing the execution of two Tunisian journalists.cxl

PHOTO 80 - TUNISIANS ALLEGEDLY EXECUTED BY IS IN LIBYA Benghazi – On 7 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos of recent troop activity throughout Benghazi.cxli Unspecified – On 4 January 2015, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica released photos showing the execution of a man they labeled as an apostate.cxlii

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PHOTO 81 - "APOSTATE " EXECUTED BY THE IS

Week of 28 December 2014 Benghazi – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posted photos of their recent destruction to civilian homes throughout Benghazi.

This set of photos contains a photograph showing a civilian who died as a result of the bulldozing.cxliii Sokhna – On 3 January 2014, the Islamic State in Fezzan claimed responsibilitycxliv for an attack on a Sokhna checkpoint in southern Libya.cxlv According to the Libya Herald, nineteen people were killed in the attack.cxlvi

PHOTO 82 - IS IN FEZZAN ATTACKS SOKHNA 62

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Tobruk – On 30 December at approximately 1315 (UDT +2) an explosion occurred outside the headquarters of the House of Representatives.cxlvii At the time the House of Representatives met in the Dar Al Salam hotel. According to the spokesman for the General Chief of Staff, Ahmed Al-Mismari, the vehicle exploded in the hotel car park and was not a suicide attack as initially suggested.cxlviii The most current reports state that a total of 19 people were injured as a result of the explosion.cxlix

Week of 21 December 2014 Tripoli – According to multiple sources, a VBIED detonated outside of the Diplomatic Security Headquarters in Tripoli on the morning of 27 December. clThe Diplomatic Security Headquarters is located in the Sidi al-Masry district of Tripoli.cli The jihadist Islamic State (IS) organisation said it carried out the bombing, according to the US-based monitoring group SITE Intelligence.

"The provincial division of the Islamic State (IS) for Tripoli, Libya, claimed a car bombing at the diplomatic security building in the capital, and provided a photo of the blast," SITE said.clii Ajdabiya – On 26 December 2014, a perfume company was damaged by a VBIED early Friday morning in Ajdabiya. There were no reported casualties.cliii

Benghazi – On 25 December 2015, an Al Wasat article reported that IS in Cyrenaica published a video in which an "apostate" is burned alive. The video supposedly takes place in the Al Leithi Neighborhood of Benghazi. The group claiming responsibility is led by Mohammed Nus Idrissi. Idrissi was recently released by Jordanian authorities in exchange for captured Jordanian diplomats.cliv

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PHOTO 83 - A LIBYAN ARMY MEMBER B URNED BY ISIS

Week of 14 December 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 1200 (UDT +2) on 16 December 2014 social media users began circulating a photo alleging to show a car bomb that exploded near the Security Directorate Headquarters in Tripoli. According to accounts from social media no casualties were reported.clv On 17 December 2014, the original source claimed that ISIS claimed responsibility for the car bomb via a Twitter page.clvi Ajdabiya - On 15 December 2014, a military police building near the eastern gate entrance to Ajdabiya was targeted and subsequently damaged by an explosive device. Witnesses said that an explosive device was placed under one of the building’s windows and caused damage to the building while injuring no one.clvii

Week of 7 December 2014 Benghazi – On 8 December 2014, the Islamic State in Cyrenaica posed photos allegedly showing their military progress throughout Benghazi.clviii

Week of 30 November 2014 Ajdabiya - At approximately 1125 (UDT +2) on 1 December 2014, a car bomb exploded outside the Ajdabiya Security Directorate.clix The security directorate is located near the Ajdabiya city center on al-Modoryia Road.clx Initial reports suggest that three to seven people were wounded.clxi Eyewitnesses reported that the vehicle that exploded was a white Hyundai.clxii 64

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Week of 23 November 2014 Unspecified - The Islamic State (IS) released the fifth issue of its English magazine “Dabiq,” focusing on the coordinated pledges from jihadi groups in Algeria, Libya, Sinai, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen, and featuring a message attributed to British captive John Cantile discussing the recent attacks in Australia, Canada, and the U.S., as well as musing what he would do as American President.

In the newest edition, ISIS claims Libya has its strongest presence outside of Iraq and Syria.

It continues to state that “an abundance of arms and the condition of mayhem after Gaddafi was ideal for jihad.”clxiii Derna – On 23 November 2014, The Islamic Army, a militia in Derna, released photos of its recent publicity campaign in Derna. Photos show groups of children meeting with Islamic Army members. In addition, Islamic Army members passed out pamphlets to young men in Derna’s vegetable market. The photos are similar to those released by ISIS members conducting “charity” campaigns in Iraq and Syria.

The Islamic Army is one of the strongest militias present in Derna. Last week they were among many foreign groups from across the Middle East to pledge allegiance to ISIS and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The ISIS magazine Dabiq claims its strongest foreign following is in Derna.clxiv

Week of 16 November 2014 Yemen – On 22 November 2014, a statement was released by spokesmen for Al-Qaida in the Arabian Peninsula has acknowledged Libyan extremists in Derna pledge to ISIS and its leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.

The statement also called for all Libyan “Mujahideen” such as Ansar al-Sharia in Benghazi to pledge their support for ISIS and Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.clxv Benghazi – On 16 November 2014, the Islamic State in Libya has released photos of nine suicide bombers who died in Benghazi. According to the photos, five were Tunisian, two were Egyptian, and two were Libyans.clxvi

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The Islamic State in Cyrenaica also released a statement taking credit for the series of VBIED attacks on 12 November 2014clxvii, men pledging allegiance to the ISclxviii, and photos of a convoy in Derna.clxix

PHOTO 84 - IS CONVOY NEAR D ERNA Tripoli - A group in Tripoli claimed responsibility for the bombings of the UAE and Egyptian embassies.clxx The group also posted photos declaring their allegiance to the Islamic State.clxxi clxxii

Week of 9 November 2014 Tripoli - At approximately 06:45 (UDT +2) on 13 November 2014, two car bombs exploded near the Egyptian and UAE embassies in the Al-Seyaheyya and Zawiyat Al-Dahmani neighborhoods of Tripoli.clxxiii No casualties have been reported, though photosclxxiv show significant damage to vehicles and buildings near the embassies. Both embassies have been vacant since the inception of Operation Libya Dawn.clxxv Marj - On 13 November 2014, two Libyan National Army (LNA) soldiers and one other were slightly injured as a result of a bomb attack on a checkpoint in Marj.clxxvi Mohamed Hejazi, a spokesman for Operation Dignity, told the Libya Herald that a gelatina bomb had been thrown at the checkpoint at the Saha Al-Karima roundabout, close to the 66

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

town’s main Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq mosque.clxxvii The car from which the bomb was thrown then drove away at speed.clxxviii Ajdabiya – On 12 November 2014, a car bomb was discovered in Ajdabiya and subsequently dismantled by the Libyan National Army.clxxix

Al Bayda - At approximately 11:57 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a vehicle carrying explosives detonated at the military checkpoint outside Labraq International Airport.clxxx Eyewitnesses report that after stopping to be searched by security officials, the driver of the vehicle detonated explosives. Current reports state that four members of the military have been confirmed killed.clxxxi Benghazi - At approximately 12:07 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, Twitter users reported the detonation of a car bomb outside of the Al Shalal cafe, located in the Al Majuri neighborhood in central Benghazi.

Eye witnesses report that a vehicle loaded with explosives was parked on the street outside the café. Reports indicate that there PHOTO 85 - VBIED IN BENGHAZI

were no casualties as a result of the bombing,

however the café and surrounding shops were destroyed. No indication if the café was the intended target, neighborhoods in central Benghazi have been mostly abandoned due to continued fighting.clxxxii At approximately 17:01 (UDT +2) another car bomb was discovered in the Ras Obeida neighborhood of Benghazi.clxxxiii Tobruk - At approximately 11:00 (UDT +2) on 12 November 2014, a large car bomb exploded at a crowded intersection, near the Intelligence Headquarters, in Tobruk. Eye witnesses report the driver of the vehicle refused to stop at a military checkpoint, continuing on to a crowded intersection.clxxxiv At approximately, 11:40 (UDT +2) vehicles damaged by the initial blast exploded at the site of the car bombing. Initial reports suggested a second vehicle was involved in the attack, however later reports proved that there was not a second vehicle involved.clxxxv 67

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Final reports confirm two people have been killed and at least an additional 20 had been taken for medical treatment.clxxxvi Derna – On 11 November 2014, three young activists were found beheaded in Derna, eastern Libya. The three, who had relayed information about the city through social media, had been kidnapped earlier in the month. The activists have been named as Siraj Ghatish, Mohamed Battu and Mohamed al-Mesmari.clxxxvii Two of the three activists in Derna had been kidnapped three months earlier.clxxxviii Benghazi – On 11 November 2014, a Libyan Army soldier stationed at Benina Airport was captured, forced to appear on videoclxxxix, and then beheaded.cxc According to Al Wasat, the group responsible calls itself the “Father of Injustice Battalion”.cxci

PHOTO 86 - SOLDIER BEHEADED IN BENGHAZI Shahat – On 9 November 2014, unidentified persons set off three car bombs in the city of Shahat in eastern Libya near the building where the Libyan Prime Minister Abdullah alThinni held talks with special UN envoy to Libya Bernardino Leon. cxcii Eye witnesses claimed the perpetrators parked vehicle packed with explosives and detonated them remotely.

Though there was significant material damage, no deaths or injuries were reported. The intended target was the Security Directorate Building.cxciii Days later two suspects from Derna were arrested in connection to the car bombings.cxciv

Week of 2 November 2014 Sirte – On 4 November 2014, the Islamic State in Tripolitania released photos of lectures given by Turki al-Bin’ali.cxcv 68

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

The original release also contains links to Turki al-Bin’ali’s lectures on YouTube.cxcvi

PHOTO 87 - TURKI AL -BIN'ALI DELIVERS LECTURE

Week of 19 October 2014 Derna – After pledging allegiance to ISIS, Darnah's Islamic Youth Shura Council (MSSI)cxcvii launched an 'Islamic Court'.cxcviii The group announced that its leader is a Yemeni named Abu Taleb al-Jazrawey.cxcix According to Al Wasat, Al-Jazrawey moved to Derna in midSeptember with a number of senior ISIS members.cc

69

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 88 - MSSI LAUNCHES ISLAMIC COURT IN DERNA

Week of 5 October 2014 Benghazi – On 10 October 2014, a car bomb exploded near the Tibesti Hotel, killing one and injuring two others.cci

Week of 7 September 2014 Benghazi – On 12 September 2014, Tareq Ramadan Misrati was killed by an IED in the Al Majori Neighborhood of Benghazi. Tareq Misrati was the brother of former intelligence officer Colonel Juma Misrati who was assassinated in June 2013.ccii

Week of 17 August 2014 Derna – Released on 20 August 2014, a video shows an execution-style killing by an armed group at a football stadium in eastern Libya. cciiiAn amateur video published on social media sites shows the purported execution of an Egyptian man apparently organized by an armed group called the Shura Council of Islamic Youth in the eastern city of Derna.cciv

70

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 89 - PUBLIC E XECUTION IN DERNA

Week of 20 July 2014 Benghazi – On 21 July 2014, a militia in Benghazi beheaded a Filipino construction worker, allegedly for being a non-Muslim.

The beheading marks the first Filipino death in Libya since the 2011 revolution, according to the Philippine Department of Foreign Affairs. It is also the first reported beheading in the country since 2011. The construction worker was kidnapped July 15 at a checkpoint in the Gwarsha district of Benghazi.

A department spokesperson told media that the kidnappers demanded a ransom of $160,000. ccv

Week of 15 June 2014 Benghazi – On 19 June 2014, a bodyguard for former National Transitional chairman Mustafa Abdul-Jalil was killed by an IED.ccvi

Week of 16 March 2014 Benghazi – On 17 March 2014, a car bomb targeting a military academy in Benghazi killed eight soldiers and wounded another 12.ccvii

71

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Locations of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activites

MAP 5 - LOCATIONS OF MAJOR IS ACTIVITIES FROM WEST TO E AST : SABRATHA , TRIPOLI , SUKNAH , SIRTE, AN NAWFALIYAH , BENGHAZI , DERNA .

72

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Photos of ISIS and Affiliates’ Activities

PHOTO 90 - THE BEHEADING OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BY IS

PHOTO 91 - THE CORPSE OF A LIBYAN ARMY SOLDIER BURNED BY IS 73

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 92 - PHOTOS RELEASED BY IS AFTER A VBIED EXPLOSION OUTSIDE THE TRIPOLI SECURITY DIRECTORATE

PHOTO 93 - THE DESTRUCTION OF TOMBS BY IS

74

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 94 - THE DESTRUCTION OF A STATUE IN DERNA BY IS

PHOTO 95 - COMMANDERS OF IS AFFILIATES IN BENGHAZI. FROM RIGHT TO LEFT - MOHAMMED AL-ZAHAWI (ANSAR AL-SHARIA), WISSAM BIN HUMAID (LIBYA SHIELD ONE), AND JALAL MAKHZOUM (RAFALLAH ALSAHATI BRIGADE)

75

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 96 - IS AFFILIATES FIGHTING THE LIBYAN NATIONAL ARMY IN AIN MARAH

PHOTO 97 - IS FIGHTERS IN BENGHAZI

76

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 98 - IS FIGHTERS IN AIN MARAH

PHOTO 99 - AN IS FIGHTER PLANTING A FLAG OVER IS CONTROLLED TERRITORY IN BENGHAZI

77

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 100 - A BANNER IN BENGHAZI DECLARING IS'S OBJECTIVE TO ESTABLISH SHARIA LAW ACROSS LIBYA

PHOTO 101 - A CONVOY OF NEW IS HISBA (MORALITY POLICE) VEHICLES IN BENGHAZI 78

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 102 - A CONVOY OF IS FIGHTERS AND VEHICLES IN DERNA

PHOTO 103 - A RALLY AMONG FIGHTERS AND RESIDENTS IN DERNA

79

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 104 - AN AFRICAN CHRISTIAN CONVERTING TO ISLAM AND PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE

PHOTO 105 - A RALLY OF YOUNG MEN PLEDGING ALLEGIANCE TO IS IN SIRTE

80

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

PHOTO 106 - AN IS FIGHTER GIVING DAWA (CHARITY) TO A CHILD IN DERNA

PHOTO 107 - A CHILD IN DERNA SHOWING SUPPORT FOR IS

81

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Endnotes

82

Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ تحقيقا للمقاصد التي‬: ‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور بنغازي‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/kudw. i

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Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 19 2015. https://dump.to/barqa6. xviii

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

Justpaste.it,. 2015. ' ‫ " كنتم خَي َر أ‬:‫انطالقا من قوله تعالى‬: ‫درنة‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 19 2015. https://justpaste.it/ans7d. xix

Facebook.com,. 2015. 'Facebook | ‫ مؤسسة بيان لإلنتاج اإلعالمي‬- ‫ صاعقة‬21 ‫'تدمير عربة لكتيبة‬. Accessed April 15 2015. https://www.facebook.com/video.php?v=662003573906115&set=vb.658826377557168&type=2&the ater. xx

Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫مطـلوبون للـــقـــتـل ( و حرض المؤمنين على القتال ) الح‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 30 2015. http://justpaste.it/w4an. xxi

The Big Story,. 2015. 'Jordan's Ambassador, Freed In Libya, Returns Home'. Accessed April 15 2015. http://bigstory.ap.org/article/jordanian-ambassador-released-captors-libya. xxii

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Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://dump.to/rebatsirt. xxiv

Twitter,. 2015. 'A. Ibrahim On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/jihadi24/status/585732584253952000 xxv

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Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/moltaqa3. xxvii

Twitter,. 2015. 'Good Morning Libya On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/Morning_LY/status/585464559160397825 xxviii

Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور ربَـاط المجاهـدين بمحـور بنيـ‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 15 2015. https://justpaste.it/kcts. xxix

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously!

Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/malahem2. xxx

َ ‫ أَبـــو خَـ‬on Twitter ‫طـــاب‬ َ ‫ أَبـــو خَـ‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015.

Twitter,. 2015. '‫طـــاب‬ https://twitter.com/k8h5a2t6a2b/status/584676842814091264 xxxi

Twitter,. 2015. '6 ‫ عق ٌل ادرك الصواب‬On Twitter'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://twitter.com/66kkq/status/584959234942599168 xxxii

Pbs.twimg.com,. 2015. Accessed April 8 2015. https://pbs.twimg.com/media/CB0Cg9HUEAA15Px.jpg xxxiii

‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously!

Dump.to,. 2015. '‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم المك‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/sooqsirt. xxxiv

‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى { كنتم‬... - justpaste.it Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫تــقـــريـــر مـــصـــــور عمال بقوله تعالى { كنتم‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/kbz0. xxxvxxxv

[ ‫ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو‬... - Dump.To - Dump and share text & images easily and anonymously!

Dump.to,. 2015. '[ ‫ فتح العليم بحكم كتيبة "أبو‬... - Dump.To - Dump And Share Text & Images Easily And Anonymously!'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://dump.to/aQd. xxxvi

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

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‫ ال في سبيل الديمقراطية‬، ‫ بوكا العريبي في سبيل هللا‬... - justpaste.it Justpaste.it,. 2015. '‫ ال في سبيل الديمقراطية‬، ‫ بوكا العريبي في سبيل هللا‬... - Justpaste.It'. Accessed April 8 2015. https://justpaste.it/boka. xxxviii

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

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Nasher.me,. 2015. '‫'صور من خط الرباط “الرباط في الجهة الغربية من مدينة درنة – منطقة رأس الهالل” | ناشر‬. Accessed March 16 2015. http://nasher.me/raashelal/. lxiv

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Nasher.me,. 2015. ' ‫ضمن مالحم الخالفة في بنغازي [دك معاقل الصحوات وجند الطاغوت في منطقة المساكن بقنابر الهاون‬ ‫'والهاوزر] | ناشر‬. Accessed March 12 2015. http://nasher.me/haw-zer/. lxviii

Twitter,. 2015. '10 ‫ الغريب الليبي‬On Twitter'. Accessed March 8 2015. https://twitter.com/ramk00012/status/574436417490849792 lxix

Nytimes.com,. 2015. 'Foreign Workers Missing After Militants Attack Libyan Oil Field'. Accessed March 8 2015. http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/08/world/foreign-workers-missing-aftermilitants-attack-libyan-oil-field.html. lxx

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Beheadings, Car Bombings, and the Islamic State’s Expansion in Libya

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