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Introduction

3LZ 9tZPKLUJLZ ([LSPLYZ =P]LNUPZ 0U[LYUH[PVUHS 9(=0 Z»PU[uNYLU[ H\ WYVNYHTTL KL W SL HY[PZ[PX\L X\L SH =PSSL KL 3PuNL ZV\[PLU[ KLW\PZ WS\ZPL\YZ HUUtLZ KHUZ SL X\HY[PLY :HPU[ 3tVUHYK 0S Z»HNP[ KL ]HSVYPZLY [V\[ JL [LYYP[VPYL LU L_WSVP[HU[ ZVU WV[LU[PLS LU [LYTLZ KL ­ Tt[PLYZ KLZ HY[Z ® KVU[ H[[LZ[LU[ S»PTWVY[HUJL KLZ HZZVJPH[PVUZ J\S[\ YLSSLZ X\P Z»` [YV\]LU[ PTWSHU[tLZ L[ SL UVTIYL JYVPZZHU[ KL JYtH[L\YZ X\P ` ]P]LU[ L[ V\ ` [YH]HPSSLU[ 3L JOVP_ K\ ZP[L ­ =P]LNUPZ ® LU [HU[ X\L JLU[YL KL JL[[L K`UHTPX\L Z»LZ[ PTWVZt UH[\YLSSLTLU[ ! H\QV\YK»O\P KL]LU\ LTIStTH[PX\L K\ YLKtWSVPLTLU[ KL SH *P[t HYKLU[L JL WtYPTu[YL H\[YLMVPZ Kt]VS\ n S»HJ[P]P[t TPUPuYL JVTIPUL LU LMML[ K\ SVNLTLU[ KLZ LZWHJLZ W\ISPJZ L[ SH WYtZLUJL K»VWtYH[L\YZ HJ[PMZ KHUZ SLZ ZLJ[L\YZ [HU[ tJVUVTPX\LZ X\»HY[PZ[PX\LZ 9(=0

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(SVYZ X\»PS ` H \UL KLTHUKL JYVPZZHU[L KL S»t[YHUNLY L[ LU WHY[PJ\SPLY K\ TPSPL\ MYHU sHPZ WV\Y KtJV\]YPY L[ WYVTV\]VPY SH JYtH[PVU ILSNL MYHUJVWOVUL 3PuNL LUNHNL H]LJ SLZ 9(=0 \U VIQLJ[PM KL JVUX\v[L Z\Y SH JHY[L L\YVWtLUUL KL S»HY[ JVU[LTWV YHPU 3LZ 9(=0 VU[ \U Y SL n QV\LY WV\Y WVZP[PVUULY S»PTHNL K»\UL ]PSSL WYVWPJL n SH JYtH[PVU HY[PZ[PX\L K»H\QV\YK»O\P +»HPSSL\YZ SVYZ KL S»PUH\N\YH[PVU KLZ YtZPKLUJLZ LU H]YPS SLZ H\[VYP[tZ [HU[ JVTT\UHSLZ YtNPVUHSLZ X\L JVTT\UH\[HPYLZ VU[ ZV\ SPNUt SL Y SL K»HTIHZZHKYPJL X\»LSSLZ WL\]LU[ QV\LY ;OL HY[PZ[PJ ZJLUL PU 3PLNL [HRLZ H ZPUN\SHY Z[HUJL PU HSS P[Z KP]LYZP[` ^OL[OLY P[ PZ H X\LZ[PVU VM JPULTH T\ZPJ [OLH[YL ¯ HUK P[ KLTVUZ[YH[LZ H ]P[HSP[` PU [OL ]PZ\HS HY[Z [OH[ PZ \UPX\L PU >HSSVUPH :VTL VM [OL TVZ[ PU[L YLZ[PUN JYLH[P]L WLVWSL JHU IL MV\UK OLYL HUK [OH[ J\[Z JSLHY HJYVZZ [OL NLULYH[PVUZ ( NLU\PUL º3PLNL ZJOVVS» JHU IL ZHPK [V L_PZ[ ^P[O H [Y\S` \UP]LYZHS KPTLUZPVU 1\Z[ HZ ^L UV[PJL HU PUJYLHZL PU KLTHUK MYVT HIYVHK LZWLJPHSS` MYVT MYHUJVWOVUL JV\U[YPLZ [V KPZJV]LY HUK WYVTV[L HY[ MYVT MYHUJVWOVUL )LSNP\T 3PLNL PZ L_WYLZZPUN ¶ ]PH 9(=0 ¶ UV[OPUN SLZZ [OHU [OL NVHS VM JVUX\LYPUN [OL JVU[LTWVYHY` HY[PZ[PJ THW VM ,\YVWL ;OL 9(=0 YLZPKLUJPLZ OH]L H YVSL [V WSH` PU WYVTV[PUN [OL PTHNL VM H JP[` [OH[ PZ LUJV\YHNPUN [V JYLH[P]P[` HUK JSLHYS` VU [OL SLHKPUN LKNL VM [VKH`»Z HY[PZ[PJ SPML +\YPUN [OL JLYLTVU` PUH\N\YH[PUN [OL YLZP KLUJLZ PU (WYPS [OL H\[OVYP[PLZ ^OL[OLY SVJHS YLNPVUHS VY *VTT\UP[HY` HSS \UKLYSPULK [OL HTIHZZHKV YPHS YVSL [OH[ [OLZL TPNO[ WSH`

7/ 3LZ WYVTV[L\YZ K\ WYVQL[ VU[ H\ZZP PUZPZ[t Z\Y S»\[PSP[t KLZ YtZPKLUJLZ H\ UP]LH\ [V\[ n MHP[ SVJHS¯ ;OL WYVQLJ[ WYVTV[LYZ HSZV PUZPZ[LK VU [OL SVJHS \[PSP[` VM [OL YLZPKLUJLZ [OLTZLS]LZ ¯

31 ¶ ,U LMML[ +»LTIStL PS ` H L\ SH ]VSVU[t K»PUZJYPYL SH UV\]LSSL Z[Y\J[\YL KHUZ SL WH`ZHNL J\S[\YLS THPZ H\ZZP ZVJPHS KL SH ]PSSL ;V\[ \U [YH]HPS ]PZ n ]PZ KLZ W\ISPJZ KL WYV_PTP[t H t[t LU[HTt *LSH JVYYLZWVUK H\ZZP n \UL ]PZPVU KL SH J\S[\YL JVU[LTWV YHPUL LU WYPZL KPYLJ[L H]LJ SL YtLS 3LZ 9(=0 VU[ KHUZ SL TvTL LZWYP[ t[t HJJLZ ZPISLZ SVYZ K»t]tULTLU[Z WVW\SHPYLZ JVTTL SL MLZ[P]HS KL T\ZPX\L VYNHUPZt WHY SL JVSSLJ[PM 1H\UL6YHUNL LU HV [ *LSH ]H KHUZ SL ZLUZ NtUtYHS KL SH YLWYPZL tJVUVTPX\L K»\U X\HY[PLY T\S[PJ\S[\YLS LU YLJVU]LYZPVU 3L X\HY[PLY :HPU[ 3tVUHYK V ZVU[ PTWSHU[tZ SLZ 9(=0 ]VP[ S»PUZ[HSSH[PVU KL ILH\JV\W KL [YH]HPSSL\YZ PUKtWLU KHU[Z KL WL[P[Z LU[YLWYLUL\YZ L[ KL JYtH[PMZ 0S ` H \UL ]HSVYPZH[PVU LU [LYTLZ KL X\HSP[t KL ]PL JL KVU[ H[[LZ[L SL YL[V\Y K»\UL JSHZZL TV`LUUL JYtHU[ \UL UV\]LSSL TP_P[t ZVJPHSL 0S ` H \U JOHUNLTLU[ K»PTHNL ,[ VU ]VP[ JVTIPLU SLZ YtZPKLU[Z KLZ 9(=0 WL\]LU[ JVTWVZLY H]LJ SLZ tStTLU[Z KL S»LU]PYVUULTLU[ PTTtKPH[ 1L WLUZL WHY L_LTWSL H\_ HZWLJ[Z WH`ZHNLYZ X\P MVU[ WHY[PL PU[tNYHU[L KL S»HWWLS n JHUKPKH [\YL " PS ` H \UL PU[tYLZZHU[L WYV_PTP[t H]LJ SLZ *V[LH\_ KL SH *P[HKLSSL X\P H]LJ ZLZ OLJ[HYLZ LZ[ SL WS\Z NYHUK WHYJ KL 3PuNL 1L WLUZL H\ZZP n S»L_WSVP[H[PVU KLZ YLZZV\YJLZ SVJHSLZ X\»LSSLZ ZVPLU[ PUK\Z[YPLSSLZ O\THPULZ L[ J\S[\YLSSLZ 0S ` H WS\ ZPL\YZ Z[Y\J[\YLZ YP]LYHPULZ JVTTL SLZ ,ZWHJLZ ,U[YLWYPZLZ KL SH :70 ,ZWHJL 5VYK SL *VTW[VPY KLZ 9LZZV\YJLZ JYtH[P]LZ SLZ ([LSPLYZ K»(Y[ JVU[LTWVYHPU V\ LUJVYL SLZ Z[Y\J[\YLZ KtKPtLZ n SH J\S[\YL H\ ZLPU KL SH )YHZZLYPL /HLJO[ KVU[ SL JVSSLJ[PM 9HKHY SVNt KHUZ SH JLSS\SL NtYtL WHY :THY[ IL 3LZ 9(=0 WHY[PJPWLU[ n SH YPJOLZZL K\ X\HY[PLY @LZ [OH[»Z [Y\L -YVT [OL V\[ZL[ [OL KLZPYL ^HZ L_WYLZZLK [OH[ [OL UL^ Z[Y\J[\YL ZOV\SK Ä[ UV[ VUS` PU[V [OL J\S[\YHS SHUKZJHWL I\[ HSZV PU[V [OL ZVJPHS MHIYPJ VM [OL JP[` (U LU[PYL WYVJLZZ ^HZ LUNHNLK ^P[O YLNHYK [V [OVZL SP]PUN PU [OL PTTLKPH[L ]PJPUP[` ;OPZ OHYTVUPaLZ ^P[O H ]PZPVU VM JVU[LTWVYHY` J\S[\YL PU KPYLJ[ JVU[HJ[ ^P[O YLHSP[` VU [OL NYV\UK 0U [OL ZHTL ZWPYP[ [OL 9(=0 MHJPSP[PLZ HYL HJJLZZPISL K\YPUN WVW\SHY L]LU[Z Z\JO HZ [OL T\ZPJ MLZ[P]HS VYNHUPaLK I` [OL 1H\UL6YHUNL JVSSLJ[P]L PU (\N\Z[ ;OPZ WSH`Z PU[V [OL NLULYHS ZLUZL VM LJVUVTPJ YL]P[HSPaH[PVU VM H T\S[PJ\S[\YHS X\HY[LY PU [OL TPKZ[ VM T\[H[PVU :HPU[ 3tVUHYK ^OLYL [OL 9(=0 MHJPSP[PLZ HYL ZP[LK OHZ ZLLU H NYV^[O PU U\TILYZ VM PUKLWLUKLU[ JYHM[ZWLVWSL ZTHSS I\ZPULZZLZ HY [PZ[Z T\ZPJPHUZ HUK KLZPNULYZ ( YL]HSVYPaH[PVU OHZ VJJ\YYLK PU [LYTZ VM SPML X\HSP[` ^OPJO PZ H[[LZ[LK I` [OL YL[\YU VM [OL TPKKSL JSHZZ [V YLZO\MÅL [OL ZVJPHS TP_ ;OL X\HY[LY»Z PTHNL PZ JOHUNPUN 0U HKKP[PVU ^L»]L ZLLU OV^ [OL HY[PZ[Z PU YLZPKLUJL H[ 9(=0 JHU ^VYR ^P[OPU [OL PTTLKPH[L LU]PYVUTLU[ 0U WHY[PJ\SHY 0»T YLMLYYPUN [V [OVZL ºSHUKZJHWPUN» HZWLJ[Z [OH[ HYL HU PU[LNYHS WHY[ VM [OL [LUKLY MVY HWWSPJHU[Z ;OLYL PZ H MHZJPUH[PUN WYV_PTP[` [V [OL *V[LH\_ KL SH *P[HKLSSL ^OPJO ^P[O P[Z OLJ[HYLZ PZ [OL SHYNLZ[ WHYR PU 3PLNL 9(=0

13

0»T HSZV [OPURPUN VM [OL L_WSVP[H[PVU VM SVJHS PUK\Z[YPHS J\S[\YHS HUK O\THU YLZV\YJLZ -\Y[OLYTVYL [OLYL HYL ZL]LYHS ULPNOIV\YOVVK Z[Y\J[\YLZ Z\JO HZ [OL ­ ,ZWHJLZ ,U[YLWYPZLZ )\ZPULZZ :WHJL KL SH :70 ® ­ ,ZWHJL 5VYK ® [OL ­ *VTW[VPY KLZ 9LZZV\YJLZ JYtH[P]LZ ® *YLH[P]L 9LZV\YJL +LZR [OL ­ ([LSPLYZ K»(Y[ JVU[LTWVYHPU ® *VU[LTWVYHY` (Y[ :[\KPVZ VY L]LU [OL J\S[\YHS Z[Y\J[\YLZ ^P[OPU [OL )YHZZLYPL /HLJO[ Z\JO HZ [OL 9HKHY JVSSLJ[P]L OV\ZLK PU [OL JLSS [OH[ PZ THUHNLK I` :THY[ IL ¯ 9(=0 WHY[PJPWH[LZ M\SS` PU [OL YPJOULZZ VM [OL X\HY[LY

7/ ¶ 8\LS IPSHU [PYLa ]V\Z HWYuZ \UL HUUtL KL MVUJ[PVUULTLU[ & >OH[ HYL `V\Y JVUJS\ZPVUZ HM[LY [OPZ Ã&#x201E;YZ[ `LHY VM HJ[P]P[` &

31 ¶ 3LZ 9(=0 VU[ NHNUt \UL WYLTPuYL ]P[LZZL KL JYVPZPuYL L[ VU[ WYPZ WSHJL KHUZ SL YtZLH\ KLZ YtZPKLUJLZ L\YVWtLUULZ 3L WYVNYHTTL K»HJJ\LPS H t[t WSLPULTLU[ YLTWSP L[ J»LZ[ ZHUZ H\J\U KV\[L SL I\[ X\»PS MHSSHP[ K»HIVYK H[[LPUKYL *L[[L HUUtL KL TPZL LU WSHJL K\ WYVQL[ H LU V\[YL t[t Z\P]PL WHY \U HYJOP]HNL H]LJ KLZ JVSSLJ[LZ K»PUMVYTH[PVUZ L[ KLZ YLSL]tZ WOV[VNYHWOPX\LZ Z`Z[tTH[PX\LZ " UV\Z KL]YPVUZ S»HTtSPVYLY UV[HTTLU[ WHY KLZ HJJVYKZ H]LJ SH ZLJ[PVU 7OPSVZVWOPL L[ 3L[[YLZ KL S»<UP]LYZP[t KL 3PuNL X\P WV\YYHP[ LUNHNLY KLZ t[\KPHU[Z n JVSSHIVYLY Z\Y KLZ [YH]H\_ K»tJYP[\YL V\ KLZ PU[LY]PL^Z KLZ YtZPKLU[Z *LSH ]PLUKYHP[ LUYPJOPY SH K`UHTPX\L KL WHY[LUHYPH[ KtQn LUNHNtL LU[YL H\[YLZ JOVZLZ H]LJ SL WYVNYHTTL ,\YVWHSPH 0UKL LU L[ LU H]LJ SH )PLUUHSL PU[LYUH[PVUHSL KL SH 7OV[VNYHWOPL V\ S»(JHKtTPL KLZ )LH\_ (Y[Z *L[[L YLSH[PVU H]LJ \U t[HISPZZLTLU[ K»LUZLPNULTLU[ TL WHYHz[ PTWVY[HU[L ! VU JVTWYLUK SL Y SL X\L KLZ YtZPKLUJLZ WL\]LU[ QV\LY LU [LYTLZ KL ZLUZPIPSPZH[PVU H\_ WHY[PJ\SHYP[tZ KL SH ]PL WYVMLZZPVUULSSL KLZ HY[PZ[LZ WSHZ[PJPLUZ 0S MH\KYH tNHSLTLU[ PUZ[HSSLY JL [`WL KL Z`ULYNPLZ H\ UP]LH\ KL SH -tKtYH[PVU >HSSVUPL )Y\_LSSLZ 3L Kt]LSVWWLTLU[ KLZ 9(=0 LZ[ SVPU K»v[YL HJOL]t 0S ` H \U tSHYNPZZLTLU[ WVZZPISL KLZ TPZZPVUZ ;OL 9(=0 OH]L UV^ YLHJOLK JY\PZPUN ZWLLK HUK [HRLU [OLPY WSHJL ^P[OPU [OL UL[^VYR VM ,\YVWLHU YLZPKLU JPLZ ;OL OVZ[PUN WYVNYHTTL ^HZ H JVTWSL[L Z\JJLZZ HUK [OH[ ^HZ KV\I[SLZZ [OL NVHS [OH[ OHK [V IL YLHJOLK MYVT [OL V\[ZL[ ;OPZ PUP[PHS `LHY OHZ HSZV ILLU TVUP[VYLK HUK HYJOP]LK ^P[O H Z`Z[LTH[PJ JVSSLJ[PVU VM PUMVYTH[PVU HUK PTHNLZ" PU WHY[PJ\SHY ^L ZOV\SK PTWYV]L I` [HRPUN HK]HU[HNL VM V\Y HYYHUNLTLU[Z ^P[O [OL MHJ\S[PLZ VM 7OPSVZVWO` HUK 3L[[LYZ VM [OL <UP]LYZP[` VM 3PLNL ;OLZL JV\SK LUNHNL Z[\KLU[Z [V JVSSHIVYH[L PU JYLH[P]L ^YP[PUN WYVQLJ[Z VY PU[LY]PL^Z ^P[O [OL YLZPKLU[ HY[PZ[Z ;OPZ ^V\SK LUSP]LU [OL WHY[ULYZOPW HSYLHK` LTIHYRLK VU ^P[O [OL ,\YVWHSPH 0UKPH WYVNYHTTL PU HUK PU ^P[O [OL )PLUUHSL PU[LYUH[PVUHSL KL SH 7OV[VNYHWOPL )PHUU\HS 7OV[VNYHWOPJ -LZ[P]HS VY [OL (JHKtTPL KLZ )LH\_ (Y[Z (JHKLT` VM -PUL (Y[Z ;OPZ YLSH[PVUZOPW ^P[O HU PUZ[P[\[PVU VM OPNOLY LK\JH[PVU PZ PTWVY[HU[ [V TL! VUL JHU \UKLYZ[HUK [OL YVSL [OH[ [OL YLZPKLUJPLZ JV\SK WSH` PU [LYTZ VM YHPZPUN H^HYLULZZ HYV\UK [OL WHY[PJ\SHYP[PLZ VM SPML MVY WYVMLZZPVUHS HY[PZ[Z >L ZOV\SK HSZV KL]LSVW [OLZL RPUKZ VM Z`ULYNPLZ H[ [OL SL]LS VM [OL >HSSVUPH )Y\ZZLSZ -LKLYH[PVU ;OL KL]L SVWTLU[ VM 9(=0 PZ MHY MYVT JVUJS\KLK 6UL JHU JLY[HPUS` LU]PZHNL HU L_WHUZPVU VM P[Z TPZZPVUZ

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7/ ¶ 7V\YYPLa ]V\Z KVUULY X\LSX\LZ WYtJPZPVUZ Z\Y JL WVPU[ & *V\SK `V\ NP]L ZVTL TVYL KL[HPS \UKLY [OH[ OLHKPUN &

31 ¶ 1L WLUZL X\»PS ` H H\QV\YK»O\P \U [YH]HPS n LMMLJ[\LY Z\Y S»HWWLS n KVZZPLY 6U WL\[ SL YLUKYL WS\Z WLYMVYTHU[ JL X\P WLYTL[[YH K»H\NTLU[LY SL UP]LH\ K»L_PNLUJL KHUZ SH ZtSLJ[PVU *»LZ[ \UL YtÅL_PVU X\P KVP[ v[YL TLUtL WHY SL *VTP[t HY[PZ[PX\L (WYuZ JL[[L WYLTPuYL HUUtL UV\Z ZV\OHP[VUZ Kt]LSVWWLY \UL Z[Y\J[\YL K»HJJVT WHNULTLU[ WV\Y HY[PZ[LZ tTLYNLU[Z SVJH\_ " SLZ 9(=0 KVP]LU[ WV\]VPY VMMYPY \U ZV\ [PLU KHUZ SL SHUJLTLU[ K»\UL JHYYPuYL *VUMVYTtTLU[ n UVZ PU[LU[PVUZ KuZ S»VYPNPUL PS MH\[ TL[[YL H\ WVPU[ S»HJJ\LPS K»\U HY[PZ[L YLUVTTt WV\Y \UL YtZPKLUJL KL WYVK\J [PVU " JLSH KL]YHP[ v[YL VWtYH[PVUULS LU 5V\Z KL]VUZ H\ZZP [YH]HPSSLY Z\Y SH YtJP WYVJP[t KLZ tJOHUNLZ KHUZ S»LZWYP[ K\ WYVQL[ 3L *HUHS /L[ 2HUHHS X\L UV\Z H]VUZ SHUJt JL[[L HUUtL H]LJ SL 50** L[ (09 (U[^LYWLU 3LZ 9(=0 KVP]LU[ v[YL \U SL]PLY WV\Y HPKLY SLZ HY[PZ[LZ KL SH -tKtYH[PVU >HSSVUPL )Y\_LSSLZ n WHY[PY LU YtZPKLUJL *LSH PTWSPX\L KLZ WHY[LUHYPH[Z H]LJ KLZ PUZ[P[\[PVUZ UH[PVUHSLZ L[ t[YHUNuYLZ 5V\Z WV\Y YPVUZ H\ZZP TL[[YL Z\Y WPLK \U Z`Z[uTL WV\Y YLJL]VPY KLZ J\YH[L\YZ L[ KLZ JYP[PX\LZ K»HY[ 6U WL\[ LUJVYL WLUZLY H\ YLUMVYJLTLU[ KLZ SPLUZ H]LJ SL TVUKL KL S»LU[YL WYPZL n S»L_WSVP[H[PVU KLZ WV[LU[PLSZ K\ TtJtUH[ KL SH YLJOLYJOL KL Z\IZPKLZ L[ KL ÄUHUJLTLU[Z UV[HTTLU[ H\ UP]LH\ L\YVWtLU 0S ` H \UL ­ THJOPUL n KVZZPLYZ ® n TL[[YL LU WSHJL 0S MH\[ tNHSLTLU[ YLUMVYJLY SLZ WHY[LUHYPH[Z PU[LYULZ H]LJ SH =PSSL KL 3PuNL LU[YL H\[YLZ JOVZLZ H]LJ SLZ SPL\_ K»L_WVZP[PVUZ SL 4\ZtL *\Y[P\Z SL M\[\Y *0(*¯ X\P WV\YYHPLU[ TVU[YLY SLZ [YH]H\_ KLZ YtZPKLU[Z W\PZX\L SLZ 9(=0 UL WL\]LU[ SL MHPYL X\L Z\Y \U [YuZ JV\Y[ SHWZ KL [LTWZ LU ÄU KL ZtQV\Y 0 [OPUR [OH[ ^L OH]L ZVTL ^VYR [V KV VU [OL HWWSPJH[PVU HUK [LUKLYPUN WYVJLZZ >L JV\SK PUJYLHZL [OL WLYMVYTHUJL Z[HUKHYK MVY Z\ITPZZPVUZ ^OPJO ^V\SK LUHISL \Z [V JVTTLUZ\YH[LS` YHPZL [OL ZLSLJ[PVU IHY 6M JV\YZL [OPZ PZ H TH[[LY MVY [OL JVUZPKLYH[PVU VM [OL (Y[PZ[PJ *VTTP[[LL (M[LY [OPZ ÄYZ[ `LHY ^L ZOV\SK HSZV SPRL [V KL]LSVW H Z[Y\J[\YL VM HJJVTWHUPTLU[ MVY LTLYNLU[ HY[PZ[Z PU [OL SVJHS HYLH" 9(=0 ZOV\SK IL HISL [V VMMLY Z\WWVY[ PU SH\UJOPUN HU HY[PZ[»Z JHYLLY (UK PU RLLWPUN ^P[O V\Y VYPNPUHS PU[LU[PVUZ ^L ZOHSS YL]PZP[ [OL PKLH VM OVZ[PUN H MHTV\Z HY[PZ[ MVY H JYLH[P]L YLZPKLUJL ;OPZ ZOV\SK IL VWLYH[PVUHS I` >L ZOV\SK HSZV ^VYR VU [OL YLJPWYVJP[` VM L_JOHUNLZ T\JO PU [OL ZWPYP[ VM [OL 3L *HUHS /L[ 2HUHHS ;OL *HUHS [OL WYVQLJ[ ^L SH\UJOLK [OPZ `LHY [VNL[OLY ^P[O [OL 50** HUK (09 (U[^LYW 9(=0 ZOV\SK IL H SL]LY [V OLSW HY[PZ[Z MYVT [OL >HSSVUPH )Y\ZZLSZ -LKLYH[PVU [V [HRL \W HU L_[LYUHS YLZPKLUJ` ;OPZ ^PSS PU]VS]L KL]LSVWPUN WHY[ULYZOPWZ ^P[O UH[PVUHS HUK MVYLPNU PUZ[P[\[PVUZ >L JHU HSZV ZL[ \W H Z`Z[LT MVY OVZ[PUN HY[ J\YH[VYZ HUK JYP[PJZ >L TPNO[ M\Y[OLY JVUZPKLY Z[YLUN[OLUPUN V\Y YLSH[PVUZ ^P[O [OL I\ZPULZZ JVTT\UP[` PU VYKLY [V L_WSVP[ [OL WV [LU[PHSZ VM WH[YVUHNL HUK ZWVUZVYZOPW WHY[PJ\SHYS` H[ [OL ,\YVWLHU SL]LS ;OLYL PZ HU LU[PYL 79 ÄSPUN THJOP ULY` [V IL [OYV^U PU[V NLHY PU [OPZ YLZWLJ[ >L T\Z[ HSZV Z[YLUN[OLU V\Y PU[LYUHS WHY[ULYZOPWZ ^P[O [OL *P[` VM 3PLNL PUJS\KPUN L_OPIP[PVU ]LU\LZ Z\JO HZ [OL *\Y[P\Z 4\ZL\T [OL M\[\YL *0(* ¯ HZ [OL` ^V\SK IL HISL [V L_OPIP[ [OL ^VYRZ VM V\Y N\LZ[ HY[PZ[Z ^OLYLHZ [OL 9(=0 JHU VUS` KV [OPZ MVY H ]LY` SPTP[LK [PTL H[ [OL LUK VM [OLPY YLZPKLUJ`

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Batterie *VUs\L WV\Y S»PUH\N\YH[PVU KLZ 9(=0 )H[[LYPL H]YPS ¶ THP H YHZZLTISt \UL ZtYPL KL JYtH[L\YZ KL SH -tKtYH[PVU >HSSVUPL )Y\_LSSLZ KVU[ SL WHYJV\YZ LZ[ THYX\t WHY S»L_WtYPLUJL K\ [YH]HPS LU YtZPKLUJL

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*VTTPZZHYPH[ ! 3H\YLU[ 1HJVI 7PLYYL /LUYPVU *\YH[VYZ ! 3H\YLU[ 1HJVI 7PLYYL /LUYPVU

EXPOSITION

LIEGE / RÃ&#x2030;SIDENCES-ATELIERS VIVEGNIS INTERNATIONAL

RAVI

RÃ&#x2030;SIDENCES-ATELIERS VIVEGNIS INTERNATIONAL (PLACE VIVEGNIS, 36, B-4000 LIÃ&#x2C6;GE)

EDITEUR RESPONSABLE: JEAN PIERRE HUPKENS, ECHEVIN DE LA CULTURE ET DE Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;URBANISME DE LA VILLE DE LIÃ&#x2C6;GE PHOTOGRAPHIE: © ALAIN JANSSENS

13 AVRIL â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 17 MAI 2013

STEPHAN BALLEUX - CHARLOTTE BEAUDRY - DIVA MESSIEURS DELMOTTE - JONATHAN DE WINTER + MEURANT & BERNATOWIEZ + JONAS LOCHT + ANNE BOSSUROY + JEAN-DANIEL BOURGEOIS XAVIER MARY - FRÃ&#x2030;DÃ&#x2030;RIC PLATÃ&#x2030;US CHRISTOPHE TERLINDEN COMMISSARIAT PIERRE HENRION, LAURENT JACOB

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*OYPZ[VWOL ;LYSPUKLU ;L O\\Y [L RVVW PTWYLZZPVU KPNP[HSL _ JT )H[[LYPL 9(=0 3PuNL H]YPS ¶ THP 7OV[V ! ( 1HUZZLUZ 9(=0

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RĂŠsidents 2013/2014

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Béatrice BALCOU

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Hou CHIEN CHENG

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