Life noise and air study

ASTRALE ‘α-CONTRACT’

Study

on Noise & Air Aiga Kala and Georgia Valaoras May 2012

Contribution of LIFE ENV/INF projects to the implementation, dissemination and further development of EU environmental policies and legislation, focusing in particular on resource efficiency

ASTRALE ‘α-CONTRACT’

Contribution of LIFE ENV/INF projects to the implementation, dissemination and further development of EU environmental policies and legislation, focusing in particular on resource efficiency Study on Noise & Air

Aiga Kala and Georgia Valaoras May 2012

Executive summary The current study on environmental noise- and air-related LIFE projects has been prepared on request of LIFE Unit The main aim of the thematic LIFE studies is to provide useful information on LIFE projects' results to Thematic Units, and consequently strengthen the link between the LIFE Unit in charge of the management of operational projects and Thematic Units dealing mainly with environmental policy. and Thematic Unit.

The scope of current study (part I) first covers all LIFE projects relevant to the field of environmental noise in the time-frame of 2005-2010. Due to the absence of LIFE INF environmental noise projects in the assessed time-frame, the study analyses only LIFE ENV noise projects. 28 environmental noise-related projects have been assessed during the study, selecting some of the most relevant projects for more detailed assessment in Chapters 3 and 4. When performing an assessment of the selected projects, the central piece of legislation is the Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC) and related legislative acts. In addition, also the policy instruments of a more general nature (like 6th EAP, Thematic Strategy on Urban Environment etc.) are considered at some instances.

The main results of the noise study are the following:  The comparably small number of projects relevant to the environmental noise issues makes it rather difficult to perform sophisticated analysis in regards to the general trends. However, it can still be outlined that the majority of projects deal with the issues stemming from the general nature of Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC);  A number of projects provide more detailed approaches to Environmental Noise Directive’s requirements, also suggesting the broader application of the developed approaches/methods that can be ensured by integration of these methods in the relevant EU directives and policy instruments;  Some of the projects, offering the technological advancements that would help to reduce the environmental noise, have a great potential to provide an input in the development of EU noise policy, corresponding to the latest breakthroughs in the ‘state of technology’;  The majority of projects do not focus exclusively on environmental noise issues – there are actually only few projects that deal primarily with environmental noise, thus the most of assessed projects mainly focus on other areas, addressing environmental noise as a supplementary ‘environmental benefit’;  Overall, the projects tend to go beyond the requirements imposed by the EU legislation, and develop policies that are either focused on introduction of measures not covered by the existing legislation, or innovations that can contribute to the development of stricter standards than the existing ones.

The remainder (part II) of the current study covers in depth all LIFE projects relevant to the field of air pollution in the time-frame of 2005-2011 (since the study has been updated one year later – May 2013). The study has assessed 101 air-related projects, selecting 24 of them for a more detailed assessment. In order to facilitate understanding of the evolution of air-related LIFE projects, the study followed the methodology of the waste report (Astrale C contract, Enhancing Task 5 – ‘Pilot Study on Waste,’ June, 2011) and looked at various trends that could be discerned throughout the years of the LIFE programme by looking as well at projects from 1992 onwards, but without the same in-depth analysis.

2

The main results of the air study are the following:  The greatest focus of air-related LIFE projects throughout the LIFE programme has been on the prevention of pollution from industrial activities. This focus on clean technology might have had an effect on the decreasing number of projects addressing end-of-pipe emissions. Monitoring and assessment of air quality projects were the majority during the early years of the LIFE programme, but have decreased in comparison to the later years. Policy and management tools regarding transportation and urban planning, coupled with pollution prevention technology systems in transportation, have increased during the past five years. A small percentage of projects (4.5%) focused explicitly on awareness-raising. It is suggested that increased emphasis should be given on LIFE INF projects and provisions should be taken to enable more such proposals to take place, since up to now only LIFE ENV projects have been air-related.  Most LIFE projects address and implement at least one air-related directive. The projects have in their majority performed very well. There is a substantial focus in implementing EU legislation at the local level, keeping in mind also possible transferability of the projects’ results. A significant number of projects demonstrate or furher develop best practices, particularly regarding technological innovation. The assessment concludes that air-related LIFE projects form a valuable part in fulfilling the Thematic Unit’s goals.  Even though air-related LIFE projects have been beneficial for local/regional communities and have brought them closer to the fulfilment of European policy, only eighteen countries had projects related to air quality. Of those, four countries (Italy, Spain, France, Germany) hosted 65% of all projects.  There is significant amount of cross-cutting, with many projects addressing several other EU directives and Thematic Strategies of the 6th EAP, including noise, water, soil and urban development.  The main strengths of air-related LIFE projects can be found in the fields of technological innovation, in their integrative principles and in their demonstration value and transfer potential. Their main weaknesses can be traced in technical challenges, organisational and bureaucratic difficulties, as well as problems with management.  Air-related LIFE projects helped to further the relevant EU legislation in various ways. Many projects implement legislation, but the greatest contribution of LIFE projects is in setting new air management related norms and standards through innovation.  The main policy recommendations that stem from the projects are the following: - the results of LIFE projects should be communicated and utilised more regularly by the Policy Unit. This could be facilitated through the development of a special mechanism; -data acquisition and measurement practices need to be better harmonised at the European level -industries should be encouraged to monitor emissions and make this information available to the public; -legislation for innovative vehicles should be developed; -synergies with climate-related and other policies should be tapped; -a better monetary evaluation of clean air benefits is pivotal for the viability of many projects;  The most important element that compromises the successful completion of projects is the lack of reliable data. Therefore, the projects working on establishing monitoring and assessment systems acquire an even greater importance. Another

3

risk is possible increased costs, which in relation to the financial crisis has threatened the implementation of some projects. Also, in some cases, the technology proposed is not mature enough or is not easily accepted by the public or authorities, while a final risk is the dependence of projects on local political conditions and their fluctuations.

4

Part I – Noise-related LIFE projects Table of Contents List of Tables .............................................................................................................................. 6 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................... 7 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 8 2. Trends .................................................................................................................................... 9 3. Evaluation of LIFE ENV/INF noise projects in relation to EU noise policy and legislation ... 11 3.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................... 11 3.2. Policy sectors and legislative texts addressed by the LIFE ENV/INF projects .............. 13 3.2.1. Noise framework legislation (Directive 2002/49/EC) ........................................... 13 3.2.2. Green Paper on Future Noise Policy (COM(96) 540) ............................................. 15 3.2.3. Sources of noise pollution (Commission Decision 2006/66/EC, Directive 2000/14/EC) .................................................................................................................... 16 3.2.4. Other policies ........................................................................................................ 17 3.3. Where do the projects intervene (implementation of directives, demonstration of best practices, awareness building, monitoring and enforcement, policy making) ........... 17 3.4. Specific national/regional/local approaches developed by LIFE ENV/INF projects ..... 18 3.5. LIFE ENV/INF projects playing the role of catalyst for the implementation of national/regional/local noise programs.............................................................................. 19 3.6. Cross-cutting policies ................................................................................................... 20 4. Analysis of the achievements of LIFE ENV/INF projects in the noise sector ....................... 21 4.1. SWOT analysis .............................................................................................................. 21 4.2. Areas in which LIFE noise projects are especially successful (strengths) .................... 22 4.3. Areas in which LIFE noise projects have failed to meet their policy objectives (weaknesses) ....................................................................................................................... 23 4.4. Continuing or new threats which make it difficult for LIFE noise projects to implement policy (threats) .................................................................................................................... 24 4.5. LIFE projects contributing to the development of new noise related policies and legislation (opportunities) ................................................................................................... 24 4.6. Factors for success and failure ..................................................................................... 27 5. Conclusions and recommendations .................................................................................... 28 6. Sources ................................................................................................................................ 30 Annex 1: Long list of all LIFE ENV projects probably relevant for the noise sector (2005-2010) ................................................................................................................................................. 32 Annex 2: Results and web sites of LIFE ENV noise projects .................................................... 37

5

LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Overview over the areas of activity of LIFE noise projects from 2005 – 2010 Table 2: Number of LIFE projects per environmental noise directive (and other environmental noise instruments) Table 3: Number of LIFE projects per legislation on noise sources Table 4: Number of LIFE projects per other noise connected legislation Table 5: Projects working on Environmental Noise Directive Table 6: LIFE ENV/INF projects contributing to the implementation of national, regional or local noise programs Table 7: Geographical distribution of LIFE ENV/INF noise projects Table 8: SWOT of environmental noise LIFE ENV/INF projects according to their thematic focus Table 9: Factors for success and risks of LIFE ENV/ INF projects in the noise sector

6

ACRONYMS 5th EAP - 5th Environment Action Program 6th EAP – 6th Environment Action Program EMAS – Eco-Management and Audit Scheme END – Environmental Noise Directive (2002/49/EC) ETAP – Environmental Technologies Action Plan EU – European Union IPPC – Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control NCNE – normative conflicts between National and European levels NCNR – normative conflicts between Regional and National levels SWOT – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats analysis

7

1. INTRODUCTION The LIFE ENV and Eco-innovation Unit has requested that Astrale EEIG should, in the context of the Enhancing Tasks of Astrale D contract, assess the contribution of LIFE ENV/INF projects to the implementation, dissemination and further development of EU environmental policies and legislation, focusing in particular on resource efficiency.

Following the example of ‘pilot study’ on waste management related LIFE projects the current study (part I) conducts an in-depth analysis of projects relevant to environmental noise sector. The timeframe of assessment covers LIFE05 – LIFE10 noise related projects that are analysed adhering to the methodology developed in the ‘pilot study’.

The projects are being evaluated on the basis of following issues: - Evaluation of selected LIFE noise projects in relation to the EU noise policy and legislation, particularly focusing on the Environmental Noise Directive and resultant legislation.

- Evaluation of the achievements of selected noise projects, also analysing their potential either to contribute to the existing legislation or to propose new instruments/standards.

The analysis of selected projects allows outlining the factors that lead to the success/failure of certain approaches.

The study long-lists 35 projects (Annex 1) that are either devoted to tackling environmental noise issue in their entirety or are dealing with the noise pollution on a subsidiary basis. In addition long list also entails projects, which, even though have some noise aspects, are not related to environmental noise, such as the ones working on decreasing the levels of noise at work. Due to its limited scope, the study proceeds with scrutinizing only environmental noise related projects, for that purpose reducing the number of relevant projects to 28 LIFE05 – LIFE10 ENV projects, which either generally or additionally touch upon the issue of environmental noise.

The short list of 28 projects also includes those that are relevant to particular sources of noise pollution, as equipment for use outdoors or noise emissions from ships. The first part of short-listed projects’ assessment consists of evaluation on the basis of existent environmental noise related policies and legislation. This includes not only the END and affiliated legislation, but also broader environmental instruments and strategies as the 6th EAP and urban environment policy instruments, and takes into consideration the crosscutting policies, as air pollution, energy or climate change that often appear in conjunction with noise aspects.

In addition, the study also outlines the noteworthy aspects that can lead either to success or failure of particular types of projects, as well as performs a SWOT analysis for certain projects and ‘project groups’, in general. These factors, along with the assessment in relation to policies and legislation, form a basis for conclusions and recommendations, encompassed in Chapter 5 of the study.

In order to grasp the general disposition of noise related projects Annex 2 provides a table with brief assessment of 28 projects’ results (topical to finished projects). Some of the projects included in the Annex are also discussed more elaborately either in third or fourth chapter.

As well as the pilot study on waste, the study on noise also encounters a problem with according a particular legislative piece or policy to selected projects. This is due to the fact that mostly the complex nature of projects leads to the possibility to associate them with several policy areas, thus making it difficult to link them to the specific noise instrument.

8

2. TRENDS Due to the comparably small number of noise-related LIFE projects in the timeframe of 2005 – 2010, it is difficult to outline definite trends in respect to the general areas of activity of the projects. However, Table 1 gathers all of the long-listed projects and groups them in accordance with their primary focus area 1 and year, when the project was launched, thus providing a possibility to analyse the situation over the observed five years.

Even though almost one-third of the projects are associated with the ‘other’ areas of activity, it does not lead to unequivocal conclusion in relation to trends, because, first of all, the table encompasses also the projects that are not actually related to environmental noise, thus covering the issues regarding noise at work. Second, ‘other’ areas additionally include projects that cannot be directly affiliated with the common areas of activity that are usually backed by particular legislation. Here such activities as introduction of quiet water transport and introduction of integrated approach towards tackling air pollution with the help of already existing noise reduction techniques illustrate situation.

Yet, with respect to particular areas of activity, apparently both the reduction of road traffic noise through management actions and at source are the most common themes in observed LIFE noise projects. It is not a surprise, as the noise from motor vehicles was considered topical in Europe already in 1970s and was still acknowledged to be ‘a major contributor to environmental noise’ in 2004 report on measures relating to sources of environmental noise 2. Lately, more emphasis is put on the reduction of noise at source by introducing new, quieter technological solutions for road vehicles, including the ‘greener’ public transport. Meanwhile, the management methods do not disappear from the activities list – they oftentimes are supplementary tool in projects dealing with the introduction of new technologies and vice versa.

Considerably smaller number of projects represents such activities as assessment and action planning and awareness raising. The projects that aim to develop action plans for tackling particular environmental noise problems are rather progressive in their nature and propose more sophisticated plans than the general ones required by END. At the same time awareness raising projects are more general and usually it is not the sole task undertaken in course of the project.

Both projects dealing with the management of quiet areas are rather recent – one from 2009 and the other – from 2010. The notion of quiet areas is discussed in the END and goes hand in hand with the road traffic noise, which is the most substantial source of nuisance ‘obstructing’ quiet areas.

Other areas of activities are described by single project in each of the area. These constitute reduction of rail traffic noise, reduction of noise from equipment used outdoors and reduction of noise from industrial activities. Accordingly, there is no particular pattern that can be derived from distribution of these projects throughout 2005 – 2010. Yet one area that has to be distinguished from this group of single project areas is reduction of noise from equipment used outdoors. As this area is so narrow and mostly specific technologybased, it is rather difficult to make some proposals that would significantly affect the whole basis of the respective field. Furthermore, the project that deals with this issue is balancing between decrease of environmental noise and decrease of noise at work. Probably there will 1

Majority of the observed projects have developed rather sophisticated plan for tackling noise issues, therefore they might encompass more than one area of activity. However, the table above groups the projects in accordance with the primary focus in terms of environmental noise.

2 Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council concerning existing Community measures relating to sources of environmental noise, pursuant to article 10.1 of Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, COM(2004) 160 final

9

not be a lot of these ‘outdoor equipment’ projects in the following years as well; however, this assumption is not conclusive, and, even though these technological innovations for outdoor equipment is a relatively narrow field and current legislation prescribes rather precise measures to tackle the noise emissions from this equipment, there still might be projects that may target the inclusion of new sort of equipment in the list provided in the legislation or provide technological innovations to the already complying machines.

The overarching tendency is that the majority of areas of activities are directly connected to END’s general objectives and there are a very limited number of projects, whose main aim is associated with the accruing legislation on particular noise source. This situation is probable by virtue of the fact that END targets the major sources of noise pollution, but at the same time it does not set any binding limit values, thus being of rather general nature, in such a way indirectly encouraging the introduction of more detailed measures for achievement of END’s general goals.

Table 1: Overview over the areas of activity of LIFE noise projects from 2005 – 2010 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Assessment of environmental noise + action planning Reduction of road traffic noise + management issues Reduction of road traffic noise at source Reduction of rail traffic noise Reduction of noise from equipment used outdoors Awareness raising

1

2

4

3 4

2

Total

3

8 2

1

7 1

1

1 1

1

1

3

Quiet areas

1

1

2

Reduction of noise from sites of industrial activities Other

1

1

1

4

3

1

9

Total

7

4

8

11

1

4

35

10

3. EVALUATION OF LIFE ENV/INF NOISE PROJECTS IN RELATION TO EU NOISE POLICY AND LEGISLATION 3.1. Overview The majority of assessed projects do not focus exclusively on environmental noise legislation; on the contrary – the observation of noise issue is merely a complementary benefit in many of them. Notwithstanding that fact, the table below shows the number of projects associated either with the Environmental Noise Directive (END) or other policy instruments relevant particularly to the environmental noise sector.

Table 2: Number of LIFE projects per environmental noise directive (and other environmental noise instruments) Legislation No. of projects Environmental Noise 2002/49/EC Environmental Noise 26 Directive Noise Policy Instruments COM(96) 540 Green Paper on Future 2 Noise Policy Beyond END and Green Paper there is also a set of instruments governing particularly the sources of noise pollution. Even though this legislation has direct link to END 3, it is still reasonable to mention it separately, as it has narrower framework, being limited to certain sources of environmental noise.

Table 3: Number of LIFE projects per legislation on noise sources Sources of Noise Pollution Decision 2006/66/EC Rolling – Stock Noise COM/2008/0432 final Rail Noise Abatement Measures Directive 2000/14/EC Noise from Equipment Used Outdoors

1 1 1

Considering the rather broad scope of END, it is not a surprise that the majority of the environmental noise projects fall under its framework, leaving just few, that are observed under other environmental noise policy instruments as the Green Paper or legislation relating to specific noise sources.

When observing the measures dealing with sources of noise, such instruments as Directive on Motor Vehicles 4 and Directive on Tyres 5 come to mind. This is mostly due to the fact, that there actually are projects dealing with noise from these sources. However, the reason why these Directives are not expressly linked to any of the projects, and therefore also not included in any of the lists, is because the potentially relevant projects move several steps ahead of the current legislation, offering technological advancements not covered by 3

Article 1.2 of the Directive provides a basis for introduction of measures relating to reduction of noise from major sources 4 Directive 70/157/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the permissible sound level and the exhaust system of motor vehicles 5 Directive 92/23/EEC relating to tyres for motor vehicles and their trailers and to their fitting

11

specific requirements set in respective Directives, thus also avoiding the references to this legislation. The situation can be illustrated by the projects ECO2 Tyre Tech LIFE09 ENV/LU/000390 and EFRUD LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107. In the case of first project, the beneficiary develops a new environmentally sustainable tyre concepts, that would eventually lead to the reduction of noise pollution; yet the Tyre Directive is not that relevant in this case as the project aims to decrease noise in the range of 3 dBA of the Goodyear premium brand average tyres, which are already in the compliance with the Directive. At the same time EFRUD project provides a low-noise and emission transport, based on a prototype that integrates a series of technological advancements, in the sector of transportation of perishable goods. Again, this project serves as an example in situations where the more environmentally-sound alternative to a technology already complying with the Directive on Motor Vehicles is introduced, thus furthering the policy development.

Accordingly, these projects are more following the general goal of decreasing the environmental noise and therefore are better associated with the END. However, without particular environmental noise legislation, there are also other instruments that at some instance touch upon the issue of noise pollution. Taking into account the fact that some of these instruments either do not address the subject of environmental noise or they focus on broader policy areas, just briefly mentioning the environmental noise pollution, they will be presented in separate table.

Table 4: Number of LIFE projects per other noise connected legislation Legislation No. of Projects Urban Environment COM/98/0605 final Framework for Action 16 Decision No 1411/2001/EC Cooperation 6 COM(2005) 718 Thematic Strategy 11 Other Environmental Policies Decision No 1600/2002/EC 6th EAP 6 Directive 2008/1/EC IPPC 1 COM(2004) 38 final ETAP 1 Other Noise Directive 2003/10/EC Noise at Work 2 The legislation on urban environment appears in a considerable number of environmental noise projects due to its close connection to the tackling of noise pollution problems in urban areas and relevance in many projects that are also covered by END. The urban environment projects mostly deal with the introduction of more sustainable urban transportation system, which focuses not only on the noise level reduction, but also on other issues connected with the environmental concerns arising out of the unsustainable use of vehicles, such as air pollution and climate change. Furthermore, this legislation has relevance in the projects dealing with improvement of conditions in quiet areas, which are more specifically covered by END (topical in QSIDE LIFE09 ENV/NL/000423 and QUADMAP LIFE10 ENV/IT/000407 examples, where the former developed a new technology for assessing traffic noise in cities, including in quiet areas and at quiet facades, and the latter – proposed a harmonised methodology for selection, quantitative and qualitative assessment and management of urban quiet areas).

The consideration should also be taken in respect to the more general environmental policies, such as the 6th EAP, IPPC and ETAP. The instrument deserving particular attention in regards to environmental noise is the 6th EAP 6. The relevance of the program lies in the fact 6

Decision No 1600/2002/EC laying down the Sixth Community Environment Action Programme

12

that it could actually be connected to the majority of the assessed noise projects, as it outlines a broad range of actions to deal with noise pollution. 7 However, taking into account the underlying features, the majority of projects have more direct links with a specific legislation, thus the number of projects included in the table represents the ones which have expressly mentioned the relevance of the 6th EAP. At the same time the IPPC aims to manage ‘noise emissions’ created specifically by the industrial sector. In addition, one project also mentioned the pertinence of ETAP in order to promote the innovation of environmental technologies in the city logistics system.

Last, there are two projects which, even though address the noise-created problems, they do not relate to the area of environmental noise. The aim of these projects is to improve the working conditions by reducing the acoustic pollution created by the machines used by the employees in the work process. As this study is dedicated to the assessment of projects relevant to the environmental noise, the projects relating to the noise at work will not be discussed in further chapters.

3.2. Policy sectors and legislative texts addressed by the LIFE ENV/INF projects 3.2.1. Noise framework legislation (Directive 2002/49/EC) The core of the noise framework legislation consists of a single directive, namely, the Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC which aims to avoid, prevent or reduce the harmful effects, including annoyance, due to the exposure to environmental noise. In order to reach the objectives, the Directive encompasses four underlying principles which are similar to those present in other environmental policies, namely – monitoring the environmental problem, informing and consulting the public, addressing local noise issues, and developing a long-term EU strategy.

As the Directive covers rather broad range of matters relating to the noise pollution (excluding the noise caused by the exposed person himself/herself and several other sources listed in Article 2.2 8), it is applicable to the majority of observed noise-related projects. The main issues in these projects vary, starting with the improved assessment of environmental noise and ending with the innovations that would help to resolve the environmental noise problem in urban areas. Table 5 depicts the main issues and subjects handled in the projects relevant to the Directive.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0049:EN:NOT Table 5: Projects working on Environmental Noise Directive Main issues Project number Subject of project 7

In order to reach the objective to reduce the harmful effects of noise, the 6th EAP provides two types of action: (1) ‘supplementing and further improving measures, including type-approval procedures, on noise emissions from services and products: from railway vehicles, aircraft and stationary machinery, and in particular from motor vehicles, including measures to reduce noise from the interaction between tyre and road surface that do not compromise road safety’; (2) ‘developing and implementing instruments to mitigate traffic noise where appropriate, for example by means of transport demand reduction, shifts to less noisy modes of transport, the promotion of technical measures and of sustainable transport planning’.

8 ‘This Directive shall not apply to noise that is caused by the exposed person himself, noise from domestic activities, noise created by neighbours, noise at work places or noise inside means of transport or due to military activities in military areas.’

13

Assessment of environmental noise and action planning

LIFE05 ENV/NL/000018 LIFE08 ENV/E/000110 LIFE08 ENV/IT/000386 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146 LIFE09 ENV/NL/000423 LIFE10 ENV/IT/000407 LIFE10 ENV/FR/000211

Reduction of road traffic noise a) mostly management LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808 issues LIFE05 ENV/E/000262 LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870 LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146 LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000102 LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226 b) mostly source or mitigation measures

LIFE08 ENV/E/000136 LIFE09 ENV/LU/000390 LIFE09 ENV/GR/000304 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107 LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041 LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035

Mapping noise in seaport areas Assessment of environmental noise in municipality with less than 250’000 inhabitants Harmonising national noise reduction planning on regional, national and EU level System of indicators to monitor noise Assessment of traffic noise in cities, planning for quiet facades and areas Assessment of urban quiet areas Harmonized framework for monitoring and evaluating noise pollution

Urban planning, reduction of noise from transport Sustainable mobility in industrial areas, reduction of noise from transport Sustainable logistic system, reduction of average noise created by vehicles Sustainable logistic system, reduction of average noise created by vehicles Reduction of noise from vehicles Reduction in demand for carbased urban transport Reduction of noise by reduced traffic levels Reduction of road traffic noise levels Increasing the share of electric vehicles Sustainable mobility on small scale Reduction of noise from tyres Reduction of noise from road surface Reduction of noise from refrigerated vehicles Decreasing noise from public buses (hybrid buses) Decreasing noise from public transport

14

Reduction of noise from industrial areas

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000461

Reduction of noise from industrial areas

Reduction of rail traffic noise Awareness building

LIFE07 ENV/F/000176

Reduction of noise from rail traffic

LIFE05 ENV/E/000262

Raising awareness on sustainable mobility Generating awareness on healthy acoustic habits Raising awareness on ‘green heritage’ Providing user information system and creating mobility management office Motivating people to become more sustain ably oriented Increasing public awareness on traffic noise and its negative impacts Publicly available database with data on quiet areas Publicly available noise pollution information Hydrogen and fuel cell powered ship, reducing noise from water transport Noise protection wall

LIFE08 ENV/E/000110 LIFE08 ENV/E/000097 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146 LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000102 LIFE10 ENV/IT/000407 LIFE10 ENV/FR/000211 Other

LIFE06 ENV/D/000465 LIFE06 ENV/A/000345

It becomes evident that a lot of projects are aimed at specific actions that are not explicitly required by the Directive, but are meaningful in the context of innovative nature of LIFE projects. This situation persists in the area of reduction of traffic noise where beneficiaries, be they private or public bodies, develop a concrete technology or system for reduction of noise levels. However, these projects abide by the overall objectives of the Directive which are aimed towards the minimisation of harmful effects created by the noise pollution. As far as road traffic is concerned, the subdivision into ‘mostly management issues’ and ‘mostly source issues’ appear. Yet it does not mean that the listed projects are dealing exclusively with either management or minimization at source issues – it only outlines the emphasis put on one or the other aspect. In addition, all of the observed traffic projects may have material input in the development of action plans; therefore they deserve notice when carrying out the analysis of END. 3.2.2. Green Paper on Future Noise Policy (COM(96) 540) The Green Paper of 1996 was the first stage of noise abatement programme announced in pursuance with the 5th Environment Action Programme 9, arguing for an overall approach for an effective action, which includes a genuine sharing of responsibilities, setting targets, more coherent action, introduction of system for monitoring progress, and development of noise assessment methods.

9

Decision No 2179/98/EC on the review of the European Community programme of policy and action in relation to the environment and sustainable development 'Towards sustainability"

15

With the introduction of the Green Paper for the first time the noise was treated as the environmental issue, thus not covering the questions related to the noise at workplace and the ‘neighbourhood noise’. In order to tackle the environmental noise related issues, the Commission put forward two lines of action: 1) development of a general noise policy, which was to be achieved by restructuring the existing Community noise policy; 2) reduction of emissions at source, including road traffic, rail traffic, aircraft, and outdoor machinery.

In the light of actions proposed in the Green Paper the Commission introduced the above discussed END. Furthermore, it also facilitated the simplification of some existing noiserelated legislation.

Even though the situation has rather considerably changed since 1996, there are two projects that explicitly refer to the Green Paper. The objective of both of the projects (H.U.S.H. LIFE08 ENV/IT/000386 and HARMONICA LIFE10 ENV/FR/000211) is harmonization, though with different implications – if H.U.S.H. aims to harmonise national noise management standards with the requirements of END, then HARMONICA is focused on development of harmonised framework for monitoring and evaluating noise pollution and measures to reduce it.

Related Links: http://eurlex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc =COMfinal&an_doc=1996&nu_doc=540 3.2.3. Sources of noise pollution (Commission Decision 2006/66/EC, Directive 2000/14/EC) Decision 2006/66/EC (Rolling Stock Noise) In 2006 the Commission adopted the Decision on the technical specification for interoperability relating to rolling stock noise for conventional rolling stock. The Decision aims towards the reduction of noise created in the railway sector, thus introducing noise limits for starting noise, constant speed and stationary vehicles as well as a track specification.

As this document deals explicitly with the rolling stock noise, it is applicable to a limited number of observed projects. The Decision has particular relevance to DECIBELL LIFE07 ENV/F/000176 project, which aims to reduce the noise by introducing innovative substitute brake shoe.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006D0066:EN:NOT Directive 2000/14/EC (Noise from Outdoor Equipment) Following the proposal encompassed in the Green Paper on Future Noise Policy, the Commission introduced Directive 2000/14/EC, creating a single framework to control noise emitted by the equipment used outdoors. The Directive harmonizes the existing legal instruments on a variety of noise-emitting equipment, and provides four types of action for achievement of both smooth functioning of internal market and reduction of noise produced by the machinery. These actions are comprised of 1) harmonization of noise emission standards, 2) harmonization of conformity assessment procedure, 3) harmonization of noise level marking, and 4) gathering of data on noise emissions.

The detailed listing of relevant equipment is provided in Annex I of the Directive. The extensive list also covers high pressure water jets that are at issue in project named TREAD LIFE05 ENV/UK/000118, where this equipment is utilized for tyre recycling purposes, thus

16

requiring particular labelling presented in the Directive, in case if these jets will consequently be used in open air, thus contributing to environmental noise exposure. 10 Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0014:EN:NOT 3.2.4. Other policies Decision No 1600/2002/EC (6th EAP) The Decision on 6th Environment Action Program sets out the framework for environmental policy-making for period 2002-2012. The 6th EAP supports the suggestion to fully integrate the environmental protection aspects in all other Community policies and actions.

Among the 6th EAP’s objectives is the aim to decrease the amount of people negatively affected by noise pollution, outlining the noise created by traffic, services and products. In view of its general approach towards the noise reduction, the projects taking account of the 6th EAP have comparatively distinctive nature. There are six relevant projects with subjects varying from more general strategies for urban environment like in the case of IDEMS LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808, which aims to integrate the Environmental Management System and the Environmental Accounting System to increase the effectiveness of environmental politics and improve urban environmental management, to introduction of specific noise mapping plan for seaport areas (NoMEPorts LIFE05 ENV/NL/000018).

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002D1600:EN:NOT 3.3. Where do the projects intervene (implementation of directives, demonstration of best practices, awareness building, monitoring and enforcement, policy making) Taking a notice of the fact that the core legislation – the Environmental Noise Directive – does not set binding limit values or measures to be included in action plans on environmental noise, the competent authorities are left with a quite broad discretion in these matters. This has an influence on the circumstance that a number of projects deal with the issues that might contribute to the implementation of the Directive, which, along with such topics as the harmonization of the assessment methodological framework, is of a concern to the Thematic Unit. 11 The abovementioned situation regarding the contribution to the implementation of the Directive can be depicted by such project as H.U.S.H. LIFE08 ENV/IT/000386 (harmonization of action plans in accordance with END requirements). There are also projects like P.A.A.S.A. CUENCA LIFE08 ENV/E/000110 that, without contributing to the implementation, also have an input in the possible revision of current legislation, which, in case of the project for Cuenca municipality, fostered revision of new noise regulation.

10

According to project’s description ‘the beneficiary is also proposing to fit cutting modules onto lorries which will allow collection over a large area, cutting to reduce volume on site, and then transport to more central processing plants’ 11 On the implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 2002/49/EC, COM(2011) 321 final, available at http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/noisedir/library?l=/directive_200249/commissions_reports/co mm_rapportpdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d

17

Other areas of intervention include such aspects as demonstration of best practices with further dissemination of information (example: project NADIA LIFE09 ENV/IT/000102, which provides for best practices for reducing road traffic noise levels), awareness building and education of public (example: GREENCIT LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346), monitoring of environmental noise, which is topical in a number of projects dealing with mapping and assessment, as T.A.SM.AC LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146 (defining indicators for monitoring noise pollution as a part of broader plan for reduction of noise due to the flow of tourists) and quiet areas’ assessment project QUADMAP. Yet in many cases, projects proposed the particular technological innovations that would have positive implications on the environmental noise levels. Oftentimes these projects dealt with the noise emissions created by the transport, be it public transport, private vehicles, rail or water transport, introducing new technologies that would help to decrease noise emissions from respective means of transportation and promoting sustainable mobility policy. However, these projects do not focus on facilitating the compliance with existing legislation; they rather move forward providing even better functioning of technologies already complying with requirements, taking into consideration the ‘innovation’ specifics of LIFE preoccupations (furthermore, technological innovation are also relevant in the context of ETAP, which, even though could be associated with a number of noise projects, is explicitly named only in C-DISPATCH). This might be explained with the observation that the majority of these projects include environmental noise merely as a complementary issue, primarily focusing on different environmental issues, as, for example, air pollution.

Even though the promotion of technical environmental innovations and dissemination of information on best practices is the overall focus of LIFE ENV program, they are not of a primary importance in the context of END, implementation of which was particularly relevant throughout the time frame of assessed projects. However, as it was already mentioned, even these innovations may have implication on the development of action plans, required by END, taking into consideration its lenient approach towards the introduction of the plans. Also some of the assessed projects have explicit mentioning of the possible endowment to the revision of existing legislation, thus contributing not only to the development of national, but also to the Community legal framework on environmental noise, which will be discussed in further chapters.

3.4. Specific national/regional/local approaches developed by LIFE ENV/INF projects A lot of LIFE ENV projects start with the initiative to improve environmental situation in particular region. These projects often prioritize the evolution of local legislation or policies, without cancelling the possibility of transferring the successful practices to other regions or even suggesting them for development of particular EU policies or legislation. The persistent situation in this regard once again outlines the trend of incorporating the environmental noise considerations into more general environmental schemes, which frequently deal with sustainable urban development and sustainable mobility issues.

A considerable number of projects dealing particularly with the decrease of noise pollution created by traffic in specific urban areas take place in Italy. According to the latest report 12 on the implementation of END, Italy had some problems with the transposition of the Directive and provision of action plans. Hence, such Italian projects as NADIA and ELBA LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111 target particular areas in Italy to conduct project-related activities.

ELBA contains features that are present in the majority of traffic related projects, namely, it advances the use of eco-friendly vehicles that have a capacity to improve the situation in a 12

Ibid.

18

number of fields – noise, air and climate change. Similarly NADIA provides an integrated approach to traffic noise problem, introducing a whole set of actions, starting with setting up noise barriers and ending with education of the public. By provision of a sophisticated action program, these schemes on sustainable mobility aim towards possibility to be transferred to other regions, thus creating a potential of contributing to the development of action plans.

Some regions that have particular interest in advancement of environmental policy, go further and fulfil the requirements of END, even though they are not obliged to do it by law.

The most noteworthy example is the P.A.A.S.A. CUENCA project, where Spanish Cuenca municipality, which is left out of the Directive due to the fact that it has less than 250’000 inhabitants 13, still applied the Directive providing a number of actions for minimization of harmful effects of environmental noise. The beneficiaries of the project claimed that the noise affects humans irrespective of inhabitant number; therefore an elaborate plan for tackling noise-related problems has to be developed also on smaller scale. This type of regional approach triggers not only the development of sophisticated action plans, but also introduction of more stringent measures at the Community level.

3.5. LIFE ENV/INF projects playing the role of catalyst for the implementation of national/regional/local noise programs The subject of the development of national, regional or local noise programs has been mentioned in several instances in the context of above-discussed matters. The projects with focus area on the implementation of these programs have significance due to the fact that they usually integrate a number of measures that are intended to develop a sophisticated plan for noise reduction and/or assessment. Even though the types of beneficiaries vary, the most noteworthy projects are related to the programs implemented by public authorities of Member States. Notwithstanding the END’s 14 explicit designation of territories that fall under the requirement to draw up an action plan, some authorities, that are not bound by the Directive, are still devising their own local plans to fight noise pollution. The general information on projects with public authorities as beneficiaries is gathered in the Table 6, which contains the projects, which are completely devoted to the plans dealing with the issue of noise, thus leaving out the ones where noise is merely a complementary aspect of programs that are primarily focused on other environmental problem.

Table 6: LIFE ENV/INF projects contributing to the implementation of national, regional or local noise programs Project no.

Acronym Beneficiary Related noise Budget (€) plan/program LIFE05 NoMEPorts The Amsterdam Action plans to 1,503,489.00 ENV/NL/000018 Port Authority mitigate noise in urban areas close to (+ partners) the sea ports LIFE08 P.A.A.S.A. The Town Cuenca municipal 566,387.00 ENV/E/000110 CUENCA Council of action plan for Cuenca sustainable environmental acoustics LIFE08 H.U.S.H. Municipality of Harmonization of 1,827,154.00 13 14

The number of inhabitants in Cuenca noted in the project is 52’980 Article 8 of the Environmental Noise Directive 2002/49/EC

19

ENV/IT/000386 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000102

Florence NADIA

Main beneficiary: Province of Genoa Partners: Municipality of Vicenza, Province of Savona, CIRIAF Possible partner: Municipality of Prato

noise action planning methods Implementation of four action plans – one for each local body - for reduction of road traffic noise levels

2,144,910.00

Yet, in addition to the projects where beneficiaries are public authorities, there are also ones, where the authority plays the role of a partner, leaving another institution in a place of coordinating beneficiary. These projects are also worth mentioning due to their high potential to trigger the implementation of noise programs. This is the case of abovediscussed QSIDE, where the beneficiary (research institution) develops the project in a way, so as the results could be effectively employed by European cities in preparation of their environmental noise policies.

Another noteworthy feature of projects is that they are not evenly distributed across the Europe. There are particular Member States with rather high concentration of noise related LIFE projects, as in case of Italy and Spain. While others either have not undertaken any noise projects in the timeframe of 2005 – 2010, or their number ranges from one to three.

The table below depicts the distribution of LIFE05 – LIFE10 environmental noise projects across the EU. Table 7: Geographical distribution of LIFE ENV/INF noise projects Country Number of projects Italy

9

Spain

6

Sweden

3

France

2

Austria

2

Netherlands

2

Denmark

1

Luxembourg

1

Germany

1

UK

1

TOTAL

28

3.6. Cross-cutting policies A respectable number of assessed projects work on several environmental issues in parallel. The most common combination is tackling noise and air pollution related problems

20

in one project. This is often at issue in projects that fall under the framework of Urban Environment legislation, which encompasses not only noise pollution, but also policies relating to air, and such cross-cutting policies as climate change.

One of the fittest examples of involvement of various policies is the GESMOPOLI LIFE05 ENV/E/000262 project. It encloses such aspects as energy, climate change, air and noise pollution, embracing them all under the concept of ‘sustainable mobility’. The idea of sustainable mobility as such can also be met in other cases that deal with more limited field of action. Here such projects as CEDM LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870 and C-DISPATCH LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839, which deal with the improvement of city logistic systems, can be mentioned. They both aim towards more sustainable and ecological freight distribution, thus also promoting energy efficiency and environmental quality, combining the reduced GHG, air and noise pollution created by the transport in the logistics sector. CEDM case shows the positive example of developing a number of scenarios to compare them in relation to the environmental benefits in all of the selected policies. 15 As to the more recent projects, CEMOBIL LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226 also supports the tendency of incorporating many policies in one project. The goal of CEMOBIL is to decrease the air pollution, CO 2 emissions and noise in the centre of Klagenfurt. The main ‘tool’ for reaching these objectives is again the introduction of a new, more sustainable mobility concept.

Accordingly, most frequently the environmental noise issue is pursued by such policies as air pollution, climate change and energy efficiency, oftentimes being handled under one project. This approach provides for a set of actions and/or technological solutions that would help to mitigate the problems that are relevant in all of the involved policies. However, these projects often include a certain hierarchy, which, even though is not explicit, can be deduced, outlining the priority areas. This is most usually the case with climate change, which leaves other policies, like environmental noise, as a subsidiary aspect.

4. ANALYSIS OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF LIFE ENV/INF PROJECTS IN THE NOISE SECTOR 4.1. SWOT analysis In order to provide a more in-depth assessment of selected LIFE projects it is useful to determine the fields where they are the strongest, also outlining the weakest sides. At the same time, taking into consideration the importance of projects’ sustainability, it is also adequate to delineate the possible future opportunities and threats. It would be difficult to analyse the most recent projects that are not equipped with sufficient feedback for evaluation; however, there is a decent number of projects that are capable of being scrutinized, thus providing an overall picture on characteristics of particular types of projects.

In order to grasp the main tendencies characterizing some of the most common projects, they will first of all be divided according to their thematic focus. The common strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats present in certain project types are observed in Table 8.

Table 8: SWOT of environmental noise LIFE ENV/INF projects according to their thematic focus Thematic focus Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats of projects 15

Guerra, S. et al. CEDM Demonstration Results and Environmental Impacts, D09, April 30, 2008

21

Assessment of environmental noise and action planning

- easily disseminated

(vary from project to project)

- can be easily transferred to other sectors (e.g. air pollution) - high potential in contributing to noise-related legislation/policies

- unavailability of certain information - delayed provision of information

Reduction of noise from traffic

- usually is beneficial to several environmental policies

- dependency on provision of technologies from the outside - uncertainty about durability of projects (if development of new techniques is at issue) - necessity to develop separate approaches to different groups of society

(vary from project to project)

- lack of political support - insufficient user acceptance

(vary from project to project)

(vary from project to project)

Awareness raising - serves as a preventative measure

The table above represents just some of the main features in selected project themes.

Taking into consideration the necessity for projects to be of innovative nature, there are no two identical projects, thus it is not really possible to perform sophisticated SWOT analysis for a group of projects. This also forces to leave some of the fields blank, meaning that it is difficult to outline the ‘group’s’ common SWOT characteristics (for example, it does not mean that the noise assessment projects do not have any weakness – it merely implies that each project has specific vulnerability). Therefore, the following chapters will focus on selecting particular projects and analyzing them more thoroughly in relation to their strengths/weaknesses/opportunities/threats.

Taking into consideration some of the projects’ potential in contributing to the environmental noise-related legislation and policies, LIFE ENV projects embracing these opportunities will be discussed separately.

4.2. Areas in which LIFE noise projects are especially successful (strengths) Each year the best projects are selected and published on LIFE website 16 - accordingly, this is one of the ways how to outline the most successful projects. Yet there are not so many noise-related projects among them, and those, which have connection to noise, are mostly associated with the reduction of pollution created by road traffic, thus are not focused exclusively on noise reduction. This section will provide a brief insight into the most successful noise-related projects.

The first example, depicting successful amalgamation of instruments diminishing air and noise pollution, is the SPAS LIFE06 ENV/A/000345 project. It introduces the innovative 16

available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/bestprojects/index.htm

22

approach for reduction of particulate matter and noise abatement by integrating the fine dust filters in noise protection walls. Being among the best LIFE projects and dealing with the environmental problems caused by road traffic, SPAS addresses both air quality and noise from vehicles. The strength of the project lies within the integrated approach for tackling two problems at once, thus these noise protection walls efficiently deal with the issue of air pollution by reducing average fine dust concentration by 15-20%, and minimizing noise emissions that is equivalent to 80% traffic decrease. Another positive feature of the project is that it modifies the structure of noise protection barriers without negative impact on their performance. On the contrary, the improvements that were made to the noise barrier due to installation of fine-dust filters also decreased noise by 2.1 dB at ground level. 17 However, the project’s main focus is reduction of air pollution, therefore the majority of actions are devoted to the air filters, and noise issues are not the first priority.

Another ‘success story’ associated with the sustainable mobility that involves noise issue is the GESMOPOLI project. GESMOPOLI is a rather multi-dimensional project that gathers various issues under the umbrella of sustainable mobility concept, including the decrease of acoustic pollution created by transport not only at the territory of the working place, but also on the way to it. Even though it was not published among the best LIFE projects and lacks the quantification of results, it still deserves to be mentioned due to the successful accomplishment of the objectives by applying an extensive scope of actions and methods and efficiently dealing with problems that emerged in the course of the project.

The only particularly environmental noise targeting project that earned the title of being one of the best LIFE projects in the assessed time frame is NoMEPorts. It follows the Environmental Noise Directive’s requirement to include industrial port areas near large agglomerations in noise maps. However, taking into consideration that the Directive does not provide any details on noise maps, NoMEPorts developed a specific approach of mapping and managing noise in seaport areas. In the course of action noise maps, action plans and Good Practice Guide were developed that had a significant influence on reduction of noise nuisance in selected ports. The most visible result was achieved in the port of Amsterdam that showed 30% noise reduction, which is even more than initially expected.

The results have been widely disseminated, suggesting the possibility to use the Good Practice Guide in other European ports.

4.3. Areas in which LIFE noise projects have failed to meet their policy objectives (weaknesses) It is rather difficult to outline the noise projects that have actually failed to meet their objectives, as there are a comparably small number of closed noise projects in period of 2005 - 2010. Therefore the following paragraphs will focus more on the actual weaknesses within certain types of projects that, nevertheless, have reached their initial objectives or, in the case of more recent projects, are moving towards their objectives.

The possible weakness of projects involving application of innovative techniques that would help to decrease noise (which is especially relevant in relation to the noise from traffic) is illustrated in the project ROADTIRE LIFE09 ENV/GR/000304. According to the Deliverable 2.1.1 18 there are some doubts and uncertainties about how long will the results of the ROADTIRE last. Mostly, it is due to the fact that it uses innovative technique in road 17

SPAS. Layman’s Report, March, 2010 Mavridou, S. et al. Integration of end-of-life tires in the life cycle of road construction, ROADTIRE, December 2010, available at http://aix.meng.auth.gr/~thekas/ROADTIRE/Downloads/Deliverables/Deliverable%202.1.1_ROADTIRE .pdf 18

23

construction. Considering that it has not been previously tested, the durability of results could only be predicted with some certainty after the conclusion of the trial test.

Even though this aspect of potential failure in regards to the durability of projects is not expressly mentioned in the majority of cases, it could still be the possible weakness of many projects that provide for new technological solutions that, after the completion, would be constantly exposed to external factors during the exploitation period.

4.4. Continuing or new threats which make it difficult for LIFE noise projects to implement policy (threats) In order to ensure the success of the project, the most feasible threats, along with the possible solutions, are provided in a considerable number of LIFE ENV projects. Some of them persist during the whole duration of project, while others may appear unexpectedly.

Another meaningful feature is that some risks reappear in a number of cases, therefore they may be relevant in the majority of situations. At the same time there also may be particular traits material to projects applying specific technological approaches.

As far as reappearing threats are concerned, it is the case in countries/regions on the verge of political changes. ‘Political instability’ is mentioned as a possible impediment to successful completion in such projects as ELBA and NADIA. Both of them deal with the reduction of noise from traffic and are carried out in Italy. As one of the beneficiaries is local authority and the other – public enterprise – they might be especially prone to governmental changes, which may directly influence the course of the project. This is relevant not only in these two examples – the political changes may influence also other projects, especially where the beneficiary is a public body.

Another type of threat, not exclusively, but primarily relevant in the projects on assessment of environmental noise, is difficulty in gathering the necessary information. This can include such problems as unavailability of certain information or delays in its provision.

The possibility of this problem is acknowledged in such projects as NoMEPorts and T.A.SM.A.C. The latter project deals not only with the noise assessment - it is primarily focused on the reduction of pollution created by road traffic (both acoustic and air pollution). However, in addition to that, T.A.SM.A.C. also defines a set of indicators to monitor this pollution. The delays in transmission of information either from associated beneficiaries or independent parties may cause overall delay in the project, thus requiring the extension, which is another threat that can be caused by many factors.

Taking into consideration the abundance of possible threats, the list of threats discussed above is not exclusive. In addition to the already mentioned ones, some of the projects indicate such risks as technological problems (EFRUD), risks relating to user acceptance of services (ELBA, CEMOBIL LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226, which deals with reduction of noise pollution by increasing the share of electric vehicles), low stakeholders’ participation (NADIA) etc.

4.5. LIFE projects contributing to the development of new noise related policies and legislation (opportunities) As was already mentioned in the section 4.1, the projects encompassing opportunities to contribute to environmental noise policies and legislation will be discussed separately.

Generally, there is a variety of ways how a project can contribute to noise policy/legislation, starting with proposition of new legislation and ending with the assessment and dissemination of an existing framework. Even though there are no noise projects that are

24

actually proposing new legislation, and there are only a few that explicitly aim to contribute to existing legislation, there are a considerably greater number of those that may have the potential to make an input indirectly. The most noteworthy examples contributing to development of environmental noise regulation will be outlined in subsequent paragraphs.

-

Projects providing input for specific noise related legislation

Taking into consideration the timeframe of the observed noise projects, it is rather difficult to reach a sound conclusion on whether the projects with the potential and aim to provide an input in noise legislation would actually be reflected in the ‘target legislation’.

However, it is still crucial to mention the projects with these opportunities that would possibly materialize in the nearest future.

Probably the most manifest example in this respect is the NoMEPorts project. Taking due regard to the affiliation of projects to the particular noise legislation depicted in Chapter 3.1, it is not surprising that NoMEPorts proposes to make an input into the development of END. Even though END requires inclusion of industrial port areas near agglomerations in noise maps, it does not provide any specific requirements. NoMEPorts introduces a definite approach to noise mapping and management designed particularly for seaport areas. In order to promote the use of a uniform guideline, developed in the context of the project, the beneficiaries propose the guideline’s integration in END. As the project is focused on creating the level playing field in the area of noise assessment in seaports, the expected long term results explicitly mention its importance in contributing not only to END, but possibly also to other noise policies, thus implying an opportunity to provide input in the development of specific future legislation that would incorporate mapping and/or management of noise in seaport areas.

Even though NoMEPorts project has been concluded, the tangible results relating to input in the noise related legislation have not yet materialized, therefore all of the discussed possibilities are mere speculations, based on the project’s long term objectives.

-

Projects contributing to the revision of noise legislation

When deliberating on the revision of current noise legislation, two possibilities have to be identified. First, the project may contribute to the revision of national noise legislation, second – it may contribute to the revision of EU noise legislation. The examples of both of these situations can be found among the assessed LIFE noise projects.

One of the most recent projects, having the capacity to contribute to the revision of the EU noise legislation, is the QUADMAP project, which was launched in September 2011.

QUADMAP was already briefly discussed in Chapter 3.1, where its main goal – development of a harmonized methodology for the selection, quantitative and qualitative assessment and management of urban quiet areas – was mentioned. The beneficiary (University of Florence) argues that the strategies related to management of quiet areas are too fragmented due to the lack of specifications in END, and a more harmonized approach is needed. Therefore the project will develop a set of harmonized guidelines, which will provide a basis for review of ‘current directives’ 19. As the project is really recent, it is too early to evaluate the actual potential to contribute either to END or other policy instrument.

At the same time there are also projects that contribute to the revision of national legislation. Yet, the results of this type of projects may expand beyond the mere contribution to national or local legal framework, influencing also the relevant EU legislation and policies.

This position is depicted in the project P.A.A.S.A. CUENCA (the detailed elaboration on the facts of this project is provided in Chapter 3.4), where it promoted the revision of new noise 19

As mentioned in the ‘project objectives’ section of the QUADMAP project

25

regulation for the municipality of Cuenca, which incorporated the requirement to create noise maps in accordance with END, even though Cuenca falls outside the scope of the Directive. Consequently, the project also has a potential to contribute to the revision of END, taking into consideration the beneficiary’s position that the negative effects of environmental noise affect people in the same way, notwithstanding the number of inhabitants in the municipality.

-

Projects contributing to further develop noise management related norms and standards

There are not many noise projects dealing with the development of noise related norms or standards either at national or European level. Those having reference to development of these norms or standards mostly involve the possibility to develop a harmonized framework that would correspond to the requirements of END. One of such projects, which provides for actions dealing with the harmonization of noise standards with the END, is the Italian project named H.U.S.H.. The project is focused on harmonization of noise action planning methods that includes, among other things, the observation of possible conflicts between regional, national and EU standards and designing specific strategic solutions. The beneficiary outlines 22 actions and means used in course of reaching the designated objectives. First, Action 3 focuses on detection and collection of National and European laws and standards concerning noise reduction action planning and management of noise, defining the indicator for expressing quantity of Normative Conflicts between National and European levels (NCNE). Action 4, in turn, moves further and involves collection of Regional laws and standards, developing the indicator for expressing the quantity of Normative Conflicts between Regional and National levels (NCRN). The introduction of solutions for these conflicts is undertaken in Action 6. The report 20 on Action 6 outlines 8 macro areas, gathering issues with similar characteristics, thus making it easier to provide methodological solutions in each area of concern. Probably the areas with the closest connection to noise related norms and standards are the ones focused on conversion of limit values and measurement techniques, where the former is focused on provision of unified set of indicators of environmental noise, and the latter – on elimination of differences existing in the measurement procedure in national legislation and END. 21 The actual propositions to revise the legislation and include unified standards is planned in the end of June 2012, therefore no conclusions on whether the harmonized norms will be actually accepted can be made at the current stage of the project.

-

Projects assessing and disseminating environmental legislation

There is nothing unusual about the fact that a substantial number of observed LIFE projects at some instance involve the aspect of assessing and/or disseminating noise-related legislation. However, not so many projects do it directly – most commonly the dissemination feature appears in the stage of communication of projects’ results that, in turn, are directly linked to the environmental legislation. For example, the NoMEPorts project, even though remotely, but still depicts the situation, where through promotion of uniform guidelines the project also promotes the application of END, as the guidelines are developed on the basis of the Directive. The similar course is followed in the project NADIA, 20

Curcuruto, S. et al. Harmonization of Urban noise reduction Strategies for Homogeneous action plans. Report on detection of methodological conflict solutions among national and regional Italian and European Legislations, July, 2010, available at http://www.hushproject.eu/materiali/Report_Action_6_ISPRA_ver.0.pdf 21 Ibid.

26

where the beneficiaries undertook to accomplish a wide scope of actions, including noise mapping and action planning. The results of NADIA are planned to be widely disseminated, and it is explicitly stated that it will contribute to the implementation of the Directive both at national (involvement of at least 30 Italian local bodies) and EU level.

A more tangible approach regarding the dissemination activities can be observed in IDEMS project. IDEMS facilitated integration of 3 tools of environmental management in one, thus removing possible overlapping and gaps. One of the tools included in the project is EMAS. As to the noise issue in EMAS, it is based on regulation 22, which requires the organizations that wish to participate in EMAS scheme to submit the environmental review, also including and assessing the aspect of environmental noise. Without providing the EMAS Registration in 4 municipalities, the beneficiaries of the project also developed dissemination plan both nationally and within Europe, making EMAS application much easier specifically for local governments, thus encouraging the implementation of the scheme by public bodies.

In addition to dissemination, also the assessment of environmental noise related legislation can be carried out on different levels – regional, national or European. All of these dimensions were present in the above-discussed H.U.S.H. example, where the central aim was ensuring the harmonization of noise legislation and resultant standards, which encompassed the assessment of possible legislative inconsistencies, first, between European and national, and afterwards - national and regional legislation.

4.6. Factors for success and failure The thematic division of projects, applied in SWOT analysis in Table 8, plays a more meaningful role, when deliberating on factors for success and risks of failure of LIFE noise projects. If SWOT is better depicted when analysing each project separately, it is easier to outline the general features leading to possibilities of successful or unsuccessful outcome for a group of projects. Table 9 shows the comparison of possible success and failure factors; however, it is not conclusive – it merely depicts some noteworthy aspects met in noise projects, associated with either one or the other ‘group’.

Table 9: Factors for success and risks of LIFE ENV/ INF projects in the noise sector Thematic focus of projects Success Risk Assessment of 1) the results of project have 1) changes at political level; environmental noise and high potential to be action planning transferred into regional/local policy, if the beneficiary is regional/local authority; 2) high potential of replication; 3) beneficiaries from different Member States; Reduction of noise from 1) beneficiary has experience 1) technological failure; traffic in development of/working 2) poor user acceptance (if with the technology, which is includes measures targeted at core of the project; towards population); 3) voluntary nature of the commitment; 22

Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 on the voluntary participation by organisations in a Community ecomanagement and audit scheme (EMAS)

27

Awareness raising

1) integration of awareness raising in projects that include variety of other noise reduction actions; 2) the availability of indicators to measure the results of awareness raising activities;

1) lack of sophisticated noise awareness campaign in multi-dimensional projects that also include educating public on other environmental issues;

It is evident that some of the success/failure factors mirror the aspects already outlined in the SWOT analysis. However, there are also some features that are especially relevant when deliberating on conditions that can either lead to possible failure or success of the project. For example, in the case of projects with focus on conducting noise assessment and action planning, it becomes evident that the projects with public bodies as beneficiaries have higher chances of being transferred into regional or local policy instruments or even legislation. Yet, this can also lead to a deduction that they are more prone to failure in case of political changes.

Another situation persists in the field of reduction of noise from traffic that most often include the development or application of specific technologies. In this case the project has better possibility to be successful, if the beneficiary has prior experience in working and developing the technology which is a central tool dealing with noise reduction issues in the respective project. At the same time projects that are primarily based on the operation of certain technology are also vulnerable to technological failures. Another aspect, which can be illustrated by the GREEN COMMERCE LIFE08 ENV/E/000138 project, is the possible threat of failure in case, if the project provides for a voluntary instrument, implying that there might be a contingency of poor user acceptance.

The projects aiming towards awareness building and education of public often include these activities on the background of other, more direct noise abatement actions, for example, by promoting the use of publicly-available bicycles, introduced in the course of the project. However, taking into consideration that rather large number of awareness raising projects in addition to environmental noise are encompassing various environmental issues, like climate change, air pollution and energy, often the education of public on noise matters can either be left out of the agenda or merely mentioned along the lines of general environmental information.

5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The majority of observed LIFE projects have the capacity to make a meaningful contribution in the development of environmental noise related policies and legislation.

Such project as EFRUD, which presents the advancements in field of noise reduction from tyres, provides an opportunity to develop the noise policy in accordance with the latest technological breakthroughs. The Thematic Unit’s working groups should follow the latest innovations, implemented through LIFE projects; this would help to develop a more

28

sophisticated and up-to-date policy measures that would correspond to the actual ‘state of technology’ and promote the introduction of effective noise mitigation measures.

These technological advancements can be also considered in studies carried by Research and Innovation unit 23 and in reports, as, for example, TERM 2011 24 on ‘greening’ the transport sector, which also addresses noise pollution.

In addition, there is also a bulk of LIFE projects that tend to correspond to the crucial necessities of particular region, industry or sector. This can be manifested in several ways – in case of projects that focus on regional noise issues, the beneficiaries, which are almost always public bodies, draw the attention to the noise related situation in particular areas and provide means, how to improve it through the respective project. This can be illustrated

by P.A.A.S.A. CUENCA project, which was widely discussed above – taking into consideration that due to the number of inhabitants, the municipality was not covered by END, the beneficiary noted that, notwithstanding the number of inhabitants in the city, they are still affected by the noise in the same way as the ones living in agglomerations that have obligations under END, especially, if the area is prone to increased noise levels.

Another example that follows the similar line of thought, but the beneficiary represents not the particular region, but sector, is NoMEPorts project. Here the beneficiary provided a solution to monitor and map the noise from industrial port areas that, even though as mentioned in the END, they are not covered in sufficient manner. One of the main aims of the project was to decrease noise by applying the instruments developed in the course of the project. In order to efficiently deal with the noise from industrial port areas throughout the EU, the project suggested using these instruments to specify END and other EU noise policies.

In situations like these, the Thematic Unit’s working groups could take into consideration the suggestions provided in this type of projects, where the beneficiary in a direct manner addresses the existing problem and provides a possible solution at the EU level. This is especially relevant to the noise sector due to the fact that the END does not provide any specifications, thus lacking the capacity to provide sophisticated noise assessment and management harmonization at the EU level.

23 24

EC, Research and Innovation, available at http://ec.europa.eu/research/index.cfm?lg=en Laying the Foundations for Greener Transport, EEA Report No 7/2011

29

6. SOURCES Legislation - Directive 2002/49/EC Noise Directive - Directive 2000/14/EC Noise from Outdoor Equipment - Directive 2008/1/EC IPPC - Directive 2003/10/EC Noise at Work (just mentioned in one of the tables) - Directive 70/157/EEC Noise from Motor Vehicles (just mentioned) - Directive 92/23/EEC Noise from Tyres - Commission Decision 2006/66/EC Rolling Stock – Noise - Decision No 1411/2001/EC Cooperation (Urban Environment) - Decision No 1600/2002/EC 6th EAP - Decision No 2179/98/EC 5th EAP - COM/2008/0432 final Rail Noise Abatement - COM(96) 540 Green Paper on Future Noise Policy - COM/98/0605 final Framework for Action (Urban Environment) - COM(2005) 718 Thematic Strategy on Urban Environment - COM(2004) 38 final ETAP - Regulation (EC) No 1221/2009 EMAS EU reports - Report from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council concerning existing Community measures relating to sources of environmental noise, pursuant to article 10.1 of Directive 2002/49/EC relating to the assessment and management of environmental noise, COM(2004) 160 final - On the implementation of the Environmental Noise Directive in accordance with Article 11 of Directive 2002/49/EC, COM(2011) 321 final, available at http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/noisedir/library?l=/directive_200249/commissi ons_reports/comm_rapportpdf/_EN_1.0_&a=d - Laying the Foundations for Greener Transport, EEA Report No 7/2011 Project documents - LIFE project database (LIFE Track) - Correspondence with beneficiaries - Curcuruto, S. et al. Harmonization of Urban noise reduction Strategies for Homogeneous action plans. Report on detection of methodological conflict solutions among national and regional Italian and European Legislations, July, 2010, available at http://www.hush-project.eu/materiali/Report_Action_6_ISPRA_ver.0.pdf - Guerra, S. et al. CEDM Demonstration Results and Environmental Impacts, D09, April 30, 2008 - Mavridou, S. et al. Integration of end-of-life tires in the life cycle of road construction, ROADTIRE, December 2010, available at http://aix.meng.auth.gr/~thekas/ROADTIRE/Downloads/Deliverables/Deliverable%20 2.1.1_ROADTIRE.pdf - SPAS. Layman’s Report, March, 2010 Websites - Websites of beneficiaries

30

-

Best LIFE projects, available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/bestprojects/index.htm EC, Research and Innovation, available at http://ec.europa.eu/research/index.cfm?lg=en

31

ANNEX 1: LONG LIST OF ALL LIFE ENV PROJECTS PROBABLY RELEVANT FOR THE NOISE SECTOR (2005-2010) In red are projects where noise issues are mentioned, but they are not the main topic of the particular project Project

Acronym

Closure date

FR date

Comment

Related directives

Related policies

Integration and Development of Environmental Management Systems that would (among other benefits) allow to reduce noise from transport New technology for tyre recycling that uses quite process well within the norms of light industrial estate activities Promotion of sustainable mobility with reduction of acoustic pollution as one of its main aims The use of microturbines for energy recovery from landfill's biogas facilitates leading to the reduction of acoustic pollution Mapping and managing noise in seaport areas The reduction in the average noise levels produced by vehicles

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final, Decision No 1411/2001/EC); 6th EAP

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808

IDEMS

31/05/2009

23/10/2009

LIFE05 ENV/UK/000118

TREAD

01/07/2007

07/04/2008

LIFE05 ENV/E/000262

GESMOPOLI

31/10/2008

01/04/2009

LIFE05 ENV/E/000319

MICROPHILOX

31/03/2009

04/08/2009

LIFE05 ENV/NL/000018

NoMEPorts

31/08/2008

31/03/2009

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870

CEDM

30/04/2008

25/09/2008

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839

C-DISPATCH

31/12/2007

25/04/2008

New city logistic system that reduces noise emissions by 30%

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE06 ENV/IT/000254

UME

30/09/2009

05/03/2010

Ultrasound technique for

2003/10/EC

Directive 2000/14/EC Noise from Equipment Used Outdoors 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

2002/49/EC Noise Directive 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

Other

Further assessment Yes

Related to noise from high pressure water jets

Yes

Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final)

6th EAP

Yes

Remotely related to environmental noise

Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final; Decision No 1411/2001/EC) ETAP; Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final; Decision No 1411/2001/EC)

No

Yes Yes

Yes

Not

No

32

cutting ceramic slabs with considerable reduction of acoustic pollution

(Noise at Work)

LIFE06 ENV/A/000345

SPAS

31/12/2009

27/04/2010

Introduction of sound and particle absorbing system

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE06 ENV/D/000465

ZEMSHIPS

30/04/2010

27/08/2010

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE06 ENV/D/000485 (OPEN)

Moveable HEPP

30/06/2011

19/10/2011

Development and realisation of the first hydrogen and fuel cell powered ship with reduced noise emission Moveable hydroelectric power plant with low noise levels

LIFE07 ENV/F/000176 (OPEN)

DECIBELL

14/12/2012

14/03/2013

Reduction of noise created by rail traffic

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE08 ENV/F/000481 (OPEN)

CISDP

31/12/2012

31/03/2013

LIFE08 ENV/E/000110 (OPEN)

P.A.A.S.A. CUENCA

31/12/2011

01/02/2012

LIFE08 ENV/IT/000386 (OPEN)

H.U.S.H.

31/12/2012

31/12/2012

Cleaning industry sustainable development programme that also considers noise nuisance created by equipment Municipal action plan for sustainable environmental acoustics Harmonization of urban noise reduction strategies for homogeneous action plans

Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final; Decision No 1411/2001/EC) Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final; Decision No 1411/2001/EC)

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

Commission Decision 2006/66/EC; COM/2008/0432 final - Rail Noise Abatement Measures IPPC

Yes

Yes

The Directive might be applicable if the plant is located in build-up area or other areas mentioned in Article 2

2002/49/EC Noise Directive 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

environmental noise related (deals with noise at work)

No

Yes

Probably more related to noise at work

No

Yes Green Paper on Future Noise Policy (COM(96) 540); Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final;

Yes

33

LIFE08 ENV/E/000097 (OPEN)

JEREZ + natural

31/12/2011

(not specified yet)

Noise abatement as one of the objectives within the new management model of urban green areas Sensors for measuring pollution levels in urban traffic areas Sustainable system for natural stone production and use (with low noise)

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE08 ENV/E/000107 (OPEN)

RESCATAME

31/12/2012

31/12/2012

LIFE08 ENV/E/000126 (OPEN)

ECO-STONE

31/12/2012

(not specified yet)

LIFE08 ENV/E/000138 (OPEN)

GREEN COMMERCE

30/09/2012

(not specified yet)

LIFE08 ENV/E/000136 (OPEN)

ZEROHYTECHPARK

31/12/2013

31/12/2013

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600 (OPEN)

GREEN TESTING

31/12/2013

31/03/2014

Limitation of employees' exposure to noise as indirect result of new non-destructive testing (NDT) practices

2003/10/EC (Noise at Work)

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146 (OPEN)

T.A.SM.A.C.

31/12/2013

30/03/2014

Reduction of acoustic pollution from car traffic due to flow of tourists

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE09 ENV/LU/000390

ECO2 Tyre

31/03/2014

(not specified

Reduction of noise created by

2002/49/EC Noise

Decision No 1411/2001/EC; Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718) Urban Environment (COM/98/0605 final); 6th EAP

6th EAP

Compromise for a reduction of environmental impact (including noise) of the retail sector Renewable energies and hydrogen technologies using noiseless fuel cells

Yes

Focused on air pollution

No

Remotely related to environmental noise

No

6th EAP

Yes

Might be relevant to industrial and transport sectors Not environmental noise related (deals with noise at work) Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final

Yes

No

Yes

Yes

34

(OPEN) LIFE09 ENV/NL/000423 (OPEN)

Tech QSIDE

31/08/2013

yet) (not specified yet)

tyres New methodology for assessing traffic noise in cities; quiet areas

Directive 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346 (OPEN)

GREENCIT

31/03/2015

30/06/2015

Addressing the issue of noise pollution within the framework of "Green Citizens of Europe" project

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE09 ENV/GR/000304 (OPEN)

ROADTIRE

09/09/2012

09/12/2012

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111 (OPEN)

ELBA

30/09/2013

31/12/2013

Reduction of noise created by tyres by using vulcanised rubber in road construction Reduction of noise pollution through reduced traffic levels

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000102 (OPEN)

NADIA

31/12/2013

30/09/2013

Reduction of road traffic noise levels

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107 (OPEN)

EFRUD

30/09/2013

30/12/2013

Reduction of noise pollution from transportation of refrigerated, perishable goods within urban areas

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000461 (OPEN) LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226 (OPEN)

NOISEFREETEX

31/12/2013

31/03/2014

CEMOBIL

31/08/2015

30/11/2015

Reduction of noise pollution from industrial areas Reduction of noise by increasing the share of electric vehicles

2002/49/EC Noise Directive 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041 (OPEN)

HYPER BUS

30/09/2014

(not specified yet)

Decrease of noise created by public buses

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718 6th EAP; Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final

Yes

Yes

Yes Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final Thematic Strategy on the Urban

Yes

Yes

35

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000407 (OPEN)

QUADMAP

30/09/2014

31/12/2014

Quiet areas definition and management in action plans

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE10 ENV/FR/000211 (OPEN)

HARMONICA

30/09/2014

(not specified yet)

Harmonised noise information for citizens and authorities

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035 (OPEN)

SLIDE IN

31/12/2015

(not specified yet)

Reduction of noise pollution created by public transport

2002/49/EC Noise Directive

Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718 Green Paper on Future Noise Policy (COM(96) 540) Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment COM(2005) 718; COM/98/0605 final

Yes

Yes Yes

36

ANNEX 2: RESULTS AND WEB SITES OF LIFE ENV NOISE PROJECTS Project LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808

Acronym IDEMS

Subject Integration and Development of Environmental Management Systems

LIFE05 ENV/UK/000118

TREAD

Using high pressure water jets for tyre recycling

LIFE05 ENV/E/000262

GESMOPOLI

LIFE05 ENV/NL/000018

NoMEPorts

Sustainable mobility in industrial areas (with reduced acoustic pollution) Reduction of noise from port industrial areas, introducing noise mapping and management system

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870

CEDM

Eco-friendly city freight distribution (reducing noise from vehicles)

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839

C-DISPATCH

Efficient and sustainable urban freight management

Results By the end of the project only 2 out of 4 involved cities achieved expected EMAS certification. Yet they were working on it after the completion of project.

The project experienced number of problems that made it impossible to demonstrate the proposed capacity of 750 000 tyres a year.

The project has been successful, improving mobility in industrial areas, thus creating environmental benefits.

The project has been successful in reaching its objective to develop a good practice guide on efficient noise mapping and management for port industrial areas.

The project has been successful, achieving all of the foreseen results in relation to implementation of innovative solutions for city logistics.

Even though the project managed to reduce emissions, it addressed only part of the mobility problems, avoiding a considerable urban traffic due to heavy duty vehicles.

Web site http://www.idems.it/en/

www.treadproject.eu (currently not active) www.gesmopoli.net (currently not active) http://nomeports.ecoports.com/

http:/srvweb01.softeco.it/LIFE-CEDM/

http://www.c-dispatch-frosinone.it/

37

LIFE06 ENV/A/000345

SPAS

Installation of particle absorbing system in noise-protection walls

LIFE06 ENV/D/000465

ZEMSHIPS

Development and realisation of the first hydrogen and fuel cell powered ship with reduced noise emission

LIFE07 ENV/F/000176

DECIBELL

LIFE08 ENV/E/000110

P.A.A.S.A. CUENCA

LIFE08 ENV/IT/000386

H.U.S.H.

LIFE08 ENV/E/000097 LIFE08 ENV/E/000138 LIFE08 ENV/E/000136 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146

JEREZ + natural GREEN COMMERCE ZERO HYTECHPARK T.A.SM.A.C.

Reduction of noise from rail traffic by introducing innovative substitute brake shoe Sustainable environmental acoustics action planning for municipality of Cuenca Harmonization of urban noise reduction strategies for homogeneous action plans Creation of new management model of urban green areas Development of ‘green policy’ in the retail sector Sustainable technology parks

LIFE09 ENV/LU/000390

ECO2 Tyre Tech

LIFE09

QSIDE

Reducing environmental impact and improving tourism accessibility in small attractive cities Environmentally sustainable tyres through life cycle enhancing technologies Assessment of urban traffic noise

All of the objectives were achieved, developing innovative combination between a noise-protection wall and fine-dust filter technology.

All of the objectives were achieved and extremely silent ship without local emissions was built and operated.

Project is ongoing

http://www.life-spas.at/

Project is ongoing Project is ongoing

http://medioambiente.cuenca.es/por tal/lang__en/tabid__10554/default.as px http://www.hush-project.eu/

Project is ongoing

http://jerezmasnatural.es/

Project is ongoing Project is ongoing

http://www.lifeplusgreencommerce.e u/ http://www.zerohytechpark.eu/

Project is ongoing

http://www.tasmac.eu/

http://www.zemships.eu/

http://www.decibell-faiveley.eu/

Project is ongoing Project is ongoing

http://www.qside.eu/

38

ENV/NL/000423 LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346

GREENCIT

LIFE09 ENV/GR/000304 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111

ROADTIRE

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000102

NADIA

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107

EFRUD

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000461

NOISEFREETEX

LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226 LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041

CEMOBIL

ELBA

HYPER BUS

providing a calculation model that is suitable for quiet facades and quiet urban areas Development of new environmental policy based on inspiration and motivation of public to become more sustainably-oriented Innovative use for recycled rubber from EOL-tires in road construction Planning, implementation and demonstration of an advanced ecosustainable integrated mobility scheme for people and goods on the island of Elba Demonstration of technical and economical feasibility and effectiveness of best practices for reducing road traffic noise levels Reduction of environmental impact from transport of perishable refrigerated goods Reduction of noise pollution in industrial estates close to urban areas through the use of textile finishing technologies Reduction of pollution though increased share of electric vehicles Decrease of pollution by introduction of hybrid buses with a newly developed plug-in technology

Project is ongoing

http://en.greencit.se/

Project is ongoing

http://www.roadtire.eu/

Project is ongoing

http://www.elba-lifeplus.eu/

Project is ongoing

http://www.nadia-noise.eu/

Project is ongoing

http://www.efrud.info/

Project is ongoing

http://noisefreetex.aitex.net/

Project is ongoing

http://www.cemobil.eu/

Project is ongoing

39

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000407

QUADMAP

LIFE10 ENV/FR/000211

HARMONICA

LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035

SLIDE IN

Development of harmonised methodology for the selection, quantitative and qualitative assessment management of urban quiet areas Provision of harmonised framework for monitoring and evaluation of noise pollution and the measures to reduce it Reduction of air and noise emissions through introduction of ‘SLIDE IN’ concept for public transport

Project is ongoing

Project is ongoing

Project is ongoing

40

Part II – Air-related LIFE projects Table of Contents List of Graphs and Tables ........................................................................................................ 42 Acronyms ................................................................................................................................. 43 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 44 2. Trends .................................................................................................................................. 46 2.1 Projects’ grouping ......................................................................................................... 49 3. Evaluation of LIFE ENV/INF air projects in relation to EU air policy and legislation............ 54 3.1. Overview ...................................................................................................................... 54 3.2. Policy sectors and legislative texts addressed by the LIFE ENV/INF projects .............. 56 3.2.1 Air Quality Framework legislation) ........................................................................ 56 3.2.2 Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) - Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution ......................... 61 3.2.3 Legislation on Industrial Emissions ........................................................................ 68 3.2.4 Legislation on Emissions from Waste .................................................................... 71 3.2.5 Legislation on Transportation Emissions ............................................................... 73 3.3. Where do the projects intervene (implementation of directives, demonstration of best practices, awareness building, monitoring and enforcement, policy making) ........... 75 3.4. Specific national/regional/local approaches developed by LIFE ENV/INF projects ..... 78 3.5. LIFE ENV/INF projects playing the role of catalyst for the implementation of national/regional/local air quality programs ...................................................................... 80 3.6. Cross-cutting policies ................................................................................................... 82 4. Analysis of the achievements of LIFE ENV/INF projects in the air sector............................ 84 4.1 Successes and failures ................................................................................................... 84 4.2 Areas in which LIFE air projects are especially successful (Strengths) .......................... 85 4.3 Areas in which LIFE air projects have failed to meet their policy objectives (Weaknesses) ...................................................................................................................... 88 4.4 LIFE projects contributing to the development of new air-related policies and legislation (Opportunities) .................................................................................................. 91 4.5 Continuing or new threats which make it difficult for LIFE air projects to implement policy (Threats).................................................................................................................... 94 4.6 Factors for success and failure ...................................................................................... 99 4.7 Policy recommendations ............................................................................................. 100 5. Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 102 6. Sources .............................................................................................................................. 104 Annex I: Long list of all LIFE ENV projects probably relevant for the air sector (2005-2010) 106 Annex II: Trends LIFE92-LIFE2010.......................................................................................... 129 Annex III: Long list of EU legislation relating to Air Quality ................................................... 149

LIST OF GRAPHS AND TABLES Graph 1: Distribution of air-related LIFE projects per year Graph 2: Percentages of projects in different areas Table 1: Overview of the areas of activity of LIFE projects from 1992 until 2010 Table 2: Distribution of assessment and monitoring of air quality projects Table 3: Distribution of pollution prevention projects Table 4: Distribution of pollution prevention in industry projects Table 5: Distribution of pollution prevention in transportation projects Table 6: Distribution of pollution prevention in agriculture projects Table 7: Distribution of policy and management tools projects Table 8: Distribution of policy and management tools in transportation projects Table 9: Distribution of policy and management tools in industry projects Table 10: Distribution of pollution treatment projects Table 11: Distribution of waste management and recycling projects Table 12: Distribution of awareness raising projects Table 13: Number of LIFE projects per air directive (or other relevant legislation) Table 14: Distribution of projects in Directive 2008/50/EC Table 15: Distribution of projects in Directive 96/62/EC and its three repealed daughter directives Table 16: Distribution of projects in Directive 2001/81/EC Table 17: Projects that target NO x emissions Table 18: Projects that target PM emissions Table 19: Projects that target VOC emissions Table 20: Projects that target ozone emissions Table 21: Projects that target CO emissions Table 22: Projects that target SO x emissions Table 23: Projects that target ammonia emissions Table 24: Projects that target other pollutants’ emissions Table 25: Projects that do not target specific pollutants Table 26: Projects addressing industry-related directives Table 27: Projects addressing waste-related directives Table 28: Projects addressing transport-related directives Table 29: LIFE ENV/INF projects where the municipality is beneficiary or associate beneficiary Table 30: Geographical Distribution of LIFE ENV/INF air-related projects Table 31: Performance of projects Table 32: Factors for success and failure

42

ACRONYMS 6th EAP – 6th Environmental Action Programme BAT – Best Available Technique BREF – BAT Reference Document CAFE – Clean Air for Europe EU – European Union GIS – Geographic Information Systems IPPC – Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control LCA – Life Cycle Assessment LCP – Large Combustion Plants NEC – National Emissions Ceiling PAH – Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons PM – Particulate Matter RoHS – Restriction of Hazardous Substances SMEs – Small and Medium Enterprises SWOT – Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats analysis UNECE – Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations VOC – Volatile Organic Compounds WEEE – Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

43

1. INTRODUCTION The LIFE ENV and Eco-innovation Unit has requested that Astrale EEIG should, in the context of the Enhancing Tasks of Astrale C contract, assess the contribution of LIFE ENV/INF projects to the implementation, dissemination and further development of EU environmental policies and legislation, focusing in particular on resource efficiency.

Following the example of the Pilot Study on Waste, this study conducted an analysis of projects relating to air quality and pollution. While air pollution had been considered for a great number of years as a necessary evil within the wish to attain continuous economic growth, in recent years this view has given way to a realization that growth can continue independently of air pollution. Hitherto an increased drive for clean production and an abatement of harmful air pollution has been taking place, aided by relevant legislation.

Focusing from 2005 onwards, this study long-listed 101 air-related LIFE ENV/INF projects (Annex I). This particular report has been updated one year later (May 2013), to include projects approved in 2011, therefore raising the number of relevant projects to 108. The scope of the projects assessed included all forms of air pollution, from any kind of source. It did not include projects addressing climate change 25, since within the framework of the 6th Enviromental Action Programme (EAP), air pollution and climate change are distinguished in different priority areas, while the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution does not look at carbon emissions. Therefore, it was decided that projects addressing solely climate change would not be included in the assessment of this study. Of the 108 projects assessed, 101 were deemed suitable for further assessment and evaluation. The seven projects omitted had only indirect effects on air quality, due to measures such as increased energy efficiency etc. It was thought that a study focusing on air should assess only projects which explicitly state that they were looking for ways to implement measures directed towards improving air quality.

Therefore, only such projects were assessed, although a significant number of them address other environmental policy areas as well.

This study assessed LIFE projects in relation to such EU policy and legislation. The projects were examined in relation to the way they implement and disseminate related legislation, as well as to the ways they contribute to the further evolution and development of such legislation. Moreover, a SWOT analysis of the various factors which influence the successful implementation of such projects was also conducted, followed by conclusions and recommendations from this process.

The scope of this study did not allow the detailed evaluation of all 108 projects. Instead, a representative sample of 24 projects was drawn to be studied further. Such projects were chosen to cover as much as possible the wide variety of related projects: from excellent projects to poorly executed ones, relating to industrial, waste management or transportation practices, and including different stakeholders. However, an attempt has been made to include as much as possible all projects in the analysis, through incorporating all relevant information that surfaced while this study was being conducted.

25

Except for three projects that had pronounced effects on air quality and functioned as a bridge that would help indicate the connection between projects related to air quality and climate change.

44

45

2. TRENDS Even though particular attention was given to the period 2005-2010 of the LIFE programme, following the example of the waste study and in order to discern any trends in the development of air-related LIFE programs throughout the years, a search was conducted for all relevant projects from 1992 until 2011 as well. Overall, 231 projects were identified as having a direct connection to air quality. Graph 1 visualises the number of relevant projects per year. The full list of projects as well as their break-down in different themes can be found in Annex II. Graph 1: Distribution of air-related LIFE projects per year

Upon further analysis, it was seen that those projects could be grouped in the following six categories: i) Assessment and monitoring of air quality, ii) Pollution prevention, iii) Policy and management tools, iv) Pollution treatment, v) Waste management and recycling, and vi) Awareness-raising. Further grouping took place in order to distinguish among industry-, transportation- and agriculture-related projects. Those groups were further broken down in different sectors, programs or areas of focus, so as to gather an even clearer picture. During this analysis, all projects were linked to one specific sector, without taking into consideration cross-cutting issues. Table 1 shows the distribution of all projects in relation to grouping and year.

46

Table 1: Overview of the areas of activity of LIFE projects from 1992 until 2010 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Assessment and monitoring of air 1 5 7 2 3 1 quality Pollution prevention Pollution prevention in industry 4 2 1 4 7 Pollution prevention in 2 transportation Pollution prevention in agriculture 2 Policy and management tools 1 1 Policy and management tools in 1 2 1 2 2 2 transportation Policy and management tools in 1 industry Pollution treatment 1 2 1 3 2 Waste management and recycling 1 Awareness raising 1 Total 2 3 10 13 10 13 14

99 4

00 4

02 1

03

04 3

05 3

11

3

4 3

3

4

1 2 1

2

2 1 1

1

1

1

2 22

3 12

10 3

11 1

2

5 5

1 2

3

2 1

8 2

1 1 1

07

08 1

9

1 3 3

1 2 2

1

2 4

1 1

1 1

09 3

06

Total 42 3 66 19 8 19 23 4

2

1 10

1

1

8

11

2 5 1 26

1 3

1

1

13

8

8

1 6 2 32

9

1 1 1 7

18 18 11 231

47

The analysis conducted indicated that in some cases distinct patterns emerge, while in other areas there is no underlying trend over time. The data indicate that: • Most focus has been placed in preventing pollution from industrial activities, something that is ubiquitous through the 19 years studied. As indicated in Graph 2, which indicates the percentages of the different project areas, 28.57% of all airrelated LIFE projects addressed industrial pollution prevention. This focus on clean technology might have had an effect on the decreasing number of projects addressing end-of-pipe emissions. • Monitoring and assessment of air quality projects were the majority during the early years of the LIFE programme, but have weaned in comparison in the later years, although they are still present. • Policy and management tools regarding transportation and urban planning, coupled with pollution prevention technology systems in transportation, have surged during the past five years. This indicates a growing focus on the urban environment and could perhaps form a part of the greater push towards the development of livable cities, illustrated by the adoption in 2006 of the Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment within the 6th EAP. A small percentage of projects (4.76%; see Graph 2) focused directly on communication with the public, campaigning or awareness-raising. The lack of such projects might be the outcome of difficulties in quantifying their results. Alternatively, since all LIFE projects need to disseminate information to the public, decreased interest might have ensued for projects focusing solely on that.

Graph 2: Percentages of projects in different areas

48

2.1 Projects’ grouping During the first years of the LIFE programme, a significant number of projects aimed to create instruments and tools to assess air quality. This makes sense, given that the development of legislation and policy tools demands firstly good awareness of the current condition. During the later years, assessment and monitoring projects weaned in comparison, but still were of a significant number. From all 42 projects related to assessment and monitoring of air quality, 25 aimed to develop new measuring techniques, while 11 established a new monitoring system. Such monitoring systems differed in scope, ranging from localised programs to pan-European ones. Given that the willingness to assess and monitor air quality in different locales is expected to continue, it should be hypothesised that more projects be developed in this area. Table 2 shows the distribution of projects aiming to assess and monitor air quality.

Table 2: Distribution of assessment and monitoring of air quality projects Assessment and monitoring of air quality 42 Methodology or measuring techniques 25 development Establishment of a new monitoring system 11 and measurement Health-related assessment 4 Adaptation of an existing system 2 A significant number of projects (97) addressed systems and technology that aim to prevent pollution from being emitted at the first place. Those projects have been broken down by sector into those addressing industry (67), transportation (19) and agriculture (8). Three of the projects do not belong in any such sector: two which suggest architectural advancements that render buildings more energy efficient and less wasteful, and one that promotes highly efficient and effective use of biomass. The distribution of those three projects is shown in Table 3, followed by a more in-depth discussion of the three other sectors.

Table 3: Distribution of pollution prevention projects Pollution prevention 3 Eco-architecture 2 Biomass 1 The highest grouping of projects (66 out of 231) dealt with the development of systems and technology to prevent industrial pollution. Such projects took place throughout the 19 years of LIFE assessed, indicating that the drive to reduce industrial pollution has persisted and will most likely continue in the future, driven by relevant legislation, such as the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive. Almost a quarter of all projects addressed pollution coming from the metal, iron and steel industries (9 projects) or from paints, varnishes and lacquer (9 projects). Nine projects provided innovative technology that had various industrial applications, while the rest of the projects addressed different industrial sectors, from which no significant pattern surfaced. Ways to prevent pollution were mostly through the replacement of harmful chemicals, the reduction of energy consumption and of materials usage, through energy recovery, or through heat and power generation from biomass. The distribution of different industrial sectors of such projects is found on Table 4.

49

Table 4: Distribution of pollution prevention in industry projects Pollution prevention in Industry 66 Metal, iron and steel products 9 Paints, varnishes, lacquer 9 General 9 Paper and printing 6 Textiles and footwear 4 Food 3 Wood materials 3 Bricks and ceramics 2 Electronics 2 Glass manufacture 3 Organic solvents 2 Plastic products 2 Aerospace 1 Cereals 1 Coke ovens 1 Construction 1 Crystal manufacture 1 Decals 1 Heat and power 1 Polymers 1 Silicon 1 Starch 1 Stone 1 Tannery 1 Fourteen out of the 19 projects addressing pollution prevention technology and systems that relate to transportation took place after 2006, indicating a growing awareness of the negative impact fossil-fuelled transport has on the environment. Even though such projects also have benefits in the mitigation of climate change, all of them specifically address air pollution, particularly at the urban environment, as a major theme to tackle. However, the increased awareness regarding climate change and the focus towards its mitigation must surely have an impact in the increased numbers of such projects. From these nineteen projects seven addressed the development of alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biogas, while the rest focused on the development of specific technologies for the different modes of transportation (cars, trucks, buses, ships, and rail). The distribution of such projects is found in Table 5.

Table 5: Distribution of pollution prevention in transportation projects Pollution prevention in transportation 19 Alternative fuels 7 Electric or clean cars 4 Clean trucks 3 Clean buses 2 Clean ships 2 Clean rail 1

50

Eight projects addressed pollution prevention technology and systems in agriculture. Two aimed at pollution coming from fertilisers, while other issues include feed mills, milk and rice production, and soil contamination. No significant pattern could emerge from so few projects. Their distribution is shown in Table 6.

Table 6: Distribution of pollution prevention in agricultural projects Pollution prevention in agriculture 8 Fertilizers 2 General 2 Feed mills 1 Milk production 1 Rice 1 Soil contamination 1 Forty-six projects were related to policy and management tools, 23 of which addressed transportation, 4 addressed industry, and 19 addressed various sectors, discussed in more detail below. Eleven out of all those 19 projects relating to the development of policy and management tools took place after 2008, with most (8) being developed in 2009. As already mentioned, this indicates a growing trend towards the need to create livable cities, which is a logical outcome of increased urbanization and the realisation that effects such as the urban heat island and climate change can seriously undermine the ability of people to live in a healthy urban environment unless relevant measures are taken. Most projects (9) aimed to clean ambient air or to develop relevant urban planning that would reduce air pollution. Five projects addressed the effects of air pollution on biodiversity or how green areas can be used to mitigate air pollution. Table 7 indicates the distribution of these related projects.

Table 7: Distribution of policy and management tools projects Policy tools and management 19 Urban planning & ambient air 9 Biodiversity & biomass 5 Management of publishing 2 Construction 1 Governance 1 Harbour management 1 The 23 projects that are related to the development of transportation planning and management are spread almost evenly throughout the 18 years of the LIFE programme.

Most of these projects (13) addressed passenger transport, and mostly automobiles, with five projects aiming particularly at the reduction of automobile usage by the local residents or by tourists. Four of those projects address the reduction of pollution coming from freight transport, mostly through the development of better logistics systems. The distribution of transport planning and management is shown in Table 8.

Table 8: Distribution of policy and management tools in transportation projects Planning and management systems in 23 transportation General transportation (clean transport, 13 policy tools, modal shifts etc.)

Car reduction 5 Freight transport 4

51

Rail

1

The four projects which addressed planning and management systems in industry aimed to develop emission control systems or make value chains more efficient. One addressed tanneries, while another one the textile industry. Their small number prohibited any patterns from emerging. Their distribution is shown in Table 9.

Table 9: Distribution of policy and management tools in industry projects Planning and management systems in 4 industry General (emission control systems, value 2 chains) Tannery 1 Textile 1 Projects categorised under pollution treatment are focused on the development of technology and systems aiming at end-of-pipe measures. Most of them (13) dealt with industrial effluents of projects which, to a large extent, address waste management issues.

Two projects aimed to absorb pollution from the ambient air, while two more addressed tailpipe emissions. The majority of the projects (10) took place from 1994 until 2000, while only a few have taken place after that. This could be explained by the steady focus which the industry shows in preventing pollution to be emitted from the start. For many years, air pollution was viewed as a necessary evil that was the outcome of increased economic growth; however, the focus on clean technologies changes that and it could be hypothesised that pollution treatment projects will steadily be replaced by the cheaper process of avoiding pollution in the first place. The distribution of pollution treatment projects is shown in Table 10.

Table 10: Distribution of pollution treatment projects Pollution treatment 18 Industrial 13 Ambient air 2 Transportation 2 Waste incineration 1 Most of the projects that addressed waste management and recycling (17 out of 18) have taken place after 2003, indicating perhaps a growing awareness but also a drive coming from the relevant legislation, particularly the Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directives, which were adopted in February 2003. Four projects address agricultural wastes, while the sectors of industrial waste, pollution coming from landfills, sewage waste and fly ash were each addressed by four projects. It should be noted that end-of-pipe solutions were categorised under “Pollution treatment� within the trends analysis. Distribution of waste-related projects is shown in Table 11.

Table 11: Distribution of waste management and recycling projects Waste management and recycling 18

52

Agricultural Industrial Landfills Sewage & sludge Cooking oils for transportation Household waste Vehicles

4 4 3 3 2 1 1

Very few projects (10 out of 231, or approximately 4.76%) addressed awareness raising and communication to the public. Those appeared mostly in the years close to the millennium, only to disappear almost completely afterwards. The low percentage of such projects can be attributed perhaps to their inherent difficulty in providing concrete and quantifiable results or to the fact that dissemination is included within all LIFE projects. Eight out of those projects were related to transportation, aiming particularly to inform the local populations of the various problems being created through automobile use and aiming at a diversification of choice of transport. One project focused on raising awareness among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) regarding lead-free industrial production in the electronics industry. Another project aimed particularly to disseminate knowledge regarding air-related legislation to the European public. The last of the relevant projects aimed to include the local residents more into the decision-making process by highlighting the importance of citizenship. The distribution of awareness-raising projects is shown in Table 12.

Table 12: Distribution of awareness raising projects Awareness raising & communication to the 11 public Transportation-related 8 Industry-related 1 Legislation 1 On citizenship 1

53

3. EVALUATION OF LIFE ENV/INF AIR PROJECTS IN RELATION TO EU AIR POLICY AND LEGISLATION 3.1. Overview The air policy and legislation of the EU is comprised of several directives, regulations and communications, the full list of which can be found in Annex III, along with descriptions.

Although LIFE ENV/INF projects address a significant part of the legislation, some of it is not explicitly implemented26. Some pieces of EU legislation are generic, such as the 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive or the 2001/81/EC Directive on National Emission Ceilings (NEC), and it is mostly those which are addressed by the projects; other pieces of legislation are highly specialised, such as Directive 2009/126/EC on Stage II petrol vapour recovery during refuelling of motor vehicles at service stations, and hence are not represented in the projects.

A significant number of projects addressed more than one air-related directive, along with directives that do not relate to air policy. While this indicates the complex interrelation between different policy areas and the significant cross-cutting that takes place (analysed in more detail in section 3.6 of this study), it has been almost impossible to link a project exclusively to one legislative text – a limitation encountered also in the pilot study on Waste.

Hence, it is indeed hard to establish clear-cut and definite relations between projects and EU policy, since projects address many instances of EU policy, in varying degrees. Table 13 shows the distribution of projects per air directive or other directly related directives.

Table 13: Number of LIFE projects per air directive (or other relevant legislation) 27 Directive Air Quality Framework 96/62/EC & Daughter Directives 2001/81/EC 2008/50/EC

2004/107/EC TOTAL Sources Industry 84/360/EEC 96/61/EC 2008/1/EC 1999/13/EC 2001/80/EC

No. of projects

Framework Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury, Nickel and Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Industrial Plants Solvents Large Combustion Plants

83

5 88

28 8 3

26

Such legislation is marked with an asterisk in Annex III. The number does not consist of single projects but rather shows the themes tackled by LIFE ENV/INF projects.

The numbers do not add up to 95 since some projects address more than one directive.

27

54

TOTAL Waste 75/442/EEC 2008/98/EC 2002/96/EC 91/689/EEC & 2002/965 1999/31/EC 2000/76/EC TOTAL Transportation 2003/30/EC 97/68/EC & 2005/33/EC 2009/33/EC TOTAL

39

Waste Framework Electrical and Electronic Equipment

8

Hazardous Waste Landfills Waste Incineration

5 4 3 25

Biofuels Non-road mobile machinery & Sulphur in marine fuels Clean Road Transport

5

5

2 2

9 28

Eighty-eight projects address the Air Quality Framework Directive, either in its current or in its previous forms; therefore this is where most of the focus on air-related project lies.

Moreover, the majority of projects dealing with the source of pollution address the industrial sector, with 39 projects directly addressing industry-related emissions, while a considerable number is concerned with the waste and transportation sector.

Sixty-five projects are dealing with reduction of pollutants, either through prevention of emissions or through pollution treatment technologies, in the field of industry, transportation, agriculture and waste management. A significant number, 37 projects, aim to develop policy instruments and monitoring tools in order to assess the effects air pollution has on human health. The focus is mostly on implementing the relevant directives, although the field is characterised by a high degree of innovation as well, and usually leads to the demonstration and further development of best practices. Only four projects address awareness raising and communication with stakeholders. The reasons and implications for this are discussed in more detail later on in this study.

Many projects have a local focus (26 of them have as a beneficiary or associate beneficiary local municipalities), however in the vast majority increased focus is being given to transferability, and many state that they conduct pilot studies that are targeted for further diffusion within the EU. However most local projects try explicitly to implement EU policy at the local/regional level, with the stated purpose of improving the environmental conditions in their locale and integrating their legislation and practices with that of the EU. Finally, this study identified at least 20 projects that implement air-related policies and directives but which are also directly linked with other environmental thematic strategies.

Air quality is affected by so many factors that one cannot look at it in an isolated way, and this surfaces clearly from the projects: the number of fields of the human endeavour that affect it and which are in turn affected by the relevant LIFE ENV/INF projects is considerable.

28

Four more projects addressed transportation issues, but lack of relevant legislation led to them being classified solely under air quality framework legislation. See section 3.2.5 for discussion.

55

This indicates the implementation of the drive towards integration of environmental and sustainability policies within the EU, since a systemic approach characterises many of the projects assessed in this study.

3.2. Policy sectors and legislative texts addressed by the LIFE ENV/INF projects 3.2.1 Air Quality Framework legislation (2008/50/EC, 2001/81/EC, 96/62/EC, 1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC, 2002/3/EC, 2004/107/EC) The air quality framework legislation covers the three main directives 2008/50/EC, 2001/81/EC, 96/62/EC, as well as the fourth daughter Directive 2004/107/EC. Most projects aiming at a reduction of air pollutants have been classified under “air quality framework legislation�, including projects dealing with awareness and capacity building, monitoring, and development of policy tools.

When the Air Quality Framework Directive 2008/50/EC came into force in June 11th 2008, Directives 92/62/EC (Air Quality Directive) and 1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC, 2002/3/EC (the Three Daughter Directives) had been repealed and merged in the newer legislation. Even if those directives are obsolete now, they were in force when many of the currently assessed LIFE projects took place; hence many of the projects are classified under these directives.

It should be noted that Directive 2008/50/EC did not change the standards previously being set in the former directives; but it did afford more time for their implementation. It regulates air quality standards of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter, lead, benzene and carbon monoxide, as well as concentrations of ozone. The directive did introduce new limit values for fine particles (PM 2.5 ), but this will enter into force in 2015.

Regarding Directive 2001/81/EC on NEC, it should be stated that many LIFE ENV/INF projects dealing with the pollutants discussed in the directive do not explicitly state the aim to implement it, even if they fall within its provisions. The NEC Directive establishes national ceilings for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia, in order to curb acidification, eutrophication and atmospheric ozone formation. Tables 14, 15 & 16 show the distribution of projects for each of the framework directives.

Table 14: Distribution of projects in Directive 2008/50/EC 2008/50/EC Main issues Policy & logistics tool

Project number RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107) JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) ATMOSYS (LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409) PM3 (LIFE09 ENV/CY/000252)

Subject of project Sustainable management of traffic using air-quality sensors Management model for urban green areas Policy support system for atmospheric pollution hot spots Particulates monitoring, modelling and management

56

ACEPT-AIR (LIFE09 ENV/GR/000289) OPERA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092) SUN EAGLE (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115) ET IDEA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000124) GREENCIT (LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346) MEDETOX (LIFE10 ENV/CZ/000651) FO3REST (LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208) MED-PARTICLES (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327) INTEGREEN (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000389) DIAPASON (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000391) AIRUSE (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000584) TOTAL Pollution reduction in transportation

CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269) CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) CONNECT (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000507) I.MO.S.M.I.D. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063) EFRUD (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107) ELBA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111)

TOTAL

T.A.SM.A.C. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) SLIDE IN (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035) HYPER BUS (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041)

Policy tool for reduction of particulate matter in air Assessment methodology to plan air quality policies Reduction, of emissions due to institutional changes in small communities Evaluation of pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere Environmental policy in citizen-oriented actions Monitor in real time the effects of pollution on human health Validated thresholds for forest protection against ozone Particulate urban air pollution and its relation to public health Increasing the flow of environmental information Desert dust detection methodology Cost-effective measures to ensure better air quality in urban areas 15 Alternative fuels for goods distribution vehicles Increasing the share of electric vehicles Promoting the development of electric vehicles Increasing the use of local public transport Transportation of refrigerated, perishable goods Replacement of diesel buses by low/zero emission vehicles Car traffic due to flow of tourists Production and use of fuels in the transport sector Batteries for buses Hybrid buses with plug-in technology

10

57

Pollution reduction in industry

TOTAL Pollution reduction in waste

GREENING BOOKS (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000457) ECOTRANSFLUX (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000591) Odourless casting (LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059) HOxyGas (LIFE11 ENV/CZ/000488) Composites Waste (LIFE09 ENV/DK/000367) Sludge's Wealth (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000186) SEWEEX (LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427)

TOTAL Other pollution reduction

TOTAL Awareness raising

TOTAL

COSMOS-RICE (LIFE11 ENV/IT/000256) REDUST (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000579) GAIA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074) CLEAN AIR (LIFE11 ENV/DE/000495)

Reduction of air pollution from publishing industry Transverse Flux Induction Heating Emissions in aluminium, steel and iron foundries Production system for automotive flat glass

4 Development of new composites waste recycling system Reduction of air pollutants in the process of sludge treatment Transferring heat from the sewage system to urban buildings Treatment of fly ash Reduction of respirable street dust in urban areas Purification potential of plants Awareness raising and capacity building for the implementation of 2008/50/EC

4

2

1

Table 15: Distribution of projects in Directive 96/62/EC and its three repealed daughter directives 96/62/EC, 1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC, 2002/3/EC Main Issues Project Number Subject of Project Policy & logistics tool MONALISA Innovative air sampler that (LIFE05 ENV/F/000068) monitors pollen in the air SMAQ Satellite-assisted management (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214) of air quality C-DISPATCH New city logistic system (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839) CEDM City logistics to reduce harmful (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870) emission from vehicles AIR-AWARE Air pollution impact (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106) surveillance and warning system EC4MACS Building and maintaining a

58

TOTAL Pollution reduction in transportation

(LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006) ROMAIR (LIFE08 ENV/F/000485) GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) IDEMS (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808) ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465)

TOTAL Pollution reduction in waste

TOTAL Other pollution reduction

PARFUM (LIFE06 ENV/D/000477) WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141) Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302) OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) AMELIE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000053) GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083) SUSCON (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000235) SPAS (LIFE06 ENV/A/000345)

TOTAL

CMA+ (LIFE07 ENV/A/000003)

Table 16: Distribution of projects in Directive 2001/81/EC 2001/81/EC Main Issues Project number Pollution reduction in SuperWool industry (LIFE05 ENV/D/000195) ECOSB (LIFE05 ENV/L/000047) CLB (LIFE05 ENV/NL/000035)

network of modelling tools Air quality modelling and forecast system

7 Promotion of sustainable mobility Integration and development of environmental management systems Development and realisation of the first hydrogen-powered passenger ship Particulate emissions from freight and heavy duty vehicles Innovative wind propulsion technology for cargo vessels 5 Use of engineered bio-covers to reduce landfill gas Environmentally sustainable treatment of pig manure Reuse of used frying oils to produce biodiesel 3 Design, development and validation of lead-free industrial assembly lines Clean, lead-free technology for aeronautical and military sectors Sustainable Construction in Public and Private Works Construction of a combined sound barrier and filter system for particulate matter PM10 reduction through deicing agent on the street 5

Subject of Project Pre-treatment of wool that requires no hazardous chemicals New production process for oriented strand boards Closed loop blanching system for the potato processing industry

59

VOCless pulping (LIFE06 ENV/FIN/000201) HotOxyGlass (LIFE07 ENV/F/000179) VOCless waste water (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568) IRIS (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000594) GREEN TESTING (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600)

TOTAL Pollution reduction in waste

Ultra Crash Treatment (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000174) ZERO PLUS (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256) Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302) RIWAC (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) VALUVOIL (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000451) N.O.WA.S.T.E. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070) WASTE AIR TREATMENT (LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073)

TOTAL Pollution reduction in energy

TOTAL Pollution reduction in transportation

TOTAL

INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475) BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054) BIOGRID (LIFE07 ENV/E/000829) ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) PARFUM (LIFE06 ENV/D/000477) WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479)

Control of VOCs generation in the mechanical and semimechanical pulp production industry Environment friendly flat glass production Reduction of VOCs emissions from mechanical and semimechanical pulping process VOC-free solvent Reductions of emissions in the process of non-destructive testing Cold spray metal galvanising system 9 Integral liquid residuals management model for surface treatment industries Environmentally sustainable treatment of pig manure Treatment of tannery waters Transforming hazardous substances into usable materials Elimination of off-gas air pollution from olive oil waste sector Treatment and composting of domestic organic waste Implementation of a more efficient plasma catalytic waste air treatment

7

Reducing energy losses of transformers Design and demonstration of 3 CHP plants Production of substitute natural gas 3 Development and realisation of the first hydrogen-powered passenger ship Particulate emissions from freight and heavy duty vehicles Innovative wind propulsion technology for cargo vessels 3

60

Policy tools

TOTAL Other pollution reduction

TOTAL

EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006) JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) LIFE+Ecoedición (LIFE08 ENV/E/000124) PhotoPaq (LIFE08 ENV/F/000487) UNIZEO (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000347) SILEX (LIFE11 ENV/BE/001046)

Building and maintaining a network of modelling tools Management model for urban green areas 2 Sustainable management of editorial services Photocatalytic materials for air pollution reduction Coating urea-based nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite Extend lifetime/durability of buildings made from wood and/or cement 4

3.2.2 Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) - COM(2005) 446 Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution The 6th Environment Action Programme was adopted by the EU on July 2002 and will remain in force until 2012. It developed four key environmental priorities, one of which is “Environmental and Health”, which states the objective of “achieving levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impact on and risk to human health and environment”.

Within this framework, the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme was launched in March 2001, aiming to develop a long-term, integrated, strategic approach towards addressing airrelated issues, such as pollution and its adverse effects on human health and biodiversity.

The objectives of CAFE led to the adoption of the Communication entitled “Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution”, which is one of the seven thematic strategies that the 6th EAP provides for.

The Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution modernised and supplemented current legislation, by establishing air quality objectives to be achieved by 2020 and setting targets which include reductions in loss of life expectancy, in mortalities, acid deposition and eutrophication. In order for those to be achieved, significant reductions must occur in emissions of SO 2 (82%), of NO X (60%), of VOCs (51%), of ammonia (27%), and of primary PM 2.5 (59%). It also proposed measures for their realisation, such as stricter limit values for air pollutants, increases in energy efficiency, the promotion of renewable energy sources, a further examination of the impact aviation and shipping have, and a reduction in the use of nitrogen in fertilisers. The Thematic Strategy also identified a closer involvement of sectors affecting air quality as integral for its targets to be met.

Nearly all LIFE ENV/INF projects are related one way or another with the Thematic Strategy.

Many of the projects are related because they aim towards reduction of pollutants addressed by the Thematic Strategy, while the 25 projects that do not target specific pollutants, aim mostly to create the tools necessary to monitor, enforce and build further awareness of pollution, its effects, and the Best Available Technique (BAT) to abate it. A few projects target more than one pollutant. Of all LIFE ENV/INF projects, 26 aim to reduce NO x emissions (Table 17), 25 target particulate matter (Table 18), 17 target VOCs (Table 19), 9 target ozone (Table 20) and carbon monoxide (Table 21), 8 address SO x (Table 22), 7 deal

61

with ammonia (Table 23), a few address other pollutants (Table 24), while 25 projects aim for general emission reductions and policy tools to facilitate those, without targeting specific pollutants (Table 25). It should be noted that many projects have benefits which are not clearly stated in their presentation. For instance, CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) states that it intends to reduce NO 2 and particulate matter (PM) through its measures; yet it reduces carbon monoxide as well. However, the present analysis regarding which pollutants are targeted only took into consideration the stated goals of each project.

Table 17: Projects that target NO x emissions Pollutant Project acronym NO x Atmosys (LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409) CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) CLB (LIFE05 ENV/NL/000035) CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269) CLEAR (LIFE05 ENV/UK/000122) COMPOSITES WASTES (LIFE09 ENV/DK/000367) Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/00030) Ecotransflux (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000591) GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) HotOxyGlass (LIFE07 ENV/F/000179) HYPER BUS (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041) JEREZ + natural LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) SLUDGE’S WEALTH (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000186) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) SLIDE-IN (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035) MHyBUS (LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434) OPERA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092) PARFUM (LIFE06 ENV/D/000477) PhotoPaq (LIFE08 ENV/F/000487) RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107)

62

TOTAL

ROMAIR (LIFE08 ENV/F/000485) SEWEEX (LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427) SMAQ (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214) T.A.S.M.A.C (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146) WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) BIOMOMI (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000552) HOxyGas (LIFE11 ENV/CZ/000488)

28

Table 18: Projects that target PM emissions Pollutant Project acronym Particulate matter ACEPT-AIR (LIFE09 ENV/GR/000289) Atmosys (LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409) CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269) CLEAR (LIFE05 ENV/UK/000122) CMA+ (LIFE07 ENV/A/000003) GAIA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074) GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) HYPER BUS (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041) JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) MED-PARTICLES (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327) DIAPASON (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000391) SLIDE-IN

63

TOTAL

(LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035) MHyBUS (LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434) OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) OPERA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092) PARFUM (LIFE06 ENV/D/000477) PM3 (LIFE09 ENV/CY/000252) REDUST (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000579) RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107) ROMAIR (LIFE08 ENV/F/000485) SMAQ (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214) SPAS (LIFE06 ENV/A/000345) ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) AIRUSE (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000584)

26

Table 19: Projects that target volatile organic compounds (VOC) emissions Pollutant Volatile Organic Compounds

Project acronym BATsGRAPH (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836) ECOSB (LIFE05 ENV/L/000047) ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) GREEN TESTING (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600) INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) IRIS (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000594) LIFE+Ecoedicion (LIFE08 ENV/E/000124) MHyBUS (LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434) N.O.WA.S.T.E. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070) PHOTOPAQ (LIFE08 ENV/F/000487)

64

TOTAL

PREVOC PLAN (LIFE05 ENV/E/000328) SMAQ (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214) SuperWool (LIFE05 ENV/D/000195) Valuvoil (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000451) VOC-Free Decals (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911) VOCless pulping (LIFE06 ENV/FIN/000201) VOCless waste water (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568) SILEX (LIFE11 ENV/BE/001046) WASTE AIR TREATMENT (LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073) 19

Table 20: Projects that target ozone emissions Pollutant Project acronym Ozone Atmosys (LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409) GAIA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074) JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) FO3REST (LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208) OPERA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092) PM3 (LIFE09 ENV/CY/000252) RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107) ROMAIR (LIFE08 ENV/F/000485) WASTE AIR TREATMENT (LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073) TOTAL 10 Table 21: Projects that target CO emissions Pollutant Project acronym Carbon Monoxide ECOSB (LIFE05 ENV/L/000047) GESMOPOLI

65

TOTAL

(LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) HYPER BUS (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041) JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) LIFE+Ecoedicion (LIFE08 ENV/E/000124) MHyBUS (LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434) OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107)

9

Table 22: Projects that target SO x emissions Pollutant Project acronym SO x Composites Waste (LIFE09 ENV/DK/000367) GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) HotOxyGlass (LIFE07 ENV/F/000179) Sludge's Wealth (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000186) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427) OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) HOxyGas (LIFE11 ENV/CZ/000488) TOTAL 9 Table 23: Projects that target ammonia emissions Pollutant Project acronym Ammonia BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054) Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302) ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/0000440 RIWAC (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812)

66

TOTAL

UNIZEO (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000347) Ultra crash treatment (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000174) Valuvoil (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000451) WASTE AIR TREATMENT (LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073)

8

Table 24: Projects that target other pollutants’ emissions Pollutants Project acronym Polycyclic Aromatic EXPAH Hydrocarbons (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000082) INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) Hydrocarbons HYPER BUS (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041) OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) Lead GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083) LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) COSMOS-RICE (LIFE ENV/IT/000256) Benzene H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) Table 25: Projects that do not target specific pollutants Projects that do not target specific pollutants BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625) C-DISPATCH (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839) EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006) EFRUD (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107) ELBA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111) Electrovalue (LIFE07 ENV/P/000639) Elefsina 2020

67

(LIFE05 ENV/GR/000242) GREENCIT (LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346) GREENING BOOKS (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000457) HVD (LIFE05 ENV/D/000207) IDEMS (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808) I.MO.S.M.I.D. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063) INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475) CONNECT (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000507) MEDETOX (LIFE10 ENV/CZ/000651) INTEGREEN (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000389) MDPATC (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185) Odourless casting (LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059) Sludge Redox (LIFE05 ENV/D/000193) SUN EAGLE (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115) SUSCON (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000235) TOSCA (LIFE07 ENV/S/000912) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) VOICE (LIFE06 ENV/IT/000257) ZERO PLUS (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256) CLEAN AIR (LIFE11 ENV/DE/000495) TOTAL

26

3.2.3 Legislation on Industrial Emissions (84/360/EEC, 99/13/EC, 96/61/EC, 2001/80/EC, 2008/1/EC, 2010/75/EC) A significant number of LIFE ENV/INF projects deal with industrial emissions. The main framework for this legislation is the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Directive (96/61/EC) which drew from the precursor Directive 84/360/EEC, was amended four times and was repealed by Directive 2008/1/EC, which defines the obligations with which industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollution potential must comply.

68

Directive 2010/75/EC, which brought together the IPPC Directive with other six directives related to industrial emissions, has entered into force but the deadline for transposition is January 2013. Hence no project had addressed it up until the last year studied (2010).

The IPPC Directive requires permits from a broad range of industrial and agricultural activities, such as energy industries, production and processing of metals, the mineral industry, the chemical industry, waste management, livestock farming, etc. A host of projects address the implementation of the IPPC Directive in a variety of industry-related sectors. Those projects are mainly focused on promoting innovative technology that abate emissions. For instance, MDPATC (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185) aims to reduce noxious vapour emissions in the process of manufacturing wire rod products through a new descaling and scale milling mechanical process. Another project, GREEN TESTING (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600), aims to reduce pollutant emissions in the process of non-destructive testing, while Odourless casting (LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059) develops abatement techniques of odorous and hazardous emissions in typical aluminium, steel and iron foundries.

Some projects aim to disseminate existing awareness of innovative technology at a wider scale within Europe so as to meet the requirements of the IPPC Directive. For instance, project LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) set out to help a minimum of 300 small and medium enterprises from all parts of Europe, to make the technological transition not just compliant to the stated directives, but successfully eliminating hazardous substances from their production and products and thus enhancing product life cycle performance.

Apart from the IPPC Directive, the legislation on industrial emissions also covers those coming from large combustion plants (Directive 2001/80/EC), which sets limits to the amounts of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust emitted from large combustion plants, with a thermal rating greater than 50 MW, irrespective of the type of fuel used (solid, liquid or gaseous). Two projects, INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475) and Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) attempted to realise technological innovation addressing this directive; both did not manage to do so due to various technical problems and were cancelled. Since many of the projects aim at a high degree of technological innovation, it is understandable that some of them will fail because the technology they propose does not perform as expected, as will be discussed further on.

Finally, industrial emissions also cover the release of volatile organic compounds due to the use of solvents, which is regulated by Directive 99/13/EC that sets emission limits for such compounds and lays down operating conditions for installations using organic solvents. LIFE ENV/INF projects working in this sector aim mainly to develop innovative technology that removes toxic and harmful chemicals from the industrial process. They also usually aim to disseminate technologies that reduce emissions. A good example is PREVOC PLAN (LIFE05 ENV/E/000328) which built and initiated a demonstration plant for the treatment of VOC emissions from surface treatment factories. Other projects, such as BATsGRAPH (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836), develop best practices, in this case for the SMEs of the printing industry.

Overall, the performance of LIFE ENV/INF projects in the abatement of industrial emissions is positive. Even though quite a few projects have not been finalised, most are on good track to deliver positive results. It should be noted that projects in this sector manage to capture a wide variety of industries: some examples are textile (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625), printing (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836), steel (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000591), metal (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185), ceramics (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911), pulp production (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568) and surface

69

treatment (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256). The distribution of projects addressing directives related to industrial emissions is shown in Table 26.

Table 26: Projects addressing industry-related directives Directive Project number 84/360/EEC Industrial Plants INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) Sludge Redox (LIFE05 ENV/D/000193) RIWAC (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812) VOC-Free Decals (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911) CLEAR (LIFE05 ENV/UK/000122) EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006) INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475) TOTAL 8 96/61/EC IPPC INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) HVD (LIFE05 ENV/D/000207) ZERO PLUS (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256) GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475) WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) VOCless pulping (LIFE06 ENV/FIN/000201) BATsGRAPH (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836) BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625) TOSCA (LIFE07 ENV/S/000912) TOTAL 13 2008/1/EC IPPC VOCless waste water (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568) ECOTRANSFLUX (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000591) GREEN TESTING

70

(LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600) MDPATC (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185) Odourless casting (LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059) BIOMOMI (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000552)

TOTAL 2001/80/EC Large Combustion INES-110 Plants (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) TOTAL 1999/13/EC Solvents EC4MACS Emissions (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006) INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) PREVOC PLAN (LIFE05 ENV/E/000328) VOC-Free Decals (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911) ReLiStoP (LIFE06 ENV/E/000001) BATsGRAPH (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836) LIFE+Ecoedici贸n (LIFE08 ENV/E/000124) IRIS (LIFE09 ENV/FR/000594) TOTAL

6

2

7

3.2.4 Legislation on Emissions from Waste29 (75/442/EEC, 86/278/EEC, 91/689/EEC, 91/271/EEC, COM (1996) 399 final, 1999/31/EC, 2000/76/EC, 2002/95/EC, 2002/96/EC, 2006/12/EC, 2008/98/EC) Most of the relevant legislation on waste has a tangible effect on air quality, even if pollution is not directly addressed. A host of LIFE ENV/INF projects that tackle air pollution do so through waste-related measures (see Table 27). Waste framework legislation is comprised of the three main Directives 75/442/EEC, 2006/12/EC and 2008/98/EC, and the hazardous waste related Directive 91/686/EEC. Some projects deal with the treatment of domestic organic waste, such as N.O.W.A.S.T.E. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070) which aims to create a household appliance that composts waste.

Other projects have industrial application, such as ELECTROVALUE (LIFE07 ENV/P/000639) which aims to recover and reuse in other products the more used or high value electric and electronic components from printed circuit board assembly, or ELVISUSTECH (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000460) that is focused at the development of a sorting unit for end of life vehicles.

29

Waste-related legislation is not described in more detail in Annex III, since it belongs to a different Thematic Unit; yet it is used in the categorisation of LIFE projects in this study due to the strong relation it bears to air quality.

71

Landfills are also addressed as a point source of pollution, with projects like BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141) aiming to reduce landfill gas, or BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054) that designed 3 CHP plants which used solid oxide fuel cells working with landfill gas.

Table 27: Projects addressing waste-related directives Directives 75/442/EEC, 2006/12/EC & 2008/98/EC - Waste Framework

TOTAL 91/689/EEC Hazardous Waste

TOTAL 2002/96/EC WEEE

TOTAL 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste

Project Number Sludge Redox (LIFE05 ENV/D/000193) LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054) BIOFUELS-2G (LIFE08 ENV/GR/000569) N.O.WA.S.T.E. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070) VALUVOIL (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000451) HVD (LIFE05 ENV/D/000207) INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) Sludge Redox (LIFE05 ENV/D/000193) LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) Ultra Crash Treatment (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000174) COSMOS-RICE (LIFE11 ENV/IT/000256) LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) AMELIE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000053) GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083) ELECTROVALUE (LIFE07 ENV/P/000639) ELVISUSTECH (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000460) BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141) LEADFREE

8

6

5

72

TOTAL 2000/76/EC Waste incineration

TOTAL 2002/95/EC RoHS

TOTAL COM (1996) 399 final – Community strategy for waste management TOTAL 86/278/EEC Sewage Sludge & 91/271/EEC Urban Waste Water Treatment TOTAL

(LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) Sludge Redox (LIFE05 ENV/D/000193) ZERO PLUS (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) AMELIE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000053) GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083) ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) Sludge's Wealth (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000186)

4

3

3

2

1

3.2.5 Legislation on Transportation Emissions (97/68/EC, 2003/30/EC, 2005/33/EC, Regulation (EC) No 715/2007, Regulation (EC) No 595/2009) Air quality-related transportation legislation can be divided into directives that focus on road transport, on ships and non-road mobile machinery, and on fuel quality, storage and distribution. Transportation legislation is extremely complicated and although a significant number of projects addresses air pollution coming from transportation (12), seven of them focus on two directives alone, as shown in Table 28. The other five projects are clearly transport-related projects, which however are not linked directly to any existing relevant legislation.

The main framework regarding road transport is set by the Euro standards, which establish set limits for pollutant emissions from light- and heavy-duty vehicles. However those standards apply for conventional vehicles that are powered by fossil fuels. The push for a clean road transport has sparked projects that aim for the development of alternative fuels or type of vehicles, such as electric or hydrogen-powered cars. One project (CONNECT) addressed emissions from passenger cars, while four projects (MHyBUS, H2POWER, SLIDEIN, HYPERBUS) aimed for the development of cleaner practices in heavy-duty vehicles.

Although there is somewhat relevant EU legislation regarding such practices, such as the

73

Clean Road Transport directive (2009/33/EC) which promotes the purchase of clean vehicles within public procurement, there is no explicit legislation underpinning the surge towards developing such clean means of transport per se. Due to the lack of such legislation, those transport-related projects were classified under the air quality framework legislation alone.

Fuel quality and its effects are regulated by Directive 2003/30/EC, which obliges Member States to take necessary measures so that biofuels account for a minimum proportion (5.75%) of the fuel sold on their territory. This directive aims explicitly at a reduction of CO, NO x , VOC and other particles which are toxic for health and the environment. Five LIFE ENV/INF projects address it, through developing fuels (H2POWER, CLEANTRUCK) and through recycling used cooking oil as a fuel (Biofuels-2G, OIL PRODIESEL, VOICE).

Two projects (WINTECC and ZEMSHIPS) address legislation covering non-road mobile machinery, as well as sulphur emissions in marine fuels. Both of these projects are highly innovative: WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) demonstrated a wind propulsion technology for cargo vessels, while ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) led to the construction of the first hydrogen-powered passenger ship.

Table 28: Projects addressing transport-related directives Directive Project number 2003/30/EC Biofuels OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) VOICE (LIFE06 ENV/IT/000257) Biofuels-2G (LIFE08 ENV/GR/000569) CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269) H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) TOTAL 97/68/EC Non-Road Mobile ZEMSHIPS Machinery & 2005/33/EC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) Sulphur in Marine Fuels WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) TOTAL 2009/33/EC Clean Road CLEANTRUCK Transport (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269) CEMOBIL ((LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) TOTAL

5

2

2

A great percentage of relevant legislation targets CO 2 emissions, which were excluded from this study while setting the boundaries for what will be operationally defined as air pollution.

However, in many cases, development leading to reduced carbon dioxide emissions results to decreased air pollution as well. This means that a host of projects which focus solely on carbon emissions (this study identified at least five) do have beneficial effects on air quality, yet they are not discussed in this study. It is expected that under the implementation of the

74

Kyoto Protocol and the post-Kyoto period many LIFE ENV/INF projects will be dealing with carbon emissions.

It should be noted that many projects develop tools for mobility management that aim to tackle emissions coming from motor vehicles by reducing the share of cars within the European streets and by promoting alternative modes of transport, such as cycling and public transit. Such measures are covered by the 6th EAP and the calls within the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution to tackle the volume of transport and its growth, particularly through taking measure to decouple it from economic growth. This is promoted through a modal shift from car-based transport towards a diversified system that encompasses rail, water and public passenger transport as well.

3.3. Where do the projects intervene (implementation of directives, demonstration of best practices, awareness building, monitoring and enforcement, policy making) Most LIFE ENV/INF projects focus on the implementation of directives. AMELIE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000053) and GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083) aim to find reliable lead-free alternatives and thus reducing waste; Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302) implemented a management model for the environmentally sustainable treatment of pig manure; COMPOSITES WASTE leads to the development of new composites waste recycling system; N.O.W.A.S.T.E (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070) works on an innovative system for the treatment and composting of domestic organic waste; while OIL PRODIESEL (LIFE05 ENV/P/000369) created an integrated waste management system for the reuse of used frying oils to produce biodiesel. In the other sources of air pollution as well some projects focus on implementation, such as UNIZEO (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000347), which aims to coat urea-based nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite, therefore reducing air pollution from ammonia.

A significant number of projects are also working on demonstrating or developing further the best practices that have been defined by the legislation. Most of these projects are highly innovative, either in technology or in management. An example is CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269), which aims to utilize state-of-the-art biofuels for the first time in trucks, combined with value-adding measures such as Heavy Eco-Driving (a more fuel-efficient way of driving for heavy vehicles), a use of nitrogen for tyre inflation and recycle carbon dioxide as a refrigerant. Another project, HotOxyGlass (LIFE07 ENV/F/000179), has led to the creation of the Boussois furnace which is regarded by the beneficiary as the greenest flat glass furnace in the world. The project BIOMOMI (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000552) aimed as well to establish a new technology for the real-time monitoring and quantifying or aerobic microorganisms in the water of hydraulic systems, so as to facilitate the correct application of biocide dosages, reducing relevant environmental pollution.A good example in developing further the understanding of BAT is project BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625), which aims to help the textile industry understand what comprises a best practice by listing the best environmental performance indicators and goals, by drawing a relevant model for economic evaluation for BAT, and by discussing environmental performance indicators and their relation with economic factors in textile BAT implementation. Another project on the same vein, BATsGRAPH (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836), develops an eTool which will make possible the implementation of BAT for reducing emissions of VOCs in the printing industry. Project ZERO PLUS (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256) also defined a model for the management of liquid wastes in the surface treatment industry by integrating existing BAT under real-life conditions.

75

Other projects have set a new BAT, such as SuperWool (LIFE05 ENV/D/000195), which demonstrated a sustainable plasma pre-treatment of wool for the first time in a realistic application scale, or VOCless pulping (LIFE06 ENV/FIN/000201) and VOCless waste water (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568) that have attempted to integrate the best components of current practices, in a field (Pulp and Paper Industry) where the EC Reference Document on BAT is limited to just a few practices. Finally, projects such as ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465), the realisation of the first hydrogen powered passenger ship, aim to redefine fully the best available technique for maritime transportation.

Other projects aim for increasing scientific knowledge on pollutants dispersion, sources and effects on human health. For instance, ACEPT-AIR (LIFE09 ENV/GR/000289) aims to distinguish the sources of particulate matter, particularly regarding whether concentrations above the existing legislation are natural or caused by humans. Also, based on this, it will provide guidelines on how legislation can be implemented, containing specific measures and policies in order to attain the limit values and concentration reductions required by the legislation. It will also establish a forum for the communication of these ideas, with key stakeholders from industry, state and local authority policy makers and NGOs, so as to discuss how implementation of EC Directives can be realised. Other projects on the pollution characteristics of PM include MEDETOX (LIFE10 ENV/CZ/000651), MED-PARTICLES (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327) and DIAPASON (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000391), which will upgrade desert dust detection methodology. Another project EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006) aims to build and maintain a network of modelling tools for a comprehensive integrated assessment of the policy effectiveness of emission control strategies for air pollutants and greenhouse gases – it is a project that has implications for many different pieces of legislation relating to air quality. A further example of this practice is demonstrated by the project AIRUSE (LIFE11 ENV/ES/000584) which aims to identify in greater precision the sources of PM pollution along with the expected mitigation results of different practices, so as to facilitate relevant policy-making.

Other projects work on monitoring of the current condition, and particularly with regard to the effects legislation and administrative decisions have. These projects often develop policy tools that help management and administration at the local level. A good example is AIRAWARE (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106), which aims to assist spatial planning decision-making, as well as traffic management and pollution control in Bucharest, by predicting the health and environmental effects of air pollution, and establishing a relevant warning system. Another similar project, ATMOSYS (LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409), aims to set up, evaluate and demonstrate an advanced air quality modelling system and associated web-based service, containing novel elements specifically designed for air pollution policy support in hot-spot regions. Such projects have a wide potential, given that preventive actions are more effective and less costly than corrective actions.

Other related projects are: ET IDEA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000124), which aims to enhance the monitoring of pollutants dispersion in the atmosphere and thus increase understanding of air quality; EXPAH (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000082), which will build a prototype assessment method to provide basic knowledge on concentrations of PAHs in the city and their health impact; INTEGREEN (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000389), which aims to provide the public authorities in Bolzano with distributed correlated traffic/environmental information, as the basis for eco-friendly traffic management policies; RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107), that will monitor pollution in real-time using air-quality sensors; MONALISA (LIFE05 ENV/F/000068), that aims to aid the monitoring of pollen in the atmosphere by an online antigenicity/allergenicity measurement; and OPERA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092), which aims to develop a methodology to help local (sub-

76

national) authorities preparing, implementing and monitoring air quality plans to reduce population exposure and integrating regional air quality plans within national and European plans.

A set of projects are working directly on capacity building within local communities, fostering cooperation among key stakeholders and bridging communication gaps. Examples include CDISPATCH (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839), which developed a city logistics system aiming to increase transport efficiency, which brought many key actors to cooperation, Biofuels-2g, which aimed to facilitate collaboration between regional stakeholders, ELECTROVALUE (LIFE07 ENV/P/000639), which brought together a Recycler and an Assembler company so as to fight against the lack of communication, or CEDM (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870) which led to the cooperation of the different actors within the logistics chain, such as freight transport operators, eco-friendly fleets for city deliveries, local authorities and mobility operators.

Finally, another set of projects aim to increase awareness in key stakeholders, local authorities and citizens. Although only four projects worked solely with increasing awareness, many projects undertook extensive dissemination strategies. Awareness raising and communication projects related to air quality are very few, throughout the years of the LIFE programme. This is an area which can be increased in air-related projects to improve their effectiveness, perhaps through encouraging LIFE INF project proposals. However, many projects have outlined and carried forth elaborate programs of information dissemination, spending approximately 7%-10% of their budget in this undertaking. A good example is SMAQ (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214), which delivered the following in relation to awareness-raising: an opening and a closing event, production and distribution of 10,000 leaflets in five languages, a website, two interregional workshops, and six publications in journals and presentations at international symposia. Another project, ECOSB (LIFE05 ENV/L/000047), undertook a major dissemination campaign, which included presence in many exhibitions, conferences and events, the publication of articles in specialised journals, the academic dissemination through a PhD proposal based on the project, and the partaking in international competitions (which it won), so as to increase visibility for the project. Both of these examples illustrate that information dissemination has formed an integral part of many LIFE projects.

Of course, such dissemination activities cannot be compared to those undertaken by projects focusing on awareness-raising. For example, LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) embarked on an innovative process of setting up a non profit demonstration and training centre which managed to reach approximately 600 European SMEs in the fields of electronics. The stated goal was to raise awareness regarding the transition towards green electronic goods which would comply with the European Integrated Product Policy, taking the entire life cycle of the product into consideration. In the follow-up of this study, conducted one year later (May 2013), another project focusing primarily on awarenessraising has been identified, CLEAN AIR (LIFE11 ENV/DE/000495), which moreover explicitly aims to inform European citizens on relevant EU legislation, particularly of Directive 2008/50/EC, conducting an impressive related campaign. The project aims to build a network among NGOs that will exchange practices and co-ordinate their efforts in promoting the aims of European air-related legislation. Some of its targeted practices include capacity building for local municipalities, educational activities in consumer protection NGOs and local institutions (with more than 250 to be contacted through the project’s life), and a concentrated effort of relevant publications in major media outlets. The project will also retrofit 100 buses, establish shore-side power supply for ships in 10 port cities and inform at least 50 driving schools, 100 companies and 1000 individuals on the benfits of eco-driving, so

77

as to lead to further implementation of the directive. The expressed aim of the project is to reach 25 million European citizens and inform them about the Air Quality Directive and its importance for the quality of life of everyone.

An interesting project is ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) which adopted an integrative approach on the environmentally-friendly management of swine waste, by aiming to implement a host of different directives (96/61/EC IPPC, 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive, 75/442/EEC Waste Framework Directive, 86/278/EEC Sewage Sludge, 91/676/EEC Nitrates) through innovative technologies, aiming in particular to disseminate information to the local stakeholders (particularly the local farmers and the regional authorities), so as to increase their awareness and participation.

3.4. Specific national/regional/local approaches developed by LIFE ENV/INF projects Many of the LIFE ENV/INF projects address particular regional/local issues that require a corresponding approach. Since in many cases the beneficiary is a municipality or city (Table 29), the project is tailored according to the needs of the locality and adheres to its legislation. Since also the incorporation of local or regional stakeholders is often the key to success, many LIFE ENV/INF projects have unique approaches.

Table 29: LIFE ENV/INF projects where the municipality is beneficiary or associate beneficiary Project no.

Acronym Beneficiary Budget (â‚Ź) LIFE05 CEDM Comune di Lucca 1.423.205,00 ENV/IT/000870 LIFE05 C-DISPATCH Provincia di 1.435.000,00 ENV/IT/000839 Frosinone LIFE05 Ecodiptera Valencia Provincial 1.595.266,00 ENV/E/000302 Council LIFE05 IDEMS Comune di Ravenna 815.000,00 ENV/IT/000808 LIFE05 Elefsina 2020 Elefsina Port 1.921.600,00 ENV/GR/000242 Authority LIFE06 PARFUM City of Bremen 2.188.079,00 ENV/D/000477 LIFE06 SPAS Municipal Authority 2.484.067,00 ENV/A/000345 for the Environment in the city of Klagenfurt LIFE07 EDEA Regional Government 2.653.685,00 ENV/E/000805 of Extremadura LIFE07 MHyBUS Emilia Romagna 1.322.794,00 ENV/IT/000434 Region LIFE07 CMA+ City of Klagenfurt 2.720.033,00 ENV/A/000003 LIFE08 JEREZ+natural Council of Jerez de la 656.938,00 ENV/E/000097 Frontera LIFE08 BIOFUELS-2G The Municipality of 1.416.350,00 ENV/GR/000569 Thessaloniki is an

78

LIFE08 ENV/S/000269 LIFE08 ENV/E/000124

CLEANTRUCK

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216 LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115

I.MO.S.M.I.D.

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146

T.A.SM.A.C.

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070

N.O.WA.S.T.E.

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074 LIFE09 ENV/FI/000579 LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111 LIFE10 ENV/IT/000389 LIFE11 ENV/IT/000256

GAIA

LIFE+Ecoedición

associated beneficiary City of Stockholm

3.509.314,00

Regional Ministry of Environment of Andalucía Provincia di Reggio Emilia Municipality of Perugia Municipality of Arnhem Many local communities in Italy are associated beneficiaries Public Transport Dept. of Regione Marche Associated beneficiaries: 2) The Recanati municipality 3) The municipality of Albisola Superiore Three Italian municipalities are associated beneficiaries Comune di Bologna

1.405.808,00

City of Helsinki Environment Centre City of Umeå

1.046.150,00

1.857.230,00

INTEGREEN

Autorità Portuale di Piombino Comune di Bolzano

COSMOS-RICE

Regione Lombardia

1,337,504.00

H2POWER SEWEEX SUN EAGLE

REDUST GREENCIT ELBA

2.166.566,00 1.440.205 10.023.580,00 3.006.355,00

1.454.872,00

2.119.263,00

1.202.000,00

2.670.112,00

614.610,00

It should be noted that 50% of the projects (13 out of 26) where the municipality is directly involved take place in Italy.

Some projects focus exactly on developing approaches that cater to the local citizens’ awareness needs. A good example is SUN EAGLE (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115), which aims to promote a localised, participatory approach to policy assessment and implementation. The project experiments with local governance models, particularly as far as the management of

79

forest and mountains is related. The aim is to curb pollutants’ emissions through participatory methods, which incorporate local citizens and municipalities.

Another interesting case is the JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) project, which indicates how progress within some municipalities can have an overall beneficial national effect. The implementation of the project aims to lead to a new regulatory framework for forest management in the municipality of Jerez, based on regional, national and European legislation. The methodologies and processes that will thus develop will be transferred to national institutions, which will demonstrate their usefulness, leading to more municipalities following suit.

3.5. LIFE ENV/INF projects playing the role of catalyst for the implementation of national/regional/local air quality programs Even though all projects have a transferability potential, many of them have acted as catalyst for change to be brought about within the local/regional legislation and circumstances. Most of the projects are localised, meaning that they use as a pilot a specific setting, aiming to generalize their results afterwards. But some develop unique approaches that also aim to elevate the situation in the setting where they are practiced.

Some of these projects act based on national/regional/local air programs, facilitated by LIFE ENV/INF projects. An example is Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302), which aims for a sustainable management of pig manure based on the Spanish RD 261/96 regulation, which implies limitations to the use of pig manure as fertilizer that – according to the project – hampers growth of the sector, an issue solved with the management of pig manure by means of biodegradation developed by the project.

Another project which aims to implement national legislation is WASTE AIR TREATMENT (LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073), which aims to lower the methanol, ammonia, formaldehyde and malodorous emissions of a chemical plant in Germany. Current technology does not allow current production of paraform to be conducted in a way that follows the emission ceiling set by Germany’s Clean Air Act (“Ta-Luft”), hence the plant functions under an exemption permit. The development of the plasma catalytic waste air treatment promoted by the project will bring the plant’s emissions below the required levels.

A project which aims to implement a local program is CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269), which demonstrates technical viability for alternative fuels, in accordance with the Clean Vehicles and Fuel Program of the City of Stockholm that facilitates the increase of the share of clean vehicles and renewable fuels. Another project, I.MO.S.M.I.D. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063), attempts to implement the Protocol of Intent for Air Quality of the Correggio district of the Reggui Emilia province, by increasing local public transport. Also H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) aims for the development of a hydrogen/methane fuelled bus in Perugia, and implements not only European legislation, but also the Piano nazionale per la riduzione delle emissioni di gas responsabili dell’effetto serra: 2003-2010 (Dec.2002).

However, many projects benefit local communities and integrate them further with European legislation, even without specific programs dedicated to air quality or of their mentioning in the LIFE ENV/INF project report. A good example of such projects is ROMAIR (LIFE08 ENV/F/000485), which has the explicit goal of helping Romania integrate its policies with EU legislation by implementing an air quality modelling and forecast system. Another

80

project, BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054), set three CHP plants at waste disposal sites, to be powered by landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digestion, in Catalonia. Such projects are important for the further development of regions, also because they help fine-tune the approach LIFE ENV/INF projects should follow trying to implement European legislation at the local setting – particularly when the projects are related to innovative technology – through lessons learned. For instance the BioSOFC project faced some problems obtaining permits due to local lack of knowledge of this emerging technology.

Another mobility project in Italy, CEDM (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870), worked in the historic centre of the town Lucca. Its goal was to allow Lucca achieve high standards of energy efficiency through the development of city logistics schemes integrated in the broader context of mobility and transport measures. This is of course beneficial for Lucca; yet it can also act as a model for other European cities. Another transportation project, C-DISPATCH (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839), sets a cleaner distribution of goods in the centre of Frosinone, Italy.

Another project, COMPOSITES WASTE (LIFE09 ENV/DK/000367), which focused on glass recycling, was expected to strike agreements with Danish waste producers and establish a network that would continue after the duration of the project. Biofuels-2g (LIFE08 ENV/GR/000569) aims to develop a network of restaurants and homes in the city of Thessaloniki that will deliver used cooking oil to be used as a fuel. BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141) worked on landfills in Denmark (first on the Faske and then on the Klintholm landfill). CHEFUB (LIFE08 ENV/SK/000240) works with production of pellets and relevant boilers in Slovakia, while CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) aims to purchase or construct 34 e-passenger cars or light trucks, 10 e-micro cars, 10 e-scooters, 10 pedelecs, 1 e-bus and 1 e-solar boat that will transform transportation in Klagenfurt, which will become a test region for these new vehicles. Within the framework of the project, an additional 1,500 e-passenger cars will be purchased, leased or contracted by citizens and companies, while 100 electric charging stations will be set in the city (50 of them public, 50 private).

In all these cases, LIFE ENV/INF programs have been beneficial for local/regional communities and have brought them closer to the fulfilment of European policy.

It should be noted however that air-quality related LIFE ENV/INF projects have not been well distributed throughout the European Union. Only eighteen countries had projects related to air quality. Of those, four countries (Italy, Spain, France, and Germany) held 65% of all projects (see Table 30). This means that the opportunities which LIFE ENV/INF projects provide are not offered equally throughout the Union, therefore some countries and regions develop through them directly, while others only indirectly (if at all).

Table 30: Geographical Distribution of LIFE ENV/INF air-related projects Country Number of projects Italy 26 Spain 20 France 13 Germany 12 Greece 5 Sweden 5 Austria 4 Finland 4 Denmark 3

81

Portugal Netherlands Luxembourg United Kingdom Belgium Czech Republic Cyprus Romania Slovakia TOTAL

3 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 108

3.6. Cross-cutting policies As has been stated, most of the projects discussed have a direct relation with carbon emissions, and indeed many, such as SUN EAGLE (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115),CHEFUB (LIFE08 ENV/SK/000240) and HOxyGas (LIFE11 ENV/CZ/000488) aim to mitigate climate change, meanwhile providing quantifiable benefits for air quality. But apart from that, a significant number of projects tackle other than air-related environmental policy and legislation as well.

Since many projects deal with waste management, a few of them, such as HVD (LIFE05 ENV/D/000207), MDPATC (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185), Ultra Crash Treatment (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000174) and ZERO PLUS (LIFE05 ENV/E/000256), also address water pollution issues, under the auspices of the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). Another project, ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465), also addresses the quality of bathing water directives (76/160/EC and 75/440/EC), while Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302) and ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) also address Directive 91/676 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources. ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) in particular also caters to the provisions of the Soil Thematic Strategy and Directive 86/278/EC on the protection of the environment and in particular of the soil where sewage sludge is used in agriculture.

Furthermore, many projects, such as IDEMS (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808), CLEANTRUCK (LIFE08 ENV/S/000269), H2POWER (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216) et al., that deal with transportation also address the policies of the framework for action on sustainable urban development (COM/98/0605 final – Communication on Sustainable Urban Development in the European Union: A Framework for Action) and the EC Action Plan on Urban Mobility, while projects such as ELVISUSTECH (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000460) and LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) implement the End-of-Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC). Further on sustainable urban development, SUSCON (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000235) implements the Energy performance of Buildings Directive (2002/91/EC), while LEADFREE (LIFE05 ENV/D/000197) addressed Directive 2005/32 on the Eco-design of Energy-using Products.

GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) promotes the Green Book for Energy (COM 2000/769 and COM 2002/321) and the Green Book for Transport (COM 2001/370), while INOCAST (LIFE05 ENV/D/000185) addressed the Final Green Paper on Integrated Product Policy (IPP) COM (2001) 68. Projects such as EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006), which aims to establish a network of modelling tools, have implications for a variety of directives, not the least for the Strategic Environmental Assessment Directive 2001/42/EC, while FO3REST (LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208), aiming to establish threshold levels for forest protection against

82

ozone, works under the provisions of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Finally, a number of projects address noise pollution as well, but since this aspect is discussed in depth elsewhere in this study (Part I), it won’t be elaborated upon here.

83

4. ANALYSIS OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF LIFE ENV/INF PROJECTS IN THE AIR SECTOR 4.1 Successes and failures Most of the LIFE ENV/INF projects that relate to air have been successful in their goals, with only a small percentage facing problems great enough to lead to their cancellation. Many projects are still open; of those, more are in good track to fulfil their objectives. Table 31 shows the distribution of projects in terms of success.

Table 31: Performance of projects Performance Number of Projects Successful 48 Unsuccessful 5 Successful after LIFE project 2 ended Still open, on good track 33 Still open, at initial phase 7 Still open, with significant delays 6 TOTAL 101 The five unsuccessful projects were the following: • BIOGRID (LIFE07 ENV/E/000829): The project suffered very significant delays, in part due to external factors to the project (lack of administrative permits), but also due to the lack of a good management of the project.

• CLEAR (LIFE05 ENV/UK/000122): None of the deliverables and milestones had been achieved, as far as the MoT could determine. Appropriate consents and licenses to build the plant had not been obtained. Problems with deciding the final design of the plant along with technical problems surfaced.

• INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475): The project failed for technical reasons, as the devices used did not withstand the forces during operation.

• VITRIFLASH (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152): The project was prematurely terminated by the participants because of delays and difficulties to find an engineering consultancy for the draft studies of the pilot.

• VOC-free decals (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911): The project, although it achieved good results, was cancelled due to financial difficulties.

The six projects that are still open but suffer from significant delays are the following: • EFRUD (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107): The coordinating beneficiary proved reluctant to provide detailed updates to the MoT during the first months, and the outcome of the two visits carried out so far turned quite disappointing, showing clear management drawbacks. In the 2013 update of this report, the MoT has reported that although there are clear signs of progress, the project still suffers from delays.

• I.MO.S.M.I.D. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063): The delays are related to weak project management. In the 2013 update, the MoT has reported that there have been significant changes that some delays and project management issues still persist, yet that the project has enough time to address them.

• MHyBUS (LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434): The project has met remarkable problems due to technical issues. In the 2013 update, the MoT has reported that several significant problems have been overcome through the remarkable work of the beneficiary, yet the project will still have a delay of key deliverables for a year.

84

•

•

•

SEWEEX (LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427): The project has accumulated some delays since the project team was set up after the signature of the grant agreement, while the contracting of the technical project manager took some time as well, since the beneficiary intended initially to have a service contract with a consulting company but could not find an appropriate offer. In the 2013 update, the MoT has reported that delays persist and endanger the project, which most probably will need to change location.

HYPERBUS (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041). The MoT has reported that technical delays exist, delaying the project for approximately three months, although the project manager provides assurances that the project will be completed on time. The MoT has requested for a revised project timetable.

SLIDE IN (LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035). The MoT has reported significant delays relating to technical issues, but also issues of reporting and partnership agreements. Even though the beneficiary anticipated delays and has been allocated more time which they deem sufficient to fulfil the objectives, the MoT has reported the delays as serious and in need of monitoring.

The two projects which managed to fulfil their objective only after the closure of the project’s deadline were: BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/141), which aimed for a 90% reduction of methane but achieved only a 30% reduction during the lifetime of the project, however, the beneficiary continued working with the technology and managed to achieve the 90% methane reduction later on; and RIWAC (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812), where reductions in emissions during the lifetime of the project were 70% instead of the envisaged percent (99%) due to technical issues, something achieved later on.

In order to conduct a deeper analysis of the LIFE projects, a more detailed evaluation of 24 projects took place. The detailed evaluation of those projects formed the backbone of the ensuing analysis, which was however supplemented by information coming from the MoT’s reports on all of the projects. This was regarded as necessary, since individual projects have their own unique strengths and weaknesses, which might be wrong to extrapolate to the majority of projects. By looking at as many projects as possible, the purpose was to come up with a SWOT analysis which would help understand the major themes that run as strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats among them.

4.2 Areas in which LIFE air projects are especially successful (Strengths) 4.2.1 Technological innovation One of the major strengths of air-related LIFE projects is the high degree of innovation, particularly technological innovation, which characterises them. Such projects usually aim to prevent pollution from industrial practices and some of them aim to develop world breakthrough technology and to set new standards on the way such industries should function, and in that respect can be risky and costly, but carry with them great promise.

A good example of such projects is HotOxyGlass (LIFE07 ENV/F/000179) which aims to implement on a full scale a technology that combines heat recuperation and the use of oxygen as oxidizer, therefore changing fully the environmental impact the glass industry currently has. It should be noted that such technology has been protected by several patents up to now, and the breakthrough for the technology was possible due to the cooperation of two companies within the framework of LIFE.

85

Another project which constitutes a shift from conventional practices and changes the way the entire industry works is HVD (LIFE05 ENV/D/000207), which demonstrated an effective hydro-mechanical process used to descale steel without using chemicals. Citing steel industry experts, the report identifies this technology as the most innovative optimisation in the industry within the past 40 years.

Another innovative technology which had never been used before was that deployed by BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054), which demonstrated that it is technically feasible to use biogas from landfills or gases from anaerobic digestion from slaughterhouse waste in a solid oxide fuel cell.

Another project which developed world-wide unique technology was SPAS (LIFE06 ENV/A/000345). The project created an innovative combination of noise protection and dust filter technology to be used alongside roads, reducing fine-dust particles by 15%-31%.

Quite a few projects were innovative regarding the IT technology they used. Examples include BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625) which developed algorithms that simulate BAT application and evaluate economic and environmental benefits, ATMOSYS (LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409), which established prognostic 3D atmospheric computer models, and CDISPATCH (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839), Apart from those highly innovative projects, twenty-two more were identified which one way or another designed, developed or implemented a degree of technological innovation. Thus approximately thirty projects – or one third of all air-related LIFE projects – can be understood as being innovative in character. Most of those projects were in relation to industrial practices, particularly pollution prevention.

However, a distinction should be made between projects that exemplify BAT and to projects that do of course contain innovative elements but are not of a truly innovative nature. Many of the projects mentioned apply already existing technologies in a different way, either within new management systems or perhaps in new sectors. Therefore, those projects, although not exhibiting a high degree of technological innovation, have a degree of innovation in implementation of practices. A good example of such a project is ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044), which focuses on the wider implementation of already existing innovative technology. This is an important element, since innovation of practices can supplement technological innovation, being of itself vital in the effective application and dissemination of best practices in industries or decision-making around the world. In this respect, the innovative character of a great deal of air-related LIFE projects constitutes this aspect one of their major strength.

4.2.2 Integrative principles Many air-related LIFE projects promote integrative principles which facilitate cooperation between hitherto disjoined stakeholders. An example of such a project is AMELIE (LIFE05 ENV/F/000053), which for the first time suggested joining industrial partners from the whole supply chain, leading to a different global industrial approach in tackling assembly processes and the study of lead-free finishes.

On a similar note, AIR-AWARE (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106) established institutional linkages between the various stakeholders in Bucharest (environmental, public health and regional

86

authorities), but also channels of communication between those and the professionals within the field of air quality prognosis, as well as with the general public. Moreover, the project aimed to bring together aspects such as the use of bioindicators with Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which had not been used together before. ELBA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111) as well aims to enhance cooperation between the different stakeholders within the island Elba regarding transportation.

Other projects aim to expand the understanding regarding the entire system which surrounds a given practice, so as to discern how the implementation of best practices can take place. An example is CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226), which aimed to increase the share of electric vehicles, by applying holistic thinking into the entire system of electric cars.

The project draws the connection between all different parts of the life cycle, taking into consideration factors such as the charging stations, the source of the electric supply, the carbon footprint of an electric car, but also on models that can enable their dissemination in the market, for instance through public-private partnerships.

Public-private partnerships are also a key objective of GAIA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074). This project, which addresses the purification potential of plants, aims also to develop an integrated strategy that will connect the various effects plants have (acting as carbon sinks, purifying the air, increasing adaptation in urban areas etc.) in a coherent whole, and correspondingly the different stakeholders affected.

This approach covers cooperation of key stakeholders between Member-States, which helps disseminate best practices around the European Union. An example of such a project is EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006), which has aimed to integrate different models of various EU Member-States into a harmonized whole, establishing an integrated set of quantitative modelling tools fashioned to facilitate decision-making on air pollution policies.

On the same vein, the project PARFUM (LIFE06 ENV/D/000477) aimed to develop cooperation between cities with high pollution rates.

Cooperation and direct participatory involvement of different stakeholders, along with an integrative spirit, have also been key ingredients in projects such as GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262), ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) and CEDM (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870), which also started to network with a similar LIFE project, C-DISPATCH (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839), since both address city logistics improvements that can lead to less pollution.

It should be noted that most of the projects aiming to develop integrative practices address transportation issues, and particularly the development of policy tools and management practices. This is not surprising, given that such projects necessitate a high degree of cooperation between different actors. The fact that those LIFE projects aim to facilitate this cooperation, and that they are quite successful in doing so, is an important strength in the service they offer for the reduction of air pollution.

4.2.3 Demonstration value & transfer potential Quite a few projects have a very high demonstration value. A good example is WINTECC (LIFE06 ENV/D/000479) which demonstrated an innovative wind propulsion technology for ships. The project was successfully demonstrated on the open sea, using also its high demonstration value to attract considerable media interest. The result has been that the

87

project has been disseminated successfully to most of the technically interested population in Germany.

Similar in possessing very high demonstration value is the project ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465), which was the first attempt to construct a ship powered by fuel cells. The project was demonstrated in real conditions, having the added effect of passengers realising directly that they have boarded a different kind of ship, since diesel odour, noise and vibration are completely missing. This particular project has also been highly innovative, establishing a new type of vessel, FCS (Fuel Cell Ship). During the process, a considerable amount of technical hurdles have been overcome, establishing a know-how that can be transferred in similar applications globally.

Other projects with a high degree of transferability include RESCATAME (LIFE08 ENV/E/000107), which promotes the sustainable management of traffic using air-quality sensors and prediction models. The project was the first full-scale implementation of the methodology of the “instrumented city” in a real case, the city of Salamanca. By adjusting the input date and the variables in the computer model being developed, the project can be replicated at different spatial scales (national, regional, urban and road traffic). The same principles apply in the case of MONALISA (LIFE05 ENV/F/000068), a project testing an air sampler which can monitor pollen in the air by an online antigenicity/allergenicity measurement, whose ideas can be transferred in many other parts of the world, and even contribute to the creation of a pan-European network by linking project partners throughout the continent.

Similarly, PREVOC PLAN (LIFE05 ENV/E/000328) built a demonstration plant for the treatment of VOC emissions from surface treatment factories. The project’s innovation was highly successful, with a very high degree of demonstration value, and its reproduction is extremely high, in various industrial applications, such as in the thermoplastics sheeting manufacturing, in footwear manufacturing, in dry and surface cleaning, and in coating, lacquer and paint production.

In conclusion, many projects possess more than one strong points, and indeed the good projects are those which manage to be innovative in character, achieve necessary cooperation between different stakeholders, and possess a high demonstration value. Such projects include the aforementioned WINTECC and ZEMSHIPS, but there are quite a few more in this vein, such as JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097), which aiming to develop a new management model for urban green areas, is aiming both for high innovation in technology through the use of biological cleaning and for an integrative methodology that will enhance interdepartmental coordination processes. Capitalising on those strong points seems to be key to success for projects.

4.3 Areas in which LIFE air projects have failed to meet their policy objectives (Weaknesses) In quite a few cases, problems emerged which either caused great delays or led to the LIFE projects being unable to fulfil their policy objectives, or even to become terminated. The weaknesses of different projects depend greatly on the circumstances at hand; but once more, a general pattern can emerge from the examination of recurring motives in many projects, leading to the following general weaknesses that have caused problems in airrelated LIFE projects.

88

4.3.1 Problems with equipment & technical difficulties Since many air-related LIFE projects are of a highly innovative technological nature, it is expected that the risk is equally high and that technical difficulties and problems with equipment can be a severe challenge for projects – the strength can easily become a weakness. In many cases, such problems have led to great delays, until a way has been found to overcome the challenge – something that in some cases (such as in the project BIOCOVER, whose innovation was more time consuming and more costly than originally planned and did not perform as foreseen) took place after the end date. In other cases, the technical challenges proved to be insurmountable and the projects did not meet their objectives. An example of such a project is RIWAC (LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812), whose second core objective – chrome and calcium sulphate recovery from sludge – could not be met due to technical issues.

Similarly, the project INES-110 (LIFE06 ENV/D/000475), which aimed to reduce energy losses in transformers, was cancelled due to technical issues. Even though the beneficiary came up with a plan to overcome the technical challenge, this would take more time than was agreed upon initially, and would be too costly. When the funding was discontinued by the government and no private organisation took over the state’s share in the funding, the project was terminated, even though the potential for enhanced efficiency from the proposed technology was considerable.

Other projects faced considerable difficulties due to the lack of appropriate equipment or to delays in their delivery, highlighting the weakness of depending on provision from outside factors. N.O.W.A.S.T.E. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070), a project addressing the composting of domestic waste, has faced problems with the supply of prototypes components by local enterprises. Equally, the project BIOFUELS-2g (LIFE08 ENV/GR/000569), on the production of second generation biofuels from cooking oil, has suffered from delays in delivering the electrolyser necessary for the procedure, but also in acquiring adequate amounts of hydrogen from the PV installation. The project’s success is further hampered by the decreased efficiency of the municipality in providing adequate date and logistics for waste management, leading to delays.

AIR-AWARE (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106) also suffered from the lack of appropriate equipment, leading to problems with data that have jeopardized the project’s reliability. The problem was that some major polluters did not have the equipment to conduct a real-time communication of the self monitoring data and utilised slow-flow methods instead. This meant that pollution estimates were based on the amount of registered cars rather than on the amount of circulating cars, thus lowering the accuracy of the system. This is a good example of how an otherwise innovative project, with a high integrative capacity, can be seriously challenged by one major weakness.

4.3.2 Organisational and bureaucratic difficulties Aiming to develop integrative structures that many times attempt to link together different stakeholders, several projects have encountered organisational and bureaucratic difficulties that have led to considerable delays or failures to meet objectives. A characteristic example is the project BIOGRID (LIFE07 ENV/E/000829) which addresses the production of substitute natural gas without odours and VOC or CO 2 emissions. The project faced significant delays, in part because the company responsible to build the Gastreatment Power Package went

89

bankrupt, but also because the local administration did not give the permit for the biogas plant to be constructed. An amendment to the original schedule has been asked and granted, since work has delayed significantly and is compromised.

The project LIFE+Ecoedición (LIFE08 ENV/E/000124), which aims to promote a sustainable management of the public administration’s editorial services, has faced similar problems, with considerable delays in starting the project and difficulties in coordinating the various stakeholders. It is understood that there is not enough participation from the various regional ministries and the various public organizations. Also, it has been reported that the participants in the forums where the project participates possess different levels of knowledge and cooperation between them is difficult. All these reasons could seriously undermine the project’s capacity to deliver on its objectives.

In another case, in the project MHyBus (LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434), which promotes clean public transport, the lack of a clear discipline regarding hydrogen-powered vehicles has created significant delays. The project is innovative and hence there is no reference for the planning of the road testing. In addition, the lack of official authority grants’ approval creates problems with getting the needed permits for buses to be used on the roads The weakness being underlined in some projects is that of necessarily relying on outside factors, particularly at the local level, without having ascertained to a satisfactory degree the willingness of local authorities to cooperate in the project. Political will (and its changes in the authorities in power) seem to be one of the main threats for the successful completion of air-related LIFE projects, as will be discussed further as well.

4.3.3 Management problems Several projects failed to reach their policy objectives due to weak management. As has been already stated, BIOGRID (LIFE07 ENV/E/000829) has suffered from this weakness.

Another example of a project that failed to deliver its objectives due to problematic management was CLEAR (LIFE05 ENV/UK/000122). One of the main reasons for the failure was that no full-time or even half-time people were working on the project. Moreover, even though the project manager was enthusiastic, his workload increased significantly due to the beneficiary’s simultaneous expansion of operations abroad. Hence, the project manager as well could not dedicate enough time to the project. This, coupled with increased energy costs, led to the failure of the project, illustrating that it is vitally important for successful LIFE projects to have dedicated personnel working on them for the duration of the project.

The project Vitriflash (LIFE06 ENV/F/000152) was also terminated due to management issues. In particular, there were significant difficulties and delays in finding an engineering consultancy for the draft studies of the pilot.

Some ongoing projects are already facing difficulties due to lack of proper management and suffer from delays that may lead to failure in fulfilling the objectives. One of these projects is EFRUD (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107) which is already significantly delayed due to problems with management. Another project that suffers from such delays is I.MO.S.M.I.D. (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063), that aims to increase local public transport, but suffers from lack of dedication from the beneficiary, according to the MoT. The reason for failures due to management issues can be seen at the project PARFUM (LIFE06 ENV/D/000477), which addressed particulate emissions from freight and heavy duty

90

vehicles in cities. The project faced considerable difficulties, because the project proposal was too ambitious and there were many project partners in the consortium, thus requiring extensive coordination, which however was lacking from the management team. This meant that the MoT had to put much effort as well in helping implement the project – the project at the end performed well. The important lesson learnt from this instance is that projects with many participants need dedicated management and substantial coordination skills.

Another project still under way, SEWEEX (LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427) seems to suffer from the same weakness, according to the MoT’s report. The MoT has commented that the project has suffered from over-ambitious planning and an underestimation of obstacles. The project is finally much more complicated than was perceived initially, involving more stakeholders, and requiring more time to be completed; the MoT suggests that the LIFE Unit needs to take into consideration those factors also during project selection and revision phase. All of the aforementioned weaknesses can and have been overcome in many cases, with valuable lessons being learned in the process; yet, if a project is unrealistic from its inception, then it usually cannot be completed. The possible weaknesses in equipment and technical challenges, in the organisational and bureaucratic aspects, can and should be expected; however, what should be assessed is the beneficiary’s dedication and realistic planning in implementing the project at the first place.

4.4 LIFE projects contributing to the development of new air-related policies and legislation (Opportunities) The projects analysed in this study are closely linked to the relevant legislation. Even though no project explicitly proposes new legislation many provide input that can be favourably used in the further development of European and national laws. Such projects and their contributions are presented below.

4.4.1 Projects working on complementary sub-legislation to already existing texts Since quite a few air-related LIFE projects work with innovative technology, in some cases the relevant legislative framework provides only general considerations and not specific legislation addressing the technologies used in those projects. Therefore such LIFE projects push for the development of sub-legislation at the local level. An example is BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054), which works with landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digestion. Such technology is new and the public administration has not developed relevant proceedings for the acquisition of permits, lacking in knowledge of this emerging technology.

Equally, the project ES-WAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044) worked on slurry treatment, yet there has been no specific legislation in Spain on the subject, so the legislation applying for wastewater treatment plants has also been applied in this case. The project aimed for the refinement and further development of relevant laws. Indeed, when the project finished, the beneficiary was contacted by the Environmental Minister of Spain, who wished to develop a new law regarding the correct management of manure, within the framework of the Spanish Law 26/2007 concerning environmental liability, which transposes the Directive 2004/35/EC on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage. The Ministry particularly wished to acquire an understanding of BAT as developed by the project, which the beneficiary offered to share.

Another example at the local level is the project JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097) which aims to formulate a comprehensive management model and thus help establish a new regulatory framework based on current regional, national and European legislation. The

91

stated goal of the project is to modernise the existing regulatory framework of the municipal management in relation to the environment.

4.4.2 Projects developing new approaches not yet covered by existing EU legislation Innovation is once more the driving force behind the development of new approaches that have not been yet covered by EU legislation. The project VOCless Waste Water (LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568) works with the abatement of VOC emissions from mechanical and semimechanical pulping process. Since this process is quite uncommon and due to the natural origin of those emissions, no relevant legislation exists neither at the EU nor at the national level. It is suggested by the beneficiary that as this technology develops and as environmental protection legislation is furthered in the EU, such emissions will also receive attention from legislators.

As has been mentioned, five projects aim to develop and diffuse electric and hydrogenpowered vehicles. Although there is legislation that aims at the expansion of clean vehicles, such as the Directive 2009/33/EC on the Promotion of Clean and Energy Efficient Road Transport, or Regulation No. 100 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UNECE) – which the Commission has proposed to incorporate within European Law – the demonstration value of those projects has the capability of offering new approaches that have not been covered by existing legislation.

Furthermore, the project BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141) worked to develop biofilters in old dumps for methane treatment. There has not been relevant legislation at the EU level for the rehabilitation of contaminated spots or old landfills, although this issue is addressed in national texts. However, most of this national legislation discusses the protection of soil and groundwater, and in many cases demands the complete cover of the landfill, so as to prevent the entry of rainwater – which would then constitute the development of biofilters illegal. The biofilter technology on the other hand deals with gaseous emissions, which are not really included in such legislation.

4.4.3 Projects providing input for specific air-related legislation Some projects provide significant input for air-related legislation – for a full discussion, see section 4.7 of this study.

The project PhotoPaq (LIFE08 ENV/F/000487) worked with the hypothesis that, according to the Commission, the current legislation is not adequate for the fulfilment of the 6th EAP objectives by 2020, even if full implementation takes place. Therefore, there is the need for new methods in order to attain a level of air quality that will not pose risks for human health and the environment. Within this framework, it is working with photo-catalytic self-cleaning and “de-polluting” materials as absolutely necessary for the reduction of NO x and aromatic VOC in the urban environment, so as to fulfil the 6th EAP objectives.

A project providing concrete input aiming to assist the implementation of legislation is EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006), which aims to build and maintain a network of modelling tools that will assess the policy effectiveness of emission control strategies. The project aims to supply the EU with a better information base for the development of the Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution and with regard to the post-Kyoto climate agreements.

The project does not provide input in the sense of proposing amendments to legislation; yet it aims to offer the information necessary to see whether the legislation is being

92

implemented and how. It is directly related to many pieces of air-related legislation, including the Solvents emissions Directive, the IPPC Directive, the NEC Directive and the Large Combustion Plants (LCP) Directive.

4.4.5 Projects contributing to further develop air management related norms and standards Many projects work on furthering the norms and standards of air legislation, mostly through redefining BAT. A good example is ZEMSHIPS (LIFE06 ENV/D/000465) which redefine the BAT for maritime transportation. Similarly, the project ECOSB (LIFE05 ENV/L/000047) implemented a production system for oriented-strand boards which aimed to redefine the current BAT and have an effect on the regulatory system.

The project BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625) aimed to develop and test in real conditions the best environmental indicators regarding the emissions of the textile sector. The project’s results were directed to be used as a reference in the development of future EU directives, particularly with the regard of setting a common European policy regarding textiles. The project also provided particular input regarding the textile BAT Reference Document (BREF); the Portuguese Environmental Agency has already suggested using those standards for the application of BAT in the country. The strength of the particular method used by BATinLoko was the calculation of the relation behind environmental indicators and economic factors, helping the stakeholders acquire a clear idea of the economic benefits associated with BAT implementation.

Quite a few projects aim to set new standards by developing better assessment and monitoring methods of air quality and on the effects pollution has on human health and the environment. A good example is the project EXPAH (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000082), which assesses exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, addressing the environmental and health problems caused by their emission, dispersion and transformation. The stated goal of the project is to build a prototype assessment method that will help establish a set of standards that can be used to support environmental policy and regulation in this field, as well as for the development of relevant EU legislation concerning PAHs. A similar project is MEDETOX (LIFE10 ENV/CZ/000651) that assesses the effects of diesel exhaust particles on human health. The projects will demonstrate the use of standardised toxicity tests as a tool for regulatory decisions. Likewise, MED-PARTICLES (LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327) aims to improve understanding of the characteristics of particulate air pollution, so as to facilitate better regulatory measures, perhaps in the process setting new standards regarding air quality.

The same applies for the project FO3REST (LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208) which aims to propose new standards regarding ozone pollution, through the refinement of relevant criteria and the establishment of validated thresholds, based on the observed effects of ozone and climate change on forest areas. On a similar vein, the project GAS-OFF (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000214) aims to develop new standards for dairy farm management by increasing the knowledge base regarding nutrition, biomass crop, manure, digest management and of various agrotechniques in relation to air pollution.

4.4.6 Projects assessing and disseminating environmental legislation

93

As part of their overall dissemination activities, many air-related LIFE projects helped to inform on existing environmental legislation. Only a few projects explicitly stated that they disseminate the practices of environmental legislation though. An example is the project OPERA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092) which aims to develop a methodology used to assess the efficiency of local planned measures for pollution abatement. The purpose of this assessment is to support local authority planning and help it comply with action taken at the national and European level; thus the project actively disseminates relevant national and European legislation as part of its proposed methodology to help local authorities integrate their practices with national and European plans.

4.5 Continuing or new threats which make it difficult for LIFE air projects to implement policy (Threats) Within the framework of the LIFE program, projects are urged to comment upon the various threats that may endanger the full implementation of their objectives. The following threats seem to be common patterns that have appeared in quite a few projects. It should be noted that beneficiaries were mostly aware regarding those threats and had drawn plans to counter them, such as inserting buffer months to manage possible delays. Also, the threats mentioned in this analysis are the anthropogenic ones. It should be noted that many projects, particularly those conducting measurement and assessment of air quality, mentioned bad weather as a major threat in their successful undertaking.

4.5.1 Problems with data One of the major threats for the effective implementation of many air-related LIFE projects is lack of accurate, reliable and quantifiable data. This is quite understandable, given that many projects require monitoring of objectives, so as to ascertain the changes occurring overtime. Air pollution meanwhile is diffused and while point sources of pollution can be easy to monitor, non-point sources are hard to detect fully. Moreover, in many cases the equipment and systems needed to assess this pollution are lacking, and when they are in place, other complications may arise. The various problems relating to data will be highlighted using specific project examples.

One of the projects which indicate strongly the importance of concrete data is ET IDEA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000124), which aims to develop a meteorological analysis tool that would evaluate pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere. As such, the project relies extensively in acquiring meteorological data. However previous experience of the beneficiary indicates that problems could arise with meteorological stations; there is an insufficient number of them, the data is costly and there can be severe delays in data delivery. Also, different meteorological stations use different measurement units, since no official standard exists in Italy for collecting and archiving meteorological data. Therefore additional work is needed in homogenising the data. Moreover, historical data – which are in many cases necessary – may exist in non-digital format alone, requiring digitalisation and thus more time. This project, which relies on concrete data, highlights the various problems that can arise in this issue, as well as the threat that lack of data can seriously jeopardise its implementation.

The project ACEPT-AIR (LIFE09 ENV/GR/000289), which aims to develop a cost effective policy tool for the reduction of PM in air, has reported lack of available data as a major threat as well, particularly since there are difficulties in collecting complete and comparable PM samples. Data collection is also hampered by unusual weather events, which may

94

necessitate re-sampling. In any case, lack of data leads to modelling weaknesses. This problem is addressed by using statistical data, which however may lead to misleading results. The same problem is addressed by the project PM3 (LIFE09 ENV/CY/000252), with the data limitations compromising the quality of outputs and the successful development of a useful dust management plan.

The lack of long-term and reliable data also threatens the sustainability of the project ESWAMAR (LIFE06 ENV/E/000044), which relies on longer monitoring of the real environmental effects so as to obtain data that are statistically reliable. The need for longitudinal data had been understood from the initial phases of the project and there is nothing really that can be done to avoid this. Hence, the real threat in this case is that there is no alternative other than continuing monitoring after the project has been finalised.

Problems with continuation of data feed into the system after the project completion have been identified also in the case of project AIR-AWARE (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106), since the warning system it implemented is based on the daily transmission of data by industries which however are not obliged by law to do so. Even though by the end of the project no signs of non-cooperation were witnessed, this still remains a possible threat for the future, indicating that the relevant legislative framework should take into consideration this potentiality. In order to deal with this possible threat, the project has drawn provisions replacing the daily transmission by a yearly emission inventory, from which statistical information could be drawn. Statistical methods, utilised along with error minimisation procedures, is a common way to address lack of data, since this can keep feeding the system. However the danger of misleading calculation in this case is real and valid.

In the case of BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625) the problem with data acquisition lays with receiving the relevant information from textile companies regarding their emissions, since many companies still do not possess the system to count their consumption per machine but have general counters for the entire company or for specific productions areas. Moreover, there is a lack of historical data, which hinders the ability to draw patterns of change overtime. The same problem applies for project BATsGRAPH (LIFE07 ENV/E/000836), with the environmental impact of the project’s implementation up to now having been summarised in general information, due to lack of quantified environmental data.

This problem highlights the inherent difficulty in quantifying effects of air pollution, particularly since in many occasions dispersion pollutants constitutes this even more difficult. This problem was also identified in the ROMAIR project (LIFE08 ENV/F/000485), which tries to implement a forecasting system. There are severe difficulties in finding pollutant data for traffic and household sources; atmospheric pollution is a considerably diffused issue and collecting exhaustive data from all different sources of pollution is a remarkable challenge.

The project SUN EAGLE (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115) also deals with a different set of data problems: the data necessary to create an effective mapping of the involved areas has been very complicated. Meanwhile, existing data has been poor, while a significant amount needed has been unavailable, or has been flowing too slowly. This jeopardises the project, creating the potential for delays and inability to quantify the results of its objectives.

Complexity of databases has also been a problem of JEREZ + natural (LIFE08 ENV/E/000097), having led to delays in the programming process.

95

Even though difficulties in acquiring reliable, up-to-date or historical data is an important threat for the successful implementation of air-related LIFE projects, this challenge is also one of the major reasons for the continued effort to develop better systems to assess and monitor air quality, which takes place at the local, regional, national and European level, promoted by 41 LIFE projects from 1992 until 2010. Since data collection and reliability is one of the greatest threats for air-related LIFE projects, the ones working on establishing monitoring and assessment system acquire an even greater importance.

4.5.2. Costs and the financial crisis A number of projects, particularly the most technologically-oriented ones, have been facing threats in the full implementation of their objectives due to overall costs being significantly greater than what had been foreseen – which is a risk when dealing with innovative technologies. Therefore, a considerable threat for the further dissemination of the technologies is the possibility of lacking financial sustainability. When this is coupled with the current financial crisis, things are complicated further, as witnessed by a few projects that have faced such difficulties.

This is underlined in the case of the project BioSOFC (LIFE06 ENV/E/000054), whose capital cost for the initial investment was deemed to be too high, constituting the technology of tapping landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digestion unattractive. The increased cost of the project had also a significant effect in its application, with some of the projected activities carried out in different ways due to technical difficulties resulting from economic barriers. A similar example is the project HotOxyGlass (LIFE07 ENV/F/000179). Although it performed very good and demonstrated a new way of glass production that considerably decreased emissions, the cost of the technology was too high to be considered industrially applicable. In the case of BATinLoko (LIFE07 ENV/P/000625) as well tests for the implementation of some BAT were not carried out due to the high costs involved. The same applies for the project AIR-AWARE (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106), which was deemed to be too costly by the MoT. The importance of market forces and of the current financial crisis is illustrated in projections regarding the project Odourless Casting (LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059). According to the analysis of the possible threats, aluminium, steel and iron foundries are facing increased difficulties in Europe, with many plants having had to shutdown and terminate their production. Therefore the implementation of the project can be severely affected if the sector as a whole faces a downshift of production and of investment. Market forces also affected the project Sludge Redox (LIFE05 ENV/D/000193), which failed to reach economic viability. This was because the price of a competing technology to that proposed by the project fell by 50% instead of rising, as was projected, therefore constituting the project unfavoured.

Financial considerations also add weight in the case of projects which provide actual benefits for the economy. A good example is SMAQ (LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214), a project which has a cost/benefit ratio of 1:10 that is however threatened by the global financial crisis, since its expected widespread usage in the region might be hampered by lack of funds from the public sector. Such projects offer a significant, yet diffused benefit to the economy, through addressing the external costs; yet in a period of recession, projects which do not offer a concrete and “visible” benefit for the economy might suffer – which is definitely a pity since the costs alleviated by those projects are all too real for the economy. When such projects

96

rely on external funding for their implementation, the threat for delays or termination in case of a crisis is equally real though.

In other cases, market forces however may prove to be beneficial for air-related LIFE projects. Particularly as energy prices of fossil fuels rise due to scarcity of conventional oil reserves, alternatives in energy production, such as using recycled landfill gas, or increased energy and resource efficiency are definitely very good investments for the future. The threat of being too costly does not apply therefore in all cases, but rather exists as a potentiality that should be taken into consideration, particularly with regard to innovative projects, whose costs might be hard to project accurately in the future. Economic viability moreover should not rest solely with one actor who may decide to stop the financial flow due to market consideration, in as much as this is feasible.

4.5.3. Technology not mature enough or not acceptable by public or authorities Another threat for the full implementation of air-related LIFE projects is the possibility of the technology tested not being mature enough or of lack of related horizontal infrastructure.

Such problems might constitute a technology unacceptable by authorities or the public.

Examples highlighting these issues include projects such as CEMOBIL (LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226) that attempt to increase the amount of electric cars in order to decrease pollutant emissions in the urban environment. Although definitely expected to acquire an important market share in the future, at this point electric cars are not convenient for the average consumer for a host of reasons relating to the lack of convenient infrastructure, but also of public perception. This means that those projects are on the vanguard and thus face the inertia that any change needs to overcome.

Another similar example is the project CMA+ (LIFE07 ENV/A/000003) which tests an innovative de-icing agent that captures PM 10 from the ambient air and deposits it on the street. Current de-icing agents include salt, sand and gravel. While CMA+ aims to develop agents that will perform effectively, the project has had to face considerable suspicion regarding the slickness of the roads after the application of its agent, even though significant friction tests have taken place. Since however it is not known how the innovative de-icing agent will react in particularly difficult weather conditions, implementation of the project is threatened. It should be noted that the reasons of this suspicion are increased by the significant liability risks that are taken by road administration and winter service staff. In cases where liability is involved, projects need to be able to demonstrate as much as possible that the technology they propose is watertight to the maximum.

Some of the projects are constrained by the technological level of other applications. For instance, GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083) aimed to develop lead-free soldering in the aeronautical and military sectors, which is however not possible today due to the use of ceramic components which include PbSn balls. On a similar vein, the project Composites Wastes (LIFE09 ENV/DK/000367) is threatened by the lack of relevant composites wastes that are not pre-impregnated and therefore are not contaminated and can be recycled. Even if recycling can take place, there is the risk of manufacturers of raw materials not welcoming a cheaper substitute product. Such suspiciousness on behalf of the industry has also been noted in the case of project GREENING BOOKS (LIFE09 ENV/ES/000457), where it is foreseen that the publishing industry may not realise directly the importance of greener book production. Hence, a new technology that offers significant benefits for air quality might not be accepted since the established stakeholders may lose revenues through its dissemination.

97

In any case, even if such projects are risky, they are in the vanguard of technological advancement and can open new pathways, thus offering also a competitive advantage to organisations and companies espousing their products – even if for a short while their implementation may seem to be unfeasible.

Implementation of some other projects is threatened by their complexity and the need of stakeholders to have a know-how that might escape them. Those are projects that aim to be disseminated to the wider public, but which require an amount of technical expertise in order to be operated effectively. An example is Ecodiptera (LIFE05 ENV/E/000302) which aimed to manage pig waste sustainably through the application of biodegradation by insects.

However, the mass rearing system for those insects and its maintenance requires significant technical knowledge that is not available to farmers at large. Hence, the project’s dissemination requires the continued supervision of the project’s staff, which cannot be possible at a wide scale, unless commercial companies assume the role of overseeing the system. In this case, the technology is not acceptable by the public not by virtue of its properties, but because it is too advanced to be practiced without proper training.

4.5.4. Political changes & lack of cooperation The final threat to the implementation of policy by air-related LIFE projects comes from possible changes in the political situation of a country. Many projects rely on involving the key political stakeholders at the local or national level and changes in the political structure – not necessarily of parties, but also of persons – can have adverse effects in the continuation of projects. More than that, lack of cooperation between key stakeholders may jeopardise the implementation of projects as well. This is particularly true for projects that wish to integrate as many stakeholders as possible, and which have had to face the difficulty of getting different people and players to cooperate so as to carry forward the tasks at hand.

This was underlined in the case of GAIA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074), which addresses the purification potential of plants. The project has identified as one of the major threats for its fulfilment the fact that it depends on the local administration so much that any possible political change can seriously affect it. Meanwhile, the project beneficiary has worked to bring together institutions, companies, NGOs and the local administration. The project GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) also identified the difficulty of facilitating cooperation and communication from organisations that are not used doing it in the past. Such stakeholders usually have their own agendas and have clashed in the past with each other due to conflicting interests; it is a serious challenge to convince them to overcome their own interest so as to cooperate for a project that would benefit greatly in its implementation from full participation of all players. Similar threats have been identified by the project ELBA (LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111), which has suggested that localised implementation of LIFE projects be included in the master plan of a community’s development, so that changes in the political situation do not lead to failure of its implementation.

In some cases, the implementation of a project’s findings depends to a great extent on the desire of the relevant industry to do so. The project VOCless pulping (LIFE06 ENV/FIN/000201) developed a system to control and monitor the VOC emissions in the pulp production industry. However, the introduction of this abatement technology requires the cooperation of the pulp industries which, as mentioned in the report of the project, are traditionally suspicious of embracing innovations that serve the environmental cause. Such suspiciousness and lack of cooperation may be a real hindrance in the implementation of

98

projects that otherwise offer a concrete benefit to the environment and to the industry as well.

As a final note, it should be noted once more that most of the projects have taken into consideration many of the aforementioned threats and have either devised contingency plans or inserted buffer months within the original plan so as to deal with any unexpected changes.

4.6 Factors for success and failure Based on the results of the SWOT analysis and on the study of the projects, a host of factors that can lead to success or failure can be identified (Table 32). Those factors are different for each project and each theme, therefore those factors were grouped based on the thematic areas created in this trends analysis. This list is not meant to be fully inclusive, since the particular circumstances of each project change drastically the said factors. In some cases even, the identified success factors can easily turn into a risk, if proper care is not taken, as in the case of developing or failing to develop cooperation from all stakeholders.

Table 32: Factors for success and failure Thematic focus of project Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention & treatment

Success factors - High level technology - Offer concrete information on other variables apart from air quality, such as health impact

Risks - Inexistent or costly data, particularly historical or nondigital ones

- Innovative character that has the potential of becoming “best practice�

- Stakeholders not being obliged to offer data but doing so only voluntarily - Technical challenges – technology might not perform as expected

- Possess high demonstration and transferability value

- Financial risks and costly technologies

- Run by an industrial beneficiary with a strong economic incentive

- Niche applications might be hindered by local lack of knowledge that can lead to bureaucratic difficulties, or other problems due to lack of relevant infrastructure being in place - Academic projects may not have market potential and may lack future funding

99

Policy and management tools

- Achieve cooperation between stakeholders, and thus aiding implementation - Help achieve significant benefits with relatively lowered costs

Awareness-raising

- Become incorporated in the strategic planning of the locale - Linking local legislation with that of EU level and promoting integration - Capacity building of population – offering a positive way to address environmental challenges

- Difficulty in communication between stakeholders - Changes at political condition or persons - Non-quantifiable results may lead to cancellation of projects due to funding difficulties - Low acceptance of innovative technology by the population - Lack of quantifiable data regarding the effectiveness of the project - Inability to follow up on the results of the projects

Generally speaking, projects that have as the beneficiary municipal authorities have a higher potential to reach out to the population and to affect the development of relevant legislation, with the downside being the presence of bureaucratic structures that may hinder implementation, or the changes that can occur at the political level over the years. Projects with industrial beneficiaries may have access to funding more readily, as well as a more flexible structure. However, they might be more prone to market fluctuations and be unable to overcome risks regarding technical and financial challenges.

Perhaps the only blanket statement that can be made is that the most important factor dictating success or failure is good or poor management of the project, requiring at least one individual working full time as project manager on behalf of the beneficiary. Other than that, some factors, such as the general condition of the market, affect the entire EU society and LIFE projects are no exception – although the financial crisis may provide opportunities for economic growth as well, particularly through innovation and green business.

4.7 Policy recommendations The detailed assessment of air-related LIFE projects conducted in this study leads to the following concrete policy recommendations that the Policy Unit can take into consideration.

LIFE projects have a significant added value. In particular, air-related LIFE projects demonstrate in local areas how legislation and policies can be implemented, under realistic conditions, and thus offer lessons at all levels, either through fostering innovation or through addressing obstacles that surface. Air-related LIFE projects can demonstrate how issues of non-compliance can be overcome; they can also provide specific connections between air pollution and health effects, for instance through studying the association between increased concentration of particles and daily mortality and emergency hospitalisations for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases (project MED-PARTICLES – LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327);

100

they also work to enable integrated monitoring, modelling and assessment. Thus a policy recommendation is for the Policy Unit to tap into this significant source of information at a regular basis. LIFE projects aim to bring together varying stakeholders and work at so many levels that they offer information that cannot be provided by any other party. Therefore, it is recommended to establish a mechanism through which the results of LIFE projects can be transferred at the European level to the Policy Unit.

Such flow of information could be greatly enhanced if special tools are promoted for the sharing of best practices – either through databases and virtual networks, or through special stakeholder meetings held regularly for LIFE beneficiaries. There is significant cross-cutting that takes place among air-related LIFE projects and the exchange of such information would benefit everyone involved. This takes place already among some projects but not on a large scale. For instance, there is a host of good practices that surface with regard to sustainable transportation and the policy and management tools that can help transition towards it.

Municipalities around Europe could benefit if they became aware of those good practices; this would help diffuse the implementation of EU directives that are spearheaded by LIFE projects.

It is furthermore suggested that this knowledge should be further disseminated in all the stakeholders. Experience from projects indicates that when industrial partners, municipalities and the general public are informed regarding the benefits stemming from a project, its realisation is greatly enhanced. This holds true particularly for the general public, since projects implemented at the local level require a significant degree of cooperation from the local residents; this applies in particular for traffic-related projects, which by default involve to a great extent the general public. Therefore the Policy Unit could create stronger provisions for the sharing of relevant information.

In this respect, more research is needed regarding the health effects of air pollution, since this is the strongest indicator that can be communicated to the public. Certain LIFE projects aim explicitly to develop models that can simulate the effect air pollutants have on public health. The same applies for projects which aim to enhance understanding regarding the effects of pollution on the environment, such as FO3REST (LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208) which aims to establish validated thresholds for forest protection against ozone.

Particularly regarding the issue of data management, the experience that stems from LIFE projects is that a harmonization of data and measurement practices is needed so as to facilitate coordination among regional projects, which can then enable the establishment of a clearer picture at the European level to aid policy development. In this context, it is suggested that industries should be required to provide necessary information and should be encouraged to develop the necessary equipment so as to monitor their own practices – something currently lacking at many Member-States.

It is recommended that the Policy Unit could help develop legislation for innovative vehicles.

Currently the legislative framework is lacking in addressing the emergence of such innovative technology, which does not help with the granting of official approval by an authority, a necessary procedures for such vehicles to be used on the road.

Given that significant cross-cutting takes place among different policy themes and that airrelated LIFE projects touch upon many other issues as well, a stronger connection between the different thematic units is encouraged, with the overall aim to take advantage of synergies. This applies mostly with climate-related policies, but can also touch upon other

101

issues, such as urban development, agriculture etc. The benefits appearing for other sectors as well from air-related policy should be underlined and understood.

It is also suggested that a better monetary evaluation of benefits stemming from abating air pollution is in order. Several projects that have only indirect results are currently threatened with cancellation due to the financial crisis and the focus on hard data; however they do offer a tangible yet hidden, often external, financial benefit. A better monetary evaluation through tools such as cost-benefit analysis would show the importance such projects have, even though this might not be clearly apparent at the first look. This would help safeguard those projects from measures aimed to tackle the financial crisis that might threaten projects that don’t provide a clear financial benefit.

Finally, it is recommended that the Policy Unit take advantage of the significant innovation that takes place within the LIFE projects. Certain LIFE projects have demonstrated that the EU can spearhead innovation and public policy by promoting, for instance, zero emissions ships and innovative propulsion techniques. Lowering emissions ceilings and raising the standards on air quality may ensure that the EU remains at the forefront of technological innovation and will help reach levels of air quality that truly do not give rise to significant negative impact on and risk to human health and the environment.

5. CONCLUSIONS An analysis of the projects indicates that the most successful ones were those which used innovative technology, deployed integrative principles and took good care to include local stakeholders in the project through communication and awareness campaigns, which were strengthened by possessing good demonstration value and transferability, and of course displayed a win-win scenario regarding environmental benefits with economic viability. They are also projects which were well prepared, with dedicated staff, realistic planning, a good understanding or risk management, and good cooperation with the local and national authorities and relevant industries. Those projects further integration within the Union as European legislation is transferred and practiced at the local/regional level by the stakeholders themselves, without enforcement from the top by higher authorities.

The value of LIFE ENV/INF air-related projects in the development, implementation and dissemination of relevant EU legislation is judged to be very important and diversified, since such projects offer a wide variety of benefits at the local, regional, national and European level. Of particular importance is the development and dissemination of BAT and the equivalent setting of new norms and standards that can improve relevant EU legislation.

Moreover, the projects overcome quite a few institutional weaknesses in the implementation of this legislation; the Policy Unit could take advantage of this significant experience in drawing up strategies for further implementation of EU policy, as already highlighted.

Many projects have long-term beneficial effects which are not quantifiable at the moment; this particularly applies to project aiming to develop policy tools, as well as assessment and monitoring projects – which form an important percentage of the projects. A good example is GESMOPOLI (LIFE05 ENV/E/000262) and EC4MACS (LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006). Other projects, such as BIOCOVER (LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141) managed to fulfil their objectives only after the completion of the LIFE project; this indicates the need for further ex-post monitoring of the achievements of LIFE projects so as to have a clearer idea of their impact.

102

This should be supplemented by an integrated system of measuring the results from projects that cannot be quantified at the moment. Such an undertaking seems to be of particular importance nowadays, since it could very well be that decreased funding might threaten projects which however would have a very real – albeit hardly quantifiable – effect on the EU’s economy.

The measurement of those effects should take into consideration all environmentallyrelated factors and not only those pertaining to the thematic area at hand. For instance, the project GEAMCOS (LIFE05 ENV/F/000083), working on lead-free soldering, has significant benefits with regard to ecotoxicity due to decreased pollution by lead. However, the technology developed to replace lead-free soldering is not necessarily more environmentally-friendly: it requires more energy because it needs higher temperatures, as well as silver as a substitute material – meanwhile, silver is scarcer than lead and the environmental impact of silver mining is immense. Therefore, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) should be conducted so as to assess the full impact of projects.

A final point would be to increase the focus on communication and awareness-raising projects, not only quantitatively but also qualitatively. This can take place with an increased focus of LIFE INF projects in air-related policy, since currently no such project addresses air quality issues. Findings from this study indicate that, notwithstanding the short number of projects dedicated to this and even if a significant amount of each project’s budget is invested in dissemination campaigns, this tends to be limited to a circle of interested individuals and requires more work in order to reach the public. This of course depends on the nature of the project. For instance, the project AIR-AWARE (LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106) performed excellently in targeting the wider public, reaching through its communication campaign at least 200,000 citizens of Bucharest. Naturally, the warning system it demonstrated is directly connected to the people’s everyday life. But essentially all airrelated LIFE projects affect the quality of life of European citizens and the notion of reaching out to the public can form a part of all projects; it is important to expand dissemination activities to a bigger circle. The importance of communication has been highlighted within several EU and national documents and cannot be denied; increased recognition of the LIFE programme within the wider European public will also help identify the vast work that has been taking place all these years, since unfortunately up to now many average European citizens are not even aware of LIFE’s existence, let alone its significant achievements and their substantial added value. Such a campaign would help garner the public’s support behind the transition towards sustainability that takes place within the EU – which is all too often confronted with cynicism and despair by the public at large. This could be overcome exactly by increasing the reach of related dissemination activities to include the general public.

103

6. SOURCES Legislation -

Directive 2008/50/EC Air Quality COM(2005) 446 Thematic Strategy on air pollution Directive 2004/107/EC Fourth Daughter Directive Directive 2001/81/EC National Emission Ceilings Directive 2008/1/EC Integrated Pollution Prevention Control Directive 2001/80/EC Large Combustion Plants Directive 2009/33/EC Clean Road Transport Directive 2003/30/EC Biofuels Directive 97/68/EC Non-road mobile machinery Directive 2000/76/EC Incineration of waste Directive 1999/13/EC Solvents Emissions Decision No 1411/2001/EC Cooperation (Urban Environment) Decision No 1600/2002/EC 6th EAP COM/98/0605 final Framework for Action (Urban Environment) COM(2005) 718 Thematic Strategy on Urban Environment COM(2008)0019 Promotion of energy coming from renewable sources COM(2001) 370 Transport Policy

Project documents - LIFE project database (LIFE Track) - Monitoring files - Correspondence with beneficiaries - BATinLoko, Final Report, September 2011 - CLEAR, Final Report, July 2007 - EC4MACS, Technical Mid-term report, December 2009 - GEAMCOS, Technical Final Report, July 2009 - GESMOPOLI, Final Technical Report, February 2009 - SMAQ, Technical Final Report, January 2010 - SPAS, Layman’s Report, March 2010 - ZEMSHIPS, Layman’s Report - LEADFREE, Technical Final Report, February 2009 - WINTECC, Technical Report, December 2009 Websites & Other documents - Astrale C contract, Enhancing Task 5 – ‘Pilot Study on Waste,’ June, 2011 - Air policy review – Stakeholder meeting. January 19th, 2012.

- Commission Staff Working Paper on the implementation of EU Air Quality Policy and preparing for its comprehensive review – SEC(2011) 342 Final - Websites of beneficiaries - EU Air Legislation, available at http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/legis.htm - EU Law, available at http://eur-lex.europa.eu/

104

Annexes Annex I: Long list of all LIFE ENV projects probably relevant for the air sector (2005-2010) Annex II: Trends LIFE92-LIFE2010 Annex III: Long list of EU legislation relating to Air Quality

105

ANNEX I: LONG LIST OF ALL LIFE ENV PROJECTS PROBABLY RELEVANT FOR THE AIR SECTOR (2005-2010)

30

Project

Acronym

Closure date

FR date

Subject

Related directives

LIFE05 ENV/D/000185

INOCAST

16/3/2007

20/7/2007

Introduction of "Inorganic WarmBox" that would substantially reduce emissions

LIFE05 ENV/D/000193

Sludge Redox

30/9/2007

20/7/2007

Production of biogas

LIFE05 ENV/D/000195

SuperWool

31/1/2009

30/4/2009

LIFE05 ENV/D/000197

LEADFREE

14/10/2008

25/7/2009

Pre-treatment of wool that requires no hazardous chemicals and thus leads to less emissions of VOCs and sulphur Green lead-free electronic production in SMEs

1999/13/EC Solvents, 84/360/EEC on Air Pollution from Industrial Plants, 96/61/EC IPPC, 91/689/EEC Hazardous Waste, 2004/107/EC Fourth Daughter Directive 84/360/EEC on Air Pollution from Industrial Plants, 2000/76/EC Waste Incineration, 91/689/ EEC Hazardous Waste, 75/442/EEC Waste framework directive 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

30

84/360/EEC on Air Pollution from Industrial Plants, 96/61/EC IPPC, 2000/53/EC End of life vehicles, 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste, 91/689/ EEC Hazardous waste, 75/442/EEC Waste framework directive, 2005/32/EC on the eco-design of Energy-using Products, 2002/95/EC RoHS, 2002/96/EC

Related policies

Other

Website

Further assessment Yes

Yes

Indirect effects for air quality

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundar y Air Pollution on Heavy Metals

www.sup erwool.d e

Yes

Yes

Highlighted projects are those for which no further assessment ensued.

106

WEEE

LIFE05 ENV/D/000207

HVD

31/5/2009

4/11/2009

Introduction of new physical descaling process, which does not use chemicals Use of engineered bio-covers to reduce landfill gas

LIFE05 ENV/DK/00014 1

BIOCOVER

1/11/2008

1/2/2009

LIFE05 ENV/DK/00015 6

CO2REF

1/10/2007

21/6/2008

HCFC-free refrigerators

LIFE05 ENV/E/000256

ZERO PLUS

31/7/2009

15/1/2010

LIFE05 ENV/E/000262

GESMOPOLI

31/10/2008

1/4/2009

Integral liquid residuals management model for surface treatment industries through BAT's Promotion of sustainable mobility with reduction of atmospheric pollution as one of its main aims

84/360/EEC on Air Pollution from Industrial Plants, 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive, 96/61/EC IPPC, 91/689/EEC Hazardous Waste 96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste

Yes

Yes

Reg. 2037/2000 (precedes Reg. 1005/2009); Montreal Protocol; 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 96/61/EC IPPC, 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive, 2000/76/EC Waste incineration, 2001/42/EC Strategic Environmental Assessment 96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 96/61/EC IPPC

Refers to GHG and reduction of ozone depleting substanc es

No

www.zer oplus.eu

Yes

Yes

107

LIFE05 ENV/E/000328

PREVOC PLAN

15/6/2007

1/10/2007

Reduction of VOCs air emissions

1999/13/EC Solvents

LIFE05 ENV/E/000302

Ecodiptera

30/11/2008

25/6/2009

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

LIFE05 ENV/F/000053

AMELIE

31/5/2008

23/10/2008

LIFE05 ENV/F/000068

MONALISA

15/4/2008

15/4/2008

LIFE05 ENV/F/000083

GEAMCOS

28/2/2009

28/8/2009

Implementation of a management model for the ecologically sustainable treatment of pig manure. May be relevant due to observation of issue regarding some atmospheric pollutants Compliance with WEE and RoHS directives that (among other benefits) leads to reduction of leaded wastes into air Testing an innovative air sampler, able to monitor pollen in the air by an online antigenicity/allerg enicity measurement.

Development of clean, lead-free technology for aeronautical and

2002/95/EC RoHS, 2002/96/EC WEEE, 1999/30/EC first daughter directive

Yes

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundar y Air Pollution on Heavy Metals

96/62/CE Air Quality Framework Directive

1999/30/EC first daughter directive, 2002/95/EC RoHS, 2002/96/EC WEEE

The project does not bring any direct tangible environm ental benefits Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range

www.eco diptera.in fo

Yes

www.lifeamelie.in fo/

Yes

Yes

Yes

108

military sectors, thus eliminating air pollution by lead Satellite-assisted management of air quality

LIFE05 ENV/GR/00021 4

SMAQ

30/9/2009

26/1/2010

LIFE05 ENV/GR/00023 5

SUSCON

30/9/2008

26/2/2009

Sustainable Construction in Public and Private Works through IPP approach including the atmospheric pollution issues in the eco-design criteria and the software tool

LIFE05 ENV/GR/00024 2

Elefsina 2020

30/9/2009

20/5/2010

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808

IDEMS

31/5/2009

23/10/2009

Reduction of air pollution from cars as the part of collaborative environmental regeneration of Elefsina Bay Integration and Development of Environmental Management Systems that would (among other benefits) allow to reduce

Transboundar y Air Pollution on Heavy Metals 96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive + daughter directives 1999/30/EC, 2000/69/EC, 2002/3/EC, 2004/107/EC 96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 2002/91/EC Energy Performance of Buildings

Yes

Indirect effects for air quality due to increased energy efficiency and inclusion of air pollutant s in LCA Indirect effects on air quality

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

COM/98/0605 , Decision No 1411/2001/EC on sustainable urban development

www.ues t.gr/susc on

Yes

www.lifeole.gr/pr ojects/w packages _en.asp

Yes

www.ide ms.it

Yes

109

atmospheric pollution from transport LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812

RIWAC

30/9/2008

13/3/2009

Treatment of tannery waters with low concentrations of NO2 emitted into the atmosphere

84/360/EC IPPC, 85/203/EEC Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839

C-DISPATCH

31/12/2007

25/4/2008

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870

CEDM

30/4/2008

25/9/2008

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911

VOC-Free Decals

30/6/2008

2/7/2007

New city logistic system that reduces gas emissions by 10% Reduction in emissions of the most harmful air pollutants produced by vehicles through city logistics Introduction of VOCs free decals that would reduce the pollution into atmosphere

Precedes 2008/1/EC IPPC

Did not meet its policy objective s due to technical difficultie s

2002/3/EC Ozone in Ambient Air, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 96/62/EC Ambient Air Quality Assessment and Management 1999/13/EC Solvents, 84/360/EEC Pollution from Industrial Plants

VI Framework programme (2001-2010), Green Book for Energy (COM 2000/769 and COM 2002/321) and Transport (COM 2001/370), IPPC, Kyoto Protocol

Project was not complete d due to financial difficultie s

www.sici t2000.it/l ife05

Yes

www.cdispatchfrosinone .it http://srv web01.so fteco.it/LI FECEDM/

Yes

Yes

Yes

110

LIFE05 ENV/L/000047

ECOSB

16/12/2007

7/5/2008

LIFE05 ENV/NL/000035

CLB

31/12/2007

6/5/2008

LIFE05 ENV/P/000369

OIL PRODIESEL

31/3/2009

30/6/2009

LIFE05 ENV/RO/00010 6

AIR-AWARE

31/10/2008

13/4/2009

LIFE05 ENV/UK/00011 8

TREAD

1/7/2007

7/4/2008

LIFE05 ENV/UK/00012 2

CLEAR

1/4/2007

23/10/2007

Implementation of new OSB production process that allows a substantial reduction of VOCs emissions Closed loop blanching system for the potato processing industry that also helps to reduce NOx emissions Integrated waste management system for the reuse of used frying oils to produce biodiesel Air Pollution Impact Surveillance and Warning System for Urban Environment New technology for tyre recycling that aims to promote carbon neutral and odourless process Decrease of CO2, particulate and NOx emissions from glass

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

Yes

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 2003/30/EC Biofuels

Yes

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

http://lif eairaware. inmh.ro/

2000/53/EC End of Life Vehicle, 1999/31/EC Landfill, 2000/76/EC Waste Incineration,

84/360/EEC on Air Pollution from Industrial Plants

Precedes 2008/1/EC IPPC

Yes

Indirect effects on air quality

No

None of the deliverab les or

Yes

111

manufacturing industry

milestone s achieved

LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/0 00006

EC4MACS

31/1/2013

30//2013

Building and maintaining a network of modelling tools for a comprehensive integrated assessment of the policy effectiveness of emission control strategies for air pollutants and greenhouse gases

84/360/EEC Industrial Plants, 96/61/EC IPPC, 92/72/EEC Air pollution by ozone, 2002/3/EC Third Daughter Directive, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 1999/13/EC Solvents, 96/62/CE Air Quality Framework Directive, 85/337/EEC EIA, 2001/42/EC Strategic Environmental Assessment

LIFE06 ENV/A/000345

SPAS

31/12/2009

31/3/2010

Construction of a combined sound barrier and filter system for particulate matter

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 99/30/EC Air quality 1st Daughter Directive, 2000/69/EC 2nd Daughter Directive, 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

Convention on Biodiversity, COM (2001) 68 Final Green Paper on Integrated Product Policy (IPP), COM (2000) 88 final - Towards a European Climate Change Programme (ECCP), COM (2000) 87 final -Green Paper on greenhouse gas emissions trading within the European Union, Gothenburg Protocol, Kyoto Protocol, Precedes 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.ec4 macs.eu

Yes

www.lifespas.at

Yes

112

LIFE06 ENV/D/000465

ZEMSHIPS

30/4/2010

30/7/2010

Development and realisation of the first hydrogenpowered passenger ship

LIFE06 ENV/D/000475

INES-110

29/2/2008

31/5/2008

LIFE06 ENV/D/000477

PARFUM

31/3/2009

30/6/2009

LIFE06 ENV/D/000479

WINTECC

30/12/2009

20/5/2010

Reducing energy losses of nowadays transformers by using a "Superconducting Fault/ Current Limiter" Particulate emissions from freight and heavy duty vehicles in urban environments Demonstration of an innovative wind propulsion technology for cargo vessels

2001/81/EC Emissions Ceilings, 96/62/CE Air Quality Framework Directive, 2005/33/EC Sulphur in Marine Fuel, 97/68/EC Non-road Mobile Machinery, 76/160/EEC Bathing Water, 75/440/EEC Surface Water 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2001/80/EC LCP, 84/360/EEC on Air Pollution from Industrial Plants

COM(2002) 595 Strategy on ships emissions,

2001/81/EC Emissions Ceilings, 96/62/CE Air Quality Framework Directive

Precedes 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

96/61/EC IPPC, 96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2005/33/EC Sulphur in Marine Fuel, 97/68/EC Non-Road Mobile Machinery,

Final Green Paper on Integrated Product Policy (IPP) COM (2001) 68, EU Environmental Technologies Actions Plans, International Maritime Organisation law MARPOL 73/78, EC Strategy to

www.ze mships.e u

Project cancelled due to technical issues

Yes

Yes

www.par fumlife.eu

Yes

Yes

113

LIFE06 ENV/E/000001

ReLiStoP

30/9/2009

28/7/2010

Resin-free LiquidStone Process elimination of synthetic polluting resins and toxic solvents

1999/13/EC Solvents

LIFE06 ENV/E/000044

ES-WAMAR

30/3/2011

30/6/2011

Environmentallyfriendly management of swine waste based on innovative technology

96/61/EC IPPC, 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive, 75/442/EEC Waste Framework Directive, 86/278/EEC Sewage Sludge, 91/676/EEC Nitrates

LIFE06 ENV/E/000054

BioSOFC

31/3/2009

30/6/2009

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 1999/31/EC Landfill of Waste, 75/442/EEC Waste Framework Directive

LIFE06 ENV/F/000152

Vitriflash

30/4/2009

11/10/2007

Design and demonstration of 3 CHP plants using two 5 kW solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) working with landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digestion Transforming hazardous substances into usable materials

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2001/80/EC Large Combustion Plants, 2000/76/EC Waste incineration, 1999/31/EC Landfill of waste, 75/442/EEC Waste framework directive

protect and conserve the marine environment COM(2005) 670 Final Thematic Strategy on the sustainable use of natural resources Soil Thematic Strategy, COM (1996) 399 final Community strategy for waste management

COM (1996) 399 final Community strategy for waste management

Project cancelled due to difficultie s in finding an

www.ker sa.es/

Yes

www.lifeeswamar. eu/

Yes

www.bio sofc.info

Yes

Yes

114

engineeri ng consultan cy LIFE06 ENV/FIN/00020 1

VOCless pulping

30/9/2009

31/12/2009

LIFE06 ENV/IT/000257

VOICE

31/12/2009

30/3/2010

LIFE06 ENV/L/000121

EFFERNERGY

30/11/2008

28/2/2009

LIFE07 ENV/A/000003

CMA+

30/9/2012

30/9/2012

LIFE07 ENV/E/000836

BATsGRAPH

31/12/2011

Not yet specified

Control and monitoring of VOC generation in the mechanical and semi-mechanical pulp production industry Promoting the use of vegetable oil in decentralised rural energy generation and transportation Innovative products for increased energy efficiency in buildings

96/61/EC IPPC, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

Yes

2003/30/EC Biofuels

Yes

PM10 reduction through de-icing agent on the streets that captures it from the ambient air Reduction of VOCs emissions in SMEs printing industry

1999/30/EC first daughter directive

www.life -cma.at/

Yes

1999/13/EC Solvents, 96/61/EC IPPC

www.bat sgraph.co m

Yes

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

Precedes 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Indirect effects for air quality due to better insulation

Yes

115

LIFE07 ENV/E/000805

EDEA

30/4/2013

30/7/2013

LIFE07 ENV/E/000829

BIOGRID

31/12/2011

31/12/2011

LIFE07 ENV/F/000179

HotOxyGlass

31/12/2010

18/5/2011

LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434 (OPEN)

MHyBus

30/6/2013

30/6/2013

LIFE07 ENV/S/000912

TOSCA

31/12/2011

28/2/2012

Eco-architecture plan providing for reductions of gases, dust, light, heat emissions and improvement of indoor air quality Production of substitute natural gas without odours, volatiles and CO2 emissions

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

Environment friendly flat glass production that significantly decreases NOx, SOx and CO2 emissions Reduction of CO2, NOx, PM10, NMVOCs emissions created by public transport Reduction in emissions that contribute to climate change, ozone depletion, acidification,

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

COM(2008)00 19 Promotion of energy coming from renewable sources

Yes www.proy ectoedea. com

Yes

Yes

96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive

96/61/EC IPPC

Indirect effects for air quality due to increased energy efficiency Project suffers severe delays and has been given extension until the end of 2012

www.mh ybus.eu

Thematic Strategy on Sustainable Use of Natural Resources

Yes

Yes

116

eutrophication, photo-oxidant formation and toxicity LIFE07 ENV/P/000625

BATinLoko

30/6/2011

30/9/2011

Reduction of emissions from the textile sector

96/61/EC IPPC

LIFE07 ENV/P/000639

ELECTROVALU E

31/12/2011

31/3/2012

Among other objectives, the reduction of air emissions associated to the electronic component manufacturing

2002/96/EC WEEE

LIFE08 ENV/E/000097

JEREZ + natural

31/12/2011

31/3/2013

Development of a new management model for urban green areas

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

LIFE08 ENV/E/000124 (OPEN)

LIFE+Ecoedici贸 n

30/06/2013

Not yet specified

Promoting a sustainable management on the Junta de Andalucia's public administration editorial services.

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 1999/13/EC Solvents

Indirect effects for air quality due to reduction of compone nts manufact uring

www.cite ve.pt/bat inloko

Yes

www.ele ctrovalue project.e u

No

Yes

www.eco edicion.e u/

Yes

117

LIFE08 ENV/E/000107

RESCATAME

31/12/2012

31/12/2012

LIFE08 ENV/E/000126

ECO-STONE

31/12/2012

31/12/2012

LIFE08 ENV/F/000485

ROMAIR

30/6/2012

30/9/2012

LIFE08 ENV/F/000487 (OPEN)

PhotoPaq

31/12/2013

31/3/2014

LIFE08 ENV/GR/00056 9

BIOFUELS-2G

31/12/2012

31/3/2013

Promotion of sustainable management of traffic using airquality sensors and prediction models Implementation, dissemination and promotion of a sustainable system in order to enhance the production and use of natural stone Implementation of an air quality modelling and forecast system Demonstration of the usefulness of photocatalytic materials for air pollution reduction in the urban environment Production of second generation biofuels by recycling used cooking oil from restaurants and homes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Has indirect effects due to reduced energy consumpt ion 96/62/CE Air Quality Framework Directive

www.res catame.e u

Yes

www.eco stoneproj ect.com/

No

Precedes 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

http://ph otopaq.ir celyon.un ivlyon1.fr/

Yes

2003/30/EC Biofuels, 2006/12/EC on Waste

www.bio fuels2g.gr /

Yes

118

LIFE08 ENV/S/000269 (OPEN)

CLEANTRUCK

31/12/2013

31/12/2013

LIFE08 ENV/SK/000240

CHEFUB

31/12/2012

15/2/2013

LIFE09 ENV/AT/00022 6 (OPEN)

CEMOBIL

31/8/2015

30/11/2015

LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409 (OPEN)

ATMOSYS

31/12/2013

(not specified yet)

LIFE09 ENV/CY/000252 (OPEN)

PM3

31/12/2013

31/3/2014

LIFE09 INF/DE/000012 (OPEN)

Pro-Klima Autoklimaanla ge

31/8/2013

15/11/2013

Demonstrate the commercial and technical viability of alternative fuels and new technologies for goods distribution vehicles Improved biomass processing and heating production

2003/30/EC Biofuels, 2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2009/33/EC Clean Road Transport

Reduction of air pollution (PM10, PM2,5, NOx) by increasing the share of electric vehicles Policy support system for atmospheric pollution hot spots Particulates monitoring, modelling and management Reduction of environmental pollution caused by vehicle air conditioning

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2009/33/EC Clean Road Transport

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

www.bio masa.sk

Yes

www.ce mobil.eu

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.lifeatmosys. be

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.ess. co.at/LIFE

Yes

2006/40/EC Emissions from Air Conditioning Systems in Motor Vehicles

COM(2008)00 19 Promotion of energy coming from renewable sources

443/2009 Regulation for new passenger cars

Project focuses on carbon emissions , but has indirect benefits for air quality

Indirect effects for air quality

No

119

systems

LIFE09 ENV/DK/00036 7 (OPEN)

Composites Waste

31/8/2013

30/11/2013

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000451

VALUVOIL

28/2/2013

28/2/2013

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000457 (OPEN)

GREENING BOOKS

31/10/2013

31/10/2013

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000460

ELVISUSTECH

31/3/2013

30/6/2013

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000507 (OPEN)

CONNECT

31/8/2013

30/11/2013

LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568 (OPEN)

VOCless waste water

30/9/2013

30/10/2013

Reductions of CO2, SOx and NOx by development of new composites waste recycling system Elimination of offgas air pollution from olive oil waste sector Reduction of air pollution from publishing industry Development of sorting unit for end of life vehicles, that, among other benefits, decreases the atmospheric pollution Reduction of emissions to the atmosphere by promoting the development of electric vehicles Reduction of VOCs emissions from mechanical and semi-mechanical

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2008/98/EC Waste Framework Directive

Yes

http://val uvoil.com

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.gre eningboo ks.eu

Yes

2002/96/EC WEEE

www.leit at.org/elv isustech/i ndex.php

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

2008/1/EC IPPC, 2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

Yes

www.voc lesspulpi ng.com

Yes

120

pulping process

LIFE09 ENV/FI/000579 (OPEN)

REDUST

31/12/2014

31/3/2015

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000591

ECOTRANSFLU X

30/9/2012

31/12/2012

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000594 (OPEN)

IRIS

31/3/2014

30/6/2014

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600 (OPEN)

GREEN TESTING

31/12/2013

31/3/2014

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000601 (OPEN)

C.C.H.P ENVIR CHALLENGES

31/12/2014

31/3/2015

Reduction of respirable street dust in urban areas Reduction in CO2, HF and NOx emissions due to the use of the Transverse Flux Induction Heating VOC-free solvent, whose production decreases NH3 and NOx emissions Reductions of emissions into air in the process of non-destructive testing (NDT) Addressing the issue of atmospheric pollution within the framework of "Environmental challenges for a rural territory" project

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2008/1/EC IPPC

www.eco transflux. com

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings; 1999/13/EC Solvents

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2008/1/EC IPPC

Yes

Indirect effects mostly through energy efficiency and reduced waste

http://lif ecchpenvir .challeng es.overblog.com /articlebienvenu e-sur-lapage-duprojeteuropeen -c-ch-penvir-

No

121

LIFE09 ENV/GR/00028 9 (OPEN)

ACEPT-AIR

31/8/2014

30/11/2014

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063 (OPEN)

I.MO.S.M.I.D.

31/8/2013

31/8/2013

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070 (OPEN)

N.O.WA.S.T.E.

31/12/2013

31/3/2014

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074

GAIA

30/4/2013

31/7/2013

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000082 (OPEN)

EXPAH

31/12/2013

30/3/2014

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092 (OPEN)

OPERA

30/9/2013

30/9/2013

Development of a cost efficient policy tool for reduction of particulate matter in air Increasing the use of local public transport for tackling the air quality issue Innovative system for the treatment and composting of domestic organic waste Increase in air quality using purification potential of plants Method for assessment of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) An integrated assessment methodology to plan air quality policies

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

challenge s59354255 .html www.ace ptair.prd. uth.gr

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.imo smid.it

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, 2008/98/EC Waste Framework Directive

www.life nowaste.i t

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.life gaia.eu

Yes

2004/107/EC fourth daughter directive

www.isp esl.it/exp ah

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.ope ratool.eu

Yes

122

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107 (OPEN)

EFRUD

30/9/2013

30/12/2013

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111 (OPEN)

ELBA

30/9/2013

31/12/2013

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115 (OPEN)

SUN EAGLE

31/12/2013

30/3/2014

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000124 (OPEN)

ET IDEA

31/12/2012

31/3/2013

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146 (OPEN)

T.A.SM.A.C.

31/12/2013

30/3/2014

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000174 (OPEN)

Ultra Crash Treatment

30/9/2013

31/12/2013

Reduction of pollutant emissions from transportation of refrigerated, perishable goods Replacement of diesel buses by low/zero emission vehicles Reduction, prevention and monitoring of emissions due to institutional changes in small communities

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.efr ud.info

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.elb alifeplus.e u www.sun eagle.eu

Yes

Development of meteorological analysis tool that would also make an evaluation of pollutant dispersion in the atmosphere Reduction of air pollution from car traffic due to flow of tourists

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.test reference year.it

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2002/49/EC Noise Directive

www.tas mac.eu

Yes

Cold spray metal galvanising system that eliminates emissions of fumes into the atmosphere

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings, Water Framework Directive, 91/689/EEC Hazardous Waste

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Deals mostly with GHG emissions and only indirectly with air pollution

Yes

Yes

123

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185 (OPEN)

MDPATC

31/10/2013

31/1/2014

Reduction of noxious vapour emissions in the process of manufacturing wire rod products Reduction of unpleasant smells and air pollutants' emissions created in the process of sludge treatment

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000186 (OPEN)

Sludge's Wealth

30/9/2013

31/12/2013

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000214 (OPEN)

GAS-OFF

31/12/2013

31/3/2014

Integrated Strategies for GHG Mitigation in dairy farms that also addresses the issue of odour pollution

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216 (OPEN)

H2POWER

31/10/2013

31/1/2014

Reduction of CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, ozone, benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, small particulates and lead emitted during the production and use of fuels in the transport sector

2008/1/EC IPPC, 2000/60/EC, 2000/60/EC Water Framework Directive, 91/689/EEC Hazardous Waste

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 86/278/EEC Sewage Sludge, 91/271/EEC Urban Waste Water Treatment

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2003/30/EC Biofuels, 2004/107/EC Fourth Daughter Directive

Indirect benefits for air quality due to decrease d transport ation of sludge Deals mostly with GHG emissions and only indirectly with air pollution EC Action Plan on Urban Mobility, Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundar y Air Pollution on Heavy Metals

www.coo mi.it/life. html

Yes

No

www.h2p ower.it

Yes

124

LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427 (OPEN)

SEWEEX

1/9/2015

(not specified yet)

LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346 (OPEN)

GREENCIT

31/3/2015

30/6/2015

LIFE10 ENV/CZ/000651 (OPEN)

MEDETOX

31/8/2016

Not yet specified

LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059 (OPEN)

Odourless casting

30/9/2014

30/10/2014

LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208 (OPEN)

FO3REST

31/12/2014

Not yet specified

Reduction of CO2, fine dust and NOx emissions by transferring heat from the sewage system to urban buildings Interpretation and implementation of environmental policy in the form of concrete, citizen-oriented actions Methods to monitor in real time the effects air pollution from diesel exhaust particles has on human health in the urban environment Abatement techniques of odorous and hazardous emissions in typical aluminium, steel and iron foundries Establishment of validated thresholds for forest protection against ozone and climate change

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2008/1/EC IPPC

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

125

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327 (OPEN)

MEDPARTICLES

31/08/2013

Not yet specified

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000347 (OPEN)

UNIZEO

31/3/2015

Not yet specified

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000389 (OPEN)

INTEGREEN

28/2/2015

Not yet specified

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000391 (OPEN)

DIAPASON

30/9/2014

Not yet specified

LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035 (OPEN)

SLIDE IN

31/12/2015

Not yet specified

LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041 (OPEN) LIFE11 ENV/BE/001046

HYPER BUS

30/9/2014

25/11/2014

SILEX

31/8/2016

Not specified

Improve understanding of the characteristics of particulate urban air pollution and its relation to public health Coating ureabased nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite, thus among other things reducing air pollution from ammonia Increasing the flow of environmental information related to traffic so as to facilitate policy-making Upgrade to the Commission’s desert dust detection methodology Technology for buses that allows batteries to be charged while the vehicle is in use Introduction of hybrid buses with plug-in technology Extend the lifetime/usability

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

Yes

126

yet

(OPEN)

LIFE11 ENV/CZ/000488 (OPEN)

HOxyGas

31/1/2016

Not specified yet

LIFE11 ENV/DE/000495 (OPEN)

CLEAN AIR

30/11/2015

Not specified yet

LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073 (OPEN)

WASTE AIR TREATMENT

30/7/2014

Not specified yet

of buildings made of wood and/or cement, by applying environmental friendly siliconbased water repellents Demonstrate a new type of production system for automotive flat glass

Increase awareness in the public regarding the Air Quality Directive and its implementation through capacity building Implementation of a more efficient plasma catalytic

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.agc kitforum. com/

Yes

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

www.cle anaireurope.or g

Yes

2001/81/EC Emission Ceilings

http://gra nuformprojekt.d

Yes

Classified as under reduction of GHG emission but has several direct beneficial effects for reduction s of SO X (34.5%), NO X (79.2%) and dust (67.7%).

127

waste air treatment

e/

LIFE11 ENV/ES/000552 (OPEN)

BIOMOMI

31/12/2015

Not specified yet

Demonstrate a new technology that allows realtime monitoring and quantifying of aerobic microorganisms present in the water of a hydraulic system

2008/1/EC IPCC

www.bio momi.eu

Yes

LIFE11 ENV/ES/000584 (OPEN)

AIRUSE

31/12/2015

Not specified yet

Develop, demonstrate and adapt costeffective and appropriate measures to ensure better air quality in urban areas

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive

http://air use.eu/

Yes

LIFE11 ENV/IT/000256 (OPEN)

COSMOS-RICE

Not specified yet

Not specified yet

Derive silica gel from rice husk ash and use the gel to make fly ash from municipal solid waste inert via a chemical process

2008/50/EC Air Quality Directive, 2004/107/EC Fourth Daughter Directive

http://co smosrice.csmt. eu/

Yes

128

ANNEX II: TRENDS LIFE92-LIFE2010 LIFE92 Name LIFE02 ENV/D/000406

LIFE92 ENV/IT/000030

TOTAL

Subject Improved application of catalytic supported low temperature plasma plants for waste air purification Planning model for the urban district of Naples involving local use of the FS rail network and reopening of disused lines

Project Focus Pollution treatment

Subject Towards development of a deposition monitoring network for air pollution in Europe An integrated environmental management scheme for air pollution in a strategic road corridor Maidstone Initiative for Sustainable Transport

Project Focus Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Subject Adapting an air monitoring network Building of a large scale pilot plant for non-contaminating paint-coating of vessels Modernisation– Improvement of implementation and extension of the atmospheric pollution ground-based monitoring network Development and demonstration of an

Project Focus Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry

Policy and management tools in transportation

2

LIFE93 Name LIFE93 ENV/NL/003547

LIFE93 ENV/UK/003098

LIFE93 ENV/UK/003227 TOTAL

Policy and management tools in transportation Policy and management tools in transportation 3

LIFE94 Name LIFE94 ENV/B/000277 LIFE94 ENV/D/000297 LIFE94 ENV/GR/001616

LIFE94 ENV/IRL/000323

Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in industry

129

LIFE94 ENV/IT/000147

LIFE94 ENV/IT/000156 LIFE94 ENV/NL/001024 LIFE94 ENV/UK/000677

LIFE94 ENV/UK/000813 LIFE94 ENV/UK/000884 TOTAL

emission free process for crystal manufacture Integrated monitoring system for the global evaluation of disposal activities in an industrial waste landfill Decision support system for air quality monitoring and planning on a provincial level Leyden Car(e) Free Prevention of damage to the environment by organic solvents used in the footwear industry Air quality and integrated monitoring (AIM) BAT for solvent management in the process industry

Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Policy and management tools in transportation Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry 10

LIFE95 Name LIFE95 ENV/D/000015

LIFE95 ENV/D/000030 LIFE95 ENV/F/000569 LIFE95 ENV/F/000575

LIFE95 ENV/FIN/000387

LIFE95 ENV/IT/000434

LIFE95 ENV/IT/000631

Subject Integrated approach towards a traffic concept that is urban and environmentally compatible Qualification of measuring techniques for processintegrated emission control Measuring air pollution by differential optical absorption spectometry Decreasing solvent emission in the drying process of aramid varnish by coagulation in water Development of assessment and monitoring techniques at integrated monitoring sites in Europe A new methodology for the evaluation of the urban air pollution by measurement performed with equipment installed onboard of municipal tramways or trolley buses Design and implementation

Project Focus Policy and management tools in transportation Assessment and monitoring of air quality Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Policy and management

130

LIFE95 ENV/NL/000259 LIFE95 ENV/NL/000275

LIFE95 ENV/NL/000315 LIFE95 ENV/NL/000368

LIFE95 ENV/UK/000374 LIFE95 ENV/UK/000595 TOTAL

of model to integrate an outlying agricultural area with a central urban zone reducing the number of circulating private motor vehicles Towards automatic monitoring of coarse dust deposition Environmental friendly processing of new lacquers in the furniture industry for the reduction of VOC emissions with the UV-curing technology Demonstration Project for Biotechnological Flue Gas Desulfurisation Development and demonstration of an instrument for monitoring the effectiveness of measures in the EU to reduce VOC emissions Plasma treatment of incinerator off-gas Environmental Monitoring of Integrated Transport Strategies

tools in transportation

Subject Recovery of wolfram (W) out of the waste gas of a W-CVD processing tool by means of a dry plasma scrubber Development and initiation of measures aimed at reducing private cars in a touristic area Environmental management of Gijón’s harbour Integral re-use of lowthermal contaminated vapours with cool production Development and

Project Focus Pollution treatment

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution treatment and systems Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution treatment Assessment and monitoring of air quality 13

LIFE96 Name LIFE96 ENV/B/000484

LIFE96 ENV/D/000190

LIFE96 ENV/E/000268 LIFE96 ENV/E/000275 LIFE96 ENV/IRL/000091

Policy and management tools in transportation Planning and management systems Pollution prevention in agriculture Policy and management

131

LIFE96 ENV/IT/000070

LIFE96 ENV/IT/000075

LIFE96 ENV/NL/000203 LIFE96 ENV/NL/000215

LIFE96 ENV/UK/000403

TOTAL

demonstration of an integrated Emission Control System Evaluation of population exposure to benzene in order to establish concentration limits in the air Measures for reducing the use of Methyl Bromide for soil disinfestation and for anticipating its phasing out in order to protect the ozone layer and to reduce water and soil contamination Management system for urban air quality and noise Towards development of a deposition monitoring network for air pollution in Europe; low-cost monitoring methods Use of a novel biological treatment process for reduction of VOC emissions to air

tools in industry

Subject Development of a ß Absorption equipment for filters to measure the Suspended Particulate Matter along with heavy metals (BASPM) Fluoride Recuperation Unit

Project Focus Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Demonstration project ‘flameless non-catalytic oxidation of hazardous gases from waste disposal sites’ Reduction of VOC emissions by using fatty acid esters for metal cleaning process Demonstration plant of an individual chamber pressure regulation to avoid emissions of coke ovens Elimination of emission in

Waste management and recycling

Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in agriculture

Policy and management tools in transportation Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in industry 10

LIFE97 Name LIFE97 ENV/B/000404

LIFE97 ENV/B/000411 LIFE97 ENV/D/000457

LIFE97 ENV/D/000465 LIFE97 ENV/D/000473

LIFE97 ENV/DK/000338

Pollution treatment

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in

132

LIFE97 ENV/DK/000342 LIFE97 ENV/E/000247

LIFE97 ENV/F/000197

LIFE97 ENV/FIN/000336

LIFE97 ENV/GR/000387

LIFE97 ENV/IT/000047

LIFE97 ENV/UK/000509 TOTAL

glass fibre casting Electrochemical particulate trap for diesel engine exhaust Development of the production process of five ZEUS electrical vehicles and testing of their behaviour in real environment Demonstration of the industrial fabrication of an alternative clean fuel for urban fleet: water-diesel emulsion Coupling of CORINAIR data to cost-effective emission reduction strategies based on critical thresholds Assess air quality through the use of bio-indicators and incorporate findings into land-use planning of Kavala region Process and product innovations for the manufacturing of doublefired ceramic tiles, intended to reduce the environmental impact due to gas emissions and the use of exhaustible natural resources (water & clay) and energy Use of a novel absorption process for reduction of VOC emissions to air

industry Pollution treatment

Subject Sustainable change immobility behaviour thanks to incentive actions organized by the population, trade and industry and the city council.

Reduction of energy consumption and air pollution by means of absorption chillers powered by unconditioned heat-fluxes

Project Focus Awareness raising

Pollution prevention in transportation

Pollution prevention in transportation

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution treatment 13

LIFE98 Name LIFE98 ENV/B/000253

LIFE98 ENV/D/000504

Pollution prevention in industry

133

LIFE98 ENV/D/000522

LIFE98 ENV/D/000536 LIFE98 ENV/E/000379

LIFE98 ENV/F/000298 LIFE98 ENV/F/000300 LIFE98 ENV/NL/000186 LIFE98 ENV/NL/000189

LIFE98 ENV/NL/000198 LIFE98 ENV/P/000556

LIFE98 ENV/P/000557

LIFE98 ENV/UK/000590

LIFE98 ENV/UK/000611 TOTAL

Clean air system development and test of an innovative and mobile testing plant for nonpolluting drying of wet flakes of the wood material industry Introduction of an innovative surface coating plant for solid varnishing System to reduce the environmental impact in the bulk cereal handling of A Coruña harbour Collection and treatment of oil fogs by cyclonic exchanger Improved alcoxylation process ‘Sulphur Plus’ Pilot Plant Environmental-friendly cleaning fluid for the processing plants of AtoHaas Nederland B.V. Detection of ozone trends in relation to emission changes Air pollution and the management and conservation of forest ecosystems – Setúbal peninsula Vehicle Impact Reduction Initiative Adapting Transport Management in Urban Systems Novel technologies to help the European furniture industry reduce emissions of environmental damaging organic solvents Chepstow sustainable transport project

Pollution prevention in industry

Subject Residue-free Flue Gas Dust Purification – Complete elimination of residues from flue gas dust purification

Project Focus Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Pollution treatment Pollution prevention in industry Pollution treatment Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality Planning and management systems

Policy and management tools in transportation Pollution prevention in industry

Policy and management tools in transportation 14

LIFE99 Name LIFE99 ENV/A/000401

134

LIFE99 ENV/B/000649

LIFE99 ENV/D/000434

LIFE99 ENV/D/000435

LIFE99 ENV/D/000442 LIFE99 ENV/D/000446

LIFE99 ENV/D/000453

LIFE99 ENV/DK/000614 LIFE99 ENV/DK/000615

LIFE99 ENV/F/000459 LIFE99 ENV/IRL/000605 LIFE99 ENV/IT/000081

through feedback into materials cycles (in 2 phases) The removal of photo resist from silicon wafers using a boundary layer controlled ozone/DI-water process Demonstration of the technical and economical feasibility of an innovative painting technology for small plastic components by means of high-speed rotation for the reduction of paint consumption and solvent emissions High speed cutting without cooling for cleaner metalworking: cutting-edge technology Reduction of the odour emission in the feed mill Oldenburg Conception for an environmentally friendly regional freight transport within the ‘City Network EXPO-Region’ European network for the assessment of air quality by the use of bio-indicator plants Super critical wood impregnation Establishment and test of a demonstration pilotscale plant for Ferrox stabilisation of ashes and other air pollution control residues from waste incineration European day ‘In town, without my car?’

Environmental Sustainability through solvent and energy recovery technologies Development of a high spatial resolution atmospheric monitoring model to verify the actual emission reduction of ozone precursors foreseen by ‘Auto-Oil’ program

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in agriculture Policy and management tools in transportation

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry Pollution treatment

Awareness raising Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality

135

LIFE99 ENV/IT/000089

Train powder coating

LIFE99 ENV/IT/000131

Environmental control observatory. Exploration of pollution levels on the road for ecological real-time survey Reduction of ethylene-oxide emission in starch derivative production Firing techniques for the reduction of fluoride emission by producing bricks Water based coating technique for environmental damage reduction Sensitize inhabitants to the use of bicycle in Vila Nova da Barquinha A pilot system for urban environmental impact assessment in relation with urban planning use, using an OPEN-GIS technology and pollution level estimation procedures Towards a sustainable milk production – reducing onfarm ammonia losses Identification of critical environmental impacts from air transportation over North Europe Development and evaluation of innovative solutions to reduce VOC emissions from the printing industry

LIFE99 ENV/NL/000231 LIFE99 ENV/NL/000236 LIFE99 ENV/NL/000241 LIFE99 ENV/P/000663 LIFE99 ENV/RO/006746

LIFE99 ENV/S/000625 LIFE99 ENV/S/000631

LIFE99 ENV/UK/000172

TOTAL

Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Awareness raising Planning and management systems

Pollution prevention in agriculture Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry 22

LIFE00 Name LIFE00 ENV/A/000240

LIFE00 ENV/E/000506

Subject Graz: Noise and emission reduction through the promotion of alternative means of transport for the citizens personal well-being Demonstrative project of an innovative system to prevent the VOC emissions generated by the industry

Project Focus Awareness raising

Pollution prevention in industry

136

LIFE00 ENV/F/000640 LIFE00 ENV/H/000936

LIFE00 ENV/IT/000005

LIFE00 ENV/IT/000012

LIFE00 ENV/IT/000184

LIFE00 ENV/NL/000794 LIFE00 ENV/NL/000797 LIFE00 ENV/P/000830

LIFE00 ENV/RO/000987

LIFE00 ENV/RO/001002 TOTAL

Sustainable Mobility Initiative for Local Environment Establishment and operation of a regional bio monitoring network for the assessment of air quality – East Hungarian Bio monitoring Network High temporal resolution urban monitoring of benzene, 1,3-butadiene and methylterbuthylether and other volatile organic compounds Absorption and recovery of sulphur from flue gas of the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), by a special reusable buffer Integrated Environmental Management in the tannery district of Chiampo Valley (Italy) Zero emission lacquer Demonstration textile CO 2 treatment Implementation of a multidisciplinary tool for the evaluation and management of air quality, and the social impacts in the region of Sines Air pollution forecasting, alert and monitoring system on short time scale, at local and regional scale, in unfavourable meteorological and topographical conditions Vote for bicycle, vote for a cleaner city

Awareness raising Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution treatment

Policy and management tools in industry Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Awareness raising 12

LIFE02 Name LIFE02 ENV/D/000403

Subject First-time implementation of a new and environmentally sound cold smoke climatic chamber for industrial

Project Focus Pollution prevention in industry

137

LIFE02 ENV/E/000242

LIFE02 ENV/E/000253 LIFE02 ENV/E/000274 LIFE02 ENV/GR/000359

LIFE02 ENV/IT/000064 LIFE02 ENV/IT/000106 LIFE02 ENV/NL/000121

LIFE02 ENV/S/000344 LIFE02 ENV/UK/000136 TOTAL

production of uncooked sausages Bonding operations free of hazardous solvents in the complete process of footwear manufacture Collecting used cooking oils to their recycling as biofuels for diesel engines Automatic tool for environmental diagnosis Improvement of urban environment quality of air and noise levels by an integrated, cost effective and multi-level application of clean vehicle technologies The application of innovative photovoltaic technology to the railway trains Implementation of a “slow mobility” transportation system Demonstration of a new additive called S2K used for paper production that gives paper fibres additional strength, resulting in more recycle loops of paper fibres, 8% reduction in VOC emissions during paper production Reduction of solvents in the European newspaper printing industry Clean accessible transport for community health

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in transportation Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in transportation

Pollution prevention in transportation Awareness raising Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in industry Policy and management tools in transportation 10

LIFE03 Name LIFE03 ENV/D/000031 LIFE03 ENV/D/000044 LIFE03 ENV/E/000114 LIFE03 ENV/IT/000319

Subject Oil-Porous-Burner system with integrated vaporizer unit Development of an aerospace minimized VOC exterior system Alternative to wine shoots’ incineration Smart and innovative

Project Focus Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Waste management and recycling Policy and management

138

LIFE03 ENV/IT/000343

LIFE03 ENV/NL/000477

LIFE03 ENV/P/000521 LIFE03 ENV/SK/000577 TOTAL

demonstration of demand handy responsive transport application to improve the quality of the urban environment Designing local market for specific polluting emissions (SO 2 , NO x , CO 2 ): a pilot project for air quality control in Lombardia Large scale heat and power generation for a new residential area of Amersfoort by means of innovative biomass gasification Vapour phase bioreactors for agro-non-food industries Integrated logistics for use of biomass energy

tools in transportation

Subject Klagenfurt’s Anti-PM 10 action programme in cooperation with Graz and the South Tyrol Demonstration of a closed circuit system resulting in a substantial odour emission reduction and energy saving during oilseed pressing Ultrafine particle size distributions in air pollution monitoring networks Sustainable management of rice straw Modern and environmental friendly composting methods of agricultural waste New eco spray system in the tanning production cycle LIFE-Environment interventions for Fraschetta Area: innovative measures for the improvement of air quality and the reduction of noise in Fraschetta area Demonstrating the reduction

Project Focus Policy and management tools in transportation

Planning and management systems

Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in agriculture Planning and management systems 8

LIFE04 Name LIFE04 ENV/AT/000006

LIFE04 ENV/DE/000051

LIFE04 ENV/DE/000054 LIFE04 ENV/ES/000184 LIFE04 ENV/HU/000372 LIFE04 ENV/IT/000414 LIFE04 ENV/IT/000442

LIFE04 ENV/IT/000547

Pollution prevention in industry

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in agriculture Waste management and recycling Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Assessment and monitoring

139

LIFE04 ENV/IT/000598 LIFE04 ENV/SE/000765

LIFE04 ENV/SE/000774

TOTAL

of greenhouse gases and air pollution through a homeostatic mobility planning aimed at road traffic balancing New eco-sustainable drawing system to process steel wire rods/byproducts Multi-stage biological reduction of ethylene diamine tetracetic acid in pulp industries Demonstration of a new concept for a safe, environmental advantageous, economical sustainable and energy effective system for handling animal by-products in Europe

of air quality

Subject Demonstration of environmentally friendly aluminium engine block Core Package casting (CPS) using an inorganic binder Transfer of the organic constituents of sewage sludge into a soluble form for an efficient production of biogas SuperWool sustainable, AOXfree superwash finishing of wool tops for the yarn production Demonstration and training lead-free soldering for European industry in order to promote environmentfriendly electronic production Hydro-mechanical descaling process based on highpressure vacuum technology using scales as abrasive blast medium Reduction of greenhouse gas

Project Focus Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in agriculture

11

LIFE05 Name

LIFE05 ENV/D/000185

LIFE05 ENV/D/000193

LIFE05 ENV/D/000195

LIFE05 ENV/D/000197

LIFE05 ENV/D/000207 LIFE05 ENV/DK/000141

Waste management and recycling

Pollution prevention in industry Awareness raising

Pollution prevention in industry

Waste management and

140

LIFE05 ENV/E/000256 LIFE05 ENV/E/000262 LIFE05 ENV/E/000328

LIFE05 ENV/E/000302

LIFE05 ENV/F/000053 LIFE05 ENV/F/000068

LIFE05 ENV/F/000083 LIFE05 ENV/GR/000214 LIFE05 ENV/GR/000235 LIFE05 ENV/GR/000242 LIFE05 ENV/IT/000808

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000812 LIFE05 ENV/IT/000839

emission from landfills by use of engineered bio-covers Integral liquid residuals management model for surface treatment industries through BAT’s Integral mobility management in industrial estates and areas Pilot demonstration plant for reduction of VOC air emissions Implementation of a management model for the ecologically sustainable treatment of pig manure in the Region of Los Serranos, Valencia-Spain Reliability and industrialisation of processes and equipment in electronic assembly. Compliance with “WEEE” & “ROHS” European directives Monitoring network of allergens by immunosampling Project of clean technologies setting up the development of green electronics in aeronautical and military communication systems Satellite-assisted management of air quality Sustainable Construction in Public and Private Works through IPP approach Collaborative Environmental Regeneration of Port-Cities: Elefsina Bay 2020 Integration and development of environmental management systems Project for recovery and reuse of industrial waters and trivalent chromium generated by tannery waste processing Clean-Distribution of goods in specimen areas at the last mile of the intermodal

recycling Pollution treatment

Policy and management tools in transportation Pollution prevention in industry Waste management and recycling

Pollution prevention in industry

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Planning and management systems Policy and management tools in transportation Planning and management systems Pollution treatment

Policy and management tools in transportation

141

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000870

LIFE05 ENV/IT/000911 LIFE05 ENV/L/000047

LIFE05 ENV/NL/000035

LIFE05 ENV/P/000369

LIFE05 ENV/RO/000106

LIFE05 ENV/UK/000122 TOTAL

transport chain Centre for eco-friendly city freight distribution Volatile organic compounds free decals – Eliminating toxic, harmful and/or dangerous chemical substances from the manufacturing of industrial decal transfers New and environmentally friendly OSB panels Demonstration of a closed loop blanching system for the potato processing industry Integrated waste management system for the reuse of used frying oils to produce biodiesel for municipality fleet of Oeiras Air pollution impact surveillance and warning system for urban environment Project to demonstrate a system to increase cullet leverage for environmentally attractive recycling

Policy and management tools in transportation Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Waste management and recycling

Assessment and monitoring of air quality Waste management and recycling 26

LIFE06 Name LIFE06 ENV/PREP/A/000006 LIFE06 ENV/A/000345 LIFE06 ENV/D/000465

LIFE06 ENV/D/000475 LIFE06 ENV/D/000477 LIFE06 ENV/D/000479

Subject European consortium for modelling of air pollution and climate strategies Sound and particle absorbing system Zero emissions ships Improvement of nat. efficiency by superconducting current limiter for 110kV Particulates, freight and heavy duty vehicles in urban environments Demonstration of an innovative wind propulsion technology for cargo vessels

Project Focus Planning and management systems Pollution treatment Pollution prevention in transportation Pollution prevention in industry Policy and management tools in transportation Pollution prevention in transportation

142

LIFE06 ENV/E/000001

LIFE06 ENV/E/000044

LIFE06 ENV/E/000054 LIFE06 ENV/F/000152 LIFE06 ENV/FIN/000201 LIFE06 ENV/IT/000257 LIFE06 ENV/L/000121 TOTAL

Resin-free liquid-stone process elimination of synthetic polluting resins and toxic solvents Environmentally-friendly management of swine waste based on innovative technology: a demonstration project set in Arag贸n (Spain) Design and demonstration of 3 CHP plants using two 5 kW solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) working with landfill gas and biogas from anaerobic digestion Vitrification and recycling of incineration residues Control of VOC emissions from mechanical pulping beyond BAT Vegetable oil initiative for a cleaner environment Energy efficient building systems

Pollution prevention in industry

Subject PM10 reduction by the application of liquid CalciumMagnesium Acetate (CMA) in the Austrian and Italian cities Klagenfurt, Bruneck and Lienz Developing a best practices e-tool for reducing VOCs emissions in the European printing SMEs industry according to BATs Efficient development of eco-architecture: Methods and technologies for public social housing building in Extremadura Biogas injection into natural gas grid and use as vehicle fuel by upgrading it with a novel CO 2 capture and storage technology Validation of environment

Project Focus Pollution treatment

Waste management and recycling

Waste management and recycling

Waste management and recycling Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in transportation Pollution prevention technology and systems 13

LIFE07 Name

LIFE07 ENV/A/000003

LIFE07 ENV/E/000836

LIFE07 ENV/E/000805

LIFE07 ENV/E/000829 LIFE07 ENV/F/000179

Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention technology and systems

Pollution prevention in transportation

Pollution prevention in

143

LIFE07 ENV/IT/000434

LIFE07 ENV/S/000912

LIFE07 ENV/P/000625 TOTAL

friendly flat glass production using an innovative hot oxygen combustion technique Methane and hydrogen blend for public city transport bus: technical demonstrative application and strategic policy measures Towards sustainable value chains through a common approach for company strategic work and daily operations Environmental performance indicators and their relation with economic factors in textile BAT implementation

industry

Subject Innovative management model of urban trees in the city of Jerez de la Frontera Eco-publishing, sustainable management of publications in the public administration Pervasive air-quality sensors network for an environmentally friendly urban traffic management Implementation of an air quality modelling and forecast system in Romania Demonstration of photocatalytic remediation processes on air quality Demonstration of a sustainable & effective 2nd generation biofuels application in an urban environment Clean and energy efficient trucks for urban goods distribution Creative high efficient and effective use of biomass

Project Focus Planning and management systems

Pollution prevention in transportation

Policy and management tools in industry

Policy and management tools in industry 8

LIFE08 Name LIFE08 ENV/E/000097 LIFE08 ENV/E/000124

LIFE08 ENV/E/000107 LIFE08 ENV/F/000485 LIFE08 ENV/F/000487

LIFE08 ENV/GR/000569 LIFE08 ENV/S/000269 LIFE08 ENV/SK/000240 TOTAL

Planning and management systems Policy and management tools in transportation Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution treatment Pollution prevention in transportation

Pollution prevention in transportation Pollution prevention technology and systems 8

144

LIFE09 Name

LIFE09 ENV/AT/000226 LIFE09 ENV/BE/000409 LIFE09 ENV/CY/000252

LIFE09 INF/DE/000012

LIFE09 ENV/DK/000367

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000451 LIFE09 ENV/ES/000457

LIFE09 ENV/ES/000460 LIFE09 ENV/ES/000507 LIFE09 ENV/FI/000568

LIFE09 ENV/FI/000579 LIFE09 ENV/FR/000591

Subject CO2-neutral e-mobility in European cities to reduce air pollutants (PM 10 , PM 2.5 , NO 2 ) and noise demonstrated in Klagenfurt, Austria

Project Focus Pollution prevention in transportation

Policy support system for atmospheric pollution hot spots Particulates monitoring, modelling and management Information campaign “ProKlima”: Efficient car climatisation through natural cooling substances Demonstration of a new composites waste recycling process and of the use of the recycled materials in various industries Demonstration of zero waste cycle by the complete valorization of residues from refining of used vegetal oils Improving the environmental performance of publications from design to lecture End life vehicles: innovative and sustainable technology for achieving European directive targets Creation of new network for electric cars technology Abatement of VOC load from waste water treatment in mechanical pulping Best winter maintenance practices to reduce respirable street dust in urban areas – demonstration of best practices, strategy development and implementation Transverse flux induction strip heating demonstrator, a technology limiting CO 2

Planning and management systems Planning and management systems Awareness raising

Waste management and recycling

Waste management and recycling Planning and management systems Waste management and recycling Pollution prevention in transportation Pollution treatment Planning and management systems

Pollution prevention in industry

145

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000594

LIFE09 ENV/FR/000600 LIFE09 ENV/FR/000601

LIFE09 ENV/GR/000289 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000063

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000070 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000074 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000082

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000092 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000107 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000111 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000115

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000124 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000146

emissions & acid wastes in steel industry Demonstration of the industrial viability of a new chemistry to produce ecofriendly solvents from nylon chain wastes Make your Non Destructive Testing greener by new ecofriendly practices and technologies Environmental challenges for a rural territory Development of a cost efficient policy tool for reduction of particulate matter in air Integrated model for sustainable management of mobility in industrial districts New organic waste sustainable treatment engine: Implementation and promotion of a system for the household organic waste treatment and domestic composting Green areas inner-city agreement Population exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) An integrated assessment methodology to plan local cost-effective air quality policies harmonised with national and European actions Emissions free refrigerated urban distribution Integrated eco-friendly mobility services for people and goods in small islands Endorsement actions for governance of local environment Environmental TRY for innovative dynamic environmental and energetic analyses Tourism accessibility in small

Pollution prevention in industry

Pollution prevention in industry Planning and management systems Assessment and monitoring of air quality Policy and management tools in transportation Waste management and recycling

Planning and management systems Assessment and monitoring of air quality Planning and management systems

Pollution prevention in transportation Pollution prevention in transportation Planning and management systems Assessment and monitoring of air quality Policy and management

146

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000186

attractive cities New decisive and clean technology for the long storage of the metallic wires New eco-process of superficial treatment of the metal wire products Ennobling of sludge for energy use and industrial

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000216

Hydrogen in fuel gas

LIFE09 ENV/NL/000427

Sewage energy exchange Green citizens of Europe – Innovative tools and methods for interactive and co-creative citizens

LIFE09 ENV/IT/000174 LIFE09 ENV/IT/000185

LIFE09 ENV/SE/000346 TOTAL

tools in transportation Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry Waste management and recycling Pollution prevention in transportation Waste management and recycling Awareness raising

32

LIFE10 Name

LIFE10 ENV/CZ/000651 LIFE10 ENV/FI/000059

LIFE10 ENV/FR/000208

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000327

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000347

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000389

LIFE10 ENV/IT/000391

Subject Innovative methods of monitoring of diesel engine exhaust toxicity in real urban traffic Odour and hazardous emission abatement of foundries Ozone and climate change impacts on French and Italian forests: Refinement of criteria and thresholds for forest protection Particles size and composition in Mediterranean countries: geographical variability and short-term health effects Urea-based nitrogenous fertilisers coated with zeolite: reducing drastically pollution due to nitrogen Integration of traffic and environmental data for improving green policies in the city of Bolzano Desert-dust impact on air quality through modelpredictions and advanced sensors observations

Project Focus Assessment and monitoring of air quality Pollution prevention in industry Planning and management systems

Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in agriculture Policy and management tools in transportation Assessment and monitoring of air quality

147

LIFE10 ENV/SE/000035 LIFE10 ENV/SE/000041 TOTAL

Life without oil: Slide in – energy efficient and fossilfree public transportation for a sustainable society Hybrid and plug-in extended range bus system

Pollution prevention in transportation

Subject Extend the lifetime/usability of buildings made of wood and/or cement Develop a new type of production system for automotive flat glass Bring the specific knowledge of NGOs and administrations to the European level to support the monitoring of the Air Quality Directive Implementation of a more efficient plasma catalytic waste air treatment.

Validate and demonstrate a new technology that allows the real-time monitoring and quantifying of aerobic microorganisms present in the water of a hydraulic system Develop, demonstrate and adapt cost-effective and appropriate measures to ensure better air quality in urban areas Develop the University of Brescia's method for treating fly ash

Project Focus Pollution prevention

Pollution prevention in transportation 9

LIFE11 Name LIFE11 ENV/BE/001046 LIFE11 ENV/CZ/000488 LIFE11 ENV/DE/000495

LIFE11 ENV/DE/001073 LIFE11 ENV/ES/000552

LIFE11 ENV/ES/000584

LIFE11 ENV/IT/000256 TOTAL

Pollution prevention in industry Assessment and monitoring of air quality

Pollution prevention in industry Pollution prevention in industry

Policy and management tools

Waste management and recycling 7

148

ANNEX III: LONG LIST OF EU LEGISLATION RELATING TO AIR QUALITY

Directive 2008/50/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2008 on ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe Air Quality Directive This Directive (Pure Air for Europe) revises European legislation relating to ambient air quality with the aim of reducing pollution to levels which minimise the harmful effects on human health and on the environment and improving information to the public on the risks involved.

It forms an integral part of the clean-up drive “Clean Air for Europe”. It defines and establishes objectives for ambient air quality in relation to sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2,5 ), lead, benzene and carbon monoxide, as well as ozone. It establishes common criteria for air quality for all Member States and facilitates their cooperation. It also clearly states that the public should be made aware of the concentrations of all pollutants named by the directive. It merged most previous legislation on air quality: the 96/62/EC Air Quality Framework Directive and most of its daughter directives.

Related Links: • •

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0050:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/ev0002_en.htm

Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament Thematic Strategy on air pollution [COM(2005) 446 - Not published in the Official Journal] In order to attain "levels of air quality that do not give rise to significant negative impacts on, and risks to human health and environment", this Thematic Strategy, part of the 6th EAP (Decision No 1600/2002/EC), supplements the current legislation and provided the framework for development and implementation of legislation from 2002 until 2012. It establishes objectives for air pollution and proposes measures for achieving them by 2020: modernising the existing legislation, placing the emphasis on the most harmful pollutants, and involving to a greater extent the sectors and policies that may have an impact on air pollution.

The Thematic Strategy identifies particulate matter and tropospheric ozone as the greatest concern regarding public health from air pollution. While it sets limit values for all pollutants, it underlines that it’s impossible to determine a level of exposure to particulate matter and tropospheric ozone that does not constitute a danger to human beings, and aims for a significant reduction in emissions.

Compared to 2000, the Strategy sets targets for 2020 which include reductions in loss of life expectancy, in mortalities, in acid deposition and in eutrophication. In order for those to be

149

achieved, significant reductions must occur in emissions of SO 2 (82%), of NO X (60%), of VOCs (51%), of ammonia (27%), and of primary PM 2.5 (59%).

While it is calculated that this will need 7.1 billion euro per year, the savings in terms of health are estimated at 42 billion euro per year, leading also to a significant decrease in premature deaths.

Regarding implementation, the Thematic Strategy aims to simplify EU legislation, to lead towards stricter limit values for air pollutants, to increase energy efficiency, to promote renewable energy sources, to examine further the impact of aviation and shipping, and to reduce the use of nitrogen in fertilisers.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52005DC0446:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28159_en.htm Directive 2004/107/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 December 2004 relating to arsenic, cadmium, mercury, nickel and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air Fourth Daughter Directive This Directive establishes a target value for the concentration of arsenic, cadmium, nickel and benzo(a)pyrene in ambient air. It also establishes common methods and criteria for the assessment of concentrations of those pollutants that lead to harmful health effects for humans and the environment. It requires Member States to maintain ambient air quality where it is good and improve it in other cases, by means of plans and programmes of action.

It finally legislates that such information should be communicated to the public.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0107:EN:NOT Directive 2001/81/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on national emission ceilings for certain atmospheric pollutants NEC Directive This directive establishes national emissions ceilings for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia. It aims to curb acidification (by at least 50% compared with 1990), eutrophication and tropospheric ozone formation. Regarding ozone in particular, it sets a “critical level� and legislates that ozone loads above that level will be reduced by two-thirds compared to 1990 levels; ozone loads below that critical level will be reduced by one-third.

Related Links:

150

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0081:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28095_en.htm#amend ingact Council Directive 1999/32/EC of 26 April 1999 relating to a reduction in the sulphur content of certain liquid fuels and amending Directive 93/12/EEC * This Directive and its amendments (such as 2005/33/EC Sulphur in Marine Fuel) establish limits on the sulphur content of petroleum-derived liquid fuels, aiming to combat acidification, the formation of particulate matter, and secondary inorganic aerosol gases.

It prohibits usage of fuels possessing more than 1.00% in sulphur content by mass for heavy fuels, or up to 3.00% if air quality standards are respected and there is no critical load of sulphur concentration in the ambient air. The Directive offers a window to certain industrial practices (such as certain combustion plants and refineries).

It also sets the sulphur content limit to 0.10% by mass for gas oils, including marine gas oils, or 0.20% by mass if air quality standards are respected and there is no critical load of sulphur concentration in the ambient air. The Directive exempts from those limits the Canary Islands, the French Overseas Departments and all of Greece.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0032:EN:HTML http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l21050_en.htm Directive 2008/1/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 January 2008 concerning integrated pollution prevention and control Integrated Pollution Prevention Control The IPPC Directive defines the obligations with which industrial and agricultural activities with a high pollution potential must comply. It establishes a procedure for authorising these activities and sets minimum requirements to be included in all permits, particularly in terms of pollutants released. The aim is to prevent or reduce pollution of the atmosphere, water and soil, as well as the quantities of waste arising from industrial and agricultural installations.

The IPPC Directive requires permits from a broad range of industrial and agricultural activities, such as energy industries, production and processing of metals, mineral industry, chemical industry, waste management, livestock farming, etc. It sets a wide range of basic obligations that must be met before a permit is issued, such as the usage of the best available technique in pollution-prevention measures, to use energy efficiently, to ensure accident prevention etc.

The Directive also necessitates such activities to deal with management of waste and to minimise long-distance or transboundary pollution.

Related Links:

151

http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32008L0001:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/waste_management/l28045_en.htm Directive 2001/80/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2001 on the limitation of emissions of certain pollutants into the air from large combustion plants Large Combustion Plants The Large Combustion Plants (LCP) Directive sets limits to the amounts of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and dust emitted from large combustion plants, with a thermal rating greater than 50 MW, irrespective of the type of fuel used (solid, liquid or gaseous). Its purpose is to encourage the combined production of heat and electricity (cogeneration). It sets specific emission limit values for the use of biomass as fuel. It also includes certain gas turbines in its scope in order to regulate NO X emissions.

Plants licensed after 27 November 2002 have to comply with the stricter emission limit values for SO 2 , NO x and dust, while plants licensed after 1 July 1987 and before 27 November 2002 have to comply with less strict emission limit values. The LCP Directive requires significant emission reductions from "existing plants" (licensed before 1 July 1987) to be achieved by 1 January 2008, either through individual compliance with the emission limit values established for new plants or through a national emission reduction plan (NERP) that achieves overall reductions calculated using the emission limit values.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/2001/L/02001L0080-20011127-en.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/lcp/legislation.htm http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28028_en.htm Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 November 2010 on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) * This Directive brings together, the IPPC Directive and six other directives in a single one regarding industrial emissions. It has entered into force but the deadline for transposition is January 2013. It will cover industrial activities with a major pollution potential, such as the energy industries, the production and processing of metals, the mineral industry, the chemical industry, waste management, the rearing of animals, etc.).

It will contain special provisions for combustion plants with a thermal rating greater than 50 MW, for waste incineration of co-incineration plants, for installations using organic solvents, and installations producing titanium dioxide. It establishes a set of basic obligations to be followed by such industrial installations, including preventive measures against pollution, the application of best available techniques, the reduction of waste and the maximization of energy efficiency etc.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010L0075:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/ev0027_en.htm

152

Directive 2009/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 on Stage II petrol vapour recovery during refuelling of motor vehicles at service stations * This Directive states that petrol vapour which is emitted during the refuelling of motor vehicles at service stations should be recovered in order to limit emissions of harmful vapour into the atmosphere. This vapour adds to emissions of atmospheric pollutants such as benzene and ground-level ozone which are harmful to human health and the environment.

In order for this to be achieved, the petrol pumps of many service stations in the European Union will have to be equipped accordingly The Directive imposes upon operators of new service stations the obligation to install a Stage II Petrol Vapour Recovery System, which must capture 85% of petrol vapour. The operators must also inform the public of the existence of such a system. .

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009L0126:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/ev0020_en.htm Regulation (EC) No 595/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 on type-approval of motor vehicles and engines with respect to emissions from heavy duty vehicles (Euro VI) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information and amending Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 and Directive 2007/46/EC and repealing Directives 80/1269/EEC, 2005/55/EC and 2005/78/EC * This Regulation and its amendments define the legal framework for type-approval of motor vehicles, engines and replacement parts with respect to their emissions. It also establishes rules on in-service conformity of vehicles and engines, durability of pollution control devices on-board diagnostic (OBD) systems and accessibility of information, measurement of fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions.

It obliges the manufacturers to demonstrate that all vehicles, engines and spare parts sold comply to those standards, while they also must guarantee effective limitation of tailpipe emissions. This Regulation also establishes conditions for pollution control devices according to a mileage and life cycle specific to each vehicle category.

Manufacturers are also responsible to provide technical information on independent operators who may provide service, repairs and maintenance to the vehicle.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009R0595:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/mi0029_en.htm Directive 2009/33/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009 on the promotion of clean and energy-efficient road transport vehicles Clean Road Transport This Directive requires public authorities and some other operators to take into account, with regard to procurement, the impact of vehicles during their entire operational lifetime in terms of energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and emissions of NOx, non-methane

153

hydrocarbons and particulate matter. It also provides a methodology for calculating the monetary costs of such emissions.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32009L0033:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/en0011_en.htm Council Regulation (EC) No 71/2007 of 20 December 2007 setting up the Clean Sky Joint Undertaking * The Clean Sky Joint Technology Initiative is a public-private partnership that creates a comprehensive framework for the facilitation of research regarding cleaner technologies in aviation. Regarding air pollution, it aims to reduce the emissions of NO x by 80%.

The Directive establishes technical characteristics that are meant to guide the research process of cleaner technologies. Those include lifecycle analysis of the planes’ materials and components.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2008:030:0001:01:EN:HTML http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/i23040_en.htm Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval of motor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) and on access to vehicle repair and maintenance information * In order to limit pollution caused by road vehicles, this Regulation and its amendments introduces common requirements for emissions from motor vehicles and their specific replacement parts (Euro 5 and Euro 6 standards). It also lays down measures improving access to information on vehicle repairs and promoting the rapid production of vehicles in compliance with the provisions of the Regulation.

The Regulation covers emissions of carbon monoxide, non-methane hydrocarbons and total hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. It covers tailpipe emissions, evaporative emissions and crankcase emissions.

The Euro 5 standard came into force on 1 September 2009, and applies from 1 January 2011 for the registration and sale of new types of cars. The Euro 6 standard will come into force on 1 September 2014, and from 1 January 2015 for the registration and sale of new types of cars. Upon the entering into force of the new standards, Member States must refuse the approval, registration, sale and introduction of vehicles that do not comply with the emission limits set by the Regulation.

Manufacturers are also obliged to conform on a number of technical characteristics for which the Commission has established committees to conduct research upon. They are also obliged to offer free information to maintenance and repair providers, without any prejudice or discrimination whatsoever.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007R0715:EN:NOT

154

http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28186_en.htm Commission Directive 2003/76/EC of 11 August 2003 amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles * This Directive and its consequent amendments deal with emissions from a wide range of motor vehicles aimed for use at public roads. They lay down different limit values for the following pollutants: carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, and specifically for diesel engines, of particulate pollutants. This applies for tailpipe emissions, evaporative emissions, emissions of crankcase gases and the durability of anti-pollution devices for all motor vehicles equipped with positive-ignition engines.

One of the amendments (Directive 2001/1/EC) establishes certain dates by which vehicles also are to be fitted with an on-board diagnostic system allowing emission levels to be checked and any malfunction in a vehicle's anti-pollution equipment to be detected.

This Directive will be repealed in January 2nd 2013 by the Euro 5 and Euro 6 Regulation (No 715/2007) which sets stricter limits for pollutants, particularly regarding nitrogen particulates and oxides.

Related Links: http://eurlex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc =Directive&an_doc=2003&nu_doc=76 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l21047_en.htm Directive 2003/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 May 2003 on the promotion of the use of biofuels or other renewable fuels for transport This Directive requires the Member States to introduce legislation and take the necessary measures to ensure that biofuels account for a minimum proportion (5.75%) of the fuel sold on their territory. Apart from energy security, the stated purpose of the Directive is to reduce conventional emissions of CO 2 , CO, NOx, VOCs and other particles which are toxic for health and the environment.

Member States are also obliged to report on the measures taken to promote the use of biofuels, on the national resources they allocate to the production of biomass destined for energy purposes, and on the total quantities of fuels sold for transport each year.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32003L0030:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l21061_en.htm Commission Directive 2000/71/EC of 7 November 2000 to adapt the measuring methods as laid down in Annexes I, II, III and IV to Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council to technical progress as foreseen in Article 10 of that Directive *

155

This Directive changes the test methods that are used to determine quality of petrol and diesel fuels in relation to environmental specifications set by Directive 98/70/EC, in order to reflect technical progress.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0071:EN:NOT Directive 2000/25/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2000 on action to be taken against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants by engines intended to power agricultural or forestry tractors and amending Council Directive 74/150/EEC * This Directive aims to approximate the legislation of Member States regarding emissions by agricultural and forestry tractors. It legislates on the type-approval procedures applying to engines of such vehicles, and therefore of their emissions.

The Directive distinguishes between four chemical pollutants: carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and particulates.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0025:EN:HTML http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28070_en.htm Directive 98/70/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to the quality of petrol and diesel fuels and amending Council Directive 93/12/EEC * This Directive and its amendments establish target values regarding pollutants from motor road and non-road mobile machinery, agricultural and forestry tractors, and recreational craft when not at sea.

It regulates that from 2000 onwards the marketing of leaded petrol should be banned, while until 2013 supplies must place on the market petrol with a maximum oxygen content of 2.7% and a maximum ethanol content of 5%.

Regarding diesel, it regulates that the sulphur content of gas oils intended for use by nonroad mobile machinery must not exceed 1,000 mg/kg, while from January 1st 2011, the sulphur content must not exceed 10 mg/kg.

The Directive also establishes a set of criteria for the introduction of sustainable biofuels, by prohibiting the extraction of raw materials to be used as biofuels from certain locales, such as wooded areas, grasslands with high biodiversity etc.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31998L0070:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28077_en.htm Directive 97/68/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1997 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to measures against the emission of gaseous and particulate pollutants from internal combustion engines to be installed in non-road mobile machinery

156

This Directive and its amendments aim to approximate the laws of Member States with regard to emission standards and type-approval procedures for engines intended to be fitted to non-road mobile machinery. They establish certain technical requirements regarding the level of pollutants emitted, as well as guidelines for their monitoring.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31997L0068:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l21219_en.htm Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO 2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars * This Directive requires the provision of information relating to the fuel economy and CO 2 emissions of cars at the point of sale or leasing. It establishes a consumer information system that obligates sellers of car to attach a pertinent label to the vehicle, to produce a relevant emissions guide, to display relevant posters in car showrooms and to include such data in all promotional material.

The Directive prohibits the marketing of cars which does not comply with those provisions and which might cause confusion to the consumer.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0094:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l32034_en.htm Regulation (EC) No 166/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 January 2006 concerning the establishment of a European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register and amending Council Directives 91/689/EEC and 96/61/EC * This Regulation sets up the European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register (E-PRTR) in the form of a publicly accessible electronic database. The purpose of the register is to contain information on releases of pollutants to air, water and land, as well as transfers of 91 key pollutants, including heavy metals, pesticides, acid rain pollutants, greenhouse gases and dioxins. The activities concerned are those covered particularly by the IPPC Directive. The register is fed with information gathered by Member States and given to the Commission. It currently contains information for the years 2007, 2008 and 2009.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:033:0001:01:EN:HTML http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/general_provisions/l28149_en.htm http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/eper/legislation.htm 2004/461/EC: Commission Decision of 29 April 2004 laying down a questionnaire to be used for annual reporting on ambient air quality assessment under Council Directives

157

96/62/EC and 1999/30/EC and under Directives 2000/69/EC and 2002/3/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council * The Decision establishes a standardised questionnaire to be used by all Member States when they provide information annually regarding air pollutants.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2004:156:0078:0125:EN:PDF 2004/224/EC: Commission Decision of 20 February 2004 laying down arrangements for the submission of information on plans or programmes required under Council Directive 96/62/EC in relation to limit values for certain pollutants in ambient air * The Decision establishes a set structure through which the Member States must report information regarding the national plans or programs devised in order to bring pollutants levels to those ordained by the relevant directives.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004D0224:EN:NOT Directive 2000/76/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 December 2000 on the incineration of waste This Directive imposes strict operating conditions and technical requirements on waste incineration plants and waste co-incineration plants. It regulates that all incineration or coincineration plants must have a permit to carry out their activities. The permit will be issued by the competent authority on the condition that the requirements defined in this Directive are complied with. The permit specifies the categories and quantities of waste which may be treated, the plant's incineration or co-incineration capacity and the procedures for sampling and measuring air and water pollutants to be used.

The Directive states that prior to accepting hazardous waste at the incineration plant or coincineration plant, the operator of the plant must have at their disposal the administrative information on the generating process, the physical and chemical composition of the waste, as well as on the hazardous characteristics of the waste. It also sets temperature standards to be deployed, depending on the nature of the waste.

The Directive also sets limit values for the emission of heavy metals, dioxins, furans, carbon monoxide, dust, total organic carbon, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/consleg/2000/L/02000L0076-20001228-en.pdf http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/wid/legislation.htm http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/waste_management/l28072_en.htm

158

2006/507/EC: Council Decision of 14 October 2004 concerning the conclusion, on behalf of the European Community, of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants * POPs This Decision approves the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs).

The Convention covers 12 priority POPs produced intentionally or unintentionally. It establishes relevant bodies to implement the convention, ends the import and export of banned POPs, and creates regulatory mechanisms for measurement, financing, implementation, information exchange, settlement of disputes, and non-compliance.

Related Links: http://www.pops.int/ http://eurlex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc =Decision&an_doc=2006&nu_doc=507 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l21279_en.htm Council Directive 1999/13/EC of 11 March 1999 on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations Solvents Emissions Directive The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive and its amendments aim to prevent or reduce the direct and indirect effects of emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the environment and human health, by setting emission limits for such compounds and laying down operating conditions for installations using organic solvents. It covers a wide range of solvent using activities, e.g. printing, surface cleaning, vehicle coating, dry cleaning and manufacture of footwear and pharmaceutical products The Directive legislates that industrial operators must either deploy equipment that reduces emissions, or use products with low-solvent so as to reduce emissions. It also regulates that solvents or mixtures likely to have a serious effect on human health because of their content of VOCs (classified as carcinogens, mutagens, or toxic to reproduction), must be replaced by less harmful substances or mixtures.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0013:EN:NOT http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/solvents/legislation.htm http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28029b_en.htm

159

Directive 2004/42/EC on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain paints and varnishes and vehicle refinishing products * Paints Directive The purpose of the directive is to reduce emissions of VOCs into the atmosphere from paints, varnishes and vehicle refinishing products. It lays down maximum limits for the VOC content of these products.

Related Links: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/pollutants/stationary/paints/paints_legis.htm http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0042:EN:NOT European Parliament and Council Directive 94/63/EC of 20 December 1994 on the control of volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions resulting from the storage of petrol and its distribution from terminals to service stations * This Directive aims to reduce emissions from volatile organic compounds due to evaporation of petrol at all stages of the fuel storage and distribution chain. It covers the operations, installations, vehicles and vessels used for storage, loading and transport of petrol from one terminal to another or from a terminal to a service station.

It lays down harmonised technical specifications for the design and use of storage installations at terminals, equipment for loading and unloading mobile containers at terminals, mobile containers, and equipment for loading into storage installations at service stations.

Related Links: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994L0063:EN:NOT http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28029a_en.htm 81/462/EEC: Council Decision of 11 June 1981 on the conclusion of the Convention on longrange transboundary air pollution * This Decision approves the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and sets the framework for its implementation. This Convention establishes a framework for intergovernmental cooperation with the aim of protecting health and the environment from air pollution that is liable to affect several countries. This cooperation covers the development of appropriate policies, the exchange of information, research and the implementation and development of a monitoring system.

Related Links: http://unece.org/env/lrtap/ http://eurlex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc =Decision&an_doc=1981&nu_doc=462 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28162_en.htm

160

2001/379/EC: Council Decision of 4 April 2001 on the approval, on behalf of the European Community, of the Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution on Heavy Metals This Decision approves the signing of the Heavy Metals Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution.

The aim of the Protocol is to reduce emissions from heavy metals caused by anthropogenic activities that are subject to long-range transboundary atmospheric transport and are likely to have serious adverse effects on human health and the environment. To this end, it stipulates the reduction of total annual emissions into the atmosphere of cadmium, lead and mercury, and the application of product control measures.

The signatory parties must use best available technologies regarding all major sources of heavy metals, must respect emission limit values set in the annex, must apply regulatory measures, must keep updated cadmium, lead and mercury registers, must draw political strategies and programs to comply to the Protocol, and must communicate relevant information with other parties.

Related Links: http://eurlex.europa.eu/smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!DocNumber&lg=en&type_doc =Decision&an_doc=2001&nu_doc=379 http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/environment/air_pollution/l28035_en.htm

161