Islam in nepali book 3

Page 1

c;xfo d[ts of] j0f{g cdL/] cxn] ;'Ggt, bfjt] O:nfdLsf ;+:yfks xh/t df}nfgf d'xÞDdb ONof; cQf/ sÞfb/L bfdt a/sftx'd'NcfnLox! Ã¥f/f bfjt] O:nfdLsf] ltg lbg] cGt/f{li6«o OlHtdf -!!, !@ / !# ;fc\afg, !$@# lxh\/L_ df dlbgt'n\ cf}lnof, d'Ntfgdf ul/Psf] xf] . Pp6f k'l:tsfsf] ¿kdf tkfO+{sf] ;fd' k|:t't 5 . z}tfgn] tkfO+{nfO{ of] k'l:tsf k9\gaf6 /f]Sg / tkfO{nfO{ cN5L cg'ej u/fpg e/k'/ k|of; u/] tfklg of] k':ts ;'?b]vL cGt;Dd k9\g'xf];\, ! " #    OGzfcNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\@ tkfO{+n] cfkm" leq dbgL ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfef; ug'{x'g]5 .

Majlis Tarajim (Dawat-e-Islami) Alami Madani Markaz, Faizan-e-Madina, Mahalla Saudagran, Purani Sabzi Mandi, Baab-ul-Madina, Karachi, Pakistan Contact #: +92-21-34921389 to 91 translation@dawateislami.net

Maktaba-tul-Madina UK: 80-82 Bordesley Green Road, Birmingham, B9 4TA. Contact #: 07989996380 - 07867860092 Email: uk@dawateislami.net USA: Faizan-e-Madina, P. O. Box 36216, Houston, Tx 77274. Contact #: +713-459-1581, 832-618-5101 INDIA: 19/20 Muhammad Ali Road, Opposite Mandvi Post Office Mumbai - 400 003. Contact #: +91-022-23454429 BANGLADESH: K.M Bhovan, 1st Floor, 11, Andar Killa Chittagong. HONG KONG: Faizan-e-Madina, M/F-75, Ho Pui Street, Tsuen Wan N.T. Contact #: +85-98750884 – 31451557 SOUTH AFRICA: 61A, Mint Road, Fordsburg, Johannesburg. Contact #: 011-838 9099 KENYA: Kanz-ul-Iman, Near Al-Farooq Hospital, Tonoka Area Mvita, Mombasa. Contact #: +254-721-521916 TORONTO CANADA: 1060 Britannia Road Unit 20, 21 Mississauga ONT Canada. Contact #: +141-664-82261 II

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Table of Contents Maktaba-tul-Madina .................................................................. II 6«fG:nL6/];g\ rf6{ ............................................................................. III

c;xfo d[ts b'¿b z/Lkm ...................................................................................... 1 gf]6M ............................................................................................... 2 d[ts / u':n stf{ -g'xfOlbg] dflg;_ ........................................................ 2 d[tsn] s] eGb5< .............................................................................. 3 hLjg el/sf] efubf}8 ...................................................................... 4 sa| -lrxfg_ sf] x[boljbf/s j[QfGt ......................................................... 6 s:tf] cfgGbdoL d[To' ........................................................................ 10 fhsfh sfd nfPg ............................................................................ 11 ;+;f/df cfpg'sf] p2]Zo ..................................................................... 12 ;f+;fl/s zlSt sfd nfu]g .................................................................. 13 Rff/ cfwf/xLg bfaLx¿ ....................................................................... 15 d[tssf] 3f]if0ff ................................................................................ 20 d[ts ;Fusf] s'/fsfgL ........................................................................ 21 IV

c;xfo d[ts

l6eL 5f]8]/ d/]kl5 sa|sf] ;hfo ........................................................... 23 l6eL 3/af6 lgsfNbf Kof/f] cfsf $ sf] tkm{af6 awfO{ ............................. 24 axfgf gug'{xf];\ Û .............................................................................. 25 8/nfUbf] 3f6L .................................................................................. 28 d'8'nf] ljzfn ;k{ ............................................................................. 29 rfnL; lbg;Dd gdfh cl:jsfo{ ........................................................... 29 xh/t cÞnL ؓ◌ /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' sf] dfbs kbfy{k|lt 3[0ff..................... 31 qm'/ a'af cfdfsf] klg cf1f kfngf ......................................................... 31 jfrf k"/f gug'{sf] kmn ....................................................................... 33 k]6leq ;k{x¿ ................................................................................. 34 #^ k6s Jolerf/ ug'{eGbf klg g/fd|f] sfo{ .............................................. 34 hxGgd k"Ug] Ps sf/0f ...................................................................... 35 ;ft dbgL l;4fGtx¿ ........................................................................ 35 ~ ;'Ggtsf axf/ -v'zL_ x? ~.............................................................. 37

V

ۡ ٰ ٰ ۡ ٰ ۡ ٰ ۡ ۡ ۡ ۡ ! " ٰ ٰ ۡ ۡ ,/ , ٰ +ۡ ! ٰ - ۡ & ()*ۡ . $ & # ۡ $ % () * ۡ + 0 , ' ! &$ '

c;xfo d[ts b'¿b z/Lkm xfd|f dg dl:tissf k|;Ggbftf, kfkLx¿sf df]Ifbftf, a];xf/fsf ;xf/f xfd|f Kof/f gaL xh/t d'xDdb # . ! ٖ ( !  )  * (   +

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd sf] syg 5M æd k|lt b'¿b k9L cfˆgf] e]nfx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 agfpm ls ltd|f] b'¿b k9\g' sÞofdtsf] lbg ltd|f] nflu g"/ x'g]5 .Æ -lkm/bf};'NcVaf/, xbL; #!$*, efu @, k[i7 $!&, bf?Ns't'a'Nc/aL la?t_

+;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞnf d'xÞDdb$

+;Nn' cÞnn\ xÞaLa-b'¿b k9_

‫ﺻ ﻠ ۡﻮ ﻋ ﻟﺤ ﺒ ۡﻴﺐ‬

ٰ ‫ﺻ ﻟ ٰﻠ ﻪ ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻋ ٰ ﻣﺤ ﻤﺪ‬ 1

c;xfo d[ts

gf]6M != bfdt a/sftx'd'NcfnLoxM cNnfx cHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] c;n eStx¿sf] gfdsf] k5f8L nufOG5 .cy{ æpxfFsf] s[kf xfdL dfyL ;w}+ /xL/xf];\ .Æ @= OGzfcNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNnM cy{ æolb cNnfx cHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] rfxg'ePdf .Æ #= +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;NndM ha ha xfd|f] gaL sf] gfd pRrf/0f ul/G5 of ;'lgG5 pxfF k|lt b'¿b kl9G5 . of] jfSosf] cy{ æcNnfx tcÞfnfsf] tkm{ af6 xfd|f] gaL k|tL b'¿b -+;Nn_ / ;nfd xf];\ .Æ $= +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞnf d'xÞDdbM cNnfx tcÞfnfsf] tkm{af6 xfd|f] gaL d'xÞDdb k|lt b'¿b -+;Nn_ xf];\ ._ d[ts / u':n stf{ -g'xfOlbg] dflg;_ / xh/t ;øoLb'gf ;'kmLofg ;Þf}/L 1 #  * (   +   0

/bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx'% åf/f slyt 5 ls d[tsn] ;a} s'/f yfxf kfO{ /fv]sf] x'G5 oxfF ;DdsL d[tsn] 2

c;xfo d[ts

u':n stf{;Fu eGb5M æltdL;Fu cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\^ sf] gfddf laGtL 5 ls u':ndf d k|tL gd| Jojxf/ u/ .Æ cgL ha d[ts cfˆgf] hgfhfsf] vf6df -d[To'zø} ofdf_ x'G5 pm;Fu elgG5 lsM æltd|f] af/]df c¿n] ul//x]sf] s'/fx¿ ;'g .Æ -zx{'Þ +: +;'b"/, k[i7 (%, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

dtsn] [tsn tsn] s] eGb5 eGb5< cdL?Nd'ÚdLgLg xh/t ;øoLb'gf pd/ kmf?sÞ / cfÚ +hd 1 # * ( + 0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' sf]

ljj/0f 5 sL xfdL b'MvLx¿sf p¢f/s, cfsf;x?sf e|d0fs, dbLgf d'gJj/xsf tfhafxs xfd|f Kof/f gaL xh/t d'xDdb . ! Ù– ( ! ) * ( +

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd n] eGg'eof]M æd[tsnfO{ sa|:tfgtkm{ nfgsf] lgDtL tLg kfOnf lx8\g ;fy d[ts af]Nb5 / p;sf] af]nL dg'io / hLg afx]s cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] h;nfO{ ;'gfpg'x'G5 p;n] ;'Gb5 . d[tsn] eGb5M æx] d]/f bfh'efO{x¿, x] d]/f hgfhf -d[t z/L/_ p7fP/ lx8g]x¿ Û 3

c;xfo d[ts

ltdLx¿nfO{ ;+;f/n] wf]sfdf gkf/f];\ h;/L dnfO{ kf/L /fVof] . ;+;f/ ltdL;Fu gv]nf];\ h;/L d;Fu v]Nof] . d}n] hlt sdfPF cfˆgf] ;Gtfgsf] nflu 5f]8]+ . cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] sÞofdtsf] lbg d;Fu d]/f] kfk / k'0osf] lx;fa lng'x'G5 ha ls ltdLx¿ d]/f] labfOdf d]/f] nflu /f]O{ /x]sf 5f} .Æ -zx{'Þ +: +;'b"/, k[i7 (^, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_ ;+;f/ lhTg] c7f]6 lyof] l;sGb/sf] t/ ;+;f/af6 labf xF'bf xft vfnL g} lyof]

hLjg el/ el/sf] sf] efubf} efubf8} Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ sNkgf ug'{xf];\ Tof] ;do ha xfd|f] z/L/af6 cfTdfsf] la5f]8 eO/x]sf] x'g]5 . s:tf] x'g]5 xf]nf Tof] ;do ha xfd|f] z/L/af6 ax'd"No sk8fx¿ km'sflnOg]5 . gf]6M %= /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGxM xfd|f] gaLsf] ;xfaLx¿sf] gfd k5f8L nufOG5 h;sf] cy{ xf] æpxfF;Fu cNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ k|;Gg xf]pg\ .Æ ^=cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\M cy{ æ;Ddflgt Pjd\ ;j{>]i7 .Æ 4

c;xfo d[ts

u':n stf{n] u':n ul//x]sf] x'g]5 . ;fwf/0f ;]tf] sk8fsf] skmg nufOg]5 . xfd|f] d[t z/L/nfO{ sa|:tfgtkm{ nlug]5 . k|folZrQÛ 3f]/ k|folZrQ ÛÛ Tof] ;f+;fl/s ;'v h;sf] nflu hLjg e/ efubf}8 ul/Psf] lyof], h;sf] lglDt /ftLsf] lgb«f ;d]t TofluPsf] lyof] . ljleGg k|sf/sf hf]lvd x'g'sf] afjh'b, Oiof{n'x¿n] ;[hgf u/]sf cg]s cK7\of/fx¿sf] afjh'b d/L d/L wg sdfOPs} lyof], ;DklQ Pslqt ul/Ps} lyof] . 3/ t clt cfw'lgs / Jojl:yt lgdf{0f u/LPs} lyof] . cem kmlg{r/ / ljleGg ;fdu|Lx¿n] ;hfOPs} lyof] . t/ ckm;f]; ;a} s'/fx¿ oxL+ 5f]8L PSn} hfg k/L /x]sf] x'g]5 . Tof] dxª\uf] sk8f b/fhd} /xL /xg]5, uf8L df]6/ nufot x/]s ;fdfg hxfFsf] txLF /xL /xg]5 . o:tf] ;dodf d[ts slt xb;Dd c;xfo x'g]5 xf]nf ha ljleGg k|sf/sf aQLx¿n] ;lhPsf] pHofnf] ;f+;fl/s 3/af6 lgsflnP/ sa|:tfgsf] cWof/f] / ;'g;fg 3/df k|j]z ug{ k/L /x]sf] x'g]5< 5

c;xfo d[ts

;+3if{ sf] :yfg xf] ;+;f/ s]xL If0f sf] ;kgf xf] ;+;f/ x] dg uj{ lsg u5{;\ o;;uF /fd|f] xf]Og v/fa 5 ;+;f/

sa| -lrxfg_ sf] x[boljbf/s j[QfGt

xh/t ;øoLb'gf pÞd/ aLg cÞAb'n\ cÞhLÞhÞ 1 #  * (   +   0

/ /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' Ps hgfhfsf] ;fy sa|:tfg hfg'eof] . TofxfF pgL Ps sa|sf] glhs Wofg / ;f]+rdf 8'Ag'eof] . s]xL ;dok5L s;}n] / ;f]w], æx] cld?Nd'ÚdLgLg 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx'

tcÞfnf cÞGx' tkfO{+ oxfF PSn} s] ub}{ x'g'x'G5 <Æ pxfFn] hjfkm lbg'eof], ev{/} Ps sa|n] dnfO{ af]nfP/ eGof] ls x] pÞd/ lag cÞAb'n\ cÞhLÞ hÞ 1 # * (  +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' d;Fu lsg

/ ;f]Wg'x'Gg ls d}n] cfkm"leq cfpg];Fu s:tf] Jojxf/ ub{5' < d}n] To; sa|;Fu eg]F, cjZo dnfO{ eg . sa|n] eGg yfNof], ha sf]xL dleq cfpFb5, d}n] p;sf] skmg Roft]/ p;sf] z/L/sf] 6'qmf 6'qmf ul/lbG5' / p;sf] df;'x¿ hlt vfOlbG5' . s] tkfO{n] d;Fu of] ;f]Wg'x'Gg ls d}n] d[tssf] x8\8Lsf] hf]8x¿nfO{ s] ub{5' < d}n] egF] cjZo 6

c;xfo d[ts

eg . sa|n] eGof], d}n] d[tssf] xTs]nfx¿nfO{ gf/Laf6, 3'F8fx¿nfO{ v'6\6f af6 / v'6\6fx¿nfO{ k}tfnfaf6 5'6\ofO{ lbG5' . olt eGg'eP kl5 xh/t ;øoLb'gf pÞd/ aLg cÞAb'n\ cÞhLÞ hÞ 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf

/ cÞGx' c;fWo} ?g yfNg'eof] . s]xL a]/kl5 dg yfdL s]xL o:tf] k'ikjf0fL lbg'eof], æx] d]/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û xfd|f] ;f+;fl/s hLjg c;fWo} yf]/} ;do cjlwsf] 5 . hf] o; ;+;f/df c;fWo} kfkL x'g'sf] afjh'b pRr ;+f;fl/s kbdf 5, pm cflv/tdf -d/0f kZrftsf] hLjgdf_ ;Ddfg ljxLg / 3[l0ft x'g]5 . kfk} kfkn] el/P tfklg hf] ;+;f/df ;DkGg 5 pm cflv/tdf cfkm\g} s'sd{sf] sf/0f sª\ufn x'g]5 . hf] tGg]/L 5 pm cjZo j[4 x'g]5 . hf] lhpFbf] 5 pm cjZo dg]{5 . ;+;f/df cfO{ wf]sfdf gk/ lsgls cfvL/tsf] hLjgsf] ofqf klg clt zL3|g} ;'? x'g] jfnf 5 . sxfF uP tL s'/\cfg k9g]x¿< sxfF uP tL xh ug]{x¿ < sxFf uP tL /f]hf -j|t_ /fVg]x¿< df6f]n] pgsf] z/L/sf] ;fy s] uÂ¥of] xf]nf< sa|sf] ls/fx¿n] pgsf] 7

c;xfo d[ts

df;'sf] s] xfn u¥of] xf]nf< pgsf] x8\8L / hf]8x¿ s:tf eP xf]nfg\ < ;+;f/df hf] sdnf] / /fd|f] la:t/fx¿df ;'Tg] ub{y] pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] 3/ kl/jf/ 5f]8L la:t/f ljxLg sa|df 5g\ . pgsf] >LdtLn] csf]{ ljjfx u/L;s]sL xf]lng\ . pgsf] 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ c¿sf] ;xf/fdf xf]nfg\ . pgsf ;Gtfgn] pgsf] ;DklQ / hUufsf] c+zj08f ul/;s]sf] xf]nfg\ . cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ nfO{ g} k"0f{ hfgsf/L 5, sf]xL cfkm\gf] sa|df v';L / ;'v} ;'vdf 5g\ eg] sf]xL cfkm\gf] sa|df s'sd{sf] ;hfo ef]lu/x]sf 5g\ . ckm;f];\ Û xhf/f}+ xhf/ ckm;f];\ ÛÛ x] c1fgL Ûcfh dg{] a]nfdf slxn] cfkm\gf] a'afsf] slxn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] t slxn] cfkm\g} bfh'sf] cfFvf aGb u/L /fv]sf] 5f} . oL dWo] s;}nfO{ u':n u/L /fv]sf] 5f}, s;}nfO{ skmg nufO{ /fv]sf] 5f}, s;}sf] hgfhf nfO{ sfFw nfO{ p7fO{ /fv]sf] 5f}, s;}sf] hgfhfsf] ;fydf sa|:tfgtkm{ uO/fv]sf] 5f}+, s;}sf] nf;nfO{ sa|df cfkm\g} xftn] /flv/x]sf] 5f} . -ofb /fv Û ofb /fv Û Ps lbg zL3| g} of] ;a} ltdL k|tL klg cjZo bf]xf]/LOg]5 ._ 8

c;xfo d[ts

cf]xf] Û dnfO{ yfxf eP, d]/f] s'g rflxF ufnf sa|df klxnf s'lxG5 xf]nf .Æ olt eGg' eP kl5 xh/t ;øoLb'gf pÞd/ lag cÞAb'n cÞhLÞ hÞ  * (   +   0

/ 1 # /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' Psbd} ?g yfNg'eof] oxfF ;DdsL ?Fbf ?Fbf a]xf]; x'g'eof] . To; lbg nuTt} Ps xKtf kl5 of] ;+;f/ af6 labf x'g'eof] . -cN?b'ÞNkmfOsÞ, k[i7 !^*, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

x'Hht'NO:nfd xh/t ;øoLb'gf Odfd d'xÞDdb uhÞfnL   2 3 )  * /x\Þdt'Nnfx tcÞfnf cÞn}x& n] (   + 0 Ox\ÞofpNpÞn"d df n]Vg' ePsf] 5M

gf]6M &= /x\Þdt'Nnfx tcÞfnf cÞn}xM cNnfxsf] c;n eStx¿sf] -hf] o; ;+;f/af6 labf eO;s]sf 5g\_ gfdsf] k5fl8 nufOG5 . o;sf] cy{ æpxfFdfyL cNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] s[kf xf];\ .Æ æxh/t ;øoLb'gf pÞd/ lag cÞAb'n\ cÞhÞLh Þ 1 #  * (  +   0

/ /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' sf] of] ;+;f/af6 labf x'g] a]nfdf pxfFn] s'/\cfgsf] lgDg kª\QmLx¿ pRrf/0f ub}{ x'g'x'GYof]M 9

c;xfo d[ts

sGh'NOdfgsf] cg'jfbM Û¡ of] clv/tsf] 3/ d , Û¡34 $5 6Û¡ 7 8 Ù° Û¡ 9 1 2 pgLx¿sf] nflu ub{5' h;n] Û¡ Û¡9 ;< >= ? @ A Û¡ Û¡3 3 9 wtL{df 3d08 / km;fb 9 : rfFxb}gg\ / cflv/t sf] 3/ Û¡ Û¡ Û¡ = wd{lgi6x¿s} nflu xf] . -v08 KIJC D E FGH $ ( B$ % @), ;'/x cNsÞ +; +;\, Znf]s *#_ -Ox\ÞofpNpmÞn"d, efu $, k[i7 %!), bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

s:tf] cfgGbdoL d[To' Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û xh/t ;øoLb'gf / pÞd/ lag cÞAb'n cÞhLÞ hÞ 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx'

tcÞfnf cÞGx' sf] k|:t't j[QfGt a'l4dfgLx¿sf] nflu lgs} pkb]zdo 5 . o:t} cfgGbdoL d[To'sf] Ps csf{] j[QfGt ;'Gg'xf];\ . x'Hht'NO:nfd xh/t ;øoLb'gf Odfd d'xÞDdb uhÞfnL )  * (   +   2 3 0 /x\Þdt'Nnfx tcÞfnf cÞn}x Ox\ÞofpNpÞn"d eGg] k':tsdf n]Vg'x'G5M æl7s cfTdf / z/L/sf] la5f]8 -d[To'_ glhs ePsf] a]nfdf s;}n] vnLkmf cÞAb'Ndlns lag d/jfg;Fu ;f]w], æolt a]nf tkfO{+n] s:tf] cg'ej ul//xg'ePsf] 10

c;xfo d[ts

5 <Æ pxfFn] hjfkm lbg'eof]M æ7\ofSs} To:tf] h:tf] cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] s'/\cfg dhLb sf] ;ftf}+ v08sf] ;'/x cNcGcÞfdsf] Znf]s ;ª\Vof ($ df eGg'ePsf] 5MÆ sGh'NOdfgsf] cg'jfbM Û¡ clg lgM;Gb]x ltdL d;Fu PSn} $ L MB Ù° % $ N Û¡ E O. Û¡ D cfof} h:tf] d}n] ltdLnfO{ klxnf] Û¡ Ù° Û¡ rf]l6 ;[li6 u/]sf] lyPF / 5f]8L $' )Û¡ VW 2 P Q R S -Û¡ TUD 8 cfof} cfkm\gf] k5fl8 ;a} wg Û¡ Ù° Û¡ ;DklQ h'g d}n] ltdLnfO{ lbPsf] X -Û¡ L Û¡ 5 Y Z[ -TU 8 lyPF . -v08 &, ;'/x cNcGcfÞd, Znf]s ($_ -Ox\ÞofpNpmÞn"d, efu $, k[i7 %!), bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

/fhsfh sfd nfPg x'Hht'NO:nfd xh/t ;øoLb'gf Odfd d'xÞDdb uhÞfnL )  * (   +   2 3 0 /x\Þdt'Nnfx tcÞfnf cÞn}x OxÞofpNpÞn"ddf n]Vg'x'G5M k|l;4 cAaf;L vnLkmf xf?g /zLb )  * (   +   2 3 0 /x\Þdt'Nnfx tcÞfnf cÞn}x sf] ha clGtd ;do cfof] pxFf lg/fz eO{ cfkm\gf] 11

c;xfo d[ts

skmgnfO{ kmsf{O{ kmsf{O{ x]b{} s'/\cfg dhLbsf] @( cf}+ v08 sf] ;'/x cNxÞfSÞsÞx sf] Znf]s @*,@( pRrf/0f ub{} x'g'x'GYof]M sGh'NOdfgsf] cg'jfbM d]/f] wg

dnfO{ s'g} sfd nfu]g, d]/f] ;a} ;fdYo{ ;lsFb} uof] . -v08 @(, ;'/x cNxÞfSÞsÞx, Znf]s @*,@(_ -Ox\ÞofpNpmÞn"d, efu $, k[i7 %!!, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

Û¡ Û¡ Ù°Û¡ Û¤ KaIÛš C ! $' \] \]^ $' Û¡ Ù°Û¡ KaIÛš C ! U / \Û¡ ] 1 b

;+;f/df cfpg'sf] p2]Zo Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û jf:tjdf xfdL of] ;+;f/df cfP/ s7Lg k/LIf0fdf k/]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] of] ;+;f/df cfpg'sf] p2]Zo c¿ s]xL lyof] t/ xfdLn] oxfF cfP/ cs{} s]xL a'lem/x]sf 5f}+ . xfd|f] hLjgz}nLaf6 t k|i6 yfxf x'G5 ls   4 ! " #

dcÞf^h cNnfx* xfdL Ps lbg dg{]5f}+ eGg] ;f+]rd} 5}gf}+ . gla;{g'xf];\ Û xfdL oxfF ;w}+ afFRg] jfnf 5}gf+} . o; ;+;f/df cfpg'sf] p2]Zo s]jn wg sdfpg' , s]jn ;f+;fl/s cWoog sf l8u|Lx¿ xft 12

c;xfo d[ts

kfb{} hfg' jf s]jn ;f+;fl/s k|ultx¿ xfl;n ub{} hfg' dfq xf]Og . s'/\cfg kfsdf of] k|i6 elgPsf] 5M sGh'n Odfgsf] cg'jfbM t ltdL = Û¡ Ù° Û¡ Û¡ Û¡ s] ;f]Rb5f} ls d}n] ltdLnfO{ $cG -TUD 8 $ N )VG de Joy}{ ;[li6 u/]+ clg ltdLnfO{ Û¡ . Û¡ 2 9 $U Û¡ -Û¡ T N K ffg C A d]/f]tkm{ kmsL{ cfpg' 5}g< -v08 !*, ;'/x cNd'’dLg"g, Znf]s !!%_

;f+;fl/s zlSt sfd nfu]g

cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] dg'ionfO{ cfkm\gf] pkf;gfsf] nflu ;[li6 ug'{ePsf] xf] . olb s;}n] cfkm\gf] hLjgsf] p2]Zodf ;kmntf k|fKt gu/L kfk} kfksf] ef/L lnP/ sÞofdtsf] lbg gf]6M *= dcÞf^h cNnfxM cy{M æcNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] z/0fÆ cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] ;fd' pkl:yt ePdf p;nfO{ of] ;+;f/sf] c;ª\Vo wg ;DklQ n] klg cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] ;hfoaf6 arfpg ;Sb}g . 13

c;xfo d[ts

;f+;fl/s 1fg, sn–sf/vfgf, xft–xltof/, ;f+;fl/s kx'Fr -;f];{ kmf];{_, pRr kb, ;f+;fl/s k|l;l4 / zlSt cflb OToflbn] s;}nfO{ cNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] cfbfntdf ;kmntf k|fKt u/fpg ;Sb}g . wgsf] gzfdf d:t eP/ Ps csf{sf] sdL sdhf]/Lx¿ sf]6\ofpg]x¿, cft+ssf/L ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g]x¿, csf{sf] clwsf/ xgg ug{]x¿sf] nflu oxfF ;f]Rg'kg{] 7fpF 5 . olb kfk} kfksf] sf/0fn] cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ / pxFfsf] Kof/f] xaLa . !   Ù– ( !  )  * (   +  

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd ck|;Gg x'g'eof] / Odfg -wd{ k|ltsf] ljZjf;_ a/afb eof] eg] o:tf] bM'v / si6x¿ cfOkg{] 5g\ h'g slxNo} klg x6\g] 5}gg\ . s'/\cfg kfssf] #) cf}+ v08sf] ;'/x\ cNx'dhÞx df elgPsf] 5M

14

c;xfo d[ts

ٰ ۡ ٰ ۡ sGh'n Odfgsf] cg'jfbM c?sf] ) *ۡ + hi , +hi j kl - m cufl8 lgGbf ug{]x¿, sGgf k5fl8 o n o b p q r ps ۡ3 t K f ۙ C v n P s'/f sf6\g]x¿sf] c;fWo} g/fd|f] x'g]5 . h;n] wg sdfof], ugL Kaۙ C yx B =9$' w . Mۡ 4 ugL /fVof], s] p;n] of] ;f]Rb5 x ۡ ۤ x ۡ y 8 z{$' A | d} K ۚ J C v ls p;sf] of] wgn] p;nfO{ of] ۡ ;+;f/df ;w}Fel/ afFRg lbG5, K~ C F / d ; < A 4G U ۡ sbflk xf]Og, cjZo pm lyrLldrL ٰۡ ۤ K gC F / d $' 1 B $' kfg{]df kmflng]5 / ltdLnfO{ s] ۡ ٰ K ۙ C H ۡ j kl $N yfxf lyrLldrL kfg{] jfnf, cNnfx ۡ ۡ sf] cfuf] h'g bGsL /x]sf] 5, h'g K C % 9 @ /2 \ۡ x[bodf r9\g] 5 , lgM ;Gb]x s ۡ KIۙ C ' ۡ ۡ @ $5 N To;df pgLx¿ y'lgg] 5g\ nfdf] nfdf] :tDex¿df -v08 #), ;'/x K C P B P ;ۡ < cNx'dhÞx_

Rff/ cfwf/xLg bfaLx¿ bfaLx¿ xh/t ;øoLb'gf zkmLsÞ aNvL )  * (   +   2 3 0 /x\Þdt'Nnfx tcÞfnf cÞn}x sf] syg 5M dflg;x¿ rf/ s'/fx¿sf] bfaL t u5{g\ t/ pgsf sd{ eg] bfaLsf] ljk/Lt 5 . 15

c;xfo d[ts

!_ pgLx¿ eG5g\ ls xfdL cNnfx

! " #

cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] eQm -gL/x+sf/, tfa]bf/, aGbf_ xf}+ t/ pgsf sd{ dgdf]hL / :j]R5frf/L x¿sf] h:tf] 5 .

@_ pgLx¿ eGb5g\ ls cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ g} xfd|f] hLljsf lgjf{x ug{] jfnf x'g'x'G5 t/ y'k|} wg ;DklQ hDdf ul/;s]k5L klg ;+t'i6 x'Fb}gg\ . #_ eGb5g\ ls of] ;+;f/eGbf cflv/t g} a]; 5 t/ pgLx¿ ;f+;fl/s k|ultsf] nflu dfq lbg/ft Ps ub{5g\ . $_ elg/fV5g\ ls Ps lbg cjZo dg'{ 5 t/ pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nL n] t pgLx¿ slxNo} gdg{] xf] ls h:tf] b]vfpF5 .

k|yd bfaLM d cNnfx

! " #

cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] eQm x'F . Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿Û ;fFRr} g} ;f]Rg'kg{] 7fpF 5, oyfy{df x/]s d'l:ndn] cfkm"nfO{ cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] eSt dfGb5 / :ki6 5 ls eSt cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] 16

c;xfo d[ts

cf1fsf/L x'G5 t/ cfh w]/} h;f] d'l:ndx¿sf] sd{ dgdf]hL 5 . x]g'{;\, hf] s;}sf] gf]s/ x'G5 pm cfkm\gf] dflnssf] OR5f ljk/Lt sfd ub{} ub{}g . xfdL jf:tjdf cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] eSt xf}+, xfdLn] pxfFn] g} lbg' ePsf] cfxf/ vfG5f}+ t/ ckm;f]; xfd|f] sd{ ;Rrf eStsf] h:tf] 5}g . cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] cfb]z 5 ls gdfh k9 t/ xfdL cN5L x'G5f}+ . cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] cfb]z 5 ls /dhfgsf] dlxgfdf /f]hf a; -j|t /fv_ t/ xfdL k|of;} ub{}gf}+ . o;} k|sf/n] xfdLn] cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] c¿ cfb]zx¿sf] kfngf kgL k"0f{ ¿kn] ul//x]sf 5}gf}+ .

bf];|f] bfaLM cNnfx

! " #

cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ g} hLljsf

lgjf{x ug{] jfnf x'g'x'G5 .

lgM;Gb]x cNnfx kfs g} hLljsf lgjf{x ug{] jfnf x'g'x'G5 . t/ s]xL dflg;x?sf] hLljsf cfh{g ug{] k|lqmof eg] crDdsf] 5 . cNnfx tcÞfnf nfO{ /HÞhÞfsÞ -hLljsf lgjf{x ug{]jfnf_ dfGg'sf] afjh'b lsg xf]nf dflg;x¿n] Aofh sf] n]gb]g ug{], 17

c;xfo d[ts

Aofhdf C0f lnO{ sn sf/vfgf rnfpg], ejgx¿ lgdf{0f ug{] < ha cNnfx kfsnfO{ hLljsf lgjf{x ug{]jfnf dflg ;Sof] eg] s'g s'/fn] dg'ionfO{ 3"; lng AffWo agfpF5 < s] sf/0fn] ubf{ ld;fj6jfnf dfn;fdfg ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ wf]sf lbO{ a]Rg' kl//x]sf] 5 < rf]/L, 8s}tL, n'6df/ lsg eO/x]sf] 5< hLljsf cfh{gsf] x/fd -jlh{t_ k|lqmofx¿ lsg cFuflnPsf] 5<

t];|f] bfaLM æ;+;f/eGbf cflv/t g} a]; 5 .Æ oyfy{df ;+;f/eGbf clv/t g} pQd 5 . of] bfjf ug'{sf] afjh'b c;fWo} ckm;f];sf] s'/f s] 5 eg] xfd|f] hLjgz}nL dfq ;+;f/nfO{ pQd agfpg] vfn] 5 . ;+f;fl/s ;DklQ Pslqt ug'{ d} lbg/ft tNnLg 5f}+, x/]s dflg; ;f+;f/Ls wg s} k5fl8 lbjfgf 5 / hLjgz}nLn] :ki6 bzf{pF5 ls ;+;f/af6 slxNo} hfg} gkg{] xf] ls h:tf] .

rf}yf] bfaLM Ps lbg dg'{ k5{ . xf] jf:tjdf Ps lbg gd/L ;'v} 5}g t/ ;fx|} ckm;f];sf] s'/f ls xfd|f] hLjgz}nL Ps lbg d'g{ kg{] dflg;sf] h:tf] 5}g . 18

c;xfo d[ts

/ xh/t ;øoLb'gf xÞ;g a +;/L 1 #  * (   +   0

/bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' æPs lbg dg'{ k5{Æ eGg] bfaLsf] ;fFrf] gd'gf x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFsf] hLjgz}nL o:tf] lyof] ls pxfF ;w+} olt pbf; eO{ /xg'x'GYof] ls pxfFnfO{ s;}n] d[To'b08sf] va/ ;'gfO lbP h:tf] nfUbYof] . -d'Nv +;g\ Ox\ÞofpNpmÞn"d, efu $, k[i7

!(*, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

h;nfO{ cfh ef]ln æANofs jf/]G6Æ elgG5 . ;fFrf] cy{df x/]ssf] nflu ANofs jf/]G6 hf/L eO;s]sf] 5 . hf] hf] hlGdPsf] 5 pm Ps lbg dg{} k5{ . eGgfn] x/]s hLljt hGdg' eGbf klxNo} x6 ln:6 df cfO;s]sf] 5 . pm hGdgeGbf klxNo} g} p;sf] /f]hL /f]6L -sfd dfd_ / cfo' lglZrt eO;s]sf] x'G5 olt dfq geO{ p;sf] d[To' x'g] 7fpF / clGtd ;+:sf/ -bkmg_ x'g] 7fFp klg lglZrt eO;s]sf] x'G5 . cfdfsf] ue{df lzz'sf] z/L/sf] 9fFrf agfpg kml/Ztf -b]jb't_ n] To; 7fpFsf] df6f]sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ h'g 7fpFdf Tof] lzz'sf] d/0fkZrft clGtd ;+:sf/ x'g]5 . ;'Gg'xf];\ Û 19

c;xfo d[ts

dflg; cfkm\gf] hLjg latfP/, c?sf] sfFwdf ;jf/ eP/ ha sa|:tfgtkm{ nfUb5, p;n] s] eGb5 <

d[tssf] 3f]if0ff cl:tTj g} g"/, dL7f af]nLjrgn] e/k"/ cyf{t\ xfd|f dbgL ;/sf/ . !   ٖ ( !  )  * (   +  

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd n] eGg'x'G5, dnfO{ jxfFsf] s;d 5 h;sf] cwLgdf d]/f] k|f0f 5, olb dflg;x¿n] d[tssf] af;:yfg b]Vg] eP / d[tssf] af]nL ;'Gg] eP pgLx¿n] d[tsnfO{ e'n]/ cfkm\g} nflu ?g] lyP . ha d[tsnfO{ hgfhfsf] vf6df /fvL p7fOG5 p;sf] cfTdf km/km/fP/ vf6df a;L of] 3f]if0ff ub{5, x] d]/f ;Gtfg xf] Û ;+;f/ ltdL;Fu gv]nf];\ h;/L d;Fu v]Nof] . d}n] xnfn -cg'dlt k|fKt_ / u}/ xnfn b'j} vfn] wg sdfP / c¿sf] nflu 5f]8L cfPF . To;sf] gfkmf pgLx¿sf] nflu 5 / To;sf] kfk dfq d]/f] gfddf 5 . h] xf];, d dfly h] kÂ¥of] To;;Fu ltdLx¿ 8/fpm . -To;af6 pkb]z lnpm_ 20

c;xfo d[ts

Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û ;fFRr} g} ljrf/ ug'{ kg{] 7fpF 5 . jf:tjdf x/]s d[ts Pp6f c;n dfu{lgb{]zs -d'alNnu_ xf] ls p;n] xfdLnfO{ af]nfO{ af]nfO{ elg/x]sf] 5, x] ;+;f/jf;L, h;/L cfh d ;+;f/ 5f]8L uO/x]sf] 5', 7\ofSs} To;/L g} rfF8} g} ltdLx¿ klg d]/f] kl5 kl5 cfpg'kg{]5 . ;fFrf] cy{df d[tsn] xfd|f] dfu{lgb{]zg ul//x]sf] 5 . -cTtHÞls/t' s'Þt{'ÞaL, k[i7 &^, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

d[ts ;Fusf] s'/fsfgL z/\x'Þ +: +;'b"/ k':tsdf 5 sL xh/t ;øoLb'gf ;O{Þb lag d';}Oa 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf

/ cÞGx'n] eGg'x'G5 ls Ps rf]6L pxfF xh/t ;øoLb'gf cnL d't{hf 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' ;Fu

/ dlbgf d'gJj/xsf] sa|:tfgdf hfg'eof] . xh/t df}nf cnL /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] sa|:tfgsf ;a} d[tsx¿nfO{ ;nfd ug'{eof] / eGg'eof] æx] sa|df cf;Lg d[tsx¿ Û ltdLx¿ cfkm\gf] xfnva/ dnfO{ ;'gfp5f} ls d klxnf ;'gfpF <Æ ;øoLb'gf ;O{Þb lag d';}Oa 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf

/ 21

c;xfo d[ts

‫ ï»‹ï» Û¡ï»´ï»šâ€¬ cÞGx' n] eGg'x'G5 ls pxfFx¿n] sa| af6 ‫ ï»&#x;ﺴ ﻼ‬ Ù— Û¡ ‫'ﺎﺗ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺣ ﻤ ﺔ‬% j cÞn}s:;nfd' j /xÞdt'NnfxL j ‫ﷲ ﺑ ﺮ‬ a/sft'x' -;nfd_ sf] cfjfh ;'Gg'eof] / s;}n] eGg yfNof]M x] cdL?Nd'’dLgLg 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx'

/ tcÞfnf cÞGx' Û tkfO+{n] g} klxnf eGg'xf];\ ls xfdL d/]kl5 s] s] eof] < xh/t df}nf cnL 1 #  * / (   +   0   /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] eGg'eof]M

æ;'g Û ltd|f] wg ;DklQ sf] c+zj08f eO;Sof] . ltd|f >LdtLx¿n] csf{] ljjfx ul/;s] . ltd|f 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿ cgfy eP . h'g 3/ ltdLn] ;fx|} /fd|f] agfPsf lyof} To;df ltd|f] zq'sf] af; ePsf] 5 . ca ltdL cfkm\gf] xfnva/ ;'gfpm .Æ olt ;'Ggf;fy Ps sa|af6 cfjfh cfpg yfNof]M æx] / cdL?Nd'’dLgLgÛ 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf

cÞGx' d]/f] skmg -j:q_ tf/ tf/ eO;s]sf] 5 . d]/f skfnx¿ eml/;s]sf 5g\ . d]/f] 5fnf / df;'x¿ 6'qmf 6'qmf eO;s]sf 5g\ . d]/f] cfFvfx¿ aflx/ lg:s]sf 5g\ / d]/f] gfsaf6 kLk alu/x]sf] 5 . d}n] h] h] klxn} k7fPsf] lyP -cyf{t\ /fd|f] sd{_ To;nfO{ dfq} kfPF / h] h] k5fl8 5f]8L cfPF Tof] g} 22

c;xfo d[ts

u'dfPF . -zx{'Þ +: +;'b"/, k[i7 @)(, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox la?t_

Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û k5fl8 s] 5f]l8of] < o;df xfdLn] ljrf/ ug'{ k5{ . u}/sfg'gL -jlh{t_ sf/f]af/, kfk lt/ nfg] j:t'x¿ 5f]8]/ dl/of] / 5f]/f5f]/Ln] To;nfO{ cFufnL /fv] eg] t To;sf] kl/0ffd ;fx|} eofgs x'g]5 . Pp6f pkb]z d'ns ;To 36gf k|:t't ub{5' .

l6eL 5f]8]/ d/]kl5 sa|sf] ;hfo Ps O:nfdL efOn] ljnfotaf6 Ps lnlvt j[tfGt k7fpg' ePsf] lyof] . d To; j[QfGtnfO{ cfkm\g} zAbx¿df JoQm ub{5'M Ps l;Gw lgjf;L wd{lgi7 dflg;sf] egfO{ 5 . Ps /ftsf] s'/f xf] d sa|:tfg uPF / Ps sa|sf] glhs a;]F . a:bf a:b} dnfO{ lgb|f nfUof] / ;kgfdf d}n] To; sa|sf] d[tsnfO{ cfuf]df hnfOb} ul/Psf] b]v]F . p;n] lrRofO{ lrRofO{ d;Fu elg/x]sf] lyof] ædnfO{ arfp Û dnfO{ arfp ÛÆ d}n] eg]FM d s;/L arfpg ;S5' / < p;n] eGg yfNof]M æs]xL lbg cl3 d]/f] 23

c;xfo d[ts

d[To' ePsf] xf] . o; a]nf d]/f] l76f] 5f]/f] 3/df l6eLdf lkmlnd x]l//x]sf] 5 / ha ha p;n] o:tf] ub{5 d]/f] ;hfo emg emg a9fOG5 . tkfO{+;Fu cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] gfddf laGtL 5 ls d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ ;DemfOlbg'xf]; ls p;n] df]hd:tL ug{ 5f]8f];\ / l6eL x]g{] gu/f];\ lsg ls Tof] l6eL d}n] lsg]sf] lyPF / To;sf] sf/0fn] ca d}n] ;hfo ef]Ug' kl//x]sf] 5 . ;fx|} ckm;f];sf] s'/f, d}n] 5f]/fnfO{ ;f+;fl/s 1fg t l;sfPF t/ O:nfdL 1fg l;sfOg . p;nfO{ kfksf] sfdaf6 slxNo} /f]lsgF . sa| / cfvL/tsf] s'/fx¿sf] af/]df atfOgF .Æ To; sa|sf] d[tsn] cfkm\gf] gfd / 7]ufgf klg dnfO{ atfof] . laxfg} d To; d[tssf] 3/ uP . pgsf 5f]/fn] /ftL lkmlnd x]/]/ a;]sf] s'/f l:jsf/ u/] . d}n] ha p;nfO{ cfkm"n] uP /ftL b]v]sf] ;kgf ;'gfPF pm cfkm\gf] a'afsf] lk/n] ?g yfNof] / 3/df ePsf] l6eL x6fOlbof] .

l6eL 3/af6 lgsfNbf Kof/f] cfsf tkm{af6 awfO{

$

sf]

Ps cfdL{sf] d]h/sf] egfO 5M æd]/f] Ps ;do d+unf 8]ddf 8\o6' L lyof] . lbgf -em]nd_ sf 24

c;xfo d[ts

O:nfdL efOx¿n] dnfO{ pkxf/ :j?k s]xL O:nfdL k|jrgsf Sof;]6x¿ lbPsf lyP . d]/f] 3/df tL Sof;]6x¿ ;a}n] ;'g] . To;df l;Gwsf wd{lgi7 JolStsf] j[QfGt klg lyof] . xfdLn] tL k|jrgx¿ ;'g]/ cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] ;hfoaf6 eoeLt eO{ ;a}sf] Ps dtdf l6eL 3/af6 lgsfnL lbof}+ . cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] s;d Û To;sf] Ps xKtf kl5 d]/f] 5f]/f5f]/Lsf] cfdfn] ;kgfdf Kof/f] Kof/f] cfsf, xfd|f dg dl:tissf k|;Ggbftf, kfkLx?sf df]Ifbftf, dbgL d':tkmf - +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j . !   Ù– ( !  )  * (   +

  , ;Nnd sf] bz{g kfOg / jxfFn] awfO{ lbFb} eGg'eof] ls of] l6eL x6fpg] sfo{af6 cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ ltdLx¿ ;Fu k|;Gg x'g' ePsf] 5 .Æ

axfgf gug'{xf];\ Û Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û ca x]g'{xf];\ sf] efUojfg\ dflg;n] of] kfksf] e08f/ l6eLnfO{ 3/af6 lgsfNb5 / sf] cefuLn] ! " #   4 dcÞf^h cNnfx l6eL 3/df 5f]8L kl/jf/sf] nflu 25

c;xfo d[ts

kfk sdfpgsf] Joj:yf u/L db{5 cgL sa|sf] ;hfodf lu/km\tf/ x'Fb5 . o:tf] b'ef{Uo s;}sf] gxf];\ . ;fob tkfO{+nfO{ z}tfgn] dgdf zª\sf pkzª\sf pTkGg u/fpnf ls of] bfjt] O:nfdLsfx¿n] s'lGg sxfF sxfFaf6 o:tf j[QfGt vf]hL vf]hL NofpF5g\ . l6eL t ækmnfgf] kmnfgf]Æ sf] 3/df klg 5 . x]g'{xf];\ Û tkfO{+sf] of] s'/fn] d ;+t'i6 x'g] jfnf 5}g . tkfO{+n] dnfO{ of] l6eL af6 x'g] kmfObfx¿sf] af/]df atfpg'k5{ . tkfO{+n] dnfO{ of] a'emfpg'k5{ sL l6eL df nHhfxLg :qLx¿sf] gfFr x]/]df + 4 dcÞf^h cNnfx olt olt k'0o +;jfa_ kfOG5 . v'a d]sck u/]sL ;drf/bftf :qLnfO{ x]bf{ olt olt k'0o kfOG5 . To:t} u/]/ ;ª\uLt ;'g]df of] of] kmfObf 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 kfg'{k5{ . oyfy{ of] xf] ls tkfO{+n] o;sf] kmfObf j0f{g ug{} ;Sg'x'Gg . tkfO{+n] k|:t't j[QfGtx¿df ljZjf; ug'{xf];\ jf gug'{xf];\ t/ cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ ;Fu 8/fpg]x¿sf] x[boaf6 of] s'/f cjZo lg:sG5 ls l6eLn] kfksf] ld6/ emg\ ltj| ultdf a9fpFb5 . l6eL sf] ;b'kof]u x'g] eGbf b'?kof]u x'g] ;Defjgf nueu zt k|ltzt g} 5 . 26

c;xfo d[ts

o; l6eLn] x/]s ;dfhdf ljs[lt / lj;ª\utL NofPsf] 5 . dflg;x¿af6 ;d{, nHhf l6eLn] ubf{ x6\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . ljs[ltdf s]xL sdL lyof] eg] To;nfO{ clxn]sf] l8; PlG6gf, s]an g]6js{ / l8=6L=Pr=n] k'/f ul/lbPsf] 5 . xfd|f 5f]/L a'xf/LnfO{ b}lgs gofF km];g l;sfpg] l6eL g} xf] . xfd|f l76fx¿nfO{ o; l6eL n] g} k|]d sf] gfddf g/fd|f s'/fx¿ l;sfP/ s]6Lx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] hfndf km;fpg] / pgLx¿sf] hLjg aaf{b kfg{ l;sfof] / To} rSs/df xfd|f] 5f]/L a'xf/Lx¿ Klg lalu|P . ;fgf ;fgf aRrfx¿sf] xfnt o:tf] eof] ls ;ª\uLt sf] w'gdf v'§f xNnfpg] / gfRg] eO;s]sf 5g\ . olt dfq geO{ OG6/g]6n] t emg\ ljs[lt sf] af9L g} NofPsf] 5 . wfld{s dflg;nfO{ t kfkaf6 6f9f x'g c;fWo} ufx|f] ePsf] 5 . cwdL{ cljZjf;Lx¿ t kfk sfdfpgd} tlNng e} ;dfhsf c;n dflg;x¿nfO{ klg s'dfu{df lxF8fpg olt;Dd k|of;/t 5g\ ls c;n dflg;x¿ klg ltg}sf cwLg eO;s]sf 5g\ . Ps ;do lyof] ls hDdf #!# wdL{x¿n] Ps xhf/ hgf cwdL{ nfO{ o'4df cwLgdf kf/]sf lyP . 27

c;xfo d[ts

Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û cfkm\gf kfkx¿ ;DemL ;fFrf] k|folZrQ ug{'xf];\ / cab]lv kfkx¿af6 hf]luP/ c;n sfo{lt/ nfUg] c7f]6 ug'{xf];\ . cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ ;fd' Ifdf ofrgf ug'{xf];\ . cfpg'xf];\ Û ca kfkx¿sf] ;hfosf af/]df s]xL ;'gfF} h;af6 ! " #    OGzfcNnfx cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ sf] 8/ dgdf cfpFg]5 / xfdL kfkx¿sf] Ifdf ofrgf tkm{ nfUg]5f}F .

8/nfUbf] 3f6L hxGgd -gs{_ df æu}OÆ gfd u/]sf] Ps olt 8/nfUbf] 3f6L -pkTosf_ 5 ls h;sf] udL{af6 hxGgdsf c¿ 3f6Lx¿n] klg z/0f dfUb5g\ . of] 3f6L Jolerf/L, dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg ug{]x¿, Aofh lng] lbg]x¿, em'6f ;fIfLx¿, a'af cfdfnfO{ c6]/L ug]{x¿ / gdfh gk9g]x¿sf] nflu xf] . -?x'ÞNaofg, efu %, k[i7 #$%, bf?NOx\ofpNt/f;'ÞNcÞaL{ la?t_ 28

c;xfo d[ts

d'8'nf] ljzfn ;k{ / xh/t ;øoLb'gf ca' x'/}/x 1 #  * (   +   0

/bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] ljj/0f ug'{x'G5 ls dL7f af]nLjrgsf wgL, pxfF geP xfd|f] cl:tTj gx'gL eGgfn] xfd|f Kof/f gaL . !   Ù– ( !  )  * (   +   , - +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd sf] syg 5M æh;nfO{ cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] wg lbg'eof] t/ p;n] Tof] wgsf] hsft lbPg eg] sÞofdtsf] lbgdf p;sf] wgnfO{ Ps d'8'nf] ljzfn ;k{ :j?k agfOg]5 h;sf] b'O{j6f bfu x'g]5

-h'g rflxF clt ljiffn' x'g] ;ª\s]t xf]_ Tof] ;k{ To; dflg;sf] 3fF6Ldf xf/ h;/L nufOg]5 / ;k{n] cfkm\gf] d'vn] To; dflg;nfO{ ;dftL eGg]5M æd x'F t]/f] wg, t]/f] ;DklQ ÛÆ -+;lxÞx a'vf/L, xbL;Þ !$)#, efu !, k[i7 $&$, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox\ la?t_

rfnL; lbg;Dd gdfh cl:jsfo{ dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg ug{]x¿, a]:ofno / h'jfsf c•f rnfpg]x¿n] ;'Gg} kg{] s'/f sL xh/t / ;øoLb'gf cÞAb'Nnfx lag pÞd/ 1 #  * (   +   0

29

c;xfo d[ts

/bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx'df n] ljj/0f ug'{x'G5 sL , cNnfx sf] /;'n . !   ٖ ( !  )  * (   +   +;NnNnfx'

tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd sf] pk]bzd"ns syg 5 sLM æh;n] dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg uÂ¥of] p;sf] rfnL; lbg;Dd gdfh l:jsfo{ x'Fb}g . olb p;n] k|folZrQ u/L Ifdf dfUof] eg] cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] p;nfO{ Ifdf k|bfg ug'{x'G5 . ca olb p;n] km]l/ bf];|f] k6s dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg uÂ¥of] eg] km]l/ csf]{ rfnL; lbg;Dd p;sf] gdfh l:jsfo{ x'Fb}g . olb p;n] Ifdf dfUof] eg] cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] Ifdf ug'{x'G5 . olb t];|f] rf]6L p;n] dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg uÂ¥of] eg] km]l/ csf{] rfnL; lbg;Dd p;sf] gdfh l:jsfo{ x'Fb}g . olb km]l/ Ifdf dfUof] eg] cNnfx ! " # cÞHÞhÞ j hNn\ n] Ifdf ug'{x'G5 . km]/L rf}yf] k6s p;n] dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg uÂ¥of] eg] csf{] rfnL; lbg;Dd p;sf] gdfh l:jsfo{ x'Fb}g . ca olb p;n] Ifdf dfUof] eg] p;sf] Ifdf l:jsfo{ x'g] 5}g / sÞofdtsf] lbg p;nfO{ gs{sf dflg;sf] kLksf] gx/af6 lkpg nufOg]5 . -hfldcÞ ltld{hLÞ , xbL;Þ !*^(, efu #, k[i7 #$!, bf?lNkmqm la?t_ 30

c;xfo d[ts

xh/t cÞ ÞnL Ø“â—Œ /bÞ ÞLcNnfx' tcÞ Þfnf cÞ ÞGx' sf] cnL /bLcNnfx' tcfnf cGx' dfbs kbfy{k|lt 3[0ff xh/t cdL?nd'’dLgLg ;øoLb'gf cÞnL d't{hf 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' dlb/fk|lt 3[0ff

/ JoQm ub{} eGg'x'G5 M æolb s'g} Ogf/df s]xL yf]kf dlb/f v:of] / To; Ogf/ dfly olb Ps ldgf/ lgdf{0f ul/of] eg] To; ldgf/af6 d}n] c^hfg lbg]5}g . olb s'g} vf]nfdf dlb/f sf] s]xL yf]kf v:of] / Tof] vf]nf ;'s]/ ToxfF 3f; pDÂ¥of] eg] d d]/f] hgfj/x¿ ToxfF r/fpg] 5}g .Æ -?x'ÞNaofg, efu !, k[i7 #$), bf?NOx\ofpNt/f;'ÞNcÞaL{ la?t_

qm'/ a'af cfdfsf] klg cf1f kfngf cfkm\gf a'af cfdfsf] lrQ b'vfpg], cf1f gdfGg]x¿n] ;fFRr} g} k|folZrQ u/L a'af cfdf;Fu Ifdf dfuL pgnfO{ k|;Gg agfpg'k5{ . xh/t / ;øoLb'gf cÞAb'Nnfx OAg cÞAaf; 1 #  * (   +   0

/bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] ljj/0f ug'{x'G5 ls dSsf dlbgfsf tfhafxs, cNnfxsf Kof/f gaL 31

c;xfo d[ts

. !   ٖ ( !  )  * (   +  

,

+ NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd ; n] eGg'eof]M æh'g dflg; cfkm\gf] a'af cfdf b'j}k|lt cf1fsf/L x'Fb5, p;sf] nflu hGgt -:ju{_ sf] b'O{ 9f]sfx¿ v'Nb5g\ . olb a'af cfdf dWo] s'g} Ps dfq 5g\ / pm ToxL Pssf] cf1fsf/L 5 eg] p;sf] nflu hGgt -:ju{_ sf] Ps 9f]sf v'Nb5 . h'g dflg; cfkm\gf] a'af cfdf b'j}k|lt cj1fsf/L x'Fb5, p;sf] nflu hxGgd -gs{_ sf] b'O{ 9f]sfx¿ v'Nb5g\ . obL a'af cfdf dWo] s'g} Ps dfq 5g\ / pm ToxL Pssf] cj1fsf/L 5 eg] p;sf] nflu hxGgdsf] Ps 9f]sf v'Nb5 .Æ olt ;'g]/ Ps ;xfaL( 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] ;f]Wg'eof]M

/ æolb p;sf a'af cfdf pm k|lt qm'/ 5g\ eg] klg<Æ x'h'/ gaLPs/Ld . !   Ù– ( !  )  * (   +  

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd n] hjfkm lbg'eof] M æp;sf] a'af cfdf pm k|lt qm'/ eP klg . p;sf] a'af cfdf pm k|lt qm'/ eP klg . p;sf] a'af cfdf pm k|lt qm'/ eP klg .Æ -zf’a'NOdfg, xbL;Þ &(!^, efu ^, k[i7 @)^, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox\ la?t_

32

c;xfo d[ts

jfrf k"/f gug'{sf] kmn Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û olb a'af cfdfn] wd{sf] ljk/Lt cfb]z lbG5g\ eg] pgsf s'/f dfGg' ePg . pbfx/0fsf] nflu olb u}/sfg'gL tl/sfaf6 wg sdfpg], bf9L sf6\g] cfbL cfb]z lbG5g\ eg] pgsf tL s'/f dfGg' ePg . kfksf] sfddf a'af cfdfsf] cfb]z dfGg]jfnf kfkL / gs{sf] xsbf/ xf] . h;n] s'/} s'/fdf jfrf t v"a ub{5 t/ ljgf s'g} c;n sf/0f jfrf k'/f ub{}g . p;n] ljrf/ ug}{k5{ . cdL?Nd''’dLgLg xh/t ;øoLb'gf cÞnL 1 #  * (   +   0

/ /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] ljj/0f ug'{x'G5 ls xfd|f] Kof/f gaL xh/t d'xDdb . !   ٖ ( !  )  * (   +  

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd sf] pkb]zd"ns syg 5M æh;n] cfkm\g} d'l:nd bfh'efO;Fu jfrf u/L k"/f ub{}g pm dfly cNnfx kfssf], kml/Ztfx¿sf] / ;Dk"0f{ dg'iox¿sf] lwSsf/ 5 / p;sf] g t kmh{ clgjfo{_ dWo]sf c;n sd{x¿ l:jfsfo{ 5g\ g t gkm\n -c;n sd{ h'g u/]df k"Go kfOg] t/ ug{ 33

c;xfo d[ts

clgjfo{ gePsf_ dWo]sf .Æ -a'vf/L zl/km, xbL;Þ !*&), efu !, k[i7 ^!^, bf?Ns't'a'NOÞNdLox\ la?t_

gf]6M (= ;xfaLM xh/t d'xDdb +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd nfO{ b]v]sf / pgLk|lt ljZjf; u/]sf dflg; .

k]6leq ;k{x¿ x¿

/ xh/t ;øoLb'gf ca' x'/}/x 1 #  * (   +   0

/bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' n] ljj/0f ug'{x'G5 ls xfd|f Kof/f gaL xh/t d'xDdb . !   ٖ ( !  )  * (   +  

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd n] eGg'eof]M æd]/fh sf] /ftdf -jxfFsf] cfsfzLo e|d0fsf] /ftdf_ dnfO{ Ps o:tf] ;d"x b]vfOof] h;sf] k]6 kf/bzL{ sf]7fx¿ h:tf 7"nf 7"nf lyP h;df ;k{x¿ el/Psf lyP .Æ d}n] ;f]w]F, æx] hLa|On Û oL s:tf dflg;x¿ x'g\ <Æ pxfFn] hjfkm lbg'eof], æoL Aofhsf] k};f vfg] dflg;x¿ x'g\ .Æ -;'gg\ OAg]

dfhfx\, xbL;Þ @@&#, efu #, k[i7 &!, bf?Ndf’l/kmx\ la?t_

#^ k6s Jolerf/ ug'{eGbf klg g/fd|f] sfo{ xh/t ;øoLb'gf cÞAb'Nnfx lag xÞG +hnfx 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' sf] ljj/0f 5

/ 34

c;xfo d[ts

ls xh/t d'xDdb . !   ٖ ( !  )  * (   +  

, +;NnNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd n] eGg'eof], æAofhsf] dfq Ps lb/xd -c/aL d'b|f_ klg hfgLa'emL vfg' #^ -5QL;_ k6s Jolerf/ ug'{eGbf klg 7"nf] kfk xf] .Æ -;'gg\ cNbf/ sÞtÞgL, xbL;Þ @*!(, efu #, k[i7 !(_

hxGgd k"Ug] Ps sf/0f xh/t ;øoLb'gf cÞAb'Nnfx OAg d;pmÞb 1 #  * (   +   0 /bÞLcNnfx' tcÞfnf cÞGx' sf] ljj/0f 5

/ ls h;n] x/fd -u}/sfg'gL_ wg sdfpF5, olb p;n] Tof] wg vr{ u/\of] eg] To;df a/st -;x_ x'g] 5}g, p;n] bfg lbof] eg] Tof] l:jsfo{ x'g] 5}g / olb 5f]/f 5f]/Lsf] nflu 5f]8L d/\of] eg] Tof] p;sf] nflu hxGgd k"Ug] Ps sf/0f aGg]5 . -d:gb Odfd cxdb, xbL;Þ #^&@, efu @, k[i7 #$, bf?lNkmqm la?t_

;ft dbgL l;4fGtx¿ l;4fGtx¿ Kof/f O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿ Û xf]zdf cfpg'xf];\ Û lgb|faf6 lapFemg'xf];\ Û cfkm\gf] kfkx¿sf] :d/0f u/L k|folZrQ ul/xfNg'xf];\ . u}/ O:nfdL /xg ;xg Tofu u/L Kof/f] cfsf . !   Ù– ( !  )  * (   +   , - +;NnNnfx' 35

c;xfo d[ts

tcÞfnf cÞn}xL j ;Nnd sf] Kof/f] ;'Ggt -jxfFsf] h:tf] afgL Joxf]/f_ cFufNg'xf];\ . cfkm\gf] O:nfx -;'wf/_ sf] ;fy ;fy c?x¿sf] klg O:nfxsf] nflu c7f]6 ug'{xf];\ . c;n dfu{ lgb{]zgsf] nflu dl/d]6\g] ;f]Fr agfpg'xf];\ . ;'Ggt sf] k'gM :yfkgf sf] nflu cfkm\gf] hLjg, wg / ;do vr{ ug{] /x/ pTkGg ug'{xf];\ / c7f]6 ug'{xf];\ lsM ædnfO{ cfkm\gf] / ;f/f ;+;f/sf] dflg;x¿sf] c;n dfu{ lgb{]zgsf] nflu cys k|of; ug'{ 5 .Æ cfkm\gf] O:nfxsf] k|of;sf] nflu dbgL OGcfdft sf] kfngf / ;f/f ;+;f/sf dflg;x¿sf] O:nfxsf] k|of;sf] nflu dbgL sflkmnfdf ofqf ug'{ xf] . oL b'O{ dbgL sfdx¿sf] afgL a;fNg dnfO{ lgDglnlvt ;ft dbgL l;4fGtx¿ cfkm"dfly nfu' ug'{ 5 . != x/]s gdfh dl:hbdf hdfcÞt sf] ;fy cbf ug'{ -k9\g'_ 5 / x/]s k6s slDtdf Ps hgfnfO{ cfu|x u/L dl:hb nfg] k|of; ug'{ 5 . @= bfjt] O:nfdLsf dbgL sfdx¿sf nflu b}lgs b'O{ 306f lbg' 5 . 36

c;xfo d[ts

#= xKtfdf Ps lbg g]sL sf] bfjtsf] cnfsfO{ bf}/f -If]qLo e]63f6_ df ;'? b]lv cGt ;Dd ;lDdlnt x'g' 5 . $=;fKtflxs OlHtdfdf ;'? b]lv cGt ;Dd pkl:yt x'g' 5 . %= b}lgs dbgL OGcfdftsf] sf8{ el/ x/]s dbgL dlxgfsf] z'?sf] b; lbg leqdf lhDd]jf/ O:nfdL JolQmTjnfO{ a'emfpg' 5 . ^= hLjgdf Ps}rf]6L !@ dlxgf, x/]s af/x dlxgfdf #) lbg / hLjg el/ g} x/]s dlxgfdf # lbg sf] nflu dbgL sflkmnfdf ofqf ug'{ 5 . &= O:nfdL bfh'efOx¿nfO{ dbgL jftfj/0fdf Nofpg JolStut ?kdf k|of; ug'{ 5 .

~ ;'Ggtsf axf/ -v'zL_ x? ~ cNxÞDb' lnNnfxL cHÞhÞ j hNn\ s'/\cfg / ;'Ggtsf] l;4fGt ;f/f ;+;f/df km}nfpg], c/fhg}lts ;d'x bf’jt] O:nfdL sf cfgGbdoL dbgL jftfj/0fdf ;'Ggtx? l;lsg] / 37

c;xfo d[ts

l;sfpg] ul/G5 . x/]s lalxaf/ ldofFkf6g, kf]v/f !# sf] hfd] dl:hb P cS;fdf dlU/a sf] gdfh k5L ;+rfng ul/g] ;'Ggtn] el/k'0f{ OlHtdfdf k'/} /ft latfpg] dbgL cfu|x 5 . /;'nsf cfzLsx?;Fu dbgL sflkmnfdf ofqf / b}lgs dbgL lkmqm -Wofg_ åf/f dbgL OGcfdftsf] sf8{ e/L x/]s dbgL dlxgfsf] z'?sf] b; lbg leq cfkm\gf] If]qsf] lhDd]jf/ JolQTjnfO{ a'emfpg] afgL a;fNg'xf];\ . OGzfcNnfx cHÞhÞ j hNn\ o;sf] a/st -;x_ n] ;'Ggtsf] kfngf ug{, kfkx?;Fu 3[0ff ug{ / cfkm\gf] Odfg -wfld{s ljZjf;_ sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf] nfuL ;lqmo x'g] ;f]+r aGg]5 . x/]s O:nfdL bfh'efOx?n] of] dbgL c7f]6 ug'{xf];\ lsM ædnfO{ cfkm\gf] / ;f/f ;+;f/sf] dflg;x¿sf]

c;n dfu{ lgb{]zgsf] nflu cys k|of; ug'{ 5 .Æ OGzfcNnfx cHÞhÞ j hNn\ . cfkm\gf] O:nfxsf] k|of;sf] nflu dbgL OGcfdft sf] kfngf / ;f/f ;+;f/sf dflg;x¿sf] O:nfxsf] k|of;sf] nflu dbgL sflkmnfdf ofqf ug'{ 5 . OGzfcNnfx cHÞhÞ j hNn\ .

38

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