Adaptive Facade Study SKIN THAT MOVES: NITINOL ACTUATED FACADE When Biology Inspires Architecture
Hsiao-Tung “Lily” Hung
G|SoA, Master of Architecture 2016
Chair: Lee-Su Huang Co-Chair: Lisa Huang
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Special thanks to Lee-Su Huang and Lisa Huang for all their patience, support, and guidance throughout this project; Blair Davis, Krista Farmer, and Carmen Chang, for always providing me with support and advice, and friends and family for always being there and make time for me.
For businesses, biomimicry is about bringing a new discipline - biology - to the design table. It’s not to write an environmental impact statement, as most biologists in business do right now. - Janine Benyus
CONTENTS 1 5 7 9 12 17
01 02 03 04 05 06
19 21 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39
CASE STUDY Bloom 07 Institute Du Monde Arabe 08 Flow System Prototype 09 Thematic Pavilion Expo Yeosu 10 Hygroskin 11 Living Glass 12 Reef 13 Reflection of Case Study 14 Adaptive Kinetic Architecture 15
43 45 57 59 63 65 72 75 77
THE PROJECT Facade Pattern Study 16 Shape Memory Alloy 17 Nitinol 18 Nitinol Source 19 Initial Prototype Mock-up 20 Methods in Mounting Nitinol Wires 21 Preparation for Studies 22 Mounting Posts Study 23
Abstract Introduction Story of Velcro Biomimetics (Biomimicry) Biomimetics in Architecture From Biomimetics to the Project
79 83 99 101 109
24 25 26 27 28
113 117 119
APPENDIX IMAGE CREDITS BIBLIOGRAPHY
Material Study Methods to Return to Origin Methods of Attaching the Facade Final Prototype Study Question and Reflection
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
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ABSTRACT In Hannes Meryer’s 1928 manifesto Bauen, in which he says: Building is biology, it’s organization; it’s technical process. 1 I agree with Meryer and see that a building is a biological organism that constructed with an armature and tectonics (skeletal system) that withhold and support the building structure, contains a building mechanical system such as HVAC (gland system) to maintain the overall function of the building, and integrates with active or passive heating or cooling system (skin) to help ventilation of a building. Since a building is so much working like an organism (other than it lacks heart beats, of course), many architects study the wonders of nature and biology and incorporate its beauty and function into making architecture. M. Yeganeh, author of “Architecture as an Organism” says in his article, “Like other human beings, architects attempt attention to nature in architectural design and built process.” 2 Skin is the larger organ of the integumentary system, which is the firstling of defense for the body. In addition to its sensitivity, humans skin is remarkably responsive, adapting to changing conditions almost as fast as you can say “exfoliation.” It protects us against disease, water loss and radiation, and its constantly reviews itself. What if a building had adaptable skins? My project looks at a smart material, Nitinol, inspired by Dori Sung’s Bloom, which has an unique property
Detlef Mertins, “Where Architecture Meets Biology: An Interview with Detlef Mertins,” Interact of Die! (NAi Publishers 2007), 110-131. M.R. Bemanian, M. Ansari and M. Yeganeh, “Architecture as an Organism.” In ternational Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management Istanbul, Turkeym July 3-6, 2012. http://iieom.org/ieom2012/pdfs/570.pdf. 1 2
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Abstract
Program Objects
Frame
Skin
Service Core
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
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Abstract
that responds to the swings of the temperature. The thermal material expands and contracts with temperature changes, revealing the opening of the skin envelope, similar to human skin, breathes. Nitinol, a metal, comes in different forms such as sheets, plates, wire and rods. It is also known as Nickel Titanium, a type of alloy with unique properties. It contains these nickel and titanium at approximately equal atomic percentages. The alloy exhibits the superelasticity or pseudoelasticity and the shape memory properties. It means this unique metal can remember its original shape and shows great elasticity under stress. My thesis project is to explore the possibilities of nitinol in relation with materials such as bristol, chipboard, acetate, wood, wood veneer, and aluminum flashing, to create an adaptive facade system without energy use. Many adaptive facade system have been creatively designed and put into use, however, most of them require energy. Nitinol, a smart material does not need the energy to be activated, but heat from the sun. The project questions the material’s versatility and how it can be used (openings for view and air flow) and designed differently in a more extreme climate such as Nevada and Arizona with the year’s average highest temperature of 105°F.
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www.fwmetals.com/materials/nitinol/
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INTRODUCTION When I was younger, I was interested in the wonders of nature, especially in that how animals move, eat, and function as they do in the wilderness. I read many books written about animals, and learned that they behave the ways they do in order to adapt different environments. In college, I majored biology to fulfill my curiosity, but was later drawn into a world of not just what things are but what things can be, and that is architecture. After playing with fruitflys as a laboratory technician at University of Pennsylvania for few years, I entered a four-year master program at University of Florida. Contrary to what people think about architecture, that there is no similarity between architecture and biology, I found that both of them require a tremendous amount of experimentations. Because of my special background and my belief of that all knowledge is connected, I started to research about the connection between biology and architecture for my master thesis project.
1 1 Fruitflyes in tubes connected to manifolds in a experiment at University of Pennsylvania 2 Close up view of fruit fly in a tube
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Introduction
After an extend research on both subjects, a term, “biomimetics “( or biomimicry) kept popping out and seem to be a popular term among biologists and designers. In her book, “Architecture Follows Nature”, Ilaria Mazzoleni said, “In the field of architecture, however, biomimicry has only been used since the early 2000s, reconsidering biomimetics as applied to design.” 1 After digging into the field of biomimetics, learning about its definitions and history, I studied many examples that utilize biomimetics in designs. These designs including industrial designs such as car and furniture designs and architectural designs. Interestingly, I found out that most of the architectural biomimetic designs are either projects that are not built, or projects that are built, but more of experimental projects. The only built architecture with biomimetic designs are very few. It means that this field is still new and still needs many people to do research and experimentations on it. Throughout the whole research process, I became interested in “Bloom,” a project designed by an architect of her own practice, but also a former biologist, Doris Sung who teaches at University of Los Angeles. “Bloom” is composed of a smart thermobimetal, primarily nitinol, a special metal that curls (or changes shape) when heated. Sung’s experimental project is motivated by how the skin functions, that skin has pores on the surface that open up, release of sweat from sweat glands followed by evapouration of sweat from the surface of the skin. This helps temperature regulation. Due to the biomimetic designed “Bloom,” I became interested in studying the main material of “Bloom” - nitinol, and how nitinol can become some of the alternate solutions to ventilation, sustainability and illumination problems.
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Ilaria Mazzoleni, Architecture Follows Nature: Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013), xix.
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STORY OF VELCRO Nature does nothing uselessly.” - Aristotle
1 Close up of burr 2 Close up of velcro
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In 1941, a Swiss engineer and mountaineer Georges de Mestral went for a walk in the woods with his dog. The man and his faithful companion both returned home covered with burrs, the plant seed - sacs that cling to animal fur in order to travel to fertile new planting grounds. Under the microscope, he inspected on the many burrs that cling (stuck) so viciously to the tiny loops in the fabric of his pants. The discovery made him to decide to design a unique, two-sided fastener that will later make him a billionaire. The twosided fastener, later known as velcro, made from cotton patented in 1955. One side of the velcro has stiff hooks like the burrs and the other side wit soft loops like the fabric of the pants. “Velcro”, the term is a combination of the word velour and crochet. Mestral was selling over sixty million yards of Velcro per year. Today, it is a multi-million dollar industry. Not bad for an invention based on Mother nature.1
Story of Velcro
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Claire Suddath “A Brief History of Velcro,” http://content. time.com/time/nation/article/0.8599.1996883.00html, (April 16, 2015)
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BIOMIMETICS (BIOMIMICRY)
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1 Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketch of “flight machine.”
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WHAT IS BIOMIMETICS (BIOMIMICRY) Humans have always looked to nature for inspiration to solve problems. After millions of years of tinkering, Mother Nature has worked out some effective processes. In nature, there is no such thing as waste - anything left over from one animal or plant is food for another species. Inefficiency does not last long in nature, and human engineers and designers often look there for solutions to modern problems. While mankind has always learned many things from observing other species and adapting their behaviors for our own needs. Story like George de Mestral and his nature-inspired invention went all the way to the Renaissance time. Leonardo Da Vinci observed carefully the anatomy and flight of birds, and made numerous notes and sketches of his observations and countless sketches of proposed “flying machines” (also known as the “ornithopter). He is a big proponent of learning from nature. His sketchbooks are filled with inventions that are closely linked to designs found
Biomimetics
in the natural world. Although his design of the flying machine did not successfully carried out in reality, the ideas lived on and became the source of inspiration for the Wright Brothers, who also inspired by their observations of pigeons in flight. They flew their first airplane in 1903. 1 The discipline of learning from Mother Nature for inspiration in design is recently been identified and is called biomimetics. The term “biomimetics” has been used since the 1960s when Otto H. Schmitt defined it as “biology + technology” but applied it mainly within the field of engineering. 2 Webster Dictionary (1974) defines biomimetics: “the study of the formation, structure, or function of biologically produced substance and materials (as enzymes or silk) and biological mechanisms and processes (a protein synthesis or phtosynthesis) especially for the purpose of synthesizing similar products by artificial mechanism which mimic natural ones.” Another word that is interchangeable with biomimetics is biomimicry which is only been used since the early 2000s and is defined by Biomimicry Institute “an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies.” 3 These two terms are used vastly in similar setting and are interchangeable, however, some may see biomimicry as a term limited to imitating the morphological aspects of the biological world while biomimetics also looking at the functional aspects of the biological world.
“Biomimicry – Finding Design Inspiration in Nature.” Biomimicry – Finding Design Inspiration in Nature, (April 16, 2015). Ilaria Mazzoleni, Architecture Follows Nature: Biomimetic Principles for Innovative Design (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2013), xix. https://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry/#.VxQOukfiVp 3 15 “What Is Biomimicry? – Biomimicry Institute.” Biomimicry Institute ICal, http://biomimicry.org/what-is-biomimicry, (April 16, 2015). 1 2
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2 Wright brother testing a plane
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Biomimetics in Architecture
BIOMIMETICS IN ARCHITECTURE Biomimetic architecture is a modern-day philosophy that seeks architectural solutions for either design or sustainability in nature, however, not absolutely replicating the natural forms, but by understanding the rules governing those forms. It is part of the biomimicry movement, which is the examination of nature. Its models, systems, and processes for the purpose of gaining inspiration in order to solve man-made problems. Several early architecture mimic the forms of organism in the nature such as Frank Lloyd Wright’s lily-pad like columns in Johnson Wax Headquarters (1936) 1 and Eero Saarinen’s bird wing like concrete roof at TWA Terminal of John F. Kennedy International Airport (1962).2 Later on, world-renown architects like Frank Gehry used organic and natural forms to shape his unique and controversial architecture and Norman Foster studied Venus Flower Basket Sponge’s hexagonal skin to come up with 30 St Mary Axe’s structure system (2003). Another famous biomimetic architecture example is Eastgate Centre in Zimbabwe, that the architect Mick Pearce studied local termite’s home and figured out a way to design a building without air-conditioning or heating yet stays regulated year round with dramatically less energy consumption.3 Many architects or designers started to look at nature and learn from it.
“AD Classics: S.C. Johnson and Son Administration Building / Frank Lloyd Wright,” ArchDaily, November 21, 2010, (April 16, 2015). AD Classics: TWA Terminal / Eero Saarinen,” ArchDaily, July 2, 2010, (April 16, 2015). 3 ”Foster Partners,” 30 St Mary Axe, http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/30-st-mary-axe/, (April 16, 2015). 1 2
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1 Close up view of lily pad columns of Johnson Wax Headquarter in Racine, Wisconsin 2 Front view of WA Terminal of John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York
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Biomimetics in Architecture
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
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3 Overhead View of 30 St Mary Axe in London 4 Interior of Eastgate Centre in Zimbabwe
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Biomimetics in Architecture
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FROM BIOMIMETICS TO THE PROJECT Sixty projects including industrial and biomimetic projects are being looked at and studied. A graph was formed to show how the projects are related to each other and how they are placed in terms of scale (from micro to macros) and levels (from form level to behavior level to ecosystem level). I found there are projects inspired from bee’s nest structure to bird’s nest structure, from forms of plants (such as bamboos and cactus) to forms of animals (such as birds and fish), or from micro mechanisms and components of fish skin and gecko feet. Each of these projects gets inspired by a piece of nature to create something useful and efficient in the world. In these sixty projects, “Bloom” stands out in the crowd because first of all, it is a project between industrial and architectural and secondly, it is an experimental project that also looks for solution in sustainability. Her project does not require energy from electricity but from the sun, which is a free energy. Her project is to create a facade system that works like the skin that can regulate ventilation of a building. My master research project is too study the material she uses - nitinol, and to create a facade system that also solves the ventilation problem.
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From Biomimetics to the Project
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
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CASE STUDY
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BLOOM
Location Year of completion Size Architect Structural Engineer Coordinates Average temperature Climate
Los Angeles, California 2012 20 feet tall dO|Su Studio Architecture (Doris Sung) Matthew Melnyk 34°N, 118 °W August high 84 °F December low 47 °F Sub-tropical Mediterranean
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Video of Flow System Prototype
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Sung is an assistant professor in the school of architecture at the University of Southern California, as well as principal of her own firm, dOlSu Studio Architecture. Bloom consists of 14,000 laser- cut pieces of thermobimetal in 414 hyperbolic paraboloid-shaped stacked panels arranged in the self-supporting manner of a manocoque shell structure. A thermobimetal is two sheets of metal laminated together, each having different coefficient of expansion, given specific ambient temperature conditions. There is no adhesive, only a molecular bond between the two 1/8 inch sheets. Sung used two kinds of thermobimetals - a manganese nickel alloy on the inner surface and darker manganese iron on the outer - which together curl up to a temperature of 400 °F. Curling begins at around 70 °F and evens out at around 100 °F. 1
1 Overhead view of Bloom 2 Overhead view of the Bloom installation at the Materials and Applications Gallery in Los Angeles
Bloom
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Structure strength is gained from the hyperbolic paraboloid, or hyparshaped panels, which bend in two directions within the overall organizational grid. Sun and her structural engineer undertook much digital analysis and oldfashioned model building to understand how the aluminum frame and the varying size of the infil panels could be optimized to increase strength. 2 3
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Bioom
From an energy perspective, Bloom is a passive system in that it requires no artificial energy inputs to operate. However, it actively opens in high ambient temperatures or direct sunlight and can be designed either to open to allow for the release of hot air from below or close to shield the underside from unwanted solar gain. Bloom was optimized to perform best on March 20, the Spring equinox, when it opens up the most to allow for ventilation of the canopy’s underside. 3
3 Courtyard view 4 Bloom components 5 Environmental diagram
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http://www.archdaily.com/215280/bloom-dosu-studio-architecture ibid 3 ibid 1 2
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
08 Location Year of completion Architect Structural Engineer Coordinates Average temperature Climate
INSTITUT DU MONDE ARABE Paris, France 1987 Jean Nouvel Brandstatter ZT GmbH 36 째N, 127.8 째E August high 82.4 째F December low 21.2 째F Humid continental/ subtropical
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Jean Nouvel drew inspiration from the traditional lattice work that has been used for centuries in the Middle East to protect the occupants from the sun and provide privacy. The system incorporates light sensitive diaphragms that regulate the amount of light that is allowed to enter the building. During the various phases of the lens, a shifting geometric pattern is formed and showcased as both light and void. While these ocular devices created an aesthetic, they are functional from an environmental controls standpoint as well. 1
1 Detail view of Institut Du Monde Arabe 2 Exterior view of Institut Du Monde Arabe 3 Interior view and light condition of Institut Du Monde Arabe
Video of FInstitut Du Monde Arabe 2
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Institut Du Monde Arabe
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www.archdaily.com/162101/ad-classics-institut-du-monde-arabe-jean-nouvel
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
09 Location Year of completion Architect
FLOW SYSTEM PROTOTYPE Paris, France 2009 Thorsten Klaus
Concept for a full-height operable textile facade system developed during a design competition in early 2009, then designed and built as a 1:1 fully-functional prototype for an exhibition of ILEK objects at the DeuBau and Bautec building trade shows in January and February 2010. 1
Video of Flow System Prototype 1 Overall View of FLOW System Prototype (Adaptive textile facade concept)
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Flow System Prototype
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsqqSr3OLgA
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
10 Location Year of completion Architect Structural Engineer Coordinates Average temperature Climate
THEMATIC PAVILION EXPO YEOSU Selected as the first prize winner in an open international competition in 2009, this permanent facility is bringing life along a new promenade within a former industrial harbor. It is largely known for its fish-like characteristics created by a cutting -edge facade system that is made-up of glass fiber reinforced polymers (GFRP) capable of being morphed into a number of animated patterns. The integration of the moving lamellas within the building’s skin was inspired by a research project at the ITKE University Stuttgart that investigates how biological moving mechanism can be applied in an architectural scale. 1
Yeosu, South Korea 2012 Soma ZT GmbH Brandstatter ZT GmbH 36 °N, 127.8 °E August high 82.4 °F December low 21.2 °F Humid continental/ subtropical
1 1 Diagram of how EXPO Yeosu facade moves 2 Overall view of Thematic Pavilion Expo Yesu 3 Rendera nimation of EXPO Yeosu’s kinetic facade
Video of Therme Pavilion Expo Yeosu
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A counter part to the virtual multi-media shows of the Thematic Exhibition, the kinetic facade, like the overall architecture of the pavilion, evokes sensuous experiences through analogue means. During daytime the lamellas are used to control light conditions in the Best Practice Area. After sunset the analogue visual effect of the moving lamellas is intensified by LEDs. The bionic principle
Therme Pavilion Expo Yeosu
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of the kinetic media facade supports the idea of a consistent effect. Form, material, movement and light are seamlessly interrelated. The longer the single lamella- the wider the opening angle - the bigger the area affected by light. The bionic approach also underlines the ecological agenda of the EXPO. As a moving, emotional experience, the kinetic facade combines the sensation with the sensational while communicating the EXPO’s therme in an innovative and investigative way. 2
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http://www.archdaily.com/236979/one-ocean-thematic-pavilion-expo-2012-soma http://www.soma-architecture.com/index.php?page=theme_pavilion&parent=2
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HYGROSKIN
Location Year of completion Size Architect Coordinates Average temperature Climate
Orleans-Ia-Source, France 2013 37 feet W x 8 feet H x 8 feet D Achim Menges Architect, Oliver David Krieg, Steffen Reichert 46.2 °N, 2.2 °E August high 80.6 °F January low -32 °F Continental climate
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1 Axometric drawing of components of Hygroskin 2 Overview of Hygroskin
Video of Hygroskin
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Hygroskin - meteorosenitive pavilion is a climate - responsive architecture whose modular wooden skin autonomously acknowledges weather changes by contracting and expanding its built in apertures. The wood-composite’s undulating concave panels incorporates clusters of intricate, floral-shaped outlets, these channels are in conversation with the surrounding environment, adjusting to changes in relative humidity, the climatic shifts trigger a silent, material-innate movement translated through the porosity of the medium, resulting in continual fluctuations of enclosure and illumination of the internal space. The project behaves with the capacity of the material’s elasticity, neither requiring the supply of operational energy nor any kind of mechanical or electronic control, the material structure itself is the machine. Its self-sufficient behavior opens up the possibility for ecologically embedded architecture that could be in constant communication with its surroundings. 1
Hygroskin
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http://rob-ley.com/Reef
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LIVING GLASS (NITINOL ACTUATED PROJECT)
Location Year of completion Architect
New York 2012 David Benjamin Soo-In Yang
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Video of Living Glass
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Soo-In Yang and David Benjamin, architects at The Living have come up with a new material called “Living Glass” that will look out for people’s health by monitoring CO2 levels in the air. The new smart material is a thin, transparent, nonmechanical surface which automatically opens and closes “gills” in response to human presence to control the air quality in the room. The silicone surface embedded with Dynalloy Flexinol wires contracts due to the electrical stimulus, allowing the “gills” to breath and regulate air quality when carbon dioxide levels are high.
1 Detail of Living Glass 2 Overall plan of Living Glass 3 A Person blowing Air to Living Glass 4 Input sensor that activates flexinol wires 5 Arduino control of Living Glass 6 Output shapes of silicone glass
Living Glass
FUTURE RESEARCH ENERGY -Thin Film Photovoltaic -Lithium-Ion Ploymer Battery 2 INPUT: Presence sensors
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PROCESSING: BASIC stamp II microcontroller
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OUTPUT: Gills with Flexinol wires
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http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass/
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REEF (NITINOL ACTUATED PROJECT)
Location Year of completion Size Architect Material Coordinates Average temperature Climate
New York, United States 2009 37 feet W x 8 feet H x 8 feet D Rob Ley, Johshua Stein Reinforced composite, aluminum, shape memory alloy 37 °N, 95.7 °W August high 83 °F January low 27 °F Humid Continental
Commissioned by the Storefront for Art and Architecture, Reef, a more of an art installation, investigates the role Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs), offer the possibility of efficient, fluid movement without the mechanized motion of earlier technologies. Operating at a molecular level, this motion parallels that of plants and lower level organisms that are considered responsive but not conscious. A field of sunflowers as they track the sun across the sky or a reef covered with sea anemones, offer image of the type of motion this technology affords. Its use in practical application of this technology. There have been few serious attempts to test its possibilities at the scale of architectural environments. Reef’s unique exploration of technology shifts from the biomimetic to the biokinetic while liberating the extending architecture’s capacity to produce a sense of wilfulness. 1
Video of Reef 1 Reef installation at a gallery in New York
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Reef
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http://rob-ley.com/Reef
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REFLECTION OF CASE STUDY In these seven case studies, I learned that Reef, Flow System Prototype, Living Glass, Thematic Pavilion Expo Yeosu use fish gill (reef) as inspiration to design the facade systems and Bloom, Institut Du Monde Arabe, and Hygroskin use the concept of “opening up,� (ex. flower and iris) as inspiration to design the facade systems. For the following process of the research, these concepts would be studied to help me design my facade system with nitinol wire installed.
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2 1 Shark 2 Reef 3 Pint nut 4 Eye iris
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5 Bloom 6 Institut Du Monde Arabe 7 Hydroskin 8 Flow System Prototype 9 Thematic Pavilion Expo Yeosu 10 Living Glass 11 Reef
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ADAPTIVE KINETIC ARCHITECTURE “Adaptive architecture is as much about process as well as product and outcome” - Philip Beesley
Definitions: Adaptive: Be able to adjust to the conditions
With technology advancing in fly speed, buildings that come with “moving” components have become a strong interest of architects and developers. The built environment is becoming responsive in terms of physical, real-time changes acting under intelligent controls. Adaptation of architecture can be as simple as the windows, blinds, and sliding screens of a building where the space transforms from spaciousness to intimacy in the hands of its occupants. One classic example is Paul Rudolph’s Walker Guest House at Sarasota Florida. This 576-squarefoot lightweight box with spider-leg like posts has adjustable panels acted as giant shutters that could shade and protect the house’s transparent expanses from sun and rain. The shutters were counterbalanced by ball-shaped, iron weights. 1
of a particular environment
Kinetic: Involving or producing movement
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Architecture has always been inventive and adaptable. The history of adaptive kinetic architecture goes back to the era of Archigram
Adaptive Kinetic Architecture
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1 Overall view of Walker Guest House 2 The counter weight that attach the panels 3 Close up view of balllike counter weight
lead by Sir Peter Cook, Warren Chalk, Ron Herron, Dennis Cropton, Michael Webb and David Greene. In 1964, Ron Herron proposed an idea in an article in the journal Archigram called Walking City. Herron proposed building massive mobile robotic structures with their own intelligence, that could freely move to whereever their resources or manufacturing abilities were needed. Moreover, various walking cities could interconnect with each other to form larger “walking metropolises” when needed. We have yet to see Archigram’s visions fully realized, yet the drawings has inspired many of us and helped us to dream about what future of architecture can be. 2 With the range of topics within the field of adaptive kinetic architecture including self-assembling, genetic, regenerative, morphogenetic, responsive, learning and so on, more designers have focused not only on the “kinetic” part but also the adaptive nature of energy. With the help of material science and computation technology, many materials are require either none or less energy than it used to be. Or a more precise understanding of how energy works in buildings suggests a different model of energy performance that is no longer thermostatic but thermomorphic and evolutionary.
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4 Walking City by Ron Herron 5 Walking City by Ron Herron
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Adaptive Kinetic Architecture
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http://www.curbed.com/2015/11/5/9903600/midcentury-houses-paul-rudolph-walker-guest-house-timothy-rohan https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archigram
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THE PROJECT
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FACADE PATTERN STUDY
Puzzle Type
Flower Type
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Facade Pattern Study
Flower Type
Gill Type
Eye Type
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Gill Type
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Cell Type
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Flower Type
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Facade Pattern Study
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Facade Pattern Study
138.6°
138.6° VS.
shorter object VS. longer object
133.9°
133.9°
Longer object is heavier to move, therefore it takes more force to it, however, even though shorter object is light, in order for the two pieces to meet, the distance to move the two shorter pieces are longer. Therefore having shorter pieces might not be better than having longer pieces.
133.9°
133.9°
forces from top VS. forces from bottom
VS. 133.9°
133.9°
Forces pushed from the bottom are larger than forces pushed from the top.
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Facade Pattern Study
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Size?
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Facade Pattern Study
Weaving is the textile art in which two distinct sets of yearns or threads are interlaced with each to each other at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
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Facade Pattern Study
Variation of weaving pattern
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SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are materials that can be deformed at one temperature but when heated or cooled, return to their original shape, i.e. the alloy appears to have a memory. Strains of up to about 10% can be fully recovered. Alloys that e exhibit this effect only when heated are said to have a “one-way shape memory”. This transformation sequence is illustrated below. 1
Austenite
Martensite
Martensite
Some materials also show a memory effect on subsequent cooling and these are said to have a “two-way shape memory” but for these materials the recoverable strain is limited to about 3%. SMAs are particularly useful because at the lower temperature, they have a rubbery feel and can be deformed by a small force; at the higher temperature, they behave like normal metals and any induced strain is not recoverable. 2
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Shape Memory Alloy
SMAs also exhibit superelasticity (or pseudoelasticity), in this case, a small force induces considerable deformation but when the force is removed, the material automatically recovers its original shape without the need for heating. Shape memory alloy include copper-aluminum-nickel, copper-zinc-aluminum, and iron-manganesesilicon alloys and also nickle-titanium alloys which is also called nitinol as the material for this master research project. The material is a lightweight, solid-state alternative to conventional actuators such as hydraulic, pneumatic, and motor-based systems. Shape-memory alloys have applications in robotic and automotive, aerospace and biomedical industries. 3
How to actuate?
VS.
http://web.stanford.edu/~richlin1/sma/sma.html ibid 3ibid 1 2
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
18
NITINOL (NiTi)
1
2
WHAT IS NITINOL Nitinol, also known as nickel titanium is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium where two metallic elements are combined in roughly equal percentage. Nitinol alloys exhibit two related and unique properties: shape memory effect and superelasticity. Shape memory is the ability that undergoes deformation at one temperature, then recover to its original. Superelasticity occurs at narrow temperature range just above its transformation temperature, no heating is necessary to cause the undeformed shape to recover, and the material exhibits enormous elasticity, some 10-30 times than ordinary metal. 1
3
Force
Heat
4
Original Shape
61
Deformed Shape
Original Shape
Nitinol (NiTi)
NITINOL PRODUCTION Nitinol can be manufactured to a variation of forms and shapes. It can comes in forms of tube, wires, sheets or plates. The application of nitinol is ubiquitous. NITINOL USAGE Because of it’s superelasticity, Nitinol is popular in extremely resilient glasses frames and some mechanical watch springs. It is also seen in cell-phone technology as a retractable antenna. Nitinol is also used in medical or biomedical facilities. It is used in teeth retainer and orthopetic implants. Another significant application of nitinol in medicine is in stents: a collapsed stent can be inserted into an artery or vein, where body temperature warms the stent and the stent returns to its original expanded shape following removal of a constraining sheath. Finally, nitinol is also seen in many school projects that students incorporates it into making toys and robots. 2
5
6
7
8
1 http://www.chemistrylearner.com/nitinol.html 2 http://www.chemistrylearner.com/nitinol.html#nitinol-uses
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
TRAINING NITINOL WIRE Force the wire into your desired shape using pins or nails on a metal plate (here I use wood panel, though not idealized), metal clamps, or metal wire to hold nitinol into shape. Heat nitinol under fire with high temperature (around 1000 째F) or in an oven. Set the nitinol aside or place in a cold water to cool. Take the wire out and let it return to room temperature. Now the nitinol can be stretched out to return to a relaxing state. The training process is done and now when the wire is heated above the transition heat, the wire return back to the forced shape in an instant.
nitinol or
Relaxing State Shaping
63
Training Shape (1000 째F)
Cooling
Nitinol (NiTi)
or
De-shape
Actuating (direct heat: flame, warm water, sunlight , or the daily change in air temperature)
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
19
NITINOL SOURCE There are many on-line companies that sell nitinol metals such as companies like Carolina Biology, Kellogg’s Research Labs, Magellan Metals and Dynalloy, Inc, but at the end, I picked Kellogg’s Research Lab as my primary nitinol wire source. The main reason for choosing Kellogg’s Research Lab is because of its affordable price. Five fee of 1mm nitinol wire is $15. Some other companies manufacture their nitinol wires for medical use. The prices for these special nitinol wires are very high. Another reason for choosing Kellogg’s Research Labs is that their nitinol wires come in different thickness and different transition temperatures. I chose Body temperature (95 F) for the prototypes because it is higher than air temperature (~70°F) but also low enough for me to show the movement of the facade using heat from a portable heater. Dynalloy is also a popular site for school projects but the wires only come in 70°C and 90°C transition temperatures (158°F and 194°F) which are optimal when the wires connect to power, which was not my original intent for the project.
1mm thick nitinol wire
65
Nitinol Source
http://www.carolina.
http://www.magellanmetals.
http://www.magellanmetals.
http://www.dynalloy.com/
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
20
INITIAL PROTOTYPE MOCK-UP
See Appendix A for Grasshopper coding for modeling curves in Rhino
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Initial Prototype Mock-Up
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Side View: Aluminum Flashing When nitinol wires are undergoing heat actuating, the openings are small when four wires are attached the four aluminum flashings the same way. To maximize the opening, for this prototype, the nitinol wires are attached the nitinol flashing in alternative sides of the aluminum flashings.
Frame
Aluminum Flashing with nitinol wire on the alternate side
69
Initial Prototype Mock-Up
Problem 1: The nitinol wires here are now weaved through the aluminum flashing and are secured at the end by jewlery crimps. However, this mounting method is not optimal as the wires do not stand flat to make the banding precise for each individual flashing sheet. Moreover, securing the jewlery crimps to the aluminum flashing takes too long to proceed since I tried to soldered the crimps to the flashing. Mounting the nitinol wire onto material such as aluminum flushing? Nitinol Wire cannot be glued or soldered to aluminum flashing? Solution: See Chapter 19
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Side View:
Shrink
Expand
Frame
Problem 2: When aluminum flashing bends, the frame of the prototype actually shrinks vertically to compensate the expansion of the middle section (the area where it bends), which makes the frame unstable.
Solution: Having the frame mounts to the middle section of the aluminum flashing so the middle section is stable when the two ends of the aluminum flashing curve
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Initial Prototype Mock-Up
Side View:
Frame Perspective View:
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Video of Initial Prototype Mock-Up
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21
Methods of Mounting Nitinol Wires
METHODS OF MOUNTING NITINOL WIRES
1
2
3
4
Four mounting methods are studied to create the most efficient way to mount nitinol wires onto facade material. Detail of each method is described in the following pages. Among these four methods, method 4 stands out and is the best method of all because it is most efficient and securing in mounting the self-made crimps (mounting post) onto the facade material (here using aluminum flashing). Moreover, because the mounting posts are self-made using plaxiglass, they can be designed and manufactured differently if needed.
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Method 1 Securing nitinol wires with jewelry crimps. Problem: Time consuming since first of all jewelry crimps are very small to be handle and secondly it is very difficult to attach jewelry crimps onto aluminum flashing because metals cannot glued together and soldering takes too much time. Method 2 Securing nitinol wires with self-made crimp (jewelry crimps are attached to bolts to create standing posts.) Problem: Time consuming since first of all jewelry crimps are glued to the bolts which is not a secured method so that jewelry crimps are easily to fall down.
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Methods of Mounting Nitinol Wires
Method 3 Securing nitinol wires with soft wires and jewelry crimps. Problem: This is not a secure method since soft wires could not tie down nitinol wires hard.
Method 4 Securing nitinol wires with self-made crimp (self made plaxiglass crimps secured by nuts and bolts) Problem: Making each plaxiglass-crimps using laser cutting and glue the pieces together is time consuming and labor intensive.
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
22
PREPARATION FOR STUDIES
Model for later studies
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Preparation for Studies
Training nitinol wires
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
23
MOUNTING POST STUDY 2”
3”
4”
2/16”
8/16”
11/16”
3
5
Distance between Mounting Posts (10”x3” Aluminum Flashing)
Height of Mounting Posts (10”x3” Aluminum Flashing, 4” distance)
Number of Mounting Posts (10”x3” Aluminum Flashing, 11/16” height mount posts)
79
Curve Height
Mounting Post Study
4” 3” 2” 1” 0”
2”
3”
4”
Curve Height
Distance between Mounting Posts
4” 3” 2” 1” 0”
2/16”
8/16”
11/16”
Curve Height
Height of Mounting Posts
Curve Height 4” 3” 2” 1” 0”
Return Height
3
5
Number of Mounting Posts 80
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
11/16”
1”
1/2” 1” 8/16” 1” 1/2”
1/2”
1/2”
1” 2/16”
1” 1/2” 1/2”
1/2” 1”
12/16”
1/2”
1/2” 1/2”
12/16” 1/2”
81
1/2”
12/16”
Mounting Post Study
WHAT WE LEARN: The method using spring (3�) anchored at the end of AL flashing at 90 degree has the least ratio - 1, which means that the aluminum flashing returns to the exact origin after it curves up. However, using this method, the height of curve is very minimal, therefore even it gives the least curve up return ratio, the method is not applicable to the need of the project. The method that has the second best ratio - 1.2, is laminating aluminum flashing sheets. The curve up height for this method is 0.6 inch and the return height is 0.5 inch which is very close to the origin. Because of its good curve up return ratio and higher curve up height, this method is used in the final prototype of the project. The comparisons also indicates that using weights would yield good results as well. However the final prototype would be a vertical facade, the weight methods would not be applicable. If the vertical facade becomes a horizontal canopy, the weight methods would be applicable.
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
24
MATERIAL STUDY 0 min
Acetate 3”x10”
Acetate 1.5”x10”
1 ply Chipboard 3”x10”
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1 min
2
2 min
Material Study
3 min
4 min
5 min
6 min
7 min
Curve Height Return Height
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
0 min
Bristol 3”x10”
Wood Veneer 3”x10”
Aluminum Flashing 3”x10”
Curve Height Return Height
85
1 min
2 min
Material Study
3 min
4 min
5 min
6 min
7 min
Curve Height Return Height
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Curve Height
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
4” 3” 2” 1” 0”
Bristol 3”x10”
Acetate 1.5”x10”
Acetate 3”x10”
1 ply Chipboard 3”x10”
Material
Curve Height Return Height
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Wood Veneer 3”x10”
Aluminum Flashing 3”x10”
Material Study
WHAT WE LEARN: Bristol curls up the highest, however returns to the original point the shortest. Aluminum flashing curls up the lowest, however, returns almost back to the original point. The curving height seems to depend on the weight and flexibility of the material. Bristol is a paper material and weights the least therefore curls up the most. 1.5”x10” acetate is thinner and weights less than 3”x10” acetate therefore 1.5”x10” acetate curves up more than 3”x10” acetate. At same dimension, aluminum flashing weights more than veneer and 1 ply chipboard, therefore aluminum flashing curves up the least compare to 1 play chipboard and wood veneer.
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
25
METHODS TO RETURN TO ORIGIN 0 min Rubber band anchored at the end of AL flashing at 120 degree Rubber band anchored at the middle of AL flashing at 60 degree Rubber band (3�) anchored at the end of AL flashing at 90 degree
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1 min
2 min
Methods to Return to Origin
3 min
4 min
5 min
6 min
7 min
Curve Height Return Height
90
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
0 min Rubber band (1”) anchored at the end of AL flashing at 90 degree Spring (3”) anchored at the end of AL flashing at 90 degree Weight: 1/4” 20x3/4” screw with 1 nut
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1 min
2 min
Methods to Return to Origin
3 min
4 min
5 min
6 min
7 min
Curve Height Return Height
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
0 min
Weight: 1/4” 20x3/4” screw with 2 nuts
Weight: 1/4” 20x3/4” screw with 3 nuts
Laminated
93
1 min
2 min
Methods to Return to Origin
3 min
4 min
5 min
6 min
7 min
Curve Height Return Height
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
0 min
Laminated with space
Reverse method Aluminum
Reverse method Wood Veneer
95
1 min
2
Methods to Return to Origin
min
3 min
4 min
5 min
6 min
7 min
Curve Height Return Height
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Curve Height
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
4” 3” 2” 1” 0”
Laminated
Weight: Weight: 1/4” 1/4” 20x3/4” 20x3/4” screw with 2 screw with 3 nuts nuts
Rubber band Rubber band Rubber band Rubber (3”) anchored at (1”) band the middle of anchored at anchored at anchored at AL flashing at the end of the end of AL the end of AL 60 degree AL flashing flashing at flashing at 90 degree 90 degree at 120 degree
Methods to Return to Origin Curve Height Return Height
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Methods to Return to Origin
Weight: 1/4” 20x3/4” screw with 1 nut
Spring (3”) anchored at the end of AL flashing at 90 degree
WHAT WE LEARN: The method using spring (3”) anchored at the end of AL flashing at 90 degree has the least ratio - 1, which means that the aluminum flashing returns to the exact origin after it curves up. However, using this method, the height of curve is very minimal, therefore even it gives the least curve up return ratio, the method is not applicable to the need of the project. The method that has the second best ratio - 1.2, is laminating aluminum flashing sheets. The curve up height for this method is 0.6 inch and the return height is 0.5 inch which is very close to the origin. Because of its good curve up return ratio and higher curve up height, this method is used in the final prototype of the project. The comparisons also indicates that using weights would yield good results as well. However the final prototype would be a vertical facade, the weight methods would not be applicable. If the vertical facade becomes a horizontal canopy, the weight methods would be applicable.
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
26
METHODS OF ATTACHING THE FACADE
Using steel to hold the facade
99
Methods of Attaching the Facade
Using frame to attach the facade
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
27
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FINAL PROTOTYPE STUDY
Final Prototype Study
102
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
103
Final Prototype Study
104
SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Before Nitinol Get Activated by the Heater
105
Final Prototype Study
After Nitinol Get Activated by the Heater
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Double Skin Facade: The double skin facade consists of two skins placed in such a way that air flows in the intermediate cavity. The ventilation of the cavity can be natural, fan supported or mechanical depends on the local climate. The cavity also provides a person’s space so a person can use that space to clean glass or metal facade and to fix the facade in case it is broken. The movement of the adaptive kinetic facade helps air to move through which may cool the interior of the building. It also brings in the sun light, helps to brighten the interior space. Because the power to move the facade comes from sunlight, therefore the whole system is sustainable to the environment. This can help to save energy of the building.
Video of Final Prototype Study
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Final Prototype Study
Aluminum Flashing Frame Glass
Heat Curve
Straight
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
28
QUESTION AND REFLECTION One major issue of my project was that the what kind of sites and climate conditions can best suit the nitinol actuated facade. Since this facade system can provide good ventilation for buildings, desert place can serve a good site for the purpose of the facade. On the other hand, the facade system can also serve as a good shading device to hot climate if the movement of the facade is inverse. Right now the facade system reveals openings to bring in the light.
Heat Curve
109
Straight
Question and Reflection
Another issue that came up at the final critique was ways to fix the nitinol actuated facade if is malfunction. Since it is a double skin facade, I propose that the cavity can be accessible to people so that they can be in there fixing the facade system. The cavity can be expended to provide more space for it to be more occupiable. The nitinol wires can be fixed on the cavity side of the facade so the wires are more approachable to people in the cavity. Expand
Nitinol Wire Nitinol Wire
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SKIN THAT MOVES: Nitinol Actuated Facade
Moreover, since now the primary material that the wires now attached is aluminum flashing, there would be glare problem to the adjacent buildings. Reflection from the metal facade can heat up and damage other buildings (ex. In London, Walkie Talkie Tower melted a car parked nearby). Some possible solutions are to use alternative material other than metal or making sure the reflective surfaces are designed well so they do not act like solar cooker, reflecting concentrated sunlight. Site survey is also important.
1
http://hereandnow.wbur.org/2013/09/12/building-glare-heat
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1
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APPENDIX APPENDIX A
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APPENDIX B
114
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
115
APPENDIX E
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IMAGE CREDITS 01
ABSTRACT 1 http://www.american-architects.com/en/projects/38869_Artsquest_Center_at_SteelStacks 2 http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-female-human-muscles-skeleton-image29069160 3 http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2014-12/11/smart-skin
03
STORY OF VELCRO 1 http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=63178&picture=burr-whorl-velcro-inspiration 2 https://theotherdada.wordpress.com/2013/06/26/biomimicry-101/
04
BIOMIMETICS (BIOMIMICRY) 1 http://berto-meister.blogspot.com/2009/08/janine-benyus-biomimicry-in-action.html 2 http://www.wright-brothers.org/Information_Desk/Just_the_Facts/Airplanes/Wright_Airplanes.htm
05
BIOMIMETICS IN ARCHITECTURE 1 https://www.pinterest.com/pin/69805862946414584/ 2 http://ezrastoller.com/portfolio/twa-terminal 3 https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwi-z-6-oa3MAhXOsh4KHYsvAukQjhwIBQ&url=htt ps%3A%2F%2Fbuildingsdesign.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2F08%2Fthe-most-unique-skyline-the-15-iconic-buildings-in-the-world%2F&psi g=AFQjCNHov3yCW2IAJm3MR0W5ofjgko2IAA&ust=1461792750563616 4 https://blog.kiva.org/fellowsblog/2015/03/20/ten-reasons-to-include-zimbabwe-in-your-next-itinerary
07
BLOOM 1 http://www.arch2o.com/bloom-installation-do-su-studio-architecture/ 2 Fortmeyer, Russell, and Charles D. Linn. 2014. Kinetic architecture : Designs for active envelopes. Mulgrave, Vic: Images Publishing Group, 85 3 http://www.arch2o.com/bloom-installation-do-su-studio-architecture/ 4 Fortmeyer, Russell, and Charles D. Linn. 2014. Kinetic architecture : Designs for active envelopes. Mulgrave, Vic: Images Publishing Group, 86. 5 Fortmeyer, Russell, and Charles D. Linn. 2014. Kinetic architecture : Designs for active envelopes. Mulgrave, Vic: Images Publishing Group. 89.
08
INSTITUT DU MONDE ARABE 1 https://aedesign.wordpress.com/2009/08/29/arab-world-institute-paris-france/ 2 https://www.flickr.com/photos/ralemanno/6363176657 3 http://dressingtheair.com/sense/orientation/architecture/institut-du-monde-arabe-213.htm
09
FLOW SYSTEM PROTOTYPE 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsqqSr3OLgA2 https://www.flickr.com/photos/ralemanno/6363176657
10
THEMATIC PAVILION EXPO YEOSU 1 https://simonschleicher.wordpress.com/category/press/ 2 http://www.cnn.com/2012/06/18/world/asia/south-korea-expo-architecture/ 3 https://simonschleicher.wordpress.com/category/press/
11
HYGROSKIN 1 http://www.archdaily.com/424911/hygroskin-meteorosensitive-pavilion-achim-menges-architect-in-collaboration-with-oliver-david-krieg-andsteffen-reichert 2 http://www.archdaily.com/424911/hygroskin-meteorosensitive-pavilion-achim-menges-architect-in-collaboration-with-oliver-david-krieg-andsteffen-reichert
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12
LIVING GLASS 1 http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass 2 http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass/ 3 http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass/ 4 http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass/ 5 http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass/ 6 http://inhabitat.com/carbon-dioxide-sensing-living-glass/
13
REEF 1 http://storefrontnews.org/archive/tag/reef/
14
REFLECTION OF CASE STUDY 1 http://www.arch2o.com/bloom-installation-do-su-studio-architecture/ 2 http://www.coris.noaa.gov/glossary/#/ 3http://openbuildings.com/buildings/hygroskin-meteorosensitive-pavilion-profile-45827 4 http://www.medicaldaily.com/special-snowflake-4-things-other-your-fingerprints-make-you-1-72-billion-327710 5 http://blog.shawcontractgroup.com/tag/doris-kim-sung/ 6 http://dressingtheair.com/sense/orientation/architecture/institut-du-monde-arabe-213.htm 7 http://www.designboom.com/architecture/hygroskin-a-climate-responsive-kinetic-sculpture/ 8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsqqSr3OLgA2 https://www.flickr.com/photos/ralemanno/6363176657 9 http://www.knippershelbig.com/en/projects/thematic-pavilion-expo-2012 10 https://issuu.com/archpaper/docs/facadesplus_2013_nyc_david_benjamin/2 11 http://rob-ley.com/Reef
15
ADAPTIVE KINETIC ARCHITECTURE 1 http://www.curbed.com/2015/11/5/9903600/midcentury-houses-paul-rudolph-walker-guest-house-timothy-rohan 2 http://www.curbed.com/2015/11/5/9903600/midcentury-houses-paul-rudolph-walker-guest-house-timothy-rohan 3 http://www.curbed.com/2015/11/5/9903600/midcentury-houses-paul-rudolph-walker-guest-house-timothy-rohan 4 https://ramonaramone.wordpress.com/2015/11/06/archigram/ 5 https://archipressone.wordpress.com/tag/archigram/
16
FACADE PATTERN STUDY 1 http://www.canstockphoto.com/illustration/weave.html 2 http://webtreats.mysitemyway.com/tileable-basket-weave-textures/ 3 http://www.turkotek.com/misc_00006/discussion.html 4 https://evasweaving.wordpress.com/weaving-drafts/ 5 http://in-sheeps-clothing.com/weaving-spinning-classes/
18
NITINOL (NiTi) 1 http://www.bpress.cn/im/tag/Memry/ 2 http://www.orthoessentials.net/products/wires/ 3 http://jmmedical.com/nitinol/65/Sheet-and-Foil.html 4 http://www.kelloggsresearchlabs.com/ 5 http://www.samaterials.com/nitinol/407-nitinol-dental-braces.html 6 http://www-2.unipv.it/compmech/publications/2012_2.pdf 7 http://www.samaterials.com/nitinol/404-nitinol-springs.html 8 http://thecreatorsproject.vice.com/blog/fold-your-own-electronic-flapping-crane-how-to
28
QUESTION AND REFLECTION 1 http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona/pictures/arizona/usa-tourism-monument-valley-navajo-tribal-park
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abe, T., Bignell, D. E., & Higashi, M. (. (2000). Termites : Evolution, sociality, symbioses, ecology. Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Retrieved from University of Florida Library Catalog; Mango Discovery; http:// uf.catalog.fcla.edu/permalink.jsp?20UF021012643 Addington, M., & Schodek, D. L. (2005). Smart materials and new technologies for the architecture and design professions Oxford: Architectural. Ahmar, S. (2011). Biomimicry as a tool for sustainable architecture design. (Master, Alexandria University). Aldersey-Williams Hugh. (2004). Towards biomimetic architecture. Nautre Materials, 3, 277-279. Bahamon, A., & Perez, P. (2007). Inspired by nature animals. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. Bemaniam, M. R., Ansari, M., & Yeganeh, M. (2012). Architecture as an organism. International of Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Biomimicry: The artful science that emulates nature.(2011). Inform, 22(5), 8-9. Retrieved from http://search. proquest.com/docview/904193497?accountid=10920 Brownell, B. (2009). Tooling with mother nature. Discover, 30(3), 10-10. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=aph&AN=36455399&site=ehost-live Caulfied, S. (2008). Imagining science: Art, science, and social change. Edmonton: University of Alberta Press. Davies, N. (2014). Mother NATURE, designer. Planning, 80(3), 12-17. Retrieved from http://search. ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=aph&AN=94882937&site=ehost-live Dollens, D. (Octover 2009). Architecture as nature: A biodigital hypothesis. Leonardo, 42(Number 5), September, 25 2015. Gruber, P. (2011). Biomimetics in architecture: Architecture of life and buidlings. Vienna: Springer. Heerwagen, J., Kellert, S. R., & Mador, M. (2008). Biophilic design : The theory, science, and practice of bringing buildings to life. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/ fy0806/2007023228-b.html; http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0739/2007023228-d.html; http:// www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0719/2007023228.html
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Helms, M. E., & Vattam, S. S. Problem-driven and solution-based design: Twin processes of biologically inspired design. Georgia Institute of Technology). Hodges, B. (Spring, 2012). Biomimicry: Finding inspiration for innovation in nature. Journal of Undergraduate Research, (2012-04-01), September 25, 2015. Kaplinsky, J. (2006). Biomimicry versus humanism. Architectural Design, 76(1), 66-71. doi:10.1002/ad.212 Kellert, S. R. (1996). The value of life : Biological diversity and human society. Washington, D.C.: Island Press. Retrieved from http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&AuthType=ip,uid&db=nlebk&AN=9727 11&site=ehost-live Kooyman, C., & Onck, R. F. M. (1987). The interactions between termite activity, agricultural practices and soil characteristics in kisii district, kenya. Wageningen: Agricultural University. Retrieved from University of Florida Library Catalog; Mango Discovery; http://uf.catalog.fcla.edu/permalink.jsp?20UF029522439 Maglic, M. J. (2012). Biomimicry: Using nature as a model for design. University of Massachusetts - Amherst). Dissertations and Theses, Mazzoleni, I., & Price, S. (2013). Architecture follows nature: Biomimetic principles for innovative design. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Myers, W. (2012). Bio design: Nature, science, creativity. New York: Museum of Modern Art. Pawlyn, M. (2011). Biomimicry in architecture. London, UK: Riba Publicshing. Schalk, M. (2014). The architecture of metabolism. inventing a culture of resilience. Arts, 3(2), September 25, 2015. Suddath, C. (2010, June, 15, 2010). A brief history of: Velcro. Time, Tavsan, C., Tavsan, F., & Sonmez, E. (2015). Biomimicry in architectural design education. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 182, 489-496. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.832 Vincent, J. (November 6, 2009). Biomimetic PAtterns in architectural design. Architecutral Design, 79(6), September 11, 2015. Volstad, N. L., & Boks, C. (2012). On the use of biomimicry as a useful tool for the industrial designer. Sustainable Development, 20(3), 189-199. doi:10.1002/sd.1535
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