Construction Logbook: Weeks 1-2 by Linden Denholm

A01. Construction Logbook ENVS 10003 By Linden Denholm 2014

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Contents: Week 1: Introduction to Construction Pg. 5

Week 2: Structural Loads and Forces Pg. 15

Week 3: Footings and Foundations Pg. 25

Week 4: Floor Systems and Horizontal Elements Pg. 39

Week 5: Columns, Grids and Wall Systems Pg. 45

Week 6: Spanning and Enclosing Space Pg. 61

Week 7: Detailing Strategies 1. Pg. 75

Week 8: Openings Pg. 89

Week 9: Detailing Strategies 2. Pg. 109

Week 10: When Things Go Wrong Pg. 141

References Pg. 151

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Week 1: Introduction to Construction Lecture • Paper Mass test Tutorial • Brick Patterns • Brick Tower Construction eLearnings • Site Analysis • Systems

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Lecture Paper mass test Findings -Crimped and circular structure proved to be most effective-weight distribution -Paper designs: designs that maintained their rigidity with the least amount of folds were more successful that those who did not. Note: The more folds decreased the structural integrity of the material-over worked material becomes exponentially weaker with flexing and stretching-tears the fibres and reduced load and compression capacity.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Tutorial Brick Towers Common Brick patterns:

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Description and Analysis of the Construction system employed -We employed various brick patterns such as the stretch bond, stack bond and common bond in our construction.

-Using a tapering technique, we maximized the efficiency of construction both in terms of height and weight.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK -Starting at the base, we used 3 layers of bricks and gradually reduced the layers of brick as the structure got taller.

Efficiency of material -Brick work takes time but results in a solid building frame -It is a heavy, dense construction method take requires precision and consistency -Brick cannot be used to construct structures with extensive height simply because it becomes too costly, heavy and relative unstable

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Comparison with other Groups -The same stretch bond pattern was applied throughout all groups with minor variations -Some started in concentric circles with 1 layer-this allowed for a greater consistency of construction and with greater speed, but became increasingly unstable and height increased

-Some constructed their tower to a horse-shoe shape using 3 layer thickness and stretchbond pattern -Again as height increased it became increasingly unstable as the structure was not evenly supported and the core mass not evenly distributed.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK eLearnings Site Analysis Overview -Process of studying contextual forces that influence how we might situate a building , lay out and orientate its spaces, shape and articulate its enclosure, and establish its relationship with its landscape -Any site survey begins with the gathering of physical site data: 1. Physical site -Draw physical shape defined by legal boundaries -Estimate the area and volume, site amenities and future expansion 2. Topography -Analyse ground slopes and subsoil conditions to locate the areas suitable for construction and outdoor activities -Identify and steep or unsuitable slope that would impede construction -Soil drainable-map existing drainage patterns -Determine the elevation of the water table -Surface runoff, flooding and erosion 3. Natural Landscape features -Locate exiting trees and native plant materials that should be preserved -Chart existing water features that should also be protected or conserved 4. Climate -Map climatic conditions -Path of the sun, direction of winds and the expected amount of rainfall -Impact of landforms and adjacent structures on solar access, winds and glare -Solar radiationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy source Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, pg. 1.07

5. Accessibility -Public access, transport access -Municipal services access e.g. police, fire protection

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK 6. Aesthetics -Identify scope of views site potential sources of congestion and noise -Map cultural and historical resources proximity to public, commercial, medical and recreational facilities. 3 major systems that make up the building as an entity: • Structural system -support and transmit applied gravity and lateral loads (superstructure, foundations) • Enclosure system -the shell enveloping the superstructure with various connection and protection from the outdoor environment • Mechanical system -essential services to the building e.g. water, sanitation, climate control, safety features, transportation features etc.

Ching, Building Construction Illustrated, pg. 2.03

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Assembly of the systems takes into account the following requirements and impacts: • Performance requirements -control and integration of mechanical systems and enclosure systems • Aesthetic qualities -desired relation of the building to its site -visual integration with functionality • Regulator constraints -DA approval and local acceptance • Economic considerations -initial construction including transportation and labor, but ongoing maintenance costs as well as potential resale value • Environmental impact -concerns conservation of natural recourses during construction, non-toxic materials, energy efficiency of mechanical systems etc. • Construction practices -safety, work efficiency, budget constraints, construction time, provision for in climate weather

Key Terms: Frame: The system structure around which all things are constructed (superstructure) Bracing: A construction technique for stabilising any system structure Stability: Reaching a load equilibrium around a system structure Tension: Opposite to compression or load bearing, an equal ‘pulling force’ on a structure commonly used in tensile structure systems Column: A construction feature for load bearing; features two opposite point loads and often is an aesthetic feature. Structural Joint: A joint between to point of a structure that is load bearing and integral to the structure

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Week 2: Structural Loads and Forces Lecture • Straw mass test Tutorial • Balsa frame construction eLearnings • Structural loads and forces • Joints

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Lecture Straw and plastic cup mass test Mass details: -Failure of a sing straw under mass: 500g -4 straws-2000g Objective: To build a water tank with 4 straws and a plastic reciprocal to withstand over 2000g of mass Structures:

Load can take far more when it is completely vertical-inversely functional to vertical angle

Shorter legs on the water tower-still suffering from the off center weight distribution

Result: Straws that were vertical and maintained their structural integrity withstood the most mass application.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Tutorial Balsa frame structure Key Concerns to Address -nature and behavior of frame construction -how loads are transferred -importance of structural joints Construction system: -Truss frame was used comprising of repetitive triangle structures -Strongest straw tower in Lecture 2 employed the same technique for load bearing

Joint System: -Fixed joint construction -refer to structural joint page

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Design: -System design was consistent but varied towards the end due to lack of materials. -We compensated for this by increasing the angle of the support joist so it would have the same load bearing capacity but over a shorter distance, which actually improved the rigidity of the structure as there was less flexible material.

Material Efficiency: -Balsa wood was very effect was it was light, malleable and rigid at length -However, extremely weak and ineffective when load bearing despite truss structure and load bearing joints employed during construction. Critical collapse points: -The freely supported stretches of balsa that were not connected to any load bearing joists

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK eLearning’s Structural Load and Forces Static Load: • applied slowly to a structure until it reaches its peak value without fluctuating rapidly in magnitude or position • structure responds slowly and its deformation reaches a peak when the static force is maximum

http://lptconsultant.com/en/project-details/3/Baghdad-Investment-SPA Examples: -Dead loads act vertically downward-self weight of the structure and permanently attached equipment -Ground pressure from the surrounding soil -water pressure-hydraulic force groundwater exits on the foundation system -Impact loads-kinetic loads of short duration inflicted by cars, machinery etc.-treated as static load compensated for its dynamic nature by amplifying by amplifying the static load -Settlement loads-imposed on a structure but the subsidence of a portion of supporting soil and the resulting differential settlement of its foundation

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Dynamic Load: • applied suddenly to a structure, often with rapid changes in magnitude and point of application • under a dynamic load, a structure develops initial forces in relation to its mass • two major types are wind and earthquakes

http://lusas.com/case/bridge/river_labe_nymburk.html Examples: -Thermal stresses-either compressive or tensile stresses-expansion or contraction -Occupancy loads-weight of people, furniture etc. -Weather loads e.g. rain pools, snow sheets -Wind loads, assumed to come front horizontal direction.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Forces -A force is any influence that produces a change in the shape or movement of a body -Considered to be a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and direction -It is represented by an arrow whose length is proportional to the magnitude and whose orientation in space represents the direction

Illustrating Forces: -Two or more forces may be represented in the following ways: Collinear forces-occur along a straight line, the vector sum becomes an algebraic sum

-When mapping the multidirectional nature of a single force, it can be deduced using a simple Parallelogram vector diagram, the force a diagonal arrow and its subsidiaries horizontal and vertical lines, forming a parallelogram

-The Polygon technique-way of determining the direction of multitude of coplanar forces. This is illustrated by joining the forces relative to their direction from tip to toe of the arrows, the resultant direction to the sum of the forces is the missing side of the polygon.

Centripetal force -The tendency of a force to produce oration around a single body or point is called a -This is illustrated By drawing a 90â&#x20AC;&#x2122; angle form the direction of the source with a line equal in magnitude to the original source. The end point of this new line then becomes the point of rotation and point of Circular Motion.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Structural Joints Fixed

Roller

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Key Terms Load Path: The shortest path a structural loads takes to ground through the structural system of a building Reaction force: A force in reaction to an original force but in the opposite direction but of equal magnitude. (Newtonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s third law of nation: for every action there is an equal but opposite reaction) Point Load: The load force on a particular point of a structure. Compression: Equal but opposite forces acting on opposite ends of an object, causing the object to compress (shorten). Beam: A common feature of a superstructure system and common load bearing system. Masonry: Aesthetic/structural stone work of a building system.

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK