Construction Logbook: Weeks 5-6

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Week 5: Columns, Grids and Wall Systems Tutorial • Oval Pavilion construction • Architectural drawings eLearnings • Columns, Grids and Wall Systems • Structural Frames • Masonry-load bearing and non-Loadbearing • Timber and metal stud frames • Concrete • Glass Brick • Structural Clay tile

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Tutorial Oval pavilion Section Construction Key Concerns to Address -how scale is transferred into reality -the difficulty of measuring of scale -nature and behavior of truss frame construction -how loads are transferred -importance of structural joints Critical collapse points: -The freely supported stretches of balsa that were not connected to any load bearing joists

Construction system: -Truss frame was used comprising of repetitive triangle structures -This section of the pavilion was supported by 3 columns

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Joint System: -Fixed joint construction

Design: -System design was consistent • 5mm balsa for the outlying truss frame • 3mm balsa for the diagonal supports -Due to inaccurate measurements resulting in size variation, increased the angle of the diagonal support so it would have the same load bearing capacity but over a shorter distance, which actually improved the rigidity of the structure as there was less flexible material.

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Material Efficiency: -Balsa wood was very effect was it was light, malleable and rigid at length -However, extremely weak and ineffective when load bearing despite truss structure and load bearing joints employed during construction.

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK eLearnings Columns, Grids and Wall Systems Overview -Walls are the vertical construction of a building. They enclose, separate, and protect its interior spaces.

May be load bearing of homogenous or composite construction designed to support imposed loads from floors and roofs, or consists of a framework of columns and beams with non structural panels attached to or filling in-between them.

-Exterior construction must also be able to withstand horizontal wind loading. If rigid enough they can serve as sheers walls and transfer lateral wind and seismic forces to the substructure of the building -Wall construction needs to control the passage of heat, infiltrating air, sound , moisture and water vapor. They should remain against the Weathering effects of the sun, wind and the rain. BC also specify fire resistivity for specific wall sections.

-Interior walls may be structural or non-load bearing and accommodate the distribution of mechanical services for the structure.

-Any openings for doors and windows must be constructed so that any vertical loads from above are distributed around the openings and not transferred to the door and window units themselves. Their size and location are determined by the requirements for natural light, ventilation, view and physical access.

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Structural Frames -Concrete Frames are typically rigid frames and qualify as non contestable, fire resistive construction -Non combustible steel frames may utilise moment connections and require fireproofing to qualify as fire resistive construction -Timber Frames require diagonal bracing or shear planes for lateral stability and may qualify as heavy timber construction -Steel and concrete frames are able to span greater distances and carry heavier load than timber structures -The detailing of connections is critical, both in terms of structural integrity and visual aestheticism

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Concrete and Masonry Load Bearing Walls -Qualify as non combustible construction and rely on their masses and load carry capabilities -While strong in compression, they require reinforcement to handle tensile stresses -Height to width ratio, provisions for lateral stability, and proper placement of expansion joists are critical factors in walls design and construction -Wall surfaces may be left exposed.

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Metal and Timber stud Walls -Spacing of the studs is related to the width and the length of common sheathing materials -Studs carrying vertical loads while sheathing or diagonal bracing stiffens the plane of the wall -Cavities in the wall frame can accommodate thermal insulation, vapor retarders, and mechanical distribution and outlets of mechanical and electrical services

-The finished material determine the fire resistivity of the strict -The stud wall framing may be erected on site or prefabricated.

-Flexible in form due to the workability or relatively small pieces and the various means of fastening available.

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Concrete Columns Concrete columns are designed to act together with vertical and lateral reinforcement in resisting applied forces. Structural engineers determine the required, size, area, spacing and placement of all reinforcement • Lateral reinforcement-restrains the vertical reinforcement and strengthens the column against buckling, • Vertical reinforcement-augments the ability of the concrete column to carry compressive loads, resists tensile forces when the column is subject to lateral loads, and reduces the effects of creep and shrinkage in the column

http://makeitright.org/wp/10/Concrete-Columns.jpg Formwork -May be custom built, but prefabricated reusable panels are used whenever possible -Must be able to maintain its position and shape of the form until the concrete sets -The contact surfaces of the forms are coats with a partial compound-oil, wax or plastic-to aid their removal -Form ties required to keep the walls from spreading under the fluid pressure of newly laced concrete-two basic version-snap ties and she bolts.

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Surfacing -Colour can be controlled with the use of colored cement and aggregates. Exposed aggregate finished are produced by sandblasting, etching with an acid, or scrubbing a concrete surface. Chemicals can be sprayed on the forms to help retard the setting of any cement paste -After the formwork is removed, the impression left by the framework can be designed to required aesthetics-dependent on the type of formwork used-the surface can reflect texture, joints and fasteners of the formwork. These can then be refined using sandblasting etc.

Precast Walls -Caste an steam cured in a plant off site, transported and set in place with frames as rigid components. Prefab ensured that the units have a consistent quality of strength, durability and finish-eliminating the need for onsite formwork -May involve pre-stressing for greater structural efficiency, reduced panel thickness and longer spans -May serve as bearing walls capable of supporting site cast concrete or steel floor or roof systems -All pre castle elements from an entire precast structural system -The lateral suability of a pre castle concrete structure rehire those floors and roofs that serve as horizontal diaphragms be able to transfer their lateral focus to shear resisting wall panels

http://urbaneden.uncc.edu/sites/urbaneden.uncc.edu/files/gallery/str6.JPG

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Tilt Up Construction -method of casting reinforced concrete wall panels in a horizontal position, then tilting them up into their final position -Principle advance is that you eliminate the costs associated with transport and other labor requirements for traditional construction

https://www.djc.com/stories/images/SwedishRedmondTilt_big.jpg Masonry -Consists of modular building blocks bonded together with mortar to form walls that are durable, fire resistant and structurally efficient I’m compression -Most common types re brick, concrete blocks, clay tip, glass block and natural cadet stone -Unreinforced masonry walls use metal wall ties to bond the wyths of a solid or cavity wall -Load-bearing masonry walls are arranged in parallel to the support system -Exterior masonry walls must be weather resistant through the use of tooled joints, cavity space, flashing and caulking

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Mortar -Plastic mix of cement and lime with sand and water used as a bonding agent in Masonry construction Unreinforced Masonry Walls Solid Masonry -Constructed of either solid or hollow masonry units laid contiguously with all joints solidly filled with mortar.

-May also consist of multiple wyths bounded by grout, corrosion resistant metal ties or horizontal joint reinforcement Grouted Masonry -All interior joints filled entirely with grunt as the work regresses the ground used to consolidate the adjoining materials into a solid mass is a fluid Portland cement mortar that will flow easily without segregation of the ingredients

http://archkiosk.files.wordpress.com/2014-03-30-06.jpg

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Cavity Walls Constructed of a facing and backing wyth of either solid or hollow masonry units, completely bonded with metal wall ties or horizontal joint reinforcement Two advantages: 1. Enhances the thermal insulation 2. Air space acts as a barrier against water penetration if the cavity is kept clear Reinforced Masonry Walls Use steel reinforcing bars placed in thickened joints or cavities with a fluid grout mix of cement, aggregate and water for greater strength in carrying vertical loads.

http://plastifab.files.wordpress.com/2014/01/rain-screens-cavity-walls-1.jpg

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Masonry Arches Masonry Arches utilise compressive strength to span opening by transforming the vertical focus of a support load into inclined components. These outwards thrusts of the arching action, which are proportional to the to the load of the span, and inversely proportional to the rise, must the resisted by abutments adjacent to the opening or by equal but opposite thrusts from adjoining arches.

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/large.jpg Structural Clay Tile -Hollow tile of fired clay having parallel cells or cores and used typically in constructing wales and partions -Structural facing tile is structural clay tile having a glazed surface and used for faxing walls and part ions, especially in areas subject to heavy wear, moisture problems and strict sanitation requirements

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Glass Brick -Translucent, hollow block of glass, with clear, textured or pattered faces, made by fusing two halves together with a partial vacuums inside.

-Used in non-load bearing exterior and interior walls and in conventionally framed window openings

http://www.glassbricksaustralia.com.au/uploaded/45618a09413fc_pic33.jpg

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK

Week 6: Spanning and Enclosing Space Tutorial • Group Site Presentation eLearnings • Roof Systems-flat, sloping • Truss Systems • Space Frames • Metal Roof decking • Cement roof decking • Stud timber roofing

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Tutorial Group site presentation Group 2 -four double story town houses -stud frame system -hardwood flooring systems -LVL -strength site rating between F-17-F25- residential use is F17-F20 -fire proof paint, fire check wall -wind rating n2-racking force -transfer of these forces is determined by the types of bracing used -exposed to cross winds so ply-bracing has to contract this -in situ concrete-shock/crete-fire check wall -open plan living minimise interior load baring walls -load bearing intumescent beam that is left expose to the exterior-galvanised -pre cast roof truss that are time flange steel web-efficiency in cost and load bearing efficiency- a lot more easily accessible for the mechanical systems -MGP10-Machine

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construction -close proximity between houses means high fire protect ion ratings 60-90 minutes before structural failure Group 3 -town houses -engineered joist system -3 meter foundation system-determined by the total load of the structure -floating slab foundation-gravel beneath the concrete -open web joist also used in the roofing system for increase road bearing capacity -sue of fixed and pin joints -graphite and zinc to prevent corroding in concrete -mono pitched portal frame used in construction -nail plates used in beam truss -due to the sloping site there is a retaining wall using varying material Inc. concrete block, red brick, blue brick 62

ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK eLearnings Roof Systems Overview -Primarily functions as the shelling element for the interior spaces of the building -Form and slope must he compatible with the roof type e.g. tiles, sheet metal -Used to shed rain water and other elects withe guttering system -Should also control the passage of moisture vapor, the infiltration of air and the flow of heat and solar radiation -May resist the spread of fire Construction -Must be structured to span across space and carry its own weight as well as the weight of any attached equipment and accumulation of matter -Resist lateral wind and seismic forces, swell as uplifting wind forces and transfer these to the supporting structure -The construction pattern of the roof influences the load bearing layout of the structure and interior space -Long roof spans would open up more flexible interior space while shorter roof spans may suggest more precisely defined spaces Structure -Flat, pitched, gabled, hipped, broad and sheltering, rhythmically articulated-all design has a major impact on the image of the building -Transmits its form to the upper boundaries of the interior spaces below

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Flat roofs require a continuous roofing membrane roofing material efficiently cover a building of any horizontal dimension, and may be structured and designed to serve as an outdoor space May consist of: -reinforced concrete slabs -flat timber or steer trusses -timber or tell beam and decking -wood or steel joist and sheathing

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Sloping roofs effect the type of material that can be used and the requirements for underlaying, eves and flashing the height and area of the sloping roof increases with its horizontal immersions may be combined from a variety of room forms May have a structure of: -woof or steel rafter with sheathing -timber or steel beams, puling and decking -timber or steel trusses

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Truss Systems Flat Truss -parallel top and bottom chords -generally not as efficient as pitched or bowstring trusses

http://prairietruss.com/images/gallery/Floor_4.JPG Pratt Truss -vertical web members in compression and diagonal web members in tension -more efficient as longer web members are loaded in tension

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/s1600/10-biga+pratt.jpg

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Howe Truss -vertical web members in tension and diagonal web members in compression

http://www.mitchellmountain.com/Bridge/Islandpond.jpg Belgian Truss -only have inclined web members

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Fink Truss -are Belgian trusses having sub diagonals to reduce the length of compression web members toward the centerline of the span

http://lcweb2.loc.gov/pnp/habshaer/id.jpg Warren Truss -have inclined web members forming series of equilateral triangles -vertical web members are sometimes introduced to reduce the label lengths of the top chord, which is in compression

http://www.uncledavesbrass.com/WARREN-TRUSS-UP-ET20.jpg

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Bowstring Truss -curved top chord meeting straight bottom chord at each end

http://.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ Bowstringtruss-sakaibridge.JPG Raised chord Truss/crescent truss -bottom chord raised substantially above the level of the supports

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Scissor Truss -tension members extending from the food of each top chord to an intermediate posit ohm the opposite chord

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Space Frames -Long, three dimensional spanning plate structure based on the rigidity of the Triangle and composed on liner elements subject to axial tension or compression

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Roofing Materials Metal Roof Decking -Corrugated to increases its rigidity and ability to span across open web steel joists or more wildly spaced steel beams and to serve as a base for thermal insulation and membrane roofing

http://www.ameriservinc.com/StepsNewTapered/Deck.jpg Cement Roof Planks -Manufactured with Portland cement, lightweight aggregate, an aerating compound and galvanised welded wire reinforcement -May also consist of wood fibers that are chemically compressed and bounded under pressure with Portland cement -Can be used to span wood or steel -Sheathing properties or as sacrificial concrete formwork -Thermal and accosts insulation value and may be used in fire resistant construction

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ENVS 10003 CONSTRUCTION LOG BOOK Rafter Framing -Roofs and ceilings may be constructed with light gauge steel members in a manner similar to wood light frame construction -Roof structures frames with wood rafters are an essential sub system to wood light frame construction-easily worked and quick to assemble on site

Wood Plank and Beam Framing -Typically use the same supporting grid of posts or colors as plank and beam floor systems -May be supported by: • timber, steel or concrete columns • timber or steel girders • a reinforced concrete masonry wall -Bearing area should be sufficient to ensure the allowable compressive stresses of the beam and bearing material are not exceeded

http://upload.wikimedia.org/ PostandBeamHorseBarn.JPG

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