Nicte De Leon Calderon 200722319
Nicte De Leon 200722319
1. Translation: the act or an instance of translating. A written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech, book, etc. in another language. 2. Source text: from which information or ideas are derived. In translation, a source text is the original text that is to be translated into another language. 3. Target text: the finished product of a translated text. 4. Translation: An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many different ways. 5. Interpreting: Speaking oral translation of a spoken message or text. 6. Machine translation: translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase. 7. Intralingual translation: translation within the same language, which can involve rewording or paraphrase. 8. Interlingual translation: translation from one language to another. 9. Intersemiotic translation: translation of the verbal sign by non-verbal sign. 10. Intersemiotic translation: a particular form of something differing in certain respects from an earlier form or other forms of the same type of thing.
11. Universals of translation: Specific characteristics that, it is hypothesized are typical of translated language as distinct from non-translated language. 12. Interdisciplinary: combining or involving two or more academic disciplines or fields of study. 13. Breadth: The measure of the second largest dimension of a plane or solid figure; width; size in general; extent. 14. SC: source language culture 15. TC: target language culture 16. SL: source language 17. TL: target language 18. ST source language text 19. TT: target language text 20: Untranslatable: something that is not translatable 21: translationese: a pejorative general term for the language of translation. 22. Heap: a group of things places, thrown, or lying one on another; pile. 23.Hefty: heavy
24:. Comprehensibility: the ability to comprehend 25. Translatability: the ability to translate 26. Typology: Study or analysis or classification based on types or categories 27. Serbo Croat: separation of croatian and indeed bosnian from serbian. 28. Synchronization: Process of precisely coordinating or matching two or more activities, devices, or processes in time. See also synchronous. 29. Linguistic relativism: Holds that the structure of a language affects the ways in which its respective speakers conceptualize their world.
Nicte De Leon 200722319
Write T for true and F for false to each of the following statements.
1.
The universals are the same as the linguistics universalists – FALSE
2.
Sappir and Whorf belong to the monadist point of view of language – TRUE
3.
Chomsky belongs to the universal point of view of a language – FALSE
4.
Relativists are different from external linguistics - TRUE
Nicte De Leon 200722319
Derivational morphemes: Are affixes (prefixes or suffixes) that are added to words to form new words (Ex. Possible / im-possible / im-possibil—ity).
Inflextional morphemes: Are suffixes as in – Sally´s daughters – or- / I wanted it – they provide grammatical information about gender, number, person, case, degree, and verb form. They are not used to change the grammatical category of a word.
MORPHOPHONEMICS/ALLOMORPHY = the study of the processes by which morphemes change their pronunciation in certain situations.
ALLOMORPHS = the different forms (pronunciations) of a single morpheme. Ex: the plural morpheme in English is {-z}. Its allomorphs are / s /, / z /, / @z /.** Also, the morpheme 'leaf' has two allomorphs: 'leaf' in words built from it (e.g.'leafy') and 'leav-', found only in the plural: 'leaves'.
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The smallest unit of meaning that appears as the headword in an dictionary and therefore can stand alone. It is separated by spaces in written language.
Can
be a single word: walk, cat, push A compound noun: washing machine An idiomatic phrase: seize the day
ď‚Ą The
term refers to the whole process of morphological variation in the constitution of words, including inflection (word variation due to grammatical relationships) and derivation (word variation due to lexical relationships).
Coinage: The invention of totally new terms. Borrowing: Taking over words from other languages. Loan translation or calque: If there is a direct translation of the elements of a word into the borrowing language. Compounding: A compound noun is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun.
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Endocentric compounds: the whole meaning can be figured out by an analysis of its parts or "morphemes". Ex.:"car-wash". semantically transparent
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Exocentric compounds: the whole meaning cannot be established by an analysis of parts; Ex.:"hogwash". semantically opaque
Consists of taking the beginning of the first word and the end of the second word to make a new word. ď‚Ą To describe the mixing of languages we use terms such as Spanglish (Spanish + English), Itanglish, Cinglish ď‚Ą
Clipping: The shortening of a polysillabic word. Back formation: A word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to a word of a different type (usually a verb) through widespread use. Hypocorism: from a longer word we form a single syllable word and add –y or –ie. (e.g. television=telly, vegetable= veggie, moving picture=movie).
•
Conversion or category change: It is a change in the function of a word. Usually from noun to verb.
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Acronyms: They are formed from the initial letters of a set of other words.
•
Derivation: This is the most common word formation process to create new words.
What is translation? Other signs of the same language Another language Another nonverbal system of
symbols
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INTRALINGUAL or REWORDING:
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.
This is a kind of translation within a language which would involve explaining it in words of the same language.
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INTERLINGUAL TRANSLATION or TRANSLATION PROPER:
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language. It is the translation from one language into another or reinterpretation of the message in another linguistic code.
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INTERSEMIOTIC TRANSLATION or TRANSMULATION:
It is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal sign system. It is the translation from one linguistic system to another which means the transference of meaning from a verbal to a non-verbal system or from one medium to another
It is hard to achieve complete equivalence because of the complexity of the codes involved.
Even intralingual translation makes use of combination of code units to interpret meaning.
So
even
synonyms
cannot
guarantee
full
equivalence.
systems of SL and TL, the cultural background also
pose huge barriers to translation activity.
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It is to be understood as a collective and inclusive designation for all research activities taking the phenomena of translating as their basis or focus. There are two main objectives: a. Describe the phenomena of translating and translation (s) as they manifest themselves in the world of our experience. b. Establish general principles by means of which these phenomena can be explained and predicted.
Two Branches: •Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) or Translation Description
THERE ARE THREE KINDS OF RESEARCH IN DTS (Focus Point) Product-oriented: Text-focused translation description. Comparative analysis of various translation of the same text.
Function-oriented: Study of socio-cultural context rather than texts. Process-oriented: Focus on the process or act of translation itself.
Theoretical Translation Studies (TTh) or Translation Theory:
• “Uses the results of descriptive translation studies and information of other disciplines to evolve principles, theories, and models which will serve to explain and predict what translating and translations are and will be.”
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General Translation Theory:
Most of the theories produced to date are axioms, postulates, and hypotheses that are so formulated as to be both: too inclusive and too exclusive. Therefore, those theories are Partial or Specific Translation Theories, which can be grouped into six main kinds:
1. Medium-restricted Translation Theories
Human Translation
Machine
Mixed or machineaided
2. Area-restricted Theories
Language restriction
Culture restriction
3. Rank-restricted Theories
Deals with texts: Scientific and Technological
4. Text-type Restricted theory
5. Time-restricted theory
Specific type of genres of lingual messag es
Contem porary Texts Crosstemporal translation
6. Problem-restricted theories
Silda Nicte De Leon Calderon
We read for two purposes
Understand what it is about. Analyze it from the translator’s point of view not from linguist’s, literary, teacher nor student.
In order to determine text intention and the way it is written to select a suitable translation method.
a.
UNDERSTANDING A TEXT REQUIRES BOTH: General Reading: It is necessary to understand the subject and the concepts: Read words out of the context (literal)
Read words in the context (meaning,interpretation)
Close Reading: Everything that does not make good sense in its context has to be looked up, So that the reader:
Get the gist
Get the essence
Get the substance
THE INTENTION OF THE TRANSLATOR Usually, the translator’s intention is identical with that of the author of the SL text.
TEXT STYLES
NARRATIVE: a dynamic sequence of events with emphasis on verbs.
DESCRIPTION, which is static, with emphasis on linking verbs, adjectives, adjectival nouns.
DISCUSSION, a treatment of ideas, with emphasis on abstract nouns, verbs of mental activity, logical arguments and connectives.
DIALOGUE emphasizes colloquialisms and phaticisms.
Nicte De Leon 200722319
Nicte De Leon y Mariela Lucas
Italian
English
Portuguese
Spanis h
Essay
Audiovisuals play an important communicative role in our society nowadays. In order to follow up with popular trends and topics, people have the option to keep track of sitcoms or motion movies. One of the main problems faced by viewers is the language barer. There is a good portion of these which were not originally produced in the viewer’s native language. It is in this opportunity where translation techniques are applied. Even when techniques are accurately applied, culture will still affect the message transmission. Cultural impact has a lot to do with what people get to see once translated. Many jokes or important valid arguments may be “lost in translation” since their cultural shock may not be perceived the same way. It is then through the combination of subtitling, modulation and adaptation are constantly applied and together they get to create a very close to original message without insulting or making anybody feel offended, It is also important to consider that not because two countries speak the same language they use the exact same expressions.
Translation: the process of translating words or text from one language into another. the process of moving something from one place to another.
Subtitle: captions displayed at the bottom of a movie or television screen that translate or transcribe the dialogue or narrative. Cultural context: is all aspects of life, the totality of meanings, ideas and beliefs shared by individuals within a group of people. Culture is learned, it includes language, values, norms, customs. Modulation: Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea. (Fawcett, 1997) Adaptation: Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment. (Fawcett, 1997)
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Movies and sitcoms are approachable to everybody nowadays. They have become a trend or topic to discuss, to break the ice and start a conversation with a new classmate or co-worker. Audiovisuals come from all over the world, but how is possible that all people can understand what is being said even when the actors do not speak their native language? The answer is easy, through translation and interpretation. Independently from all the different translation types there are, it can be mentioned they all work for the same purpose: to transmit a message in different languages. Translation techniques have evolved little by little and come to a point in which they are a techno-mechanical process in which you can click a button and will automatically proceed to show you a direct translation from the text. Even when the intentions can be similarly transmitted, it must be also considered that the cultural background and aspects from country to country can be a factor that interfere with real message it was intended to transmit.
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According to Leemets (1992:475) every language has untranslatable words, which denote concepts and things that another language has not considered worth mentioning, or that are absent from the life or consciousness of the other nation. The reasons of these differences in the ways of life traditions, beliefs, historical developments could be defined in one word, as the cultures of the nations. Also, differences can be observed on the conceptual level. Different languages often nominate concepts from different viewpoints and they also tend to classify them slightly differently. This is also pointed by J.C. Catford (1965:93) he states that “in total translation, translation equivalence depends on the interchangeability of the SL, and TL text in the same situation�. He distinguishes the cultural untranslatability, which is not due to differences between two languages, but arises when a situational feature, functionally relevant for the SL text, is completely absent from the culture of the TL. These cultural aspects have a relevant impact in the translation or dubbing of audiovisuals, because they have to be modified and turned into a translation understandable in the readers and viewers cultural background.
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According to The Free Dictionary by Farlex audiovisuals are “Conveying information through media, such as audio and visual recordings, perceivable by both hearing and sight.� (Farlex, 2015) Audiovisuals are a constant source of information; therefore they must be approached in several different languages so that many people can get them. One of its most popular techniques is to subtitle, films are also considered a significant and influential tool in language teaching, some of the advantages of the subtitling technique is that students can help themselves when they listen and read the source language and at the same time, it helps them to develop the listening skill as well as the visual intelligence. Viewers can also acquire or improve foreign language skills. For the audience where learning a language is not the purpose, the subtitling can help them to understand the film and even enjoy the show without having a hard time reading the subtitles if the dubbing technique is applied.
After watching few episodes of Friends, a very well known American sitcom, which ran on different channels and countries, and on the United States from September 22, 1994 to May 6, 2004, it was concluded it contains a very simple plot of series, showing a group of New York city friends and the way they face reality and growing up. Analyzing the translation of this sitcom to Spanish, translation problems were found in different situations, such as: An objective, the lack of existence of the referred one: A relative, different intertextual status of the TT respect to the ST: Allusions (Leppihalmae, 1997) problems in finding the right cultural equivalent. These were situations in which the translators needed to create a sense of connection between the author and the viewer, cultivating intimacy and forging a community sense. As Irwin (2002: 521) mentioned “Connect the alluding text to the previous literary tradition”. These “Translation hurdles,” Chiaro (2009:155) problems of translating CSRs, were visible in the translation of friends, such as the culture specific references (places, sports, festivities); language-specific features (addresses, taboos); areas of overlap between language and culture (songs, rhymes, jokes).
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Besides the cultural differences among one another, subtitles may also bring themselves a series of uncontrollable situations. Considering the fact that the film or show could have a specific purpose for students for example, it would be a little inconvenient to rely on the translation given because some of the translations are not really equivalent to the source language and may cause misunderstandings. The other disadvantage of subtitling is that it requires a high level of literacy; many people, especially children and elderly viewers would have a hard time reading and watching a film at the same time. Sometimes it is also difficult to concentrate on the film when the attention is disturbed by subtitles. To summarize it all, subtitles may be a great tool but its usage will never guarantee to provide an accurate exact message.
Stepping further into analysis, modulation also took place in this case. Being an oblique translation technique, it gives more freedom in order to interpret and modify meaning and purpose of any message. According to Gabriela Bosco “Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea” With this technique, the translation can generate a change in the point of view of the message without changing its meaning and avoiding the target text reader awkward. A clear example is the difference you can find among English, Latin Spanish and Castellano in one of the translations we got from the very popular sitcom The Big Bang Theory. The episode covers the concern of one of the characters when choosing to either buy a Play station 4 or an Xbox 1. The original message transmitted the following: “First there was play station AKA PS1” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=isG3Z8NQHFk ) expressing the background of both games. Once hearing the translation in Latin Spanish it said the following: “Primero estuvo el play station alias PS1” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpQ3M3PwNMA) in this case, we can notice our English version does not have a gender for the game but latin Spanish establishes it is a “he”, the translation is still short and quite accurate, even with the little gender difference while the translation in Castellano expressed the following: “Primero estuvo la play station que podríamos llamar la PS1” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-DpkkHR5fE ) This last translation becomes longer, it establishes that the game is female and describes it as a “she” and it becomes more proper. Going back to statements made in the previous paragraphs, modulation also adapts to the cultural context of where the show is being aired but keeps its essence and original meaning even when semantics change.
Last but not least adaptation also takes a constant role when translating which specializes in the cultural context where the message will be transmitted. It takes special care of the meaning and how by changing a word you can also alter the cultural background from the audience viewing the show. Going back to “The Big Bang Theory” there are three cultural scenarios at the moment: USA, Latin America and Spain. While Amy (one of our lead characters) keeps saying Sheldon people are “nuts” (which to a literal translation would mean they are similar to peanuts and nuts) it leads to an idiomatic expression that means people are crazy. In Latin America is expressed as “locos” while the Spanish version uses the expression “chiflados”. Even when both cultures , Latin America as well as Spain, they speak Spanish, we do not know the cultural shock of both words (loco and chiflado) and therefore, they were adapted to their audience in order to be understood. Cultural conscience is a very delicate topic and it must also needs to be considered the fact that not only because two countries speak the same language, their meanings and expressions can be completely different and when not used properly, they can even get people offended.
After watching several videos where the Subtitling Audiovisual Translation Technique was applied; both translations where the result of different techniques used to transmit the dialogues main idea. It is shown on the screen both in the target language and intralingual subtitles, it can be seen that both show weaknesses because the translations do not represent a real equivalence of the source language or speech. This can cause a lot of confusion or misunderstandings in the reader or listener. But still it is a good technique that can be helpful to get a better understanding of what is seen on the screen. It is amazing how these audiovisual techniques help understanding the films and even to make it feel that the characters are talking in the target language through the Dubbing technique and avoid that the audience trying to pay attention to the images and read the subtitles at the same time. One of the main problems and difficulties when translating audiovisual, is the connection of the vocabulary and culture, linked to CSRs meaning and use. Sapir (1949: 24) describes the connection between vocabulary and culture as “vocabulary is a very sensitive index on the culture of a people and changes of the meaning loss of old words, the creation and borrowing of new ones are all dependent on the history of culture itself.” Languages widely are different from the nature of their vocabularies. It is inevitable to show a set of distinctions referring to a completely different culture and as a result may turn to be completely incomprehensible for us. Taking into account these aspects a short analysis made in audiovisual material shows that culture affects once translating or subtitling being this the main purpose of applying different techniques.
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Translation is not always 100% accurate and its interpretation will vary according to the culture in which a T.V. show or film is presented. It could be a good idea to get different sources of the same show directed to audiences from a different country who speak the same language. Even if people do not speak the show’s native language, it is possible to make cultural comparisons such as it was made in this paper with Latin Spanish and Castellano.
Farlex. (2015, October). Audiovisual. Retrieved from The Free Dictionary: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/audiovisual Fawcett, P. (1997). Translation and Language. St. Jerome Manchester. Irene Ranzato, “Translating culture specific references on television, the case of dubbing,” Routledge, Italy, 2015, 260 pages.
Rosa, Lorés Sanz,“The limits of translation, the untranslatable,” Estudios empresariales de Logroño, United States, 2007, 11 pages.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QORourhNyY8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cpQ3M3PwNMA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-DpkkHR5fE
/www.youtube.com/watch?v=isG3Z8NQHFk