Winter 2015-16 • Vol. 6, No. 4
Materials • Technology • Trends
COP 21’S IMPACT ON CONSTRUCTION p10
DESIGNING FOR EXTERIOR CONTINUOUS INSULATION p16
BRUNER/COTT REIMAGINES STUDENT DINING p26
MORTARS & ADMIXTURES
p36
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volume 6 | number 4
Winter2015-16 |contents
f e at u r e s 10 Design Trends / Green Building
Climate Efforts To Impact Built Environment
Much attention has been given, and rightly so, to the recently completed negotiations in Paris that resulted in the unprecedented Paris agreement to combat climate change. Not only will governments and the private sector seek construction of buildings capable of mitigating the emission of climaterelated gases, but also to construct buildings that have the resilience to perform under adverse climactic conditions. By Jared O. Blum
16
Materials
Designing for Exterior Continuous Insulation
There are several benefits with using continuous insulation, which include increasing the durability of the assembly, reducing the risk of condensation, reducing thermal bridging, and increasing performance. However, due to vague understanding of what is considered “continuous,” the benefits of using continuous insulation often are times significantly reduced. By Alejandra Nieto
26
Design Trends / Educational Facilities
A Fresh Equation for Campus Dining
Bruner/Cott & Associates reimagines the University of Georgia’s student dining experience with Bolton Dining Commons. Bruner/Cott envisioned the building as a symbol of openness, full of transparency and natural light, meant to strike an appropriate balance between the institutional grandness of its surroundings while seeking its own more casual identity. By Brian Libby
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www.masonr ydesignmagazine.com LIONHEART PUBLISHING, INC. 506 Roswell Street, Suite 220, Marietta, GA 30060 Tel: 770.431.0867 Fax: 770.432.6969 E-mail: lpi@lionhrtpub.com www.masonrydesignmagazine.com Publisher John Llewellyn llewellyn@lionhrtpub.com Editor Cory Sekine-Pettite cory@lionhrtpub.com Art Director Alan Brubaker albrubaker@lionhrtpub.com Online Projects Manager Patton McGinley patton@lionhrtpub.com Assistant Online Projects Leslie Proctor Manager leslie@lionhrtpub.com Advertising Sales Marvin Diamond marvin@lionhrtpub.com Advertising Sales John Davis jdavis@masonrydesignmagazine.com
On the cover: Bruner/Cott & Associates reimagines the University of Georgia’s student dining experience with Bolton Dining Commons. Replacing a wornout facility on its prime site near the heart of the campus, the new 64,000-square-foot building is now the school’s largest dining commons, serving more than 10,000 meals a day.
Reprints Kelly Millwood kelly@lionhrtpub.com Subscriptions Amy Halvorsen amyh@lionhrtpub.com
The editorial mission of Masonry Design is to educate and inform architects, engineers and specifiers about the vital role that masonry plays in the construction markets in the United States and Canada, as well as to promote masonry and masonry systems in building design (commercial, residential, institutional and educational), interior design and hardscaping applications. With each issue, readers will become better informed of the design trends, latest materials and newest technologies that will aid them in creating better masonry projects.
Masonry Design (ISSN 1941-0975) is published quarterly by Lionheart Publishing, Inc.
Photo ©Richard Mandelkorn
26 co l u mns & d epa r t me n t s 4 6 36 37
From the Editor Industry News Supplies Index to Advertisers
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Copyright © 2015 by Lionheart Publishing, Inc. All rights reserved. The copyright owner, however, does consent to a single copy of an article being made for personal use. Otherwise, except under circumstances within “fair use” as defined by copyright law, no part of this publication may be reproduced, displayed or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying or by any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, Lionheart Publishing, Inc. Send e-mail permission requests to cory@lionhrtpub.com.
Disclaimer – The statements and opinions in the articles of this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and do not necessarily reflect the opinions of Lionheart Publishing, Inc. or the editorial staff of Masonry Design or any sponsoring organization. The appearance of advertisements in this magazine is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised.
Winter 2015-16
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from the editor
Masonry Design is on Pinterest!
Cory Sekine-Pettite, editor To make comments or suggestions, send e-mail to cory@lionhrtpub.com.
There’s a great deal of hype and hyperbole surrounding social media and its efficacy to business. There’s an endless supply of experts to tell us that if we’re not “social” then our businesses are as good as dead. And there are an almost endless number of social media outlets clamoring for our content—and presumably our ad dollars, or at least our contact information. But there also are stacks of data to support the premise that your business could die a slow death if you’re not active on social media. With all of this information, it can be difficult to discern which—if any— social media channels are right for your company. Truly, the best way to determine this is to experiment. You will realize rather quickly from which social channels you gain the most traction. But one thing is for sure: the larger presence you have on social media, the better the return on SEO (search engine optimization) for your company name and any products you produce. Publishing companies such as ours rely on this fact to get people to visit our websites, where hopefully they stay long enough to read several articles and then decide to return regularly. Attracting “eyeballs,” as the industry parlance, is how we retain advertisers. They want our readers’ attention too. I am a big proponent of social media, both personally and professionally. I try to keep up on developments and changes in the technology, as well as new applications and browser extensions designed to make using social media a more pleasurable
Follow our Blog: http://masonrydesignblog.wordpress.com/
Find us on Facebook: www.facebook.com/MasonryDesign
experience all around. In fact, I developed the social media guidelines that we use here at Lionheart Publishing, cobbled together from best practices suggested by some of the savviest marketing pros and tech-minded editors I could find. I learned a lot in putting together those strategies, as well as through experimenting with certain social sites on my own time. Thus, I am happy to report that Masonry Design magazine now has a Pinterest page! Pinterest is an online catalog or bookmarking site of ideas, interests, and projects—much like a real-life corkboard you might hang in your office to pin inspirations for a new building. Currently, it has about 100 million active users; that’s a lot of potential clients, customers, or readers! So please check out our page and follow it if you’re a Pinterest member. We will follow you back. wMD
highlights coming in
Spring ‘16
• Restoration & Rehab • Flashing • Healthcare Facilities Design
Follow us on Twitter: @cspettite and @Masonry_Design 4 |
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Materials • Technolog y • Trends
Delaware Quarries, Inc. Since 1946
800.448.STONE
www.delawarequarries.com Building Stone • Landscape Stone
Industry News
Cintec Technology Announces Innovative New Dissipative Anchor New anchor ideal for protecting historic buildings in areas of high seismic activity Cintec International, a leader in the field of structural masonry retrofit strengthening, repair, and preservation, has developed a new type of dissipative wall anchor. The company says the new anchor – which is designed for use with Cintec’s wall anchor system – solves the issues of how to protect heritage buildings in some of the most earthquake-prone parts of the world. “We believe that this anchor is a major breakthrough in further protecting the world’s iconic buildings, especially in areas of high seismic activity,” said Peter James, managing director of Cintec International. “This anchor has been four years in development within the NIKER program. It has undergone extensive testing at Bath University, and in Italy.” The standard Cintec anchor system consists of a stainless steel anchor body encapsulated in a fabric sock. Diamond holes are drilled into the building and each anchor is placed in a hole. A specialized grout in pumped to the far end of the anchor, filling from back to front until the entire sock is inflated like a balloon. After the anchor has been inflated, Cintec
says, the walls have been securely strengthened without affecting the outside appearance of the building. For buildings subject to regular earthquake activity, there is a possibility of pull-out damage at the anchorage head. The new anchor solves this problem by allowing for small amounts of movement through a sliding mechanism. The Cintec dissipative anchor consists of a set of stainless steel plates to which four bolts apply pressure, creating friction to an adjustable degree. There are built-in stops to restrict the sliding motion, and connectors that link to Cintec’s standard anchor rods. The anchor allows a controlled and repairable drift for the walls, managing the amount of seismic energy fed into the structure and therefore minimizing damage to the building. The development of this anchor resulted from Cintec’s involvement with the European NIKER project. In 2011, Cintec was chosen as the only British commercial company to actively participate in this project, the aim of which was to protect the artistic value of cultural heritage sites from earthquake-induced damage. Cintec has been working in collaboration with the University of Bath to create and test the dissipative anchor since then, and has now patented the finished product. Cintec anchors have been used to strengthen and restore historically significant structures around the globe, including Egypt’s pyramids, Windsor Castle, and even the White House. wMD For more information, visit www.cintec.com.
The Cintec dissi pative anchor consists of a set of stainless steel plates to which four bolts apply pressure,creating friction to an adjustable
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USGBC Updates LEED Online The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) has updated its LEED Online portal with new functionality, based on feedback from current users. Detailed below are some of the key changes to the site: Campus and volume access rights To give administrators on campus and volume certification teams increased control in a campus/portfolio, USGBC has introduced the new “Access Rights” tab. Users with Administrator- or Manager-level authorization can now assign team members one of three levels of access to each project: View, Edit, and No Access. Learn more. Precertification worksheet In order to help streamline the Core and Shell precertification process, USGBC developed the
new precertification worksheet, replacing credit forms during the precertification review phase. This new tool helpsreduce and clarify documentation requirements for project teams and can be found under the new “CSPrecert” tab within the project in LEED Online. Learn more. LEED Online forms update An update to the v2009 forms was launched through LEED Online (called the v06 forms release). These new forms have the look and feel of the v4 forms, with added campus and group functionality that allow users to enter data into offline calculators. Learn more. SI/IP unit selection Already available to v4 projects, International unit selection (SI units) will now be an option on all projects registered after Jan. 4, 2016. wMD
Cambridge Pavingstones Named Exclusive Master Distributor of i-lighting LED Landscape & Hardscape Lighting Systems Cambridge Pavingstones, the leading manufacturer of ArmorTec pavingstones, wallstones, and outdoor living solutions, has been named the exclusive master distributor of i-lighting LED Landscape & Hardscape Lighting Systems in 15 states. This includes offering the complete line of i-lighting Landscape & Hardscape Lighting from more than 250 authorized Cambridge dealers based in Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, Virginia, and West Virginia. “Today’s outdoor living rooms, driveways and pathways rely on durable hardscape materials to maximize their curb appeal and backyard ambience, while affording homeowners durability and plenty of ROI,” says Charles H. Gamarekian, president & CEO of Cambridge Pavers, Inc. “Leading-edge manufacturers of pavers, wall systems, and outdoor living room components see lighting as a natural adjunct to their core products and have tasked their research and development teams to step up to the plate. With i-lighting,
Cambridge has found the combination of the highest quality LED lighting systems with unmatched ease of installation.” “Cambridge Pavingstones has an unequalled reputation for premium quality, durability, and beauty,” adds Scott Holland, president & CEO of i-lighting, LLC. “We are proud to have our Landscape & Hardscape Lighting products included in their companywide sales efforts. We are certain this relationship will serve both companies by providing Cambridge customers with an extremely cost-effective, reliable, and easy-to-install method for
Cambridge Pavingstones, continued on p8 w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
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Industry News
Cambridge Pavingstones, continued from p7
further accenting the luster and flair of Cambridge outdoor design products.” i-lighting Hardscape & Landscape Lighting Systems enables quick and easy installations in half the time of traditional lighting through the use of the company’s proprietary Easy Plug connectors, the company says. It also can be combined to light entire outdoor areas including gardens, pathways, masonry, retaining walls, kitchens, pillars, columns, and exterior structures. Furthermore, all i-lighting’s LED lighting systems use approximately 80 percent less energy than incandescent bulbs and are rated for 10-plus years of operation if used 24-hours-a-day/seven-days-a-week. Other i-lighting system benefits include:
• Photocell technology that senses ambient light and automatically turns lights on and off for both safety and security, while adding convenience and reliability • Lighting design that does not create heat and, as a result, is safer for pets and children, while attracting fewer insects • DC power supply creating minimum line voltage drops and shocking hazards. Details on Cambridge’s entire product line and the nearest dealer location are available at www.cambridgepavers.com. Additional information from i-lighting can be obtained at www.i-lightingonline.com. wMD
TMS 2016 University Professors Masonry Workshop The Masonry Society (TMS) will present the 2016 University Professors Masonry Workshop at the University of California, San Diego, Mar. 2022, 2016. This is an ideal opportunity to bring together university educators with masonry industry leaders, TMS says. Following up on the success of 25 workshops since 1988, the 2016 University Professors Masonry Workshop will provide professors with the resources and background needed to effectively teach masonry design and construction classes at the uni-
versity level. The goal of the workshop is to provide educators with the knowledge, tools, contacts, and resources to implement architecture and engineering masonry programs at their universities. TMS says the costs are minimal and the benefits are high as these are the professors who are training future designers. For more information on the workshop click here. If you have any questions about the workshop, contact Susan Scheurer at tmsmeetings@ masonrysociety.org. wMD When Sunday, Mar. 20, 2016 at 1:00 pm EDT to Tuesday, Mar. 22, 2016 at 3:30 pm EDT Where University of California, San Diego
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NESEA Hosts Sustainable Construction Project Management Course Dates: March 14 to April 24, 2016
Instructor: Paul Huijing
Early Bird Rate: $595
CEUs: 10 AIA LU/HSW, GBCI and BPI (pending approval)
The Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA) invites construction professionals to spend seven weeks in an immersive online training course, learning the skills needed to organize and deliver sustainable construction projects. Instructor Paul Huijing will take attendees through the process—from client acquisition to architectural design to project completion—giving them the tools required to deliver a product that will satisfy all parties. Along the way, participants will develop the ability to execute management tasks, with a sharp focus on concepts endemic to the world of sustainable design, including the following: • Navigating regulations governing your project • Tying design criteria to specific sustainability goals • Working knowledge of fundamental sustainability concepts • Working with clients to understand their needs • Finalizing plans for specific material components • Planning for waste and recycling This course is designed for anyone who wants to optimize the construction and delivery of their high-performance projects. Students will walk away from this course armed with in-depth insight to the process of sustainable project management, starting with contract considerations and working through project completion and punch lists. Your capstone will include a full estimate and schedule ready for client approval. To learn more, and to register, visit the NESEA’s website. wMD w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
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By Jared O. Blum President, Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association 10 |
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FFO
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RT
E M
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MUCH ATTENTION HAS BEEN GIVEN, AND RIGHTLY SO, TO THE RECENTLY COMPLETED NEGOTIATIONS IN PARIS that resulted in the unprecedented Paris agreement to combat climate change. This agreement, coupled with the Clean Power Plan recently proposed by the EPA will move building designers and scientists to elevate new and existing building performance in two distinct ways. Not only will governments and the private sector seek construction of buildings capable of mitigating the emission of climate-related gases, but also to construct buildings that have the resilience to perform under adverse climactic conditions. Certainly masonry construction will be an integral part of both sides of this essential coin.
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DESIGN TRENDS | GREEN BUILDING
Image Copyright Robert o Bias ini | 123 rf.c om .
The Paris Agreement In the early years of the climate negotiations, three types of business people attended the annual negotiations. There were representatives of industries that were positioned to sell products and services to the countries that agreed to reduce CO2 emissions, and who generally were very supportive of the process. The second group ranged from fossil fuel producers to an amalgam of industry groups that did not want a climate deal to be reached. The third group was, of course, consultants who were attempting to sell their services to interests on both sides of the issue. Fast-forward to 2015 and the recent Paris COP 21 Conference. Corporate CEOs roamed the grounds of the Le Bourget airport site where the conference was held, and there were a plethora of workshops where business representatives described the initiatives their companies are taking to reduce energy use and corresponding climate-related gases. These workshops were not as they have been in the past, which were presented by companies that actually sell the climate-related technology, but rather companies that use that very same technology to help corporations reach their climate goals. Whether it is North Face, Unilever, Hewlett Packard, Starbucks or Alcoa, the common denominator for these companies is the support for a comprehensive climate action plan. Indeed, the European Chemical Industry Council, in a public statement to COP negotiators, backed a “strong climate change agreement.” In the Paris Agreement, nearly 200 countries acknowledged that they will attempt to reduce the rise in global temperatures to 2°C or below. This is the first time that both developed and developing countries have made such a commitment. Virtually all attendees recognized the role of the building sector in contributing to the achievement of these goals. In fact, a full day of the conference was designated “Buildings Day,” focusing on the technologies and practices available to the construction sector. Brought about by the Global Alliance on Buildings and Construction, which consists of 20 countries, the Alliance will provide coordination of global regional efforts. In the United States, that will be critical. According to the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey, there are approximately 6 million commercial buildings in the United States, comprising 87.4 billion square feet. The EPA estimates that the average commercial building wastes 30 percent of its energy consumption at a cost of more than $1 trillion dollars of wasted tt
required to submit A com pliance plan BY
STATES ARE
SEPT. 2016.
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The EPA’s Clean Power Plan In August 2015, President Obama announced the EPA’s Clean Power Plan that establishes this country’s first carbon pollution standards on existing power plants. The plan requires a national 32-percent reduction in carbon pollution below 2005 levels by 2030. States are required to submit a compliance plan by September 2016. While the EPA expects that utilities will reduce their overall CO2 emissions through utilization of natural gas in lieu of coal and oil, or encouraging the use of renewable energy generation, a large percentage of the reduction of CO2 omissions will be achieved through increasing energy efficiency in buildings. What will these national and international efforts mean for building construction in the United States? Technically the Paris Agreement will not be considered a “treaty ” and therefore will not need to be approved by the United States Senate. But the existence of this unprecedented international decision creates a positive backdrop to implementation of the EPA’s proposed utility CO2 regulations here in the United States. In the past, opposition to comprehensive climate change action had been opposed here because countries such as China, Brazil, and India were not participating in CO2 reduction goals. Now they are signatories to this new agreement so that argument can no longer be used to sidetrack domestic efforts; most observers believe the Clean Power Plan will be implemented by most states irrespective of the 2016 presidential election. Businesses that operate internationally, architects and the design community that work in numerous countries, and manufacturers of building products used around the w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
Image Copyright of Cienpies Design | 123rf.com
energy. Moreover, these buildings contribute more than 30 percent of CO2 emissions nationally.
DESIGN TRENDS | GREEN BUILDING
tt
Masonry, INSULATION, roofing materials, FENESTRATION ALL will play a role.
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world now will realize that climate will play a role in the choice of their products in the built environment. Masonry, insulation, roofing materials, fenestration, according to a recent report of the UN, all will all play a role: “Climate change will introduce conditions that are outside the prescribed operating materials for many materials,” reads IPCC Report Chapter 10. Whether it is use of thermal mass and more insulation in lieu of glass, lighter boilers that can be protected on rooftops instead of in possibly flooded basements, or any way to reduce power usage to permit backup power to last longer, all now are real architectural, contractor, and owner concerns. Perhaps it just might be that the “city of lights” has provided the world with the impetus to design and construct our buildings to ensure our lights never go out. wMD About the author: Jared O. Blum is the president of the Polyisocyanurate Insulation Manufacturers Association (PIMA), the Washington-based North American trade association representing manufacturers of polyiso foam insulation. PIMA’s members, who first came together in 1987, include a synergistic partnership of polyiso manufacturers and industry suppliers. Polyiso is the most energy-efficient insulation on the market today and one of the Nation’s most widely used and cost-effective insulation products available. To learn more about polyiso and PIMA, visit their website at www.polyiso.org.
Materials • Technolog y • Trends
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MATERIALS | INSULATION
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DESIGNING FOR
EXTERIOR CONTINUOUS INSULATION By Alejandra Nieto
Image Copyright of Paolo De Santis | 123rf.com
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MATERIALS | INSULATION THE FACT THAT WE HAVE TO USE INSULATION IN OUR BUILDING ENCLOSURES IS NOT NEW TO THE BUILDING PROFESSIONS. Codes and standards have been prescribing specific
R-Value and U-Value requirements for the last few decades as a means to increase energy efficiency and to improve overall building performance. Good design shows that the best performance will be achieved when the insulation is placed on the exterior of the building, as opposed to the interior in between the structure. Most recently, codes and standards also have figured it out, and are prescribing the use of continuous insulation. There are several benefits with using continuous insulation, which include increasing the durability of the assembly, reducing the risk of condensation, reducing thermal bridging, and increasing performance. However, due to vague understanding of what is considered “continuous,” the benefits of using continuous insulation often are times significantly reduced. What do the codes say? Thermal resistance requirements will differ between codes. Enclosure code compliance will depend on where the project is located, the climate zone, and the type of building being constructed. Typically, codes will have two compliance methods: prescriptive and performance. As it relates to thermal performance, the prescriptive method will indicate the assembly specific R-Value requirements of the insulation to be used within the wall assembly. Newer codes typically require both interior and continuous insulation (i.e., insulation between the framing and exterior insulation). The performance method will indicate maximum overall U-Value to be reached or total effective R-Value. With this method, all layers of the assembly are considered; reductions to the prescribed R-Value are assessed, depending on the structural components within the assembly. Designing with exterior insulation For optimal energy performance, it is best to go the performance path when designing the building enclosure. Since it takes into account all the factors within the assembly, it encourages the use of exterior insulation. As it relates to temperature and heat loss, you want to wrap the building in a warm layer as opposed to stuffing it. Along with reducing thermal bridging, exterior insulation significantly reduces the risk of condensation within the assemblies, resulting in a more durable and resilient building enclosure. Different types of building enclosures will have different critical layers. For example, in a typical steel frame wall assembly, the exterior sheathing is the critical layer within the wall assembly. This is so because it is the first “cold” interface surface within the wall assembly, which translates to being the plane for potential condensation to occur. The design strategy to prevent condensation at this plane is to use exterior insulation to keep the sheathing “warm,” and ideally, above the dew point temperature. For example, as noted in the figure on page 19, when using R8 of continuous insulation, the temperature of the sheathing layer is higher than the assembly without continuous insulation. During colder temperatures, this is a significant difference to reduce risk of condensation. There are several different types of insulation that can be used as exterior insulation, including semi-rigid mineral wool, extruded polystyrene (XPS) rigid
For optimal energy performance, it is best to go the performance path when designing the building enclosure.
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Figure 1: Tem perature of sheathing layer (condensation plane).
board, expanded polystyrene (EPS) rigid board, closed-cell or open-cell spray polyurethane foam (SPF), and polyisocyanurate (polyiso) rigid board. Each of these insulation types has different performance characteristics and added benefits. The thickness of the exterior insulation that should be used will depend on code requirements, the thermal resistance value of the insulation, and the vapor permeability of the insulation. • Semi-rigid mineral wool has an approximate R-Value of R4/inch (RSI 0.70/25.4mm), and is highly vapor permeable. • XPS rigid board has an approximately R-Value of R5/inch (RSI 0.78/25.4mm), and is vapor impermeable. • EPS rigid board has an approximately R-Value of R4/inch (RSI 0.70/25.4mm), and is vapor impermeable. • Closed-cell SPF has an approximate R-Value of R6/inch (RSI 1.05/25.4mm), and is vapor impermeable. • Open-cell SPF has an approximate R-Value of 3.5/inch (RSI 0.61/25.4mm), and is vapor permeable. • Polyiso rigid board has an approximately R-Value of R5.6/inch (RSI 0.98/25.4mm), and is vapor impermeable. When is continuous insulation actually continuous? ASHRAE defines continuous insulation as insulation that is uncompressed and continuous across all structural members without thermal bridges other than fasteners and service openings; it is installed on the interior or exterior or is integral to any opaque surface of the building. Although the definition is pretty clear, there seems to be misconceptions on different attachment methods being classified as continuous insulation. Different insulation types will have different fastening requirements. Most commonly, they are fastened using long fasteners/screws, or can be adhered. Although fasteners will have an impact on performance, the effects are minimal and considered negligible. Deflection and other concerns come into effect only when using fasteners to attach continuous insulation—especially with heavier w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
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MATERIALS | INSULATION ASSEMBLY
U-VALUE (W/M2·K)
RSI (M2·K/W)
R-VALUE (H·°F ·FT2/BTU)
REDUCTION (%)
R20 Exterior Insulation w/ vertical z-girts @ 400mm o.c.
0.621
1.61
9.15
54%
R20 Exterior Insulation w/ fibreglass clips @ 400mm o.c.
0.341
2.93
16.65
17%
R20 Exterior Insulation fastened to substrate (5 screws per board)
0.304
3.29
18.71
6%
Notes: [1] HEAT 3 was used to model the assemblies. [2] Substrate of the assembly consists of interior gypsum board, 2x6 steel frame, and exterior gypsum sheathing. [3] R4/inch mineral wool was used as the exterior insulation. [4] Thermal conductivity of materials used in models based on software database, as indicated by the IEA.
Table 1: Thermal model results, U-Values, R-Values and Reduction (%) cladding systems, such as terra cotta panels, and with taller buildings that will experience elevated wind loads. This can lead to more fastener requirements or the use a grid system (z-girts) to attach the claddings. This is when the grey area for the term “continuous insulation” begins. How many fasteners does it take until the thermal bridges are no longer negligible? If using a grid system or clip and rail system, is the insulation still “continuous,” and can it still follow the prescriptive path for compliance? Although often not seen as priority since it doesn’t affect code compliance, the critical question is how do the significant thermal bridges affect the durability of the building enclosure? These questions can be addressed using thermal modelling to determine where and how significant the thermal bridges are, and whether or not they increase the potential for condensation. As identified in the table and figures below, it is evident that a clip and rail system has more significant effects than fasteners, and that a z-girt system is the
Figure 2: Thermal model results, R20 exterior insulation installed with z-girts.
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Materials • Technolog y • Trends
Basically, it’s a...
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mortarnet.com
MATERIALS | INSULATION Figure 3: Thermal model results, R20 exterior insulation installed with fibreglass cli p system.
worst performer. The areas of high thermal bridging will decrease the temperature of the critical areas (note the temperature gradient through the assembly), which can lead to increased risk of condensation within the assembly. These thermal bridges also increase the heat transfer through the assembly, which then affect the energy performance of the building enclosure. It is critical to note to all of these reductions are considering perfect workmanship, and do not consider other parts of an assembly that can cause thermal bridging such as openings (windows and doors), metal flashing (if applicable),
Figure 4: Thermal model results, R20 exterior insulation fastened with long screws (5 screws per board).
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Image Copyright of Paolo De Santis | 123rf.com
floor slabs or balconies. It also is important to note that similar thermal reductions are going to occur independent of the type of insulation and its nominal R-Value. The final overall effective performance may differ, but the amount of reduction always will be at par because the steel (or structure) always will be the driving factor. With masonry veneer buildings, the exterior insulation does not have to be fastened to the substrate. Rather, brick ties can be used to secure the insulation in place. However, brick ties—and more importantly, shelf angles required for masonry veneer—can significantly affect the thermal performance of the assembly. The material of the brick ties and shelf angles will change the performance. With regular ties, switching from galvanized steel to stainless steel will make a significant difference in reduction (Finch & Higgins, 2013). Additionally, other solutions exist where the brick ties are thermally broken to reduce thermal bridging.
What does the science say? Although we still may not know what the codes consider too much thermal bridging to no longer consider continuous insulation “continuous,” we can at least take away the following: • Thermal bridging matters! • The performance compliance path for codes typically will give you a more efficient building enclosure. • The more exterior insulation, with minimal thermal bridging, the better. • Grid systems (i.e., z-girts) should never be used as an exterior insulation attachment. • The fastening material conductivity makes a significant difference when it relates to brick ties and angles. • You can’t account for workmanship deficiencies. wMD
With masonry veneer buildings, the exterior insulation does not have to be fastened to the substrate.
About the author: Alejandra Nieto is an Energy Design Centre (EDC) specialist at Roxul. She is a graduate from the Master of Building Science program at Ryerson University, with a background in construction science and management, and architectural technology from George Brown College. She has experience in design and research of the methods and materials involved in energy-efficient buildings and systems. As a specialist for the EDC, she provides expertise in building envelope design, and moisture and heat transfer analysis.
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Works cited Finch, G., & Higgins, J. (2013). Masonry Veneer Support Details: Thermal Bridging. 12th Canadian Masonry Symposium. Vancouver.
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WWW.SPECMIX.COM
© 2016 SPEC MIX, INC.
Pairing mortar with units...that’s our specialty With SPEC MIXŽ Masonry Mortars designers and contractors can select the exact material formulation that complements the specific properties of the Brick, Block and Stone specified for the project. SPEC MIX Mortars are engineered and preblended to achieve the optimal bond strength, durability and beauty for your masonry wall system. Our mortar color selection is endless and the high performance of our mixes increase the craftsmanship and productivity of masons every time. With SPEC MIX what you specify is what we deliver!
A FRESH EQUATION FOR
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Bruner/Cott & Associates reimagines the University of Georgia’s student dining experience with Bolton Dining Commons.
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TODAY’S COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY DINING HALLS ARE FAR FROM THE BANAL CAFETERIAS OF YESTERYEAR, serving bland and unhealthy food on plastic trays in windowless spaces. Just as schools compete to attract students by providing the best academic offerings, the coziest dorms, or the winningest sports teams, so too do these institutions increasingly seek competitive advantage by investing in restaurant-quality on-campus dining options, with a variety of fresh food served in inviting spaces where students want to linger. Enter the new Bolton Dining Commons at the University of Georgia (UGA), a $24-million dining hall by Bruner/Cott & Associates of Cambridge, Mass. (veteran of numerous award-winning college dining facilities), in association with Atlanta’s Smith Dalia Architects (with past experience at UGA). Replacing a worn-out facility on its prime site near the heart of the campus, the new 64,000-square-foot building is now the school’s largest dining commons, serving more than 10,000 meals a day.
By Brian Libby All photos ©Richard Mandelkorn
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DESIGN TRENDS | EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES The facility includes more than 12 serving areas on two floors with spacious dining areas inside and out (plus approximately 4,000 square feet of offices and administrative space). It offers a variety of menu items from comfort food to international cuisine, with numerous vegetarian and allergen-free options, with small-batch cooking on display to promote freshness and healthy food practices. The building also includes a private, 200-seat dining space available to both university and student groups. Anticipating such daily demands, Bruner/Cott partnered with Smith Dalia to produce a cutting-edge design focused on four key design emphases: context, materials, space, and sustainability. Traditional yet contemporary Bolton is located at the confluence of UGA’s three campus districts—its historic northern portion, its newer business campus to the west, and the central hub of campus. Facing the high-traffic corner of Lumpkin & Baxter Streets, which connects a primary parking area to the west with the main campus pedestrian walkway to the east (leading to the University of Georgia Bookstore and Sanford Stadium), its 70-foot entrance rotunda provides an easily identifiable icon that pays homage to the traditional campus. “In many ways, we wanted a
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signature architectural element to tell people, ‘You’re still on campus, you’re still here,’ says campus architect Daniel Sniff. “But at the same time, with the lantern look of the entrance and the openness, there were some contemporary signatures to it. We have a philosophy that says respect your neighbors contextually, and don’t say, ‘Look at me.’” Bruner/Cott envisioned the building as a symbol of openness, full of transparency and natural light, meant to strike an appropriate balance between the institutional grandness of its surroundings while seeking its own more casual identity. Fitting within a more than century-long tradition of existing campus buildings, its materials, scale, and proportions sought to be compatible with UGA’s architectural language—big and monumental enough to stand out in the small valley of its site, yet not so large as to overwhelm it—while also differentiating itself as something architecturally new and of its time. Though framed with steel and concrete, the building rises on the exterior from a granite base with brick walls and cast stone cornices. “We started with the brick, because that’s the background material that a lot of old and new buildings are constructed with within Georgia,” says Bruner/Cott principal-in-charge Bob Simmons. “We felt it could feel a bit more modern with a granite base and a bit more casual and relaxed— w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
Bruner/Cott envisioned the building as a symbol of openness, full of transparency and natural light.
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DESIGN TRENDS | EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES something we really wanted.” Simmons believes granite, though distinguished, has a less formal and institutional feel than limestone. The design also incorporates granite on the interior as a veneer on the building’s steel columns, “to give it a feeling of hearth and home,” he adds. “Granite is often used as fireplace cladding, and we wanted to have an expression of the stone on the inside of the building as well as to give it a bit of warmth and color.” The look of the granite is a result of how it is laid out, the architect explains: “It’s not clean, rectangular blocks. It’s just small pieces, large pieces, just put together like you would in a fireplace and a site wall.” Originally, Sniff explains, UGA’s buildings were built largely with granite, given the presence of the Elberton granite quarry near the university’s Athens campus. But in the 1930s during the Great Depression, several campus buildings built by the Civilian Conservation Corps were constructed with limestone, a more classic institutional material. “We look at this west portion of campus where Bolton is at as a sort of new campus. We were looking to differentiate, but at the same time use materials to harken back to our older
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buildings. It was setting a new tone for campus,” Sniff says. “We wanted to re-introduce more granite, and this project gave us the opportunity to do that.” Attention to budget also was a factor in the selection of granite. “When UGA originally approached us on this project, they actually said, ‘We want the public to see this building as the state of Georgia spending their tax dollars wisely and spending the education system’s dollars wisely,’” Simmons explains. “They’d been criticized for some buildings that appear too grand or opulent on campus. By introducing the granite, which has the feel of a hearth more than a campus edifice, if you will, and bringing in wood for the roof as well, we feel it relaxed the aesthetic and made it more welcoming, and made it more of a comfortable campus life setting in which student life could take place.” The building’s roof structure incorporates extensive timber decking to feel “softened and less institutional,” Simmons says. “We extended that w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
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DESIGN TRENDS | EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES
Sniff likens the combined feel of the exposed timbers, the granite, and the brick to a classic Adirondack lodge.
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to the eaves outside, which was a big step culturally for the Georgia vocabulary that the university embraced. At night, the whole building glows from the warmth of that wood. It’s not too grandiose and instructional to hang out in.” The timber, a combination of southern yellow pine and cedar, is FSC-certified. Sniff likens the combined feel of the exposed timbers, the granite, and the brick fireplaces inside Bolton to a classic Adirondack lodge. He believes the design approach and materials selection for the facility strikes the right balance between old and new. “We use materials like brick, and we have a traditional base, middle, and cap that we require buildings to have. There’s a continuity, a thread that holds the campus fabric together. We think that’s one of the things that people come to campus for,” he says. “Yet there’s plenty of room for innovation and flexibility that can occur in the architecture. The architects did a great job of striking that balance. Watching the exterior, you have certain expectations. But when you come inside, it’s very much of its day.”
Materials • Technolog y • Trends
Openness Although Bolton looks and feels impressively stately outside and warm inside, thanks to its material palette, a key feature of the building is its openness and transparency. “The client saw the facility not just as a dining hall, but as a space to hang out in and a way to bring about quality of student life that was lacking at the old dining hall: a place to see and be seen,” Simmons explains. The hall’s interior is centered on a large atrium, allowing diners and servers on two floors to see each other and interact. The food service also is on display at the front of the house where diners can see their food being prepared. Service is split into a series of stations made distinct with different interior materials and signage signaling the type of meals served. The sense of openness also extends to copious natural light and to the views outside, provided by large window openings in the dining rooms. “We wanted to make sure that one’s experience in the building allowed 360-degree views,” Sniff says.
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DESIGN TRENDS | EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES “Theoretically, in the seating areas, you could shut off the lights during the day,” Simmons says. “We tried to keep a pretty high level of daylighting coming in. On the creek side, we did a bit more modern expression: high windows and a roof that slopes from high to low, which helps funnel daylight into the building. On the other side, clerestory windows wrap the space for not only daylighting, but [also for the] views. We used these large overhangs to keep out the glare, and we used ceramic frit on the Tanyard Creek-side glass to allow us not to have operable shades and to cut the amount of sunlight while keeping views out into the trees. A piece of glass appears to be transparent and you can see out, but it’s actually throwing 50 percent of the heat and light to keep cooling loads down.” A series of additional terraces provide the chance for outdoor dining during Georgia’s warm months, including a 45-degree version overlooking Tanyard Creek. A decade-long initiative to uncover and restore the creek to its natural form after generations under asphalt is currently underway. “A part of the creek has a concrete sea wall and riff-raff, so they’re looking to restore that to a more natural setting, as well as another creek that enters Tanyard Creek near our location,” says Smith
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Dalia Principal David Wallace. The terrace, a large curtain wall, an additional entrance, and pedestrian bridge connection anticipate the conclusion of the project. Sniff feels the building’s design serves its primary and secondary goals well—student life beyond mealtimes alone takes place here, and it’s also a place people want to linger. “We know that students do study here quite a bit,” he says. “There are many different areas to study. There’s up in the rotunda, and up in the milkshake bar. It’s a cozy, comfortable place for students to meet and hang out.” Sustainability Reaching beyond aesthetics and functionality alone, Bolton’s design, construction, and ongoing operations are embodiments of today’s leading-edge sustainable thinking as well, expertise for which Bruner/Cott is well known. The building was conceived to meet the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED rating program specifications, at or near its Gold level, but the client declined to pursue certification. Bolton’s primary structural and roof materials, steel and wood, are renewable resources. Measures such as low-e glass coatings and extensive overhangs combine with a tight thermal envelope, LED lighting, and robust insulation to make Bolton about 30 percent more energy-efficient than a conventionally designed building. The kitchen itself, often a use venue consuming large amounts of energy, also was made energy-efficient thanks to low-flow hoods that allowed reduced mechanical unit sizes, and also employs water-reducing plumbing. The construction sourced a majority of materials locally. The most distinctive among Bolton’s sustainable features may be how the dining hall treats its food scraps. A pulp extractor removes water from food waste and grinds the material into reusable compost for use in campus landscaping, thereby reducing waste by 90 percent. Voting with their feet Bolton Dining Commons has proven to be more than an enjoyable place for students to gather and eat. It’s also a calling card for the University of Georgia. “I keep telling people our mission is to serve the students. They’re our clients, and the surveys show an overwhelming love of the place,” says Sniff. “We have an all-volunteer food service operation at UGA. If you’re a student, you’re not required to buy it. So in many ways, we have to sell this product, this food plan, to students and their parents. Students love it; parents love it. We’ve seen a decrease in our other food service outlets; this is their first choice. They’ll come across campus. The athletic association wants to send their athletes to eat here. That’s a totally different dining experience. You’re not just going into the same old dining hall.” wMD w w w.masonr ydesignmaga zine.com
Bolton Dining Commons has proven to be more than an enjoyable place for students to gather and eat. It’s also a calling card for the University of Georgia.
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Supplies | Mortars & Admixtures You can’t build brick or stone buildings without mortars and admixtures. Take a look at some of the latest products on the market, examining what sets them apart from the mortars and admixtures of the past.
Get Your Products Featured! The spring 2016 Supplies section will feature brick, block, and stone. Send your product descriptions and images to Cory Sekine-Pettite at cory@lionhrtpub.com.
1
1 Building Stone Mortar www.specmix.com
Whether the specification calls for soft or hard stone, SPEC MIX stone mortar mixes are engineered to match the specific properties of each stone to increase the mortar-to-stone bond strength while allowing the mason to lay more stone every day. Meets ASTM C270 requirements. Mortar type should correlate with the particular masonry unit to be used. SPEC MIX Building Stone Mortar is available in formulations for hard stones such as granite and soft stone such as limestone. The specifier should evaluate the density of the stone masonry unit specified to ensure that the appropriate mortar is selected to match to the hardness of the stone masonry units for the project. Each product is 100% dry, preblended in 80 lb. or 3,000 bags, eliminating the need to measure and add liquid admixtures on site, which in turn ensures quality control while increasing jobsite productivity.
2 Water Repellent Mortar www.amerimix.com
Amerimix Water Repellent Mortar with RainBloc GP is part of the total RainBloc system. When used with concrete masonry units that contain RainBloc, it creates a wall system that has been proven in both the lab and on jobsites to inhibit water penetration, creating a superior moisture barrier. RainBloc GP is the only patented, mortar admixture that is traceable, detectable, and measureable in hardened mortar. Available in portland, lime, and sand (AMX 410 WRM) and masonry cement and sand (AMX 510 WRM). The series of mortars includes the following features: • Traceable, detectable and measurable • RainBloc GP is proportioned correctly in every batch • Exceeds water repellency requirements of the “Upload Test” specified in ASTM C 1384 • When used in conjunction with concrete masonry units manufactured with RainBloc, the National Concrete Masonry Association Rated this wall assembly “E” for excellent using ASTM E 514.
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3 Culminal, Culminal Plus, and Combizell cellulose ethers
3
http://www.ashland.com/ Thin-bed mortar is becoming a widely used, multi-functional approach to tiling, providing extended installation time, greater flexibility and strong adhesion. The popularity of large porcelain and stoneware tiles fixed on vertical substrates demands high-performance ceramic tile adhesive with outstanding sag resistance (high yield stress). Culminal and Combizell cellulose ethers help dry mortars to be applied more easily and to perform better, according to Ashland. All three products provide water retention and cohesiveness to mixtures. Key mortar benefits include the following: • Controlled thickening • Adjusted water demand and improved workability • Good open time and pot life • Reduced sag and increased strength • Compatibility with different electrolytes such as salts and alkali. Ashland also supplies a wide range of Jaypol acrylates for D1 and D2 categories of latex based tile adhesives. wMD
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Tradesmen’s Software
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Mortar Net Solutions
817.721.7700 www.castiastone.com
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SPEC MIX, Inc.
888.773.2649 www.specmix.com
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