What Are The Risks Involved In Refueling And Defueling Aircraft
Aircraft refueling and de-fueling often lead by attendant hazards which should be managed sufficiently for their mitigation to acceptable levels. The issues are same with tanker or fuel hydrant system. Pressure refueling is normal for business jets and multi-crew transport aircraft but nowadays gravity refueling are available as a backup system. The primary risk involves unintended ignition of fuel vapor which can occur by a single spark. Fuel vapor has a sufficient quality that creates a high risk of ignition may result from spillage arising from procedural errors, leaks, aircraft tank venting or failure of pressurized fuel lines or their couplings. During refueling or de-fueling fuel, the movement may lead to a static charge in building up in the fuel. If the charge is in high potential, it can cause sparking within the aircraft. The possibility of sparks inside the tank and the charge density in the fuel are not affected by bonding. Accumulation of a surface static charge may occur in either on aircraft bladder tank or in its fueling vehicle under any certain conditions. Electrical bonding must be used to eradicate this hazard. Re-fueling should not take place during thunderstorms.
electrical Bonding There must be a cable to link between the point or to clean unpainted metal surfaces on the chosen airframe. Bonding cables should be connected to the installation delivering the fuel with the aircraft or installation receiving the fuel. All connections should be made before filler caps are removed earlier to start fueling and then not broken until the fueling is completed and filer caps are replaced where it is appropriate. Keep in mind that Fuel Hoses including “conductive� hoses are not suitable substitutes for dedicated clips and bonding wires.
static dissipater additive If turbine fuels do not contain a static dissipater, then it’s quite impossible to load wide-cut fuel. Wide-cut fuel is considered to be “involved” when it's being supplied or when it’s already presented in the aircraft tanks. It is recommended that when wide-cut fuel has been used then the next two uplifts of fuel should be treated as wide-cut. A mixture of kerosene turbine and wide-cut fuels can result in the air-fuel mixture in the tank. The mixture is in the combustible range at common ambient temperatures during fueling.
ped use during refueling PED or personal electronic device may create or induce a spark of sufficient intensity to ignite fuel vapor released during fueling but it is inaccessible under normal circumstances. The main concern is the proliferation of below specification mobile telephone batteries that have the potential to fail dangerously. It is unknown that whether such failure would be sufficient magnitude to ignite a fuel or the air mixture but the possibility still exists. It is recommended under any circumstances during refueling should be carefully considered and mitigated. It also appears that personal electronic devices close to or onboard modem aircraft can interfere with fuel gauges. Some navigation equipment may cause false fire warnings in cargo or baggage holds. Airport operators should prohibit the use of the personal electronic device on the apron area in the vicinity of refueling operations.
refueling of aircraft Bladder tank
refueling on the passenger on Broad Aircraft operators should have their procedures for refueling including emergency evacuation and if refueling is permitted with the passenger on board then it should be appropriate with operations manual and Cabin Crew Manual. Crew stations and duties should be clearly defined with passenger communication. The procedure of emergency evacuation for passenger should be taken into account the availability of air bridge access or in-position ground steps in the selection of exits to be used. One of the flight crew should remain in the flight deck at least. There is a common situation that is often overlooked is where refueling commences after gate arrival but before all passengers have got off or started to get off. The crew busy with their routine post-shutdown procedures may not be aware that the doors have been opened and disembarkation started. An unexpected requirement to carry out an emergency evacuation might create difficulties.
fire hazard during fueling and de-fueling Due to the combustible nature of turbine engine fuel and AVGAS, the potential for fire while fueling and de-fueling aircraft must be addressed. Always fuel and de-fuel outside, not in a storage room that serves as an enclosed area for vapors to build up to a combustible level. Clothing worn during refueling personnel should be safe not promote any static electricity buildup, synthetics such as nylon should be avoided. Cotton can be a safe way of handling fuel.
de-fueling This is an infrequent and special operation. The person involved including any flight crew should be careful to refer any necessary procedural documentation. Fuel removed from aircraft tanks never reused and must be offloaded into a dedicated de-fueling tanker. Â Â Accident: There are many accidents or incidents occurs during fuel loading, for example, Cathay Pacific Airbus en route from Surabaya to Hong Kong experienced difficulty in controlling engine thrust. As the problem worsened one engine became unusable and a PAN and then a MAYDAY was declared to a successful landing at the destination with excessive speed after control of thrust from the remaining become impossible. Emergency evacuation followed after the report of landing gear fire. Saltwater contamination of the hydrant fuel system at Surabaya after alterations during airport construction work was found a polymer contaminant in uplifted fuel.
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