A Wooden high-rise, a sustainable social hub fusing a kindergarten and an elderly home by Lisa Germain Hayashi

ABSTRACT

The following booklet condense the research and design process of the fusion of an elderly residence and a kindergarten located in the city of Bobigny, in France. Based on the observation of a certain lack of recognition of architecture for elderly persons in France, and the necessity of a social hub in the city of Bobigny, this project aims to design a place of quality where seniors would enjoy living and have the possibility to actively participate and be part of the local community. For this mean, the project is articulated around a common shared space between the elderly residence and the kindergarten, where those two users, usually located in very distinct facilities would meet and interact. The Nest of l'Ourcq, located along the canal of the same name, has a highrise typology and a wooden materiality reflecting the city's architectural heritage and it current sustainable approach.

MSc03 Architecture and Design

Group: 21, Lisa Camille Germain Main supervisor: Lars Brorson Fich Technical supervisor: Anders MĂ¸llerskov Project title: The Nest of L'ourq Canal Year: 2018 Period: 01.02.2017 - 28.06.17 Submission: 23.05.2017 Copies: 4 Pages: 114

CONTENT

00 01 INTRODUCTION Motivation Current Elderly care overview A new approach

8 10 12 14

02 THE CITY OF BOBIGNY 16 Geographic localisation History and evolution Architectural legacy Social challenges The development of the city Transportation & connectivity

18 20 22 26 28 30

03 DESIGN DRIVER

Visit of autonomous residence Visit of a recent elderly home Visit of an old elderly home The project's ambition Elderlies & children program

38 42 44 48 50 6

04 DESIGN PROCESS

Behold the l'Ourcq canal Acoustic challenges Sound behavious analysis Sun radiation analysis

54 56 58 60

05 THE NEST OF l'OURCQ

The Nest of l'Ourcq A wooden high-rise Multi-use space & kindergarten Medical clinic & offices Autonomous elderly tower Wooden low rise & high rise The multi-use common area The elderlies apartments The laundry common room

64 66 68 70 72 74 78 80 82

07 INTEGRATED DESIGN

Structure & Materiality Building steps Indoor environment study Defining the use of the space Analyse & design response Indoor daylight analysis Framing the view Be18 Building energy frame

86 88 90 92 94 96 98 100

08 EPILOGUE

102

Critical considerations References Softwares Illustrations

104 106 108 110

INTRODUCTION

01 Motivation Current Elderly care overview A new approach

1. View of an elderly person leaving the autonomous elderly residence Gaston Monmousseau

MOTIVATION A global aging population a pressing reality

"In 2000, the number of persons aged 60 years or older in the world was estimated to be 605 million. By 2050, this number is projected to grow to nearly 2 billion at which time it will be as large as the population of children (0-14 years). This historic crossover of an increasing share of older persons and a declining share of children will mark the first time that the number of children and older 1 persons are the same."

1. Barry Mirkin and Mary Beth Weinberger, "The Demography of population ageing", Population bulletin of the United Nations 42, January 2000, accessed February 9, 2018, http://www.un.org/esa/population/ publications/bulletin42_43/ weinbergermirkin.pdf 2. Lorraine Farrelly, "Designing for the Third Age : Architecture Redefined for a Generation of Active Agers", Architectural Design, no 228, MarchApril 2014, W5-8

A consequence of the demographic transition and the shift to lower fertility and mortality of our current society has been the evolution in the age structure of the world population. Many societies, especially in the more developed regions, have already attained unprecedent older population age structures, while the developing countries during the demographic transition are also experiencing rapid shifts in the relative numbers of children, working-age population and older persons. 2 Aging is among some of the most pressing topic of our time. But, as long as the reality of aging is being ignored, considered negatively, such as an inevitable fate not to be mentioned, no innovative, solutions may be envisioned for our future. The denial of the aging process is mismatching the current medical, economic, and cultural progress that allows our seniors -and our future self- to be active and involved in many activities until a late age. 3 Elderly population should rather be considered as an opportunity for developing and rethink ideas around active ageing, to the benefit of society. In the architectural field, more and more design competitions and project raise awareness to this problem. For long, opportunities for architectural design for the aged used to be confined to the highly standardized and uninspiring requirements of nursing home, respectfully separated, from the rest of the society. But nowadays, more and more studies and discussions highlight the need to redefine the aging environment of the elderly home. The dynamic of social interaction, the feeling of belonging to a place, a neighbourhood, a city, within a social network, among friends and/or families are essential components of the well aging process.

3. Annick Morel, Olivier Veber, "Rapport du groupe n°1 sur la prise en charge de la dépendance", Société et vieillissement, public report, June 2011, 3 Image on the right: The Sex and Age Distribution of the World Populations: the 1998 Revision, volume II: Sex and Age (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.8), medium variant projections.

Figure III. Growth in population size and age-specific annual growth rates, for the child, youth and older populations, 1970-2050 Number of people:

Average annual growth rate of the population:

Child: under age 15

2000

Child: under age 15

1500

1000

World More developed regions Less developed regions Least developed countries

Percentage

Population (millions)

2 1 0

500

-1 0 1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10 2010-20 2020-30 2020-40 2040-50

2050

Period

Year Youth: 15-24 years

1500

1000

3 2 1

500

0 -1 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10 2010-20 2020-30 2020-40 2040-50

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Year Older: 60 years or over

1000

3 2 1

500

0 -1 1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10 2010-20 2020-30 2020-40 2040-50

Period

Year

Oldest old: 80 years or over

300

Percentage

Population (millions)

400

200

100

Older: 60 years or over

1500

Percentage

Population (millions)

2000

Youth: 15-24 years

Percentage

Population (millions)

2000

3 2 1 0 -1

1970

1980

1990

2000

2010

2020

2030

2040

2050

1970-80 1980-90 1990-00 2000-10 2010-20 2020-30 2020-40 2040-50

Period

Year

Source: The Sex and Age Distribution of the World Populations: the 1998 Revision, volume II: Sex and Age (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.8), medium variant projections. 11

CURRENT ELDERY CARE OVERVIEW Changing trends and mentalities promote senior architecture

1. "Behind the fear of elderly persons to “go to a nursing home” lies the fear of giving up their freedom. They know that if they are compelled to give up their home for such facility, the exercise of their freedom will be more limited, for example regarding the meals, the visits, the hours of “light out” for an elderly person, Individual housing constitute the place where he is at home, which means he can do whatever he wants, or invite who ever he wants without having to report anything to anyone. Ultimately, the home represents the last space of freedom of an elderly person."

When thinking about architecture for elderly person, the first idea that comes up in mind are the medicalised nursing home, providing standardized, well equipped residences, with trained health assistants and caring professionals. The issue with such specialised, controlled environment, exclusively designed for older people, is that no one choose to move into them, they are the last resort options, when a senior cannot keep on living by himself. 1 Moving to an elderly home is a huge upheaval in a person life. The new residents will face a disruption in their daily life, losing their home, their place, their habits, and some of them will never manage to find the same quality of active living they once had. In general, human interaction greatly influence the overall health of an individual, and this is particularly relevant at later age. In an elderly home, the contact with friends, family and neighbours is completely shaken. This loss of rhythm, seeing familiar faces, stress of moving in a new place and absence of obligation appears to be a major cause of the aging process' acceleration. Breaking the loneliness, the boredom of an elderly facility, and create or recreate a dynamic environment in relation to an active social network would help ensure a better quality of life. Design for an ageing population should not mean specific and isolated facilities, but rather be integrating quality and inclusive design into daily life and the urban fabric that will last over time. Architects may have a role, to design and rethink existing typologies to re-create or further encourage interaction and human bonds in architecture for elderly. Simple reconfiguration of space and program may give birth to some design, enhancing interaction, and further empowering our elderly to be part of an activity, a community, a network. By making architecture for the elderly less secluded and more attractive, the negative public perceptions of ageing may change and decrease age discrimination. It will more likely encourage friends and family to visit and spend more time with their senior.

1. Own translation, Housing territories and digital of the Deposits and Consignments Fund, Study of autonomy and aging well, 2014W

Dependency Living at home

2. "What are the right word to define the men and women for which we are going to talk about during those three days? Elderly, ancient, senior, silvers, pensioner: words are not lacking for naming the recipiences of those laws. This profusion of words revels mostly that the word, “Old” still tolerated as an adjective, is ban as a noun, as if the old was ipso facto, an object of discrimination, and the elder an object of respect." 2. Own translation, Laurence Rossignol, secretary of state committed to the family, the elderly person, and the autonomy, during the presentation of the bill regarding the challenges of aging population, speech of the 9th of September 2014, at the national assembly, available on: http://www.assembleenationale.fr/14/cri/2013-2014extra2/20142001.asp#P297494

3. “Housing can enhance dependency and seclusion, or it can on the contrary be the first prevention contributor. Therefore,x the Hight Comity consider housing for elderly persons as a challenge that exceed the simple framework of housing policy: it represents a major social challenge” Own translation, Hight comity for the housing of disadvantaged persons, Housing and aging: live at home but life together!, 2012

Nursing Home

Autonomous residence

Hospice

In France, the government is trying to diversify the housing options for elderly person by proposing more alternative to the non-dependant aging population, and better guide them in their life course to prevent frailty 2. One of the solution is providing financial social help to elderly person living on their own, so that they can receive medical home services, but this option does not solve the problem of seclusion many elderlies, often with reduce mobility, are facing. Another major focus is the development of “intermediary residences”, known as autonomous residences. Those residences provide accommodation for self-sufficient person in a secure friendly environment offering a few shared services. In the 2016, the law n° 2016-696 about “adjustment of societies to ageing population” further developpe this elderly housing solution as they are perceived as a successful way to prevent dependency and support elderly person without prejudice their self-sufficiency 3. Autonomous elderly residences are not very known in France, as people do not make the distinction between each type of facilities for elderly person, and regard them all as a medicalised nursing home, where no one wants to move in. During the visit of the Autonomous residence Gaston Monmousseau in Bobigny, the 9th of March 2018, the head administrator, Mrs Virginie Safhi, highlighted her challenge to make people understand the many differences between an autonomous residence and a regular nursing home, toward interested elderlies, families, but also professional from hospital that would send back home very ill or injured elderly thinking the residence had a medicalised staff and could manage the treatments on site. 4 With the implementation of the 2016 law, the government seems to provide major effort to change this misconception and promote those "intermediary residences".

4. For further understanding of the differences between elderly facilities, please refer to the pages 38 to 43 documenting the visit of two nursing home and one autonomous elderly home.

A NEW APPROACH The new aging Re-think senior architecture

Elderly person usually moves to a senior facility because of sudden, or gradual physical or mental disabilities that require assistance in their daily life. Most of them still are very capable of many things but won't be able to perform a broad number of activities within the current type of assisted living facility. By further promoting the seniors to choose to move into â&#x20AC;&#x153;intermediary residencesâ&#x20AC;? such as autonomous residences, thanks to an attractive program and architectural design, the shock of moving to medicalised, last resort, nursing home could be prevented and rather gently support the elderlies and delay dependency. How, the program and design of an architectural project could generate a place where senior would choose to live, allow them to interact and actively participate in a meaningful and fulfilling activities, prone to maintain their dignity and recognition in the community? 1. Sami Edge, "Retirement home meets day care at Providence Mount St. Vincent", The seattle Times, June 26, 2015, accessed February 9, 2018, https://www.seattletimes.com/ seattle-news/education/retirementhome-meets-day-care-at-providencemount-st-vincent/ 2. Multi-generation houses bring young and old together, Deutschland. de, February 21, 2013, accessed February 9, 2018, https://www. deutschland.de/en/topic/life/societyintegration/multi-generation-housesbring-young-and-old-together 3. Walter Gardner, "Interaction benefits toddlers and elderly alike", The japan time, March 13, 2016, accessed February 9, 2018, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/ opinion/2016/03/13/commentary/ japan-commentary/interactionbenefits-toddlers-elderly-alike/#. WcuxCrKGNaQ 4. Kumiko Morita, Minako Kobayashi, "Interactive programs with preschool children bring smiles and conversation to older adults: timesampling study" BMC Geriatrics, licensee BioMed Central Ltd, October 18, 2013, accessed February 24, 2018, https:// doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-111

The following project aim to design an architectural and social response that would improve actively the living quality of the elderly in residential care, by involving them in the community and, by doing so, encourage them to maintain an active living rhythm within a caring network. To this end, a research into the current most original, innovative and active elderly care program was conducted. Since two decades, the US and Japan are creating partnership between preschools and elderly home, closely watched by specialists in both fields. "There are somewhere between 100 and 500 intergenerational learning facilities in the U.S., and the trend is on the rise as baby boomers 1 look for stimulating and engaging care facilities for their aging parents." The successful phenomenon is rapidly seducing European countries. In Germany, after a first multi-generation house opened in 2006, in Salzgitter, the Federal ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth launched in 2012 a following programme funding for 450 centres, gathering childcare group, youth centre, mother centres, community centres for the elderly and advice centre.2 The first of those intergenerational mix-program date back in 1976, in Japan. The cross-generational project was made because of practical reasons: both those very young and old population needs specialized care, and similar common spaces.3 The primary reason of the program's fusion was economical, since the two facilities are costly, but soon other advantages where noticed.

Thanks to this cross-generational program, seniors found a solution to the loneliness and boredom that characterized so many retreat houses. According to a study in 2013, seniors began smiling, conversing more among themselves, and had an increase mobility. They also exhibited delayed in mental decline, lower blood pressure and reduced risk of disease and death compared with seniors in nonparticipating facilities. Some positive outcomes were also to be observed on the children side, more respectful toward the elderly and the idea was very welcomed by the parents and families of both sides.4 The trend of those cross-generational project is getting stronger in the recent years. Operator care home sees a potential opportunity to diversify their standard product by providing intergenerational facilities which not only maximise profitability but offer significant benefits for all their customers, both young and old. but there is yet to be any define architectural typology. Gathering different program under a same roof goes along with the current trend of architects and urbanist, to rethink cities by recreating small urban nodes, gathering locals on walkable distances, as opposed to disconnected cities with scattered facilities fast transportation had previously allowed. Architectural projects are more and more encouraged to be integrated the urban fabric, spatially but also socially, adaptable, multi-purpose, and attract different population, to reconnect neighbourhood and communities. This project aims to create a design fusion of a kindergarten and an autonomous elderly home, that would provide an architecture to reconnect young and old, but also integrate itself spatially and socially in it surrounding, and address the challenges of it context.

THE SITE: BOBIGNY, A YOUNG CITY FOR A NEW CHANGE

Geographic localisation History and evolution Architectural legacy Social challenges The development of the city Transportation & connectivity

Aerial view of the site Canal de l'Ourcq - MBK Bobigny, France , https://www. c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/ canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300.html

GEOGRAPHIC LOCALISATION Bobigny, a Parisian suburb Alongside the L'Ourcq canal

France The site is located in France, in the city of Bobigny a suburb of the capital. Bobigny is part of the Est-Ensemble, an area part of the Seine-Saint-Denis district, located in the North-East of Paris. Paris, Seine-Saint- Denis, and six other districts compose the region of Ile-de-France.

Ile-de France Paris

The plot of the project is a 2 hectares piece of land located next to the lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ourcq canal in the Plain of lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Ourcq. This area is undergoing a big transformation, and many lands along the canal were subjects to competition in the recent years

Ile-de France Bobigny Est Ensemble

Seine st Denis

Paris

1. The project' site is in France, in the same region of the capital, L'Ile-de-France 2. The region of Ile-de-France is divided into 4 districts themselves divided into 3 to 4 areas. The project site is located in the city of Bobigny, in the Seine-Saint-Denis district, in the Est Ensemble area. 3. Drawing based on google map aerial picture, locating the site in Bobigny.

Seine-Saint-Denis

Bobigny The site Est Ensemble

Paris

HISTORY AND EVOLUTION From the countryside to the inclusion in the "Grand Paris" project

The first settle of the city of Bobigny are traced from the III century B.C. but the town is named Bobigny since the Middle Age. The seigneurial town will undergo a drastic change during the French Revolution when the farmer from Paris are displaced to the surrounding cities and start to settle their agricultural business in the town. Through the XIX century, the city witnesses the digging of the Canal de l'Ourcq and the birth of the rail track network still slicing the landscape of Bobigny nowadays and running next to the site. The town become a big suburban city by the XX century, where agriculture is replaced by the industry with the implantation of factories taking advantage of the close rail network and the proximity of Paris.

1. http://www.bobigny. fr/une-ville-d-histoire/ de-lantiquite-a-nos-jours/1946-1960explosion-demographique-1262.html

Pictures on the right: Archive picture of the city of Bobigny, accessed May 6th, 2018, http:// www.bobigny.fr/une-ville-d-histoire/ de-lantiquite-a-nos-jours/1946-1960explosion-demographique-1262.html 2. Bobigny's prefecture building under construction 3. The "La cité de l'Abreuvoir" neighboohood 4. The "cité de l'Étoile" neighboohood

After some major physical damages and population loss during the Two World Wars, Bobigny faces an unprecedent demographic growth thanks to a high birth rate and immigration. From 1935, Around 3500 accommodations are built to answer the urging housing shortage, in a typical high-rise style of the Post War. During the sixties and the seventies, the city's urban plan is entirely redesigned, and the old suburban houses are replaced by new modernist building layout 1. Despite a real attempt to create the modern city of tomorrow, Bobigny slowly acquired a bad reputation. The district of Saint-Denis (93000) in which is located Bobigny has currently one of the highest unemployment rates, and criminally of France. Since a couple of years, Paris is expanding it transportation network and further incorporating it suburb. The project of the "Grand Paris" (the big Paris) launched in 2016 plan to build many public facilities to developpe the economy and the dynamic of the suburb of Paris. The district of Saint-Denis is part of this transformation project. This huge masterplan is an opportunity for the city of Bobigny to upgrade it public utilities, build affordable home, for first ownership accommodation, and erect cultural and social projects to considerably improve the quality of the city for it inhabitants.

ARCHITECTURAL LEGACY A city shaped in the seventies with concrete and high-rises

Map locating previous images and seventies architectural buildings from the same period and the high-rise complex housings. The dotted red areas are the locations undergoing major reconfiguration

Image on the right: 1. Marius Depont & Michel Holley, Bobigny city hall, 1974 2. Oscar Niemeyer, Bourse du travail, 1978 3. Marius Depont, Saint AndrĂŠ Church, 1980. Behind, a tower of the Jean JaurĂ¨s housing complex. 4. Liberation low rise complex 5. Hector belioz tower complex 6. Carnot tower complex

Following images: View of the Karl Max housing complex View of Paul Eluard housing complex and the elevated concrete circulations fromthe town hall

Bon Enfant Tower complex

Autonomous residence Gaston Monmousseau see annex

Paul Eluard Tower complex

Libération low rise complex

Oscar Niemeyer, Bourse du travail, 1978

Cerisier low rise complex

Marius Depont, Saint André Church, 1980

Jean Jaurès tower complex

Image 1 page 29 Bus station with view to the Karl Max complex

Paul Vaillant Couturier Tower complex

Marius Depont & Michel Holley, Bobigny city hall, 1974

Image 1 page 23 Michel Folliasson, prefecture, 1971

Image page 25-24 View of Paul Eluard housing complex and the elevated concrete circulations

Image page 26-27 Karl Max housing complex Image 3 page 29 Bergère Parc with a view to the Eco city construction site Bresse low rise complex

Image page 40-41 View of the canal, train, and the slow transportation axe

Image page 42-43 Aerial view of the site

e lopm e v e rd

nde

su Area Site Image page 40-41 Aerial view of the site

5 Hector Berlioz Tower complex

Karl Max Tower complex

Alsace low rise complex

Carnot Tower complex

EHPAD Hector Berlioz see annex

SOCIAL CHALLENGES A young dynamic population an evolving social class

Ile-De-France Bobigny Est Ensemble

Seine st Denis

Paris

1. Seine Saint Denis, Le Département, "Diagnostic Territorial, Est Ensemble", D.A.D S.A.T bGéo, March 2011 2. "The employees social class is the most important with 19% of household in 2006, and their number increased of 10%. The working social class has decrease of 3%, and is now at 21% but is still very above the average of the region of Ile-De-France of 3%." 3. Map locating the project 'site within the region

Image on the right: Based on the information from Seine Saint Denis, Le Département, "Diagnostic Territorial, Est Ensemble", D.A.D S.A.T bGéo, March 2011

The district of Seine-Saint-Denis has a population composed by 46% of families, which correspond to a percentage 6 points higher than the whole region of Ile-De-France. Bobigny has also 16 % of single parent’s family, more than the double of Paris.1 Within this district, in the Est Ensemble area, Bobigny's municipality has an average of 2.8 person per household, making it the municipality with the biggest household. The population is very young, with 32% younger than 20 years old, and only 9% of the population over 65 years old. Since the birth rate is higher than the death rate, and the migration is low, sometimes negative, the Est Ensemble is consider having a very dynamic population renewal.1 The social class of Bobigny's inhabitants is changing over the past decades, from working class to higher educated employees (see diagram: Evolution of the working-class category from 1999 to 2006) but this social shift is slower than the capital, and to this date, Seine-Saint-Denis has still a majority of factory worker and employees. This over-representation of humble social category is visible on the measurement of the average income. (see map: Average income in 2008) There are 18.6% of unemployed persons in Bobigny and person in precarious condition are many, which make the district of Seine-SaintDenis, fall under the "priority district" regulation policy. By relating the low average salary and the high percentage of household with children, it appears some families in Bobigny may face daily difficulties to manage a family and a work. Along with the current development of the municipality, in the context of the "Grand Paris", a project proposing a program helping those families by taking care of the children, would allow the parents to have more job opportunities and perhaps, in some cases, carry-on and complete advance education, to be qualified for a higher paying work.

1. Average income in Ile-de- France, in 2008 2. Per area: Household family type, Number of children in families with children, Household social cathegory Evolution of the working-class category from 1999 to 2006,

Seine st Denis

Bobigny Est Ensemble

Paris

The development of the city Architectural renewal Gentrification and social evolution

The young municipality of Bobigny is undergoing a huge renewal, and the architectural landscape has already started to transform. Low income towel housings are now cohabitation with brand new sustainable looking neighbourhood, and the Canal de l'Ourcq banks are upgrading into cosmopolitan young and trendy areas, where temporary installations and festival are occurring. The elevated pedestrian concrete circulations on the base of tower complexes are being destroy and other seventies architectural identity of Bobigny are being slowly replaced by econeighbourhood such as the one on the “ZAC Ecocity” on the East of the studied plot.

1. View of the bus station, with the shopping mall and hight-rise housing in the back ground 2. New housing project, located at Sente Claude Lévi-Strauss bobigny 3. View of the canal from the Bergère Parc very used by the locals in the summer. On the back ground, he construction site of an Eco-city near the l'Ourcq canal is visible

The municipality is also planning to increase different type of public transportation and extend the slow soft mode of transportation along the canal. The city of Bobigny is going along the current effort of France to reduce the use of cars. The re-birth of Bobigny will probably be completed with the expansion of the new transportation network and the construction of the sustainable eco-city along the canal, but we may hope this regeneration of the city won't erase it history and population background, giving an opportunity to its current inhabitants to upgrade their own living standard and keep living in the new Bobigny, rather than being pushed away by the gentrification from Paris.

Industrial town

Modernist suburb

Eco city

TRANSPORTATION & CONNECTIVITY Paris transportation network extention Incorporating the municipality of Bobigny

Nowadays, Bobigny has only one metro line, the M5 passing next to the site of the project, along the Canal de l'Ourcq with a unique stop and the town hall. A tramway line, the T1 is deserving stops through the municipality.1 In the following year, the metro line, train and tram transportation from Paris and the neighbours’ districts will be considerably be expanded. An additional metro line, the M15 will be cross Bobigny with 3 stations within the municipality, and the M5 will also have an additional stop just next to the site. Regarding trams, the T4 or Tram Express Nord, will be extended and pass next to the site, and a completely new line, the Tzen3, will be built along the Canal de l'Ourcq.2

1. Paul, Lecroart, Marion Delplanque, Atlas Est Ensemble, Institut d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme - Ilede-France, February 2011 2. Sequano aménagement & Est Ensemble Grand Paris, La plaine de l'Ourcq, Réinventer la ville dans la métropole, 2016

One reason for the unsuccessful social development of the city of Bobigny and many other suburbs of the 1970 is a lack of connectivity to their related main city and a poor transportation system distributing the municipality, creating a secluded neighbourhood. By developing the city simultaneously with the extension of Paris' transportation network, the designers of the Grand Paris are ensuring a better success for the projects to come. The project site, that is currently next to many transportation axes, but didn't had a stop distributing it will be in a few years, a real strategic node connecting fast train, metro line and tram, toward Paris, but also slow transportation, with a promenade and a cycling road along the axe of the canal.

Image on the right: Map of the current and future transportation around the site

Following images: Aerial picture of the site from the West, Canal de l'Ourcq - MBK Bobigny, France , https://www. c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/ canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300.html Picture of the walkway along the metro line in front of the site Aerial picture of the site from the south, Canal de l'Ourcq - MBK Bobigny, France , https://www. c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/ canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300.html

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THE PROJECT'S AMBITION A multi-generational dynamic social hub an architecture and materiality to shape and define

As multigenerationnal space

The current facilities organising cross generational activities are using common spaces in elderly homes, such as the dining rooms, the living room, or the entry hall. There are no define space specifically designed for those interactions and it is understandable since the events are planned and organised punctually by the administration of both kindergarten and elderly residences. Those events are generally not open to the public and staff from both side are overseeing the happening. This excellent initiative would probably gain a lot from the conception of a room dedicated to this encounter.

An space for informal encouter in the community

This projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s intention is to define and design a space that would reconnect young and old so that both population would benefit from those exchanges. The encounter of the kindergarten and the elderly home will be the heat of the building, as a nest sheltering a lively and fruitful gathering. This space should not be exclusively dedicated to them but open to the families and friends, and the community in general to allow more informal but regular and pleasant interactions between the elderlies and the children.

Connecte single parents and single elderly help them support each other

As observed in the city demographic study, the area presents a large demographic of single parents, and has a population of rather low income compare to it neighbour districts. This presuppose many single parents may appreciate help from anyone that could keep their children out of the opening ours of a kindergarten but may not have the financial resources to afford it. The architecture of a space may not solve this issue, but by providing a place where elderlies, children and their parents meets and get to know each other, one can hope it would give the resources to the seniors to keep supporting the community by helping those families from time to time, keeping their child, while the grateful parents could watch over the elderlies and help them for some daily activities, to buy groceries, cook some food, while their family is away or unavailable to keep an eye on them.

A residece where elderlies can keep participating in the community by keeping children

The social heat of the project may answer to an issue of the city of Bobigny by creating this common space used by both children and elderlies, that would encourage it users to help each other, disregarding their age, or social background. The sense of purpose that may be generated to the elderlies that would take advantages of this opportunities would probably be more rewarding than attending a planned meeting with children from a kindergarten, pleasant but punctual and less fulfilling.

A social Hub in the center of a future transportation node

In the context of the “Grand Paris” the plot where the project is located, will become an urban nod, connecting tramway, metro, cableway, but also a cycling road and a promenade along the l’Ourcq canal. Those transportation with different rhythm around the site will distribute the new housing to be constructed in the Plain of l’Ourcq, and the project may take advantage of this flow to channel part of it to it heat. The architecture of the project should stand out, and create a landmark that may attract the eye, and signal the social hub that would be the common shared space.

A landmark for the new aging architecture

Showcasing an autonomous elderly home as a landmark is untypical but the project aims draw the attention to this usually invisible population, as they are too often secluded from the urban fabric and forgotten. The citizens of Bobigny are used to live in high rise, and the elderly persons that will move to the autonomous elderly home have been living in the tower constructed after the world war. The social hub will show a place where elderlies could live actively and enjoying living, promoting an active programming for senior architecture, and attest that moving to a place designed for old persons should not be stigmatised as defeat against the age.

A new architectural and material identity for a new sustainable city

By observing the current architecture legacy of Bobigny, it is very clear the city was shaped during the concrete area after the Second World War, in a time when the innovation of reinforced concrete, allowing higher structures, faster construction, bearing loads, and taking shapes like no other material, was regarded as the material of the future. Concrete was the main materials that was used to rebuild France after the World War II, when there was a shortage of all other material, but today, as Bobigny is remodelling it architectural landscape and building sustainable neighbourhoods, the question of which materiality will shape the new face of Bobigny may rise again.

ELDERLIES & CHILDREN PROGRAM kindergarten & multi-use space autonomous elderly home & medical clinic

Square meters

Program

Common space 70.8 345.8 5.4 12.4 9.1

entry hall Multi-use space Reception desk Toilets Technical room kindergarten

111.6 55.7 181.4

Indoor playground Cantina 4 Classrooms

25.1

children napping room

30.8

Children toilets

28.9

kitchen

17.9

offices

17.9

teachers room

33.95

meeting room

8.6 15.1 338.4

Staff toilets storage room/technical room Outdoor playground

Autonomous elderly home 100

2 laundry rooms, common space

17.9

offices

3780

126 apartments of 30 square meters with

kitchen corner

bathroom

20 >8.5 20

living room, sleeping corner, kitchen corner balcony of minimum technical space Medical clinic & Pharmacy pharmacy

92 9

Shop area reception corner

meeting room

5.3

changing room/storage

4.5

Medicine preparation corner

Medical storWage room

4.7

toilets Medical clinic

waiting room

6.4

reception corner

17.8

kitchen corner, staff room

93.4

5 practice rooms

2.3

technical space

6183

TOTAL AREA

DESIGN PROCESS

04 Behold the l'Ourcq canal Acoustic challenges Sound behaviour analysis Sun radiation analysis

Volumetric study model in foam implemented in the run radiation simulation analysis

BEHOLD THE OURCQ CANAL An unique panorama in a city an architecture along this slow water scenery

The whole plot along the canal delimited by the car roads, the fast train track and the canal was part of a masterplan of the Plain of l’Ourcq (200 Ha, 11 km long), drawn by Nicolas Michelin & Associates agency around 20071. The masterplan was later on abandoned, the plain of l’Ourcq area was divided into different plots. The studied plot renamed MKA, is currently, in 2018, submitted to an open competition2. For this design project, the old master plan by Nicolas Michelin & Associates was kept and used as the context surrounding in which to insert the project. The plot building are 3 to 6 stories, placed along the main car road and future tram track in continuous blocks while the buildings along the canal are smaller and scattered. By doing so, the plot’s layout turns it back to the noisy car road and open itself to the quiet canal. This choice to orientate the masterplan to the canal is very understandable, as the view to the water, is and unique feature of the area, very rare and valuable in a city so close to Paris.

1. 200 Ha le long du canal de l'Ourcq, accessed May 15th, 2018, http://www.sequano.fr/portfolio/ ecocitecanaldelourcq/ 2. Canal de l'Ourcq - MBK Bobigny, France, accessed May 15th, 2018, https://www. c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/ canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300.html

Among the users of the project, the children of the kindergarten will need an outdoor playground, and the elderlies also should have the opportunity to enjoy and outdoor space. While the elderlies and the other adults would probably very much appreciate to have a space to contemplate the scenery of the canal, the children may rather need a wide outdoor area to play and shout. The elderly may have a view to the canal, but they should also be able to enjoy a view to the children outdoor playground, having the possibility of a physical contact with the children in the common multi-use space, but also a more distant visual contact of their outdoor space. This particular space open to the view of the canal may be the heat of the building, while the other space would envelope this area and create a second skin after the master plan layout, to protect from the outdoor disturbances The idea of providing different views to the elderly, a quiet view to the canal, and a lively view to the children playing, goes along the idea to provide them a calm, private apartments and open lively common spaces to interact, as a regular housing residence may offer.

Image on the right: Masterplan layout from 2007 by Nicolas Michelin & Associates agency 1. The buildings near the main car road are shielding the plot and open to the canal 2. different access on the side of the plots cuts the shielding building

ACOUSTIC CHALLENGES A node of transportation axes generating a stong acoustic disturbance

The site is located in the crossroad of different transportation axes. Those activities generated a constant and strong noise disturbances. Among them, the cars and the trains create the strongest acoustic hindrance, and the project need to answer that problem since the elderlies and the children are considered as a fragile population. The plans on the right based on the current state of the empty plot, reveals some zones with very high decibel values reaching between 65 to 75dB external limit, but with the construction of the new master plan layout, with front buildings shielding the plot from the car road and the train, the future noise level of the site will be much lower than the current values.

1. Map of noise level of traffic road over a day in dB 2. Map of noise level of railwail traffic over a day in dB Map of noise level over a day, accessed February 25, 2018, https:// carto.bruitparif.fr/

The future transportation's project of the Grand Paris which create more public transport may appear to worsen the situation. But the current tram build in France are electric and very quiet, and the future metro line will be underground. In addition, the Grand Paris project, is strongly encouraging slow transportation network, hence, bike roads and pedestrian walkway are being developed. As in Paris, the car transportation will probably, over the time, be reduced for the benefit of pedestrians and bike. Never the less, an acoustic analysis was performed with a simulation including the Michelin masterplan to define a possible building volume to shield and protect the users of the project.

ad Car ro 0 45-5 5 0 55-6 50-5 -65 0 6 75 -75 7065

oad Car r

o Metr

55-6 0

55-6

Fa s

t tr ain

over 75

-70

-75

SOUND BEHAVIOUR ANALYSIS Control the level of sound by distancing the project creating shilding building volumes

A ray tracing study was conducted with Pachyderm plug-in on Grasshopper Rhinoceros1, to observe the behaviours of the sound with the Michelin masterplan layout. The three sources of noises studied are the fast train track, and the two car roads respectively on the West, South and East of the plot. Each of those sides of the master plan possess an access to the street, hence opening the building bloc to the sound reverberation. The Fast train track on the West is located about 140 meters from the chosen location in the plot. According to the inverse square law of acoustic2, the level of decibel drops by 6 decibels every time the distance double. The 75 decibels sound at the fast train source will diminished to 32 decibels on the site. The masterplan also shields this noise thanks to a 9 stories high building, and an opening with non-parallel side wall that prevail the sound to be amplified.

for further information about the software see: http://www. grasshopper3d.com/group/ pachyderm "In a free field the intensity of sound drops by 6 dB for each doubling of distance from the source." Images on the right: 1. Raytracing acoustic study simulating the fast train noise's reverberation, on the Western side of the plot 2. Raytracing acoustic study simulating the car road noise's reverberation, on the Eastern side of the plot 3. Raytracing acoustic study simulating the car road noise's reverberation, on the Sourther side of the plot

On the East, the car road is also about 140 meters away from the site, but the opening with parallel wall, allow the sound to reverberate and some sound rays of the simulation reach a farer point in the plot. As the distance generate a decent sound level drop, the noise disturbances may be considered as decent. The Southern car road however is located only 50 meters away from the centre of the plot. The buildings shielding the noise disturbances are slices on the south west side of the site, creating an opening to access the centre of the plot, as well as letting the noise in. The car sources driving on high speed on this axe, generate a sound level of 70 decibel, hence, on the chosen location, the sound level would be still about 36 decibels. The ray tracing study display how the sound from this side of the plot would enter and directly hit the project located in it centre. The kindergarten and autonomous elderly home would be directly exposed to this acoustic disturbance. The project need provide indoor and outdoor spaces protected from these disturbances. As one of the gesture of the design is to open the building toward the canal, a part of the architecture may shield the noise by it volumetric to create a quiet environment for it users.

SUN RADIATION ANALYSIS Placement of a sunny outdoor playground Open the project to the view of the canal

Bearing in mind the need to shield the project from the noise of the main road, allow the elderly persons to enjoy the view of the surrounding from their private apartments, place the multi-use area in the core of the project with a view to the canal and provide a nice outdoor area to the children, a sun radiation analysis was performed with Ladybug plug-in of grasshopper, on Rhinoceros software1. The aim of this volume study is to see the influence of the masterplan building and the projectâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; shadows for placing the children playground in a relatively sunny area of the site. The research was conducted along with the dimensioning of the program square meter, which explain the difference of density of the studied volume. An analysis of the sun radiation average per month was performed, and the month of July, and December were selected to compare the amount of sun radiation during the sunniest and the darkest months.

1. For further information about the software, see http://www. grasshopper3d.com/group/ladybug

Having in mind the project has a surface area of about 6200 square foot, and the site has a dimension of 2050 square meters, the project had to have several stories, and even more to place a courtyard of 340 square meters for the children. Since many elderlies currently living in Bobigny are living in apartments located in high rise, and one design driver of the project is to showcase the elderly home to the surrounding, this research highlighted volume study with one autonomous elderly residence high-rise, slightly tilted compared to the masterplan grid, to shield the noise from the car road.

Images on the right: Sun radiation analysis for July and december, with the corresponding axonometry of the studied volume

The first iterations clearly express this idea to shield the acoustic disturbances with the apartments of the autonomous elderly home located in a high rise and place the children playground in the center of the project, in the most noise protected area, in front of the canal.

In the following propositions, the elderly tower is designed to be partly sur-elevated to let some of the sun light through the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ground floor and open the view to the canal from the access path to the plot.

Different following iterations with a heavier program, research the possibility to have two exterior spaces, one for the children and one for the autonomous elderly home and blend the two programs in the communal area situated in the middle volume between the two courtyards. But such propositions neither provide a decent sunny courtyard two both elderlies and children, nor provided a very wide view to the canal for the communal area.

One issue of the placement of the multi-use space in the previous proposition was the choice to place the children playground in the most calm and protected area of the project, which then pulled the multi-use space away from the view of the canal, and rather provide to it only a view to the children playground. The last selected proposition flipped the placement of the children playground to the south, sunnier, and still protected enough by the tilted autonomous elderly home, and place the multi-use space along the canal, so that it could both enjoy the view to the canal, and the view to the children playground.

PROJECT

05 The Nest of l'Ourcq A wooden high-rise Multi-use space & kindergarten Medical clinic & offices Autonomous elderly tower Wooden low rise & high rise The multi-use common area The elderlies apartments The laundry common room

Insertion of Michelin masterplan with the project in a aerial google earth image

THE NEST OF L'OURQ Situation plan scale 1.2000

The Nest of l'Ourcq has three main parts, the autonomous elderly home on the West, the multi-use common space shared by the kindergarten and the autonomous elderly home in the middle, and the kindergarten on the East side. The multi-use space is lying along the l'Ourcq canal on one side and the children playground on the other side, facing South.

Image on the right: Situation Plan of the project scale 1.200

A WOODEN HIGH-RISE A landmark in the city render View from the North of Bobigny

The wooden high rise for the autonomous elderly apartments showcase it structure to the surrounding by a play of different layers of wooden elements, while the kindergarden follow the axe of the river in a low rise open to the canal.

Image on the right: Render view of the project from North- East

MULTI-USE SPACE & KINDERGATEN Ground floor plan scale 1.200

Access Logistic

Access Autonomous elderly home & Kindergaten

Access Playground Access Pharmacy

Common space 1. Entry hall, with children work's exposition area 2. Multi-use space 3. Reception desk 4. Toilets 5. Technical room Kindergarten 6. Indoor playground 7. Cantina 8. 4 Classrooms 9. Children napping room 10. Children toilets 11. Kitchen 12. Staff toilets 13. Storage room/technical room 14. Outdoor playground Pharmacy

Image on the right: Ground floor plan, scale 1.500

15. Meeting room 16. Changing room/storage 17. Medicine preparation corner 18. Medical storage room 19. Toilets

11 7 12

6 9

4 3

8 14

10 10 8

MEDICAL CLINIC & OFFICES First floor scale 1.200

Medical clinic 1. waiting room 2. reception corner 3. kitchen corner, staff room 4. 5 practice rooms 5. Toilets Kindergarten and autonomous elderly home offices 6. offices 7. teacher room 8. meeting rooms The offices of the autonomous elderly home and the teacher rooms are located on the same level, with a view to both the multi-use space and the children playground, in order to have an eye on the users of the space. This spacial proximity also encourage the staff from the two facilities to get to know each other and organise common events. The medical clinic also located on the first floor is easily accessible both to the children and the elderlies, and the proximity of the pharmacy at the ground floor allow to have prescription and medication quickly on one spot.

Image on the right: First floor plan, scale 1.500

8 6 3

4 4 4

4 4

AUTONOMOUS ELDERLY TOWER Third floor up to 13th floor scale 1.200

126 apartments of 30 square meters with a kitchen corner a bathroom a living room, sleeping corner, kitchen corner a balcony The autonomous elderly apartments have the same regular layout, but a variation balconies with a second skin of lamellas covering the faรงade and providing intimacy as well as shading to the exterior spaces.

Image on the right: Third floor plan, scale 1.500

WOODEN LOW RISE & HIGH RISE Section scale 1.200

In order to access the kindergarten, the children, and parents must go through the double high ceiling multi-use space, and hence meet the elderlies enjoying the common space. As the indoor children playground has also a double high, and so does the entry hall, the limitation of the multiuse space is porous, allowing easily to expand the indoor playground when needed, or further enlarge the exposition space of the entry hall punctually, creating an adaptable space according to the userâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs.

Image on the right: Longitudinal section, scale 1.500

Following image: Axonometry of the project from North-West

THE MULTI-USE COMMON AREA The encouter of two generation A wooden structure open to the surrounding

The multi-use space is facing on one side the canal, and one the other the children playground. It is connecting from each side the kindergarten and the autonomous elderly tower. In this space every user, young and old, blend together to enjoy a bright, open frame wooden space together. The common space is also a circulation area since it leads to the kindergarten, hence, there are constantly some activities going one, and elderlies may sit by the widowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side to look at the canal, look on the other side and observe the children playing outdoor, or finally may greet the parents coming to pick up the children in the afternoon, and the closing of the kindergarten.

Image on the right: Render view of the multi-use space

THE ELDERLIES APARTMENTS A regular layout with a variation of outdoor space

Image on the top: Axonometry of an autonomous elderly apartment

Each elderly apartment is a CLT prefabricated box stake one over another, but the external glue laminated skeleton provides a variation of panoramic window opening, and the cuts in the second skin wooden lamellas gives a playful rhythm of opening toward the view of the surroundings

Image on the right: Render view of the living space of an autonomous elderly apartment

THE LAUNDRY COMMON ROOM A double high space open to the view A place to meet and interact

Image on the top: Axonometry of the laundry room/ common space Image on the right: Render view of the laundry room mezzanine

Two laundry room of 50 square meters each provide a common space in the autonomous elderly home with double high sealing and a corresponding wide cut in the second wooden lamellas skin to enjoy the view of the city while waiting for the laundry. The project intended to add quality to this informal social spaced usually place in the dark basement, as it may be an additional communal area more private than the multi-use space of the ground floor, but still allowing interaction between the elderlies of the tower.

INTEGRATED DESIGN

06 Structure & Materiality Building steps Indoor environment study Defining the use of the space Analyse & design response Indoor daylight analysis Framing the view Be18 Building energy frame

STRUCTURE & MATERIALITY One material two structural and material expression

As the city of Bobigny is evolving, it architecture, more sustainable is reshaping it identity. The choice of a unique material for the project, evoking this shift of trend, from concrete modernist city to sustainable eco neighborhood was in mind, when choosing to build the project out of wood. Along with the aesthetical qualities and tactility, the choice of using a wooden structure lies in the capacity of the material to stock the CO2, while other material release CO2 in their production. For example, one tonne of cement release about 870kg of CO2 emission1, steel release about 1.75 tonnes of CO22, while 1 cross laminated timber (CLT) panel of 480-500kg/ m3 will be storing 0.8 tonnes of CO22. Consequently, the use of timber in the building environment can reduce the CO2 emission of the construction. 1. Dr Robert McCaffrey, "The cement industry's role in climate change, Global Cement & Lime Magazine", 2002, accessed May 18, 2018, http://www.ecocem. fr/bibliotheque/bibliographie/ ecologie/33_le_changement_ climatique_et_l_industrie_du_ciment_ royaume_uni_en.pdf 2. KLH UK sustainability, accessed May 18, 2018, http://www.klhuk.com/ sustainability.aspx 3. This project was strongly influenced by the structure of the Treet in Bergen, which is the tallest building made of wood. See K. A. Malo, R. B. Abrahamsen, M. A. BjertnĂŚs, "Some Structural design issues of the 14-storey timber framed building Treet in Norway", Springer, 2016, accessed April 12, 2018, https:// link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s00107-016-1022-5 4. F. E. Boafo, J. H. Kim, J. T. Kim, "Performance of Modular Prefabricated Architecture: case study-based review and future pathways", MDPI journal, sustainability, 2016, accessed May 18, 2018, www.mdpi. com/2071-1050/8/6/558/pdf

As the building possesses two main part, a low rise, and a high-rise, different building techniques for wood construction are implemented in the project, each of them expressing a different capacity of the wood material. For the high rise, a glue laminated structure along with prefabricated CLT modules are use as the building system, while the kindergarten has a more traditional post and beam timber structure. The use of glue laminated wood is currently the best building technique to construct wooden high-rise 3. While the autonomous elderly home will display to it surrounding the latest innovative way to build with wood, showcasing it semi-visible structure through the windows and lamellas, the kindergarten will exhibit a more traditional, but never the less very fine timber construction. The two part of the building will have a very different construction site rhythm. Both glue laminated structure and CLT boxes are prefabricated elements assemble on site. The construction site of the autonomous elderly home will be very quick, safe and clean since prefabrication is not influenced by weather delay and elements like fundations can be build in parallel to the prefabrication off site4, while the timber post and beam structure will be put together on the spot taking more time. The finishing and level of detail od each part will also be very different, the prefabrication off site will have a greater degree of finishing than the kindergarden build on site. Together, the two parts of the project express in their own way the materiality and structural capacity of the wood, the classic timber structure stretching along the canal to contemplate the view of the banks, and the glue laminated high rise, stretching through the sky to enjoy a panoramic view of the city.

CLT box layer detail scale 1.10e 1 From top to bottom Dry screed 1.25 + 1.5 cm Acoustic isulation 3.5 cm CLT wood 14 cm Air gap 6 cm Plaster board 1cm Stone wool isulation 6 cm CLT wood 14 cm

The autonomous elderly home structure is composed of an external skeleton of glue laminated timber that provide lateral load stability. Each 5 floors, the level has a reinforced structure to create a platform that will take the load of the following floors of CLT boxes. The CLT prefabricated 3D boxes stacked inside the structure are self-supporting and transfer the vertical loads to the ground and the reinforced levels of the project.

2 From right to left Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm CLT wood 10 cm Stone wool isulation 6 + 6 cm CLT wood 10 cm Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm 3 Waterproof sealing gasket 4 Fixation screw on the angles 5 Elastomer support 6 local box support

2 1

3 4 5 6

BUILDING STEPS A prefabricated building A quick and clean construction site

INDOOR ENVIRONMENT STUDY Bsim software simulation site and weather inputs

The following research started shortly after the decision to build a wooden high rise for accomodate the autonomous elderly apartments. It was updated along the design process of the elderlies private space and had a strong influence on the conception of the elderly towel's façade in order to improve the indoor environement of the autonomous elderly home. To define the indoor environment the project, a simulation of one indoor critical space was performed on Bsim1. This software allows to simulate the indoor climate of a project thanks to defined set parameters and measures the indoor qualities on an hourly base for a given simulated year. The simulation will follow the requirement of the Danish building regulation 2015, which expect dwellings to have a maximum of 100 hours above 27C° and 25 hours above 28C°2. The weather file for the analysis is a weather database of Copenhagen weather in 2011 as no corresponding weather file database was found for France. This geographical approximation will have major influence on the results of the simulation as Copenhagen is located 1030 km away, NorthEast from Bobigny, and the capital of Denmark is a coastal city, while the city of Bobigny is inland, but no other alternative for this calculation study were found.

1. For further information about the software: https://sbi.dk/bsim/Pages/ About-BSim.aspx 2. Danish building regulation 2015, chap 6.2.1 3 When the study was performed, the 13th floor was the last on of the building, but as the structure allowed to build an extra floor, a 14th floor was added to the tower. The 14th floor may be the current critical space, but the simulations were not researched for this floor.

For this study, the focus is given on the autonomous elderly tower. As the building will be rising over the rest of surrounding building, it will have a high sun exposure especially for the last floors facing south. The buildings of the surrounding are 3 up to 6 floors high, with one building of 8 floors high located on the south-east of the project. None of them are providing shading to the upper autonomous elderly apartment, hence, there was a need to simulate their indoor environment to define their indoor climate and integrate adapted design responses in the project for improving their indoor condition. The chosen critical space to study is an apartment of autonomous elderly 3 tower, located on the 13th floor of the high-rise . This apartment located in the high point of the southern corner, with a double exposition facing southeast and south-west, utilized daily, all year long is the space the most likely to have some overheating issues.

Studied apartment

40.60 m

65 C°

1 Ceiling - CLT wood 14 cm - Stone wool isulation 12 cm - CLT wood 14 cm - Acoustic isulation 3.5 cm - dry screed 1.5 cm 2 Internal corridor walls - Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm - CLT wood 10 cm - Stone wool isulation 12.5 cm - Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm

In the Bsim program, the apartment of 30 square meters is simplified into a box of 7 x 5.75 x 3meters (the distances include the exterior wall thickness) located at 40.60 meters from the ground and tilted by 65 degrees. Two different thermal zones to study are defined: the kitchen, the living and sleeping room, simplified as ¾ of the apartment, and the bathroom as the ¼ left. Each thermal zone is given one different “system” defining the people using the zone, the lighting and the heating control, the equipment use, the ventilation systems and the zone infiltration.

3 Internal structural walls - Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm - CLT wood 10 cm - Stone wool isulation 12 cm - CLT wood 10 cm - Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm 4 Internal non structural walls - Plaster board 1cm - CLT wood 8 cm - Plaster board 1cm

7. Component catalogue for multistorey residential buildings, KLH Massivholz Gmbh, 2012

3/4

5.75 m

Bathroom Living, sleeping, cooking

3m 7m

5 External walls - Fire proof plaster board 1.5 cm - CLT wood 10 cm - Stone wool isulation 30 cm - Wood cladding 3cm 6 Floor - Dry screed 1.5 cm - Acoustic isulation 3.5 cm - CLT wood 14 cm - Stone wool isulation 12 cm - CLT wood 14 cm

1/4

The materials layers of each wall are set according to the constructive detail of the company Kreuzlagenholz pioneer in cross laminated timber construction7. Since the building system of the autonomous elderly home is a glue laminated timber external skeleton structure, with stack CLT boxes in it, the walls, floors and ceilings of each apartments are the combination of the side faces of two CLT boxes, except for the external walls, which do not include the skeleton structure thickness, and the internals walls of a box, without the thermic, and acoustic insulation.

DEFINING THE USE OF THE SPACE Parameters & settings warming and cooling factors

The following parameters of the “system” set in the software are “load” that tend to heat the studied zones according to their use. For the characteristic of the people using the space, the “people load” is defined a one person with a low heat generation (0.072 kW) as an elderly person is less active than a normal individual. In the living/sleeping/kitchen zone, the person is schedule to be there every night, but 70% of the time in the morning and haft the time during the afternoon, as the elderly may go out and/or use the common space of the kindergarten during the day. In the Bathroom zone, the senior is schedule to use the space 3 times a day mostly in the morning and the evening, as an approximation of the bathing time and use of the washrooms. The lightning schedule of 400 lux is set, as it is the illuminance recommendation for the visual comfort of elderly persons (instead of the usual 200 lux)REF. Including the 20% loss from the lightning power, the corresponding 0.48 kW energy is set for the living/sleeping/kitchen zone with 10 W to continuous lighting and 0.38 kW to lighting controlled by the incident solar radiation, while for the bathroom zone, the 0.48 kW is all applied to the continuous lighting, as the bathroom do not have any windows openings. The heating system of both zones is set to start heating the apartment when the temperature goes under 21 degree, at any time of the day, all year long. In the living/sleeping/kitchen zone, an additional equipment system is set, to input the heat produced by small appliances. Elderly persons may not cook extensively every day, and the used equipment will be small ones for the kitchen corner, hence, the heat load is simplified by including a fridge (0.31 kW) on all the time, a microwave (0.25 kW) used during cooking time and a television (0.1 kW) on during day time. Since the values collected dates from 2011, and since then, appliances heat loads have been optimized, the small appliances used in the elderly apartments were approximated as 70 percent of the total value. Those loads are usually generating some unwanted heat during the hot season. In winter, when the temperature drop, the room is set to be heated when the temperature of the rooms goes below 21 C°

HEAT LOADS Loads

People

The natural ventilation system “venting” is activated on the living/sleeping/ kitchen zone with two windows from 24 degrees at any time of the day, all year long. The natural ventilation system is supported by a mechanical ventilation also set to function at any time of the day, all year long. The chosen fan is a small one with low total efficiency (0.4-0.45) since the apartment itself is small. The supply is calculated according to the Danish standard DS/EN 15251, p37, following the category I values, defined for fragile persons such as elderlies and children. The ventilation rates for residences of category I gives the exhaust air flow value of 28 L/s used for the living/sleeping/ kitchen zone and 20L/s used for the bathroom zone. Related to the square meters of each zones, those values give respectively the supply rate of 0.028 and 0.02 m3/s for the zones.

Regulation

One elderly Heat generation 0.072 kW

Liv-Sleep-Cook 100% 19.00 to 7.00 70% 7.00 to 12.00 50% 12.00 to 19.00 Bathroom 70% 8.00 to 9.00 30% 14.00 to 15.00 70% 18.00 to 19.00

All week all the year All week all the year From 8.00 to 10.00 All week all the year

Factor 1 lower limit 0.1kW Temps Max 25C° Solar limit 0.1kW

Equipment

70% of the values (fridge 0.31 kW microwave 0.25 kW television 0.1kW) Total 0.46 kW

20% all the time 40% 8.00 to 22.00 90% 8.00 to 9.00 and 19.00 to 20.00

All week all the year

Heat

Max power 1kW Fixed Part 0 Part to air 0.6

Factor 1 Set point 21 C° Design temp -12C° Min Power 0.5 kW Temp Min 20 C°

All week all the year

At 8.00, 13.00 & 19.00 All week all the year

COOLING LOADS Loads

Venting

The infiltration, the uncontrolled air penetration through the leak envelope was calculated according to the building regulation 2020. In new buildings, the infiltration is 0.07l/s.m3. Converted in the corresponding units for apartments area the basic air change is set to 0,084 /h.

Ventillation

Infiltration

Description Basic Air Change 3/h Temps factor 0.1/h/K Temps Power 0.5 Wind Factor 0.2s/m/h Max Air Change 10/h Max Wind 0 m/s Natural ventilation single sided one level automatic Fan imput Supply 0.028 m3/s Pressure rise 900 Pa Ttl efficiency 0.4 Part to Air 0.5 Fan output Return 0.028 m3/s Pressure Rise 600 Pa Ttl efficiency 0.45 Part to Air 0.5 Fan imput Supply 0.02 m3/s Pressure rise 900 Pa Ttl efficiency 0.4 Part to Air 0.5

Regulation Liv-Sleep-Cook Set point 24C° set point CO2 0 ppm Factor 1

Skedule

All week all the year

No windows in Bathroom

Liv-Sleep-Cook Part of nom. flow 1 Min inlet temp 17 C° Max inlet temp 40 C° Heating Set Pnt 21 C° Cooling set point 25C° Air Hum. 0.007 kg/kg All week all the year Bathroom Part of nom. flow 1 Min inlet temp 17 C° Max inlet temp 40 C° Heating Set Pnt 21 C° Cooling set point 25C° Air Hum. 0.007 kg/kg

Fan output Return 0.02 m3/s Pressure Rise 600 Pa Ttl efficiency 0.45 Part to Air 0.5 Building regulation 2020, infiltration value 0.07 l/s/ m2 = Basic Air Change 0.084/h All day Temps Factor 0/h/K Temps Power 0.5 Wind factor 0 s/m/h

Skedule

lighting level 400 lux task lighting + general lighting 0.48 kW Fluorescent Solar limit 0.1 kW Exhaust Part 0

Lighting

The following “loads” set in the software tend to cool the studies zones.

Description

All week all the year

ANALYSE AND DESIGN RESPONSE Open the apartments to the view but prevent overheating

The objective of this research is to design a space with a wide opening to the exterior providing a panoramic view to the surrounding but preventing the apartment to overheat in the hot season because of the solar gains from this window opening. In the software, the wide windows openings is aproximated with two windows, one fixe and one openable for natural ventillation as follow.

Openable windows 1m 1.5 m

2.50 m 1.6 m

2.9 m

Fixed window

1. Axonometry of an apartment displaying the windows approximation imputed in the Bsim software

The first models for the simulations had both their South-east and Southwest faรงade faces with wide windows openings, however, the overheating values were so high, the proposition was abandoned. The model of the following simulations has just wide window facing South-west, while a small window is placed in the kitchen corner. This simulation with one faรงade face almost closed is also more representative compared to the other apartments having just one wide opening facing South-West or North-East.

Images on the right: 2. Graphic displaying the different heat gain and loss in the apartment for a simulation with a bare structure, a simulation with overhang balconies, a simulation with lamellas second skin faรงade 3. Axonometry representing the imputed shading from the simulation with a bare structure, to the simulation with overhang balconies, and the simulation with lamellas second skin faรงade

qPeople

41,29

37,3

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

qSunRad

73,87

128,95

188,24

265,14

282,49

280,51

290,58

279,07

230,22

163,52

83,46

52,03

qPeople

7,59

6,85

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

TEST 3ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR

TEST 3 ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR 450

ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES KW.H KW.H

50 -350

MONTHS Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

qTransmission -266,53

-271,77

-286,42

-243,74

-190,89

-146,44

-136,37

-129,2

-176,87

-218,06

-246,66

-291,55

qInﬁltra�on -350 -32,73 qVen�la�on -100,61

-30,32

-29,8

-23,66

-16,88

-11,63

-10,12

-10,43

-14,68

-19,77

-24,26

-29,6

-75,28

-109,5

-129,13

-141,01

-124,81

-119,93

-122,21

-140,75

-146,75

-115,88

-80,66

qVen�ng

-6,36

-22,35

-83,87

-156,45

-211,29

-239,64

-236,63

-127,66

-52,96

-3,55

-0,11

126,22

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

Jan.

0,24

1,02

-4,53

0,83

MONTHS 178,17 129,02 Jan. Feb. 41,29 37,3

qLigh�ng

qPeople qTransmission -269,47 qSunRad 44,65 qInﬁltra�on -32,93

0,38

0,08

116,04 March 41,29

91,36 April 39,96

83,74 May 41,29

74,64 June 39,96

75,57 July 41,29

86,02 Aug. 41,29

101,62 Sep. 39,96

136,56 Oct. 41,29

-273,83 90,37 -30,43

-285,27 150,69 -29,83

-241,99 213,88 -23,65

-188,07 240,59 -17,01

-143,99 244,37 -11,8

162,42 189,57 Nov. 39,96 Dec. 41,29 -134,62 -127,78 -174,56 -218,52 -251,06 -295,52 249,55 231,5 183,28 119,96 52,49 30,29 -10,35 -10,67 -14,68 -19,77 -24,47 -29,75

qVen�la�on

-113,98

-87,25

-116,45

-131,14

-143,43

-127,72

-123,91

-126,44

-140,76

-146,78

-124,76

-89,77

qVen�ng

-18,32

-35,15

-69,79

-173,04

-254,91

-300,28

-330,48

-330,29

-200,56

-106,45

-23,66

-5,75

qEquipment

139,75

126,22

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

qHea�ng

0,33

0,58

0,26

0,04

0,19

0,91

qLigh�ng

178,17

127,88

116,04

90,98

83,55

74,26

74,81

86,02

100,86

136,18

162,42

186,34

qPeople

41,29

37,3

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

qSunRad

75,24

134,84

204,36

304,06

339,22

334,49

343,75

328,57

255,03

174,57

86,24

52,57

450

50 250

-150 50

-350 -150

MONTHS -550

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

qTransmission -350 qInﬁltra�on

9,76

-3,65

0,32

9,77

21,81

20,28

17,59

20,23

19,32

13,55

-11,48

-10,68

-10,31

-7,95

-5,35

-3,66

-3,17

-3,31

-4,47

-6,3

qVen�la�on

-50,8

-33,27

-42,62

-52,58

-68,71

-67,17

-66,65

-69,15

-65,44

-59,62

qHea�ng

Jan.

March

0,43

0,38

0,22

0,03

0,01

0,04

0,14

44,64 40,32 MONTHS

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

7,59 March

7,34 April

7,59 May

7,34 June

7,59 July

7,59 Aug.

7,34 Sep.

7,59 Oct.

0,07

3,36

12,45

24,74

22,82

20,46

23,42

21,49

16,17

-11,48

-10,68

-10,31

-7,96

-5,41

-3,73

-3,25

-3,4

-4,51

-6,31

-54,44

-36,94

-45,62

-55,22

-71,58

-69,65

-69,44

-72,25

-67,55

-62,21

0,25

0,37

0,34

0,18

0,02

0,01

0,03

0,12

qLigh�ng

44,64

40,32

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

qPeople

7,59

6,85

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

qLigh�ng

0,3

Feb.

qPeople-550

7,59 Jan.

6,85 Feb.

qTransmission

13,45

qInﬁltra�on qVen�la�on qHea�ng

Open and fix windows

TEST 2ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN

TEST 2 ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN 450

450

250

-150

-350

-550

-350

MONTHS Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

qTransmission -269,86

-274,77

-287,1

-244,42

-190,74

-146,9

-137,36

-129,97

-176,85

-219,45

-251,28

-295,6

qInﬁltra�on

-32,91

-30,42

-29,82

-23,65

-16,92

-11,68

-10,2

-10,53

-14,67

-19,76

-24,45

-29,75

qVen�la�on

-113,08

-85,31

-114,2

-130,24

-141,74

-125,67

-121,27

-123,97

-140,5

-146,69

-124,18

-89,31

qVen�ng

-17,49

-30,5

-54,17

-132,74

-197,39

-245,64

-277,65

-281,34

-173,84

-94,59

-21,23

-5,48

qEquipment

Jan.

139,75

126,22

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

qHea�ng

0,34

0,61

0,3

0,06

0,16

0,79

qLigh�ng

178,17

128,07

116,04

90,98

83,55

74,26

86,02

100,86

136,18

162,42

186,34

qPeople

41,29

37,3

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

qSunRad

73,87

128,95

188,24

265,14

282,49

280,51

290,58

279,07

230,22

163,52

83,46

52,03

MONTHS -550 qTransmission

Jan.

Feb.

March

April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

13,16

-0,61

2,29

11,12

22,91

21,14

18,63

21,61

20,48

15,39

qInﬁltra�on

-11,48

-10,68

-10,31

-7,95

-5,37

-3,68

-3,2

-3,35

-4,49

-6,31

qVen�la�on

-54,16

-36,28

-44,56

-53,91

-69,79

-68,01

-67,66

-70,49

-66,56

-61,44

0,25

0,38

0,35

0,2

0,02

0,01

0,03

0,12

qLigh�ng

44,64

40,32

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

qPeople

7,59

6,85

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

qHea�ng

1.5 m large Balconies

TEST 3ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR

TEST 3 ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR 450

450

ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES KW.H KW.H

The placement of wooden lamellas at 1.5 m of the façade generate an improvement of the indoor environment temperature, with 82 hours over 27C° but still 34 hours over 28C°. The solar gains are about 40kW/h lower than the second iteration during the spring/summer.

250 -150

qEquipment 139,75 qHea�ng -550 0,54

The results show an improvement of the zone living/sleeping/cooking’s indoor environment temperature, with a solar gain up about 40-50kW/h lower than the first iteration in the hot season. There are now 130 hours over 27C° and 60 hours over 28C°, which is still too high to be conform to the Danish building regulation 2020. For the third iteration, to provide additional solar shading, a second skin façade of wood lamellas was implemented to close the balconies. Those vertical wooden lamellas placed regularly on the façade, but open accordingly to the sun exposure allows to see the glue laminated wooden structure through their gap, and display the original structure of the project, but soften the whole rigid volume of the tower. While the CLT boxes gives a very regular building layout, the wooden lamellas’ openings frame the view of each flat with more freedom a playfulness. This iteration was conducted along a daylight study of the apartments of the project, so that the wooden lamellas’ façade wouldn’t darken too much the apartments while reducing 1 the solar gain . The chosen solution of placing wooden lamellas of 3 x 7 cm every 10 cm was studies on the following simulation.

450 50

-150 -550

TEST 1ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR

250

ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES KW.H

The second iteration is performed with an overhang balcony of 1.5 m above the whole façade. This architectural choice to provide some small outdoor spaces to the elderly persons for them to sit outside and enjoy the view and the pleasant weather in the summer time, also may influence the indoor environment by providing some solar shading.

TEST 1ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR

250

Since the apartment studies is one of the most critical space of the tower, it can be inferred the indoor temperature of the other apartments may be conform to the Danish building regulation 2020. For the current apartment to have less than 25 hours over 28 degrees, the next step would be to reduce the wide window to reduce the solar gains.

450 250

250 450

50 250

-150 50

-350 -150

MONTHS

-550 -350 Jan. qTransmission -266,53

Feb.

March

-271,77

-286,42

qInﬁltra�on

-32,73

-30,32

-29,8

-23,66

-16,88

-11,63

-10,12

-10,43

-14,68

-19,77

-24,26

-29,6

qVen�la�on -100,61 qVen�ng -550 -4,53

-75,28

-109,5

-129,13

-141,01

-124,81

-119,93

-122,21

-140,75

-146,75

-115,88

-80,66

-6,36

-22,35

-83,87

-156,45

-211,29

-239,64

-236,63

-127,66

-52,96

-3,55

-0,11

139,75 March 0,38

135,24 April 0,08

139,75 May 0

135,24 June 0

139,75 July 0

139,75 Aug. 0

135,24 Sep. 0

139,75 Oct.0

135,24 Nov. 0,24

139,75 Dec. 1,02

qEquipment

MONTHS 139,75 126,22 Jan. Feb. 0,54 0,83

April -243,74

qHea�ng qTransmission -269,47 -273,83 -285,27 -241,99 qLigh�ng 178,17 129,02 116,04 91,36 qInﬁltra�on -32,93 -30,43 -29,83 -23,65 qPeople 41,29 37,3 41,29 39,96 qVen�la�on -113,98 -87,25 -116,45 -131,14 qSunRad 44,65 90,37 150,69 213,88 qVen�ng -18,32 -35,15 -69,79 -173,04

TEST 1ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN THE BATHROOM THERMAL ZONE THROUGH THE YEAR

ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES KW.H KW.H

Looking at the graphic displaying the energy gain and losses in the living/ sleeping/cooking zone, the sun radiation is responsible for more than half of the energy gains from April to September. As stated above in the objectives, this parameter will be the one for which this study design will have the most influence on. The lighting is a major heating parameter, due to the strong illuminance recommendation (400 Lux) of elderly facilities, generating more heat than a regular dwelling. The third major influent factor is the equipment, which may be reduce by the choice of efficient equipment with lower heat losses, but this study won’t further research on that matter. The people heat load is constant all the time, according to the set schedule parameter; and the heat is almost never used since the heat gains from the other loads are so high. Regarding the losses, the natural ventilation is the major cooling system, especially in the hot season, while the mechanical ventilation is constant through the year. The small energy lose due to infiltration is dependent of the façade material and it good maintenance, thus won’t be further study. In the bathroom zone, the lighting and the mechanical ventilation are respectively the two main heating and cooling parameters of the zone, which on the overall have a very low of energy gain and loss.

ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES KW.H

The first simulating was performed with the parameters, windows, material and schedules discussed above. As expected, the zone living/sleeping/ cooking with the wide window is overheating, with 193 hours above 27C°, and 125 hours above 28C° for the year, which is respectively 2 times and 5 times the requirement of the Danish building regulation 2020. The bathroom is already fulfilling the indoor temperature requirement, with 15 hours over 27C° and 4 hours over 28C°.

ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES KW.H KW.H

450

qEquipment

139,75

126,22

139,75

135,24

May -190,89

June -146,44

July -136,37

Aug. -129,2

Sep. -176,87

Oct. -218,06

Nov.

Dec.

-246,66

-291,55

-188,07 83,74 -17,01 41,29 -143,43 240,59 -254,91

-143,99 74,64 -11,8 39,96 -127,72 244,37 -300,28

-134,62 75,57 -10,35 41,29 -123,91 249,55 -330,48

-127,78 86,02 -10,67 41,29 -126,44 231,5 -330,29

-174,56 -218,52 101,62 136,56 -14,68 -19,77 39,96 41,29 -140,76 -146,78 183,28 119,96 -200,56 -106,45

-251,06 -295,52 162,42 189,57 -24,47 -29,75 39,96 41,29 -124,76 -89,77 52,49 30,29 -23,66 -5,75

139,75

135,24

139,75

135,24

139,75

qHea�ng

0,33

0,58

0,26

0,04

0,19

0,91

qLigh�ng

178,17

127,88

116,04

90,98

83,55

74,26

74,81

86,02

100,86

136,18

162,42

186,34

qPeople

41,29

37,3

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

39,96

41,29

qSunRad

75,24

134,84

204,36

304,06

339,22

334,49

343,75

328,57

255,03

174,57

86,24

52,57

250 50

50 -150

-150 -350

-350 -550 qTransmission qInﬁltra�on qVen�la�on

MONTHS April

May

June

July

Aug.

Sep.

Oct.

9,76

-3,65

0,32

9,77

21,81

20,28

17,59

20,23

19,32

13,55

-11,48

Jan.

-10,68

Feb.

March -10,31

-7,95

-5,35

-3,66

-3,17

-3,31

-4,47

-6,3

-50,8 -33,27 MONTHS

-42,62

-52,58

-68,71

-67,17

-66,65

-69,15

-65,44

-59,62

3 x 7 cm every 10 cm Lamellas qHea�ng-550

qLigh�ng qTransmission qPeople qInﬁltra�on

0,3 Jan. 44,64 13,45 7,59 -11,48

0,43 Feb. 40,32 0,07 6,85 -10,68

0,38 March 44,64 3,36 7,59 -10,31

0,22 April 43,2 12,45 7,34 -7,96

0,03 May 44,64 24,74 7,59 -5,41

0,01 June 43,2 22,82 7,34 -3,73

0 July 44,64 20,46 7,59 -3,25

0 Aug. 44,64 23,42 7,59 -3,4

0,04 Sep. 43,2 21,49 7,34 -4,51

0,14 Oct. 44,64 16,17 7,59 -6,31

qVen�la�on

-62,21

-54,44

-36,94

-45,62

-55,22

-71,58

-69,65

-69,44

-72,25

-67,55

qHea�ng

0,25

0,37

0,34

0,18

0,02

0,01

0,03

0,12

qLigh�ng

44,64

40,32

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

43,2

44,64

qPeople

7,59

6,85

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

7,34

7,59

83 TEST 2ENERGY GAINS & LOSSES IN

INDOOR DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS Testing the lamellas dimension to reduce solar heat gain but keep a good daylight

The placement of wooden lamellas was dictated by the need to provide further shading to the apartments for reducing their solar heat gain and avoid shrinking the size of the panoramic windows while conserving the wooden materiality and aspect of the project. The following study is a daylight analysis performed with Velux Daylight analysis1, for different floors of the tower, with various lamella size to define the proper dimension and spacing of the lamellas, so that enough light would still go through the wooden second skin, without creating some overheating it in the spring summer.

1. For further information about the software: https://www.velux.com/ article/2016/daylight-visualizer 2. Danish building regulation 2015, chap 6.5.1(2). 3. The difference of angle from the previous study with the Bsim software is due to the evolution of the design as the study was conducted, but it may be approximate this change of angle may not have a drastic influence of the daylight study 4. With the current design, with a panoramic windows, a transmittance of 68% may have been more realist as the glass would probably be a triple glazing.

The Danish building regulation 2020 stipulate every living space must have a glass/net floor ratio of 15% with a light transmittance of 0.75. Another way follows the BR20 guidance is to have a daylight factor of 3%, although the regulation do not provide a guidance for the way of measuring it, but since the BR15 previously required a daylight factor of 2% in half of the living rooms, the following research will aim for a daylight factor of at least 3% in half of the living/sleeping/cooking zones2. Each living/sleeping/cooking previously approximated in the Bsim software as 22.5m2, Âž of an apartment, related to the glass area of the panoramic window of 10m2 gives a ratio of 0.44%, which already respond to the first requirement. Nevertheless, a daylight analysis was conducted for the sake of dimensioning the lamellas. The all analysis are simulated with the surrounding building volumes, with Paris coordinated, and the building tilted by 50 degres from the north3 and wooden material applied to the lamellas and the interior surfaces. The panoramic windows are set to 78% transmittance4 The studied floors are respectively the 1th, 7th, and 13th floor, since the last floors and the ones overheating, but the first floors are more likely to have less daylight since they receive shading from the surrounding buildings.

Image one th right: Output from Velux daylight analysis for the month of January, respectively from right to left: the 1st, 7th and 13th floor, and from top to bottom, a simulation without lamellas, a simulation with 2x5 cm lamellas spaced every 5 cm, a simulation with 3 x 5 cm lamellas spaced every 10cm, a simulation with 3x7 cm lamellas spaced every 10cm

No Lamelas

7.5%

10.0%

4.4%

5.5%

3.4%

8.6%

13.5% 12.3%

9.7%

5.5%

2 x 5 cm lamelas spaced every 5cm The first analysis was performed without any lamellas but with balconies. The results are very good, with an average daylight for a whole apartment of 3.4% for the 1st, 4.4% for the 7th, and 5.5 for the 13th floor. Those result are particularly good when thinking the average include the bathroom area which receive no daylight at all. The second analysis was conducted with lamellas of sections 2x5cm spaced every 5 centimeters. The results are worst as expected, and the daylight factor average is about 1% for the whole apartment, and around 2 percent for the 2/3 of the living/sleeping/cooking zone by the window, meaning despite the results being worst than the first iteration, this proposition respond to the BR15 requirement. The third iteration was investigated with lamellas of 3x5 cm spaced every 10 centimeters. The results are much better, with a daylight factor average from 3.8% for the 1st floor, to 5.7% for the 13th floor, for the 2/3 of the living/sleeping/cooking zone by the window, meaning this proposing answer the requirement of the BR20. However, since the solar heat gains from this proposing may still be high, a last simulation was conducted.

0.9% 1.9%

3.7%

5.0%

2.6%

3.8%

2.3% 2.4%

1.9%

1.1%

4.9%

7.4% 5.4%

5.7%

3.1%

3x 7 cm lamelas spaced every 10cm

4.6% 3.7%

0.9%

2.9%

3x 5 cm lamelas spaced every 10cm

The forth simulated was done with lamellas of section 3x7cm spaced every 10 centimeters. The results are worst that the third iteration but still within the requirement of the BR20, with a daylight factor average over 3.7% in the 2/3 of the living/sleeping/cooking zone by the window. After analysis the daylight factor the decision to place two types of lamellas for the second skin faรงade was taken. The 3x5 cm lamellas would be placed on the North-East, North-West faรงade, while the 3x7 cm lamellas would be located on the South-East South West-faรงade. This difference of 2 cm of length may not be visible from outside the tower but have a great influence on the indoor environment of the autonomous elderly apartments.

1.8%

2.3% 2.2%

3.5%

5.8% 5.9%

4.4%

2.5%

FRAMING THE VIEW Cutting the lamelas to open the balconies according the façade orientation

The second skin also intended to leave the structure perceptible to the surrounding, showcasing the glue laminated timber structure, and soften the general appearance of the high-rise as the kindergarten. The choice of wooden lamellas with a regular spacing was taken and the study focus on they dimension and spacing, although playing with the lamellas rhythm would have been an interesting field to study but may have complexify to much the façade language. For the same reasons, the lamellas sections were chosen to be regular from the base to the top of the tower, even if placing thinner lamellas at the base of the tower would have allow more light to go thought the building, and the thicker top floor’s lamellas would have reduced their heat gains. The decision to place the lamellas vertically was driven by the wish to maintain the vertical dynamic of the tower, despite that horizontal solar shading would have been more efficient, especially to shade from the spring/summer sun light, and letting the winter rays in. This second skin system needed to be flexible enough to adapt to the orientation of the façade, more open toward the north to the view, and more closed toward the south exposed to the sun. To adapt to the different façade orientation, some openings were sliced in the second skin, framing the view, more regularly in the North-Est, and North-West façade, rather than the South-East, South West façade, less open and more protected from the sun. Those openings in the lamellas create a clean frame to enjoy the view of the city, while the full lamellas second skin allows to keep the elderlies intimacy. This create two distinct private outdoor providing different impression of the surrounding.

1. Interior perspective of an apartment showing the cuts of the lamellas framing the view

Image on the right: 2.Perspective of the autonomous elderly tower showing the absence of openings in the lamellas on the southern side of the façade

No cuts in the lamelas facing south

Be18 BUILDING ENERGY FRAME A simulation of the energy consuption on the building scale

To define the energy consumption of the project on the building scale, a study on Be18 was conducted. This software defines the energy consumption of a project thanks to a set of parameters heating or cooling the whole building. In this study, only the elderly home is analyzed, and the tower is approximated as whole tower of apartment with CLT staked from the ground floor. The high-rise envelope, the external wall, roof, floors, windows and shading area and orientation are measured and inputted in the software, along with their U value, defining how effective are the materials as insulation. The values are taken from the previous Bsim software calculation for the windows, and from the KLH website1 regarding the CLT walls. Since the boxes are stacked and fixed to the exterior glue laminated skeleton, no foundation material is imputed in the simulation. This study is less conclusive as the previous ones are the addition of the heating and cooling parameters set the energy frame of the building to an unlikely value of 178.9kWh/m2 for a year, while the energy frame for BR15 require an energy frame of 30.2 kWh/m2. Nevertheless, the building is consuming too much energy, probably because of the panoramic window frame which induce the indoor environment to be more affected by the outdoor climate. 1. See the excel file for the U value of different CLT elements: Accessed May 5, 2018, http://www.klhuk.com/ product-/technical.aspx

The project may integrate some actives strategies like placing some solar panels to the southern faรงade and produce part of the energy consumption of the project on site.

Images on the right: 1. Axonometry representing a southern corner apartment with solar panels applied in the faรงade 2. Render view of a balcony with solar panels applied on the second skin lamellas faรงade

Epilogue

07 Critical considerations References Softwares Illustrations

Own picture, picture of the main living room at the Sainte Marthe residence

CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS The project possible developpement and field of research

The Nest of l’Ourcq is a project embracing Bobigny’s social challenges by designing a place to gather secluded elderly persons and children of busy single parents, to recreate social and intergenerational bond. It insertion in the site, answer to the need to shield from the acoustic disturbances of the transportations axes and protect a sunny outdoor playground for the children. It building typology echo the high-rise architectural heritage from the seventies for the elderly tower, and the longing of a place to contemplate the canal and the children for the multi-use space. It entire wooden structure and materiality, it lamellas’ façade study to optimize the apartments indoor comfort goes along the current sustainable and ecologic renewal of the city. The Nest of l’Ourcq is a multi-generational social hub, and a landmark providing a space to interact and meet for the community, the young, the old, the Bobignians, but also the stroller of the canal promenade. While the project hope to achieve the stated above expectations, it would have further improved if the following elements would have been developed. The sustainability’ studies of the project are focus on the autonomous elderly tower, and the kindergarten was not simulated. Compare to the autonomous elderly tower, the kindergarten is not being used during vacation time, and only utilized for defined amount of days and hours a week, but the building may have to deal with a problem of overheating during those period, because of the high number of people using the facility. Since the kindergarten is two story high, the surrounding buildings as well as the autonomous elderly tower provide some shading to the project unlike the upper apartments of the elderly tower. The rooftop curves are overlapping over the southern façade, to provide some additional solar shading, the many windows and opening on the various levels may provide some stack ventilation and the high ceilings allows to place some mechanical ventilation systems, hence the kindergarten would probably be able to also achieve a good indoor environment. However, regarding it energy consumption, the kindergarten had a lot of glass surfaces, meaning it would be more affected by the outdoor temperature and will probably require more energy specially to heat the space in winter, since in the summer, the natural ventilation may prevent for cooling energy. In fact, both the autonomous elderly tower and the kindergarten have a substantial proportion of glass area, which signify the building has much less thermal inertia than a close building. For a sustainable point of view, both part of the project should have been further simulated with smaller windows opening for hoping to achieve a sustainable building requirement, but since one ambition of the project was to open the architecture the views of the surrounding, those simulations were not further conducted.

Glue laminated timber structure section 405 x 650 mm section 495 x 495 mm section 405 x 405 mm

Timber post & beam structure beam section 300 x 300 mm beam 200 x 100 mm tensil structure post section 300 x 150 mm post section 300 x 300 mm

Among other sustainable features the project may have further research the integration and the placement of solar panels, on the autonomous elderly home southern façade but also on the rooftop of the kindergarten, as some sun radiation simulation with Ladybug plug-in on grasshopper & Rhinoceros display over 150 kW/m2 on the kindergarten rooftop for months during the summer season. The integration of a heat pump taking advantage of the canal water may have also achieved further energy production on site. In terms of structure, both elderly tower and kindergarten were designed according to case study projects, but no structural simulation were performed as the project was focusing on sustainable features. The dimensions of the structural elements were defined as followed on the scheme, but a precise calibration, especially for the glue laminated structure of the autonomous elderly home, would have allowed a precise design for the panoramic windows’ opening of the apartments located one the stabilizing floors of the external skeleton, were many the diagonal beams cross the windows frame. The kindergarten also probably need some wind bracing elements integrated to it structure, and a simulation would have indicated were to place them properly. In addition, the structural contact of both the elderly tower and the kindergarten is not developed in this project and would require a deeper research to design an elegant ending of the wood lamellas on the kindergarten rooftop and encounter of the multi-use space glass façade with the elderly tower glue laminated pillars. Finally, the furnishing of the outdoor areas, of the kindergarten, and the design of the autonomous elderly tower’s rooftop require further research to pursue the wooden language of the Nest of l’Ourcq. Altogether, the Nest of l’Ourcq is a concept project that still require some development on a more detail level but answer it preset goals of a multigenerational social hub in a wooden landmark architecture reflecting the city of Bobigny. 1. Axonometry of the structure of the project with the dimension of some structural elements

REFERENCES

Archive picture of the city of Bobigny, accessed May 6th, 2018, http:// www.bobigny.fr/une-ville-d-histoire/de-lantiquite-a-nos-jours/1946-1960explosion-demographique-1262.html F. E. Boafo, J. H. Kim, J. T. Kim, "Performance of Modular Prefabricated Architecture: case study-based review and future pathways", MDPI journal, sustainability, 2016, accessed May 18, 2018, www.mdpi. com/2071-1050/8/6/558/pdf Canal de l'Ourcq – MBK, Bobigny, France, accessed May 15th, 2018, https:// www.c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300.html CNSA idea competition, prix de l’autonomie, http://www.prix-autonomie. cnsa.fr/ Component catalogue for multi-storey residential buildings, KLH Massivholz Gmbh, 2012 Danish building regulation 2015 Edge Sami, "Retirement home meets day care at Providence Mount St. Vincent", The seattle Times, June 26, 2015, accessed February 9, 2018, https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/education/ retirement-home-meets-day-care-at-providence-mount-st-vincent/ Farrelly De Lorraine & Dean Ian, Designing for the third Age: Architecture redefined for a generation of active agers, John Wiley 1 sons, Architectural Design, no 228, March-April 2014, W5-8 Gardner Walter, "Interaction benefits toddlers and elderly alike", The japan time, March 13, 2016, accessed February 9, 2018, https://www.japantimes. co.jp/opinion/2016/03/13/commentary/japan-commentary/interactionbenefits-toddlers-elderly-alike/#.WcuxCrKGNaQ Hight comity for the housing of disadvantaged persons, Housing and aging: live at home but life together!, 2012 Hollwich Matthias & Bruce Mau design, New Aging, Penguin book, 2016 Housing territories and digital of the Deposits and Consignments Fund, Study of autonomy and aging well, 2014W Howell SC, Designing for aging: Patterns of use, MIT press 1980 Lecroart Paul & Marion Delplanque, Atlas Est Ensemble, Institut d’Aménagement et d’Urbanisme - Ile-de-France, February 2011

Les Projets d'Est Ensemble qui marqueront 2017", January 2017, a c c e s s e d , Fe b r u a r y 2 7 , 2 0 1 8 , h t t p s : // w w w. e s t - e n s e m b l e . f r / les-projets-dest-ensemble-qui-marqueront-2017-la-ligne-15-se-precise K. A. Malo, R. B. Abrahamsen, M. A. Bjertnæs, "Some Structural design issues of the 14-storey timber framed building Treet in Norway", Springer, 2016, accessed April 12, 2018, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/ s00107-016-1022-5 Matchett Justine, "The future of intergenerational care", Lichfields, August 8, 2017, accessed February 9, 2018, http://lichfields.uk/blog/2017/august/8/ the-future-of-intergenerational-care/#_ftn2 Dr McCaffrey Robert, "The cement industry's role in climate change, Global Cement & Lime Magazine", 2002, accessed May 18, 2018, http:// www.ecocem.fr/bibliotheque/bibliographie/ecologie/33_le_changement_ climatique_et_l_industrie_du_ciment_royaume_uni_en.pdf Mirkin Barry & Weinberger Mary Beth, "The Demography of population ageing", Population bulletin of the United Nations 42, January 2000, accessed February 9, 2018, http://www.un.org/esa/population/ publications/bulletin42_43/weinbergermirkin.pdf Morel Annick & Veber Olivier, "Rapport du groupe n°1 sur la prise en charge de la dépendance", Société et vieillissement, public report, June 2011, 3 Morita Kumiko & Kobayashi Minako, "Interactive programs with preschool children bring smiles and conversation to older adults: time-sampling study" BMC Geriatrics, licensee BioMed Central Ltd, October 18, 2013, accessed February 24, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-13-111 M u l t i - g e n e r a t i o n h o u s e s b r i n g y o u n g a n d o l d t o g e t h e r, Deutschland.de, February 21, 2013, accessed February 9, 2018, https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/life/society-integration/ multi-generation-houses-bring-young-and-old-together KLH UK sustainability, accessed May 18, 2018, http://www.klhuk.com/ sustainability.aspx Rossignol Laurence, secretary of state committed to the family, the elderly person, and the autonomy, during the presentation of the bill regarding the challenges of aging population, speech of the 9th of September 2014, at the national assembly, available on: http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/14/ cri/2013-2014-extra2/20142001.asp#P297494 Rowles, Graham D. & Ohta Russell J. Aging and Milieu, Environmental Perspective on Growing Old, Accademic press, 1983. Seine Saint Denis, Le Département, "Diagnostic Territorial, Est Ensemble", D.A.D S.A.T bGéo, March 2011 Sequano aménagement & Est Ensemble Grand Paris, La plaine de l'Ourcq, Réinventer la ville dans la métropole, 2016, 200 Ha le long du canal de l'Ourcq, accessed May 15th, 2018, http://www.sequano.fr/portfolio/ ecocitecanaldelourcq/ Study of autonomy and aging well, housing territories and digital of the Deposits and Consignments Fund, 2014 (Etude Autonomie et bien vieillir. Habitat, territoires et numérique de la Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, 2014) United Nations publication, The 1998 Revision, volume II: Sex and Age (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.8), medium variant projections.

SOFTWARES

Bsim: https://sbi.dk/bsim/Pages/About-BSim.aspx Grasshopper ladybug sun analysis plug-in for rhinoceros http://www. grasshopper3d.com/group/ladybug Grasshopper pachyderm acoustic plug-in for rhinoceros http://www. grasshopper3d.com/group/pachyderm Velux daylight-visualizer: https://www.velux.com/ar ticle/2016/ daylight-visualizer

ILLUSTRATIONS

P.8-9 View of an elderly person leaving the autonomous elderly residence Gaston Monmousseau P.11 The Sex and Age Distribution of the World Populations: the 1998 Revision, volume II: Sex and Age (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.99.XIII.8), medium variant projections. P.13 Diagram illustrating the different elderly type of living P.15 Diagram illustrating the concept of an inter-generational project P.16-17 Aerial view of the site Canal de l'Ourcq – MBK, Bobigny, France , https://www.c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300. html (The website of the MKB competition hosting the image was contacted to ask for the right to use this image but I received no answer for my request) P .18 Maps locating the projects In France P .18 Maps locating the projects In Ile-De-France P.19 Drawing based on google map aerial picture, locating the site in Bobigny. P.20 , 1. Bobigny's prefecture building under construction P.20 , 2. The "La cité de l'Abreuvoir" neighboohood P.20 , 3. The "cité de l'Étoile" neighboohood http://www.bobigny.fr/une-ville-d-histoire/de-lantiquite-a-nos-jours/19461960-explosion-demographique-1262.html (The website of the municipality of Bobigny was contacted to ask for the right to use this image but I received no answer for my request) P.22 , 1. Marius Depont & Michel Holley, Bobigny city hall, 1974 P.22 , 2. Oscar Niemeyer, Bourse du travail, 1978 P.22 , 3. Marius Depont, Saint André Church, 1980. Behind, a tower of the Jean Jaurès housing complex. P.22 , 4. Liberation low rise complex

P.22 , 5. Hector belioz tower complex P.22 , 6. Carnot tower complex P 23 map of Bobigny Map locating previous images and seventies architectural buildings from the same period and the high-rise complex housings. The dotted red areas are the locations undergoing major reconfiguration P.24 View of the Karl Max housing complex P.25 View of Paul Eluard housing complex and the elevated concrete circulations from the town hall P.26 Map locating the project’ site within the region P.27, 1 Map Based on the information from Seine Saint Denis, Le Département, "Diagnostic Territorial, Est Ensemble", D.A.D S.A.T bGéo, March 2011 P.27, 2. Graph of Household family type, Graph of Number of children in families with children, Graph of Household social cathegory Graph of Evolution of the working-class category from 1999 to 2006, P.28, 1. View of the bus station, with the shopping mall and high-rise housing in the back ground P.28, 2. New housing project, located at Sente Claude Lévi-Strauss, Bobigny P.28, 3. View of the canal from the Bergère Parc very used by the locals in the summer. On the back ground, he construction site of an Eco-city near the l'Ourcq canal is visible P.31 Map of the current and future transportation around the site P.32 Aerial picture of the site from the West – MBK, Bobigny, France , https:// www.c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300.html (The website of the MKB competition hosting the image was contacted to ask for the right to use this image but I received no answer for my request) P.33 Picture of the walkway along the metro line in front of the site P.34 Aerial picture of the site from the south – MBK, Bobigny, France , https://www.c40reinventingcities.org/fr/sites/canal-de-lourcq-mbk-1300. html (The website of the MKB competition hosting the image was contacted to ask for the right to use this image but I received no answer for my request P.37 -36 Picture of one communal space in the EHPAD Sainte Marthe P.40, 1 .Exterior view of the Autonomous residence Gaston Monmousseau P.40, 2. Interior view of the common space in the administrative building P. 41, Fire safety plan of the 3 buildings of the Autonomous residence Gaston Monmousseau P.43, Firesafety plan of the EHPAD Hector Berlioz P.46, 1. Picture of the garden in the EHPAD Sainte-Marthe P.46, 2. Interior view of the common spaces

P 47 Firesafety plan of the EHPAD Sainte-Marthe P.49 Diagram illustrating the evolution of the city of Bobigny and its inhabitants P.50-51 Diagram illustrating the different program of the project P.55, 1. Masterplan layout from 2007 by Nicolas Michelin & Associates agency, The buildings near the main car road are shielding the plot and open to the canal P.55, 2. Masterplan layout from 2007 by Nicolas Michelin & Associates agency, different access on the side of the plots cuts the shielding building P.57, 1. The buildings near the main car road are shielding the plot and open to the canal P.57, 2. Different access on the side of the plots cuts the shielding building P. 59, 1. Raytracing acoustic study simulating the fast train noise's reverberation, on the Western side of the plot P. 59, 2. Raytracing acoustic study simulating the car road noise's reverberation, on the Eastern side of the plot P. 59, 3. Raytracing acoustic study simulating the car road noise's reverberation, on the Southern side of the plot P.61, Sun radiation analysis for July and December, with the corresponding axonometry of the studied volume P.62-63 Insertion of Michelin masterplan with the project in an aerial google earth image P. 65 Situation Plan of the project scale 1.200 P.66 Render view of the project from North- East P.69 Ground floor plan, scale 1.500 P.71 First floor plan, scale 1.500 P.73 Third floor plan, scale 1.500 P.75 Longitudinal section, scale 1.500

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P.76-77 Axonometry of the project from North-West P.79 Render view of the multi-use space P.80 Axonometry of an autonomous elderly apartment P.81 Render view of the living space of an autonomous elderly apartment P. 82 Axonometry of the laundry room/common space P. 83 Render view of the laundry room mezzanine P.84-85 Volumetric study model in foam implemented in the run radiation simulation analysis P.87, 1.CLT box layer detail scale 1.10e P.87, 2. Diagram illustrating the building steps of the autonomous elderly tower P88-89 Axonometry illustrating the building steps of the autonomous elderly tower P91 axonometry of the autonomous elderly tower with the imputed dimensions for Bsim software 91 2. Axonometry of the apartments displaying the different materials layers imputed in the Bsim software P92-93 diagram illustrating the different parameters imputed in the Bsim software P.94 Axonometry of an apartment displaying the windows approximation imputed in the Bsim software P.95 1. Graphic displaying the different heat gain and loss in the apartment for a simulation with a bare structure, a simulation with overhang balconies, a simulation with lamellas second skin faรงade P.95, 2. Axonometry representing the imputed shading from the simulation with a bare structure, to the simulation with overhang balconies, and the simulation with lamellas second skin faรงade P.97 Output from Velux daylight analysis for the month of January, respectively from right to left: the 1st, 7th and 13th floor, and from top to bottom, a simulation without lamellas, a simulation with 2x5 cm lamellas spaced every 5 cm, a simulation with 3 x 5 cm lamellas spaced every 10cm, a simulation with 3x7 cm lamellas spaced every 10cm P.98 Interior perspective of an apartment showing the cuts of the lamellas framing the view P.99 Perspective of the autonomous elderly tower showing the absence of openings in the lamellas on the southern side of the faรงade P.101, 1. Axonometry representing a southern corner apartment with solar panels applied in the faรงade P.101, 2. Render view of a balcony with solar panels applied on the second skin lamellas faรงade P.105 Axonometry of the structure of the project with the dimension of some structural elements

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