Landscape Architecture Analysis - Urban Economics

Landscape Architecture

Project 1 : Exploring Urban Landscape Topical and Site Study

Urban Economics

Chloe Teh Shu-Ern 0324101 Tutor : Ms Norma

ARC 61413

Dana Kan Jia Torng 0323648

Danica Gan Jia-En 0323708

Lee Kylie 0326655

Shum Li Sze 0322822

content

1.0 Introduction

pg 1

2.0 Concept & Basics 2.1 Monocentric & Polycentric 2.2 Central Business District

pg 2-5

3.0 Universal Application 3.1 Jakarta, Indonesia 3.2 Toronto, Canada

pg 6-9

4.0 Economy Database of Kuala Lumpur 4.1 Economic Base 4.2 Ethnic Structure 4.3 Employment 4.4 Population 4.5 Age Structure

pg 10-14

5.0 Economic Morphology of Brickfields & Kuala Lumpur

pg 15-17

6.0 Site Inventory 6.1 Demographics of Site 6.2 House prices of Site 6.3 Characteristics of Site 6.4 Transportation of Site 6.5 The Effects of Economic Development to the Blind Community

pg 18-21

7.0 Site Application 7.1 KL Sentral & Brickfields As A Monocentric City 7.2 Economy Conditions 7.3 Economic Effects

pg 22-24

8.0 Conclusion

pg 25

9.0 References

pg 26

Landscape Architecture ARC61403

1.0 INTRODUCTION Cities are the driving force of economic growth in every country. Anyone who is even a casual student of cities has noted that, within a particular city, the economic landscape can vary dramatically, especially with proximity to the central business district. In the architectural landscape, urban economics is paramount in determining a city’s spatial planning, whereby it is centred upon the people’s convenience to the central business district.

Key Terminologies Labor market - also known as the job market, refers to the supply and demand for labor in which employees provide the supply and employers the demand. It is a major component of any economy and is intricately tied in with markets for capital, goods and services.

Consumer market - buyers who purchase goods and services for consumption.

Monocentric City - a city with a single concentration of employment.

Polycentric City - a city with multiple concentrations of employment.

Project 1 : Exploring urban landscape

In this topic, we will be exploring the various types of city models based on the framework of urban economics, and how these models affect spatial planning. Factors of economy, such as labour and consumer influences, are taken into consideration when discussing these viewpoints.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

2.0

CONCEPT & BASICS What is urban economics?

It is a branch of microeconomics that studies urban spatial structure and the location of households and firms - (Quigley 2008).

Urban economic analysis relies on a particular model of urban spatial structure, which is the monocentric city model pioneered in the 1960s

by William Alonso, Richard Muth, and Edwin Mills.

William Alonso

Richard Muth

Since its formulation in 1964, Alonso's monocentric city model of a disc-shaped Central Business District (CBD) and surrounding residential region has served as a starting point for urban economic analysis. The polycentric model was formed later after the widespread of technology.

Edwin Mills

Urban economic factors Urban economics of a city is dictated by its efficiency of spatial planning.

Elements of urban economics include: Labour market

Consumer market

Housing

Commute

● ● ● ● ●

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labour market consumer market housing prices housing consumption commuting costs

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

2.1

MONOCENTRIC CITY

&

POLYCENTRIC CITY Poly - A prefix meaning "many”.

Mono - A prefix that means "one, only, single.

The Monocentric Model Weak link Strong link

Monocentric City: ● maintain a unified labor market by providing the possibility of moving easily along radial roads or rails from the periphery to the center ● Housing prices decrease with distance from the Central Business District (CBD) ● Housing consumption increases with distance from CBD ● Density and capital-to-land ratio decrease with distance from CBD

Polycentric Model: Urban Village Version

Polycentric City: ● utopian concept ● self-sufficient community is likely to grow around each cluster of employment. ● In such a large city, trips would be very short; ideally, everybody could even walk or bicycle to work. ● ultimate labor market fragmentation.

Polycentric Model: Random Movement Version

Regions with monocentric urban structures can be found in France, Spain, Singapore, where cities are distributed over relatively wide areas.

Mono-polycentric Model: Simultaneous Radial and Random Movements

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Multiple cities lie in close proximity to one another.

These kind of regions can be found in the Netherlands, US (Los Angeles) and Canada.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

2.2

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT Most cities, if not all, adhere to the monocentric model whereby labour market as well as housing value are concentrated at a centre, following a gradient.

The diagram shows the monocentric models of an european city (Paris), an asian city (Shanghai), and a southeast asian city (Jakarta).

Many cities started out as a monocentric city, and eventually may be transformed into a polycentric city depending on its governing body and policies.

Monocentric city is based on a single concentration of employment.

Therefore, the central business district defines the core of attraction.

A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city. In larger cities, it is often synonymous with the city's "financial district". Geographically, it often coincides with the "city centre" or "downtown", but the two concepts are separate: many cities have a central business district located away from its commercial or cultural city centre or downtown.

CBD changes the spatial planning of the city, whereby most facilities, amenities and public transport link are designed to cater to the convenience of getting people to the city center.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

2.2

CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT Why is CBD located in the centre of the city? ● ● ● ●

a central location for road/railways to converge the most accessible location for workers accessible to most people for shops and businesses often a strong geographical location Page - 5

Central commute location

Worker accessibility

Characteristic features of CBD ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

Shop accessibility

Strategic geographical location

● ●

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high/multi-storey buildings expensive land values high density of roads and buildings lack of open space shops are department stores (comparison shops) or specialist shops, like jewellers modern shopping malls and pedestrian precincts cultural/historical buildings, museums and castles offices, finance, banks, administration, town hall (business sector) cinemas, theatres and clubs (entertainment) bus and railway stations (transport centres) high traffic and pedestrian flows at commuter rush-hours and Saturdays, for shopping multi-storey car parks gridiron street pattern

Landscape Architecture ARC61403

3.1

UNIVERSAL APPLICATION - JAKARTA Jakarta, Indonesia's massive capital, sits on the northwest coast of the island of Java. A historic mix of cultures – Javanese, Malay, Chinese, Arab, Indian and European – has influenced its architecture, language and cuisine. The old town, Kota Tua, is home to Dutch colonial buildings, Glodok (Jakarta’s Chinatown) and the old port of Sunda Kelapa, where traditional wooden schooners dock.

Area: 661.5 km² Elevation: 7.92 m Local time: Tuesday 1:10 PM Weather: 33°C, Wind NE at 14 km/h, 58% Humidity Governor: Anies Baswedan

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

3.1

UNIVERSAL APPLICATION- JAKARTA

1.

Monocentric Application The largest CBD in Indonesia is known as the Golden Triangle ('Setiga Emas' in Indonesian) in Jakarta. The area is located along the main avenues of Jakarta, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman Jalan M.H. Thamrin -Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said Jalan Prof. Dr. Satrio - Jalan Jenderal Gatot Subroto. Sudirman Central Business District, a super block that is located within the Golden Triangle, is the first of its kind in Indonesia, and one of the largest commercial center development in the city. Jakarta started developing the sophistication of its Business District in the early 1960s before to host the Asian Games in 1962.

2.

3.

4.

Setiga Emas, Jakarta

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The centre of activity: You will be at the epicentre of everything. A network of transport will already be there, so customers, suppliers and others who want to get to your office will find it very convenient.

Awareness: Since you are in the hive of activity, you will be aware of what is going on around you, in the market. Competitor’s moves, amongst other things, become clear. Operating out of the main commercial nerve-centre of the city means you are up to date with everything in the business-world around you.

Prestige:- Within jakarta’s CBD there are various prestigious institutions such as Mandarin Oriental Hotel and Serayan City Mall. Being located in the CBD leaves a very favourable impression on overseas investors thus most famous corporate firms are placed there.

Infrastructure: The infrastructure in the offices located in the Central Jakarta are of better quality.

Various retail shops and businesses are located here, as well as a convenient commuting system via TransJakarta (bus service that runs through the CBD 24 hours a day)

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

3.2

UNIVERSAL APPLICATION -TORONTO Toronto, the capital of the province of Ontario, is a major Canadian city along Lake Ontario’s northwestern shore. It's a dynamic metropolis with a core of soaring skyscrapers, all dwarfed by the iconic, free-standing CN Tower. Toronto also has many green spaces, from the orderly oval of Queen’s Park to 400-acre High Park and its trails, sports facilities and zoo.

Area: 630.2 km² Local time: Tuesday 2:07 AM Weather: 10°C, Wind NE at 2 km/h, 45% Humidity Province: Ontario Area code: Area codes 416, 647, and 437

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

Polycentric Application Below are two maps from the 1959 Draft Official Plan for Metro Toronto.

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Nodal map of the Official Plan for the Town of

shows journeys by transit into

The map shows annexations by the old

downtown Toronto, which then exerted the

City of Toronto from 1834 to 1954,

greatest gravitational forces in the region.

clearly indicating the idea of growth out

The nodal map does, however, offer a rather

from an initial urban seed. The notion

simplistic picture of polycentricity because it

that Toronto has grown outwards from

implies that all centres are somehow discrete.

this seed is a commonplace, and was not

In fact, there are many different types of

inaccurate up until the 1970s; it carries

centres in various different types of

with it the ideological assumption that the

networks, juxtaposed and/or superimposed.

The map

old city core does and should hold sway over the rest of the region.

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Newmarket

Landscape Architecture ARC61403

4.0

ECONOMY DATABASE OF KUALA LUMPUR The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur (at purchasers’ value in 1987 prices) has increased from RM21,157 million in 1995 to RM25,968 million in 2000, an average annual growth rate of 4.2 percent. Malaysia’s GDP average annual growth rate during the same period was 4.7 percent (refer Table 4.1).

Source: Eighth Malaysia Plan

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Source: Eighth Malaysia Plan

The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur during the period 1995 to 2000 rose from RM22,799 to RM30,727, an average annual growth rate of 6.1 percent. The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur was more than twice that of the national average (refer Table 4.2).

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

4.2

ETHNIC STRUCTURE

The KLSP 1984 projected an increase in the proportion of Bumiputera population from 28.0 percent in 1980 to 34.5 percent in the year 2000. However, based on the census of the Department of Statistic, the actual percentage of Bumiputera population was 33.0 percent in 1980 and increased to around 38.0 percent in 2000 (refer Table 4.5). This was higher than anticipated.

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84.

Another phenomenon has been the increase in the presence of ‘others’ and ‘non-citizens’ in Kuala Lumpur, who now constitute about 9.0 percent of the City’s population.

Source: Department of Statistics

Population by Ethnic Groups, 1980 - 2000

Source: Eighth Malaysia Plan Distribution of Employment by Major Sectors in Kuala Lumpur, Kuala Lumpur and its Conurbation and Malaysia, 2000

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

4.3

EMPLOYMENT KUALA LUMPUR REGION EMPLOYMENT Central Business District & Outside

The total current employment in Kuala Lumpur is estimated at around 838,400. The economic structure of Kuala Lumpur and the entire KLC, in terms of broad sectoral distribution of employment is given in Table 4.3.

The tertiary or service sector forms the largest component of employment in Kuala Lumpur representing about 83.0 percent of the total compared to 71.0 percent in the KLC. Based on the Eighth Malaysia Plan, it is estimated that Kuala Lumpur accounts for the major portion or 58.0 percent of the service sector jobs within the KLC. The tertiary sector comprises finance, insurance, real estate & business services, wholesale & retail trade, restaurant & hotel, transport, storage & communication, utilities, personal services and government services.

The secondary sector, which comprises manufacturing and construction, represents only 16.0 percent of employment in Kuala Lumpur compared to 26.0 percent in the KLC. The employment to population ratio in Kuala Lumpur is higher at 59.0 percent compared to 41.0 percent in the remainder of the KLC and 40.0 percent in the country as a whole.

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Issues The manufacturing component of employment has declined to 10.5 percent of total employment in 2000 from 16.8 percent in 1980, leading to a reduction in the range of employment opportunities in the manufacturing sector. • Decline in employment in the manufacturing sector.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

4.4

POPULATION

Based on sources from Department of Statistics and assumptions derived from the existing number of housing units in Kuala Lumpur, it is estimated that the population for Kuala Lumpur in 2000 was 1.42 million people. The KLSP 1984 projected that the population for Kuala Lumpur for the year 2000 was 2.2 million with the employment of 1.4 million.

Source: Department of Statistics Net Migration in Kuala Lumpur, 1975 to 1997 Page - 13

Population and employment have not grown as fast as projected by the KLSP 1984.

However, the ratio of employment to population has increased from 46.9 percent in 1980 to 59.0 percent in 2000.

POPULATION DENSITY BY SECTOR Kuala Lumpur Urban Area 2013

Figure 4.1 indicates the changing trends in the migration. There has been a reversal in net inmigration of about 9,000 persons per annum between 1975 to 1980 to a net out-migration of about 4,280 persons per annum for the period 1991 to 1997. The out-migration is clearly not a result of lack of employment opportunities but is partly due to the shortage of affordable housing. Kuala Lumpur has experienced a movement of people to the suburbs and outlying towns, who, nonetheless, commute daily back into the City to work. While the KLC grew rapidly, the City itself experienced a slower population growth.

Issues The high rate of net out-migration and low population growth rate.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

4.5

AGE STRUCTURE

The continuing decline in the birth rate for Kuala Lumpur has resulted in the decline in the proportion of young people below 15 years old from 33.0 percent in 1980 to slightly less than 27.0 percent in 2000.

Commensurately, the working age group of 15-59 increased from 63.0 percent in 1980 to 67.0 percent in 2000. The old age group, 60 years old and above has increased from 4.0 percent in 1980 and 1991 to 6.0 percent in 2000 (refer Table 4.4)

Issues By looking into the age structure of the city population, it needs special policy and approach on aspects related to housing, facilities and opportunities for all ages including the teenager, youth and aged. • Impact of young population and the increasing proportion of aged population.

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Source: Department of Statistics Composition of Population by Age Structure, 1980 - 2000

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

5.0

ECONOMIC MORPHOLOGY Of Brickfields & Kuala Lumpur

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1881 Rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur

1881 onwards Brickfields, centre for Brick-making

1885 Brickfields, Keretapi Tanah Melayu

Kuala Lumpur flood - destroyed town structures.

These successive problems destroyed the town's structures of wood and atap(thatching). As a response, Frank Swettenham, the British Resident of Selangor, required that buildings be constructed of brick and tile. Hence, Kapitan Yap Ah Loy bought a sprawling piece of real estate for the setting up of a brick industry which would spur the rebuilding of Kuala Lumpur. This place is the eponymous Brickfields.

Developed by Yap Kwan Seng, the fifth and last Kapitan Cina of Kuala Lumpur. As a businessman, he foresaw an increased demand for bricks in fast-growing Kuala Lumpur and established a kiln in the district. The area soon became the centre for brick-making in the early days because the whole area was a clay pit and good quality bricks are made from clay.

Therefore, Brickfields became synonymous with good quality bricks.

Brickfields also used to be the site of the main depot for Keretapi Tanah Melayu (KTM) (Malayan Railway) during the administration of the British. The British authorities brought in people from Sri Lanka to work the railway and the depot. Many lived in quarters around Brickfields. Since then the Indian community have lived and remained here and became citizens of Malaysia. Some of the old quarters can still be found around Jalan Rozario. Today the depot has been transformed into KL Sentral, the main railway hub of the city.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

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2001 KL Sentral, main railway station

August 1997 Express Rail Link (ERL) Express Rail Link Sdn. Bhd. (ERL) is a joint venture company between YTL Corporation Berhad, Lembaga Tabung Haji, SIPP Rail Sdn. Bhd. and Trisilco Equity Sdn. Bhd. On the 25th of August 1997, the Malaysian government presented the company with a 30-year concession to finance, build, maintain and control the operations of the railway.

Opened on 16 April 2001, KL Sentral replaced the old Kuala Lumpur railway station as the city's main intercity railway station. KL Sentral is the largest railway station in Malaysia.

The 1997 financial crisis that hit Asia caused a brief setback to the project but due to strong governmental support, the project went on to completion. The project raked up a cost of RM2.4 billion which was financed through equity mergers (RM500 million), loans from Development and Infrastructure Bank of Malaysia (RM940 million) and the remainder through import credit from four German financial institutions.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

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2006 Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Cybercentre Kuala Lumpur Sentral was awarded Malaysia’s first Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC) Cybercentre status. This privileged status allows Kuala Lumpur Sentral to house ICT businesses and MSC-status companies, thus enhancing its image as a model Business Hub “Without Boundaries.” As a complementing component to Malaysia’s MSC hub Cyberjaya, Kuala Lumpur Sentral today is an alternative and attractive choice for companies which want to optimize the benefits that come with being MSC-status certified, and still be in close proximity with their customers. Kuala Lumpur Sentral is also home to the MSC Malaysia Creative Innovation and Incubation Centres, which aim to develop creative talents in the country.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

6.0

SITE INVENTORY

6.1

DEMOGRAPHIES OF THE SITE Non-Malaysians make up the dominant group in Brickfields with 38.81%, followed by Indians (35.23%), Chinese (12.81%) and Malays (11.65%).

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

6.2

HOUSE PRICES OF SITE

6.3

CHARACTERISTICS

OF THE SITE The main street – Jalan Tun Sambanthan – is lined with shops offering Indian cuisine and merchandise that would thrill tourist and local shoppers.

The street has been continuously enhanced due to its status as a premium tourist attraction and the Little India of Kuala Lumpur. It has many historical sights also nearby.

Due to KL Sentral : 4,000 sq ft double-storey shop lot of 20 years was valued at RM1 mil eight years ago, was transacted this year for RM4.1 mil.

In 2012, three 4.5-storey shop lots along Jalan Tun Sambanthan were sold at between RM6 mil and RM6.7 mil.

Three other shop lots were transacted in the same year along Jalan Tun Sambanthan 3 and 4 for RM2.3 mil and RM4.5 mil.

In 2013, transactions along Jalan Tun Sambanthan and its vicinity were between RM4.2 mil and RM6 mil. In 2014, a 4.5-storey shop lot was transacted for RM4.6 mil.

The old shoplots along Brickfields’ Jalan Tun Sambanthan, Jalan Rakyat and Jalan Thambipillay are all high value properties due to their limited supply and their locations just across the road from KL Sentral.

Commercial properties in these spots naturally fetch higher rentals.

While many may view this as positive, one agent warns that the rising rental and value of Brickfields’ properties will pressure businesses to relocate due to rising costs.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

6.4

TRANSPORTATION OF SITE Rapid KL buses are provided to ease the transportation from one destination to another in the city.

KL Sentral station is located nearby providing numerous transportation choices such as KL Monorail, KTM Komuter, Express Rail Link and Rapid KL's Kelana Jaya Line.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

6.4

THE EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TO THE BLIND COMMUNITY Due to the development of the site, there exists a proposal to turn Jalan Tun Sambanthan in Brickfields into a one-way street. This plan is to divert traffic from Jalan Tun Sambanthan at the traffic junction at the Mobil petrol station (opposite the YMCA building) into Jalan Sultan Abdul Samad and Jalan Berhala.

However, this causes difficulty of accessibility to the blind community as the Malaysian Association of the Blind (MAB) building is located at the back road of Brickfields. There will be more traffic coming into the street, and this will disrupt the walkability of the blind community.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

7.0

SITE APPLICATION

7.1

KL SENTRAL & BRICKFIELDS AS A MONOCENTRIC CITY

The KL Sentral - Brickfields area exemplifies the monocentric city model as it is considered the central business district of Kuala Lumpur with a high concentration of employment.

OVERVIEW KL Sentral refers to the entire 290,000 square metres of development built on the former Keretapi Tanah Melayu marshalling yard in Brickfields.

The development includes the transport hub, hotels, office towers, condominiums and shopping malls and was expected to be completed in 2015 KL Sentral has been divided into 14 land parcels, each representing a different function. Some of these lots have been fully constructed and are already in use, while others are either in the process of being built, or are still awaiting development, according to the phased programme.

KL Sentral is being developed by a consortium made up of Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB), Keretapi Tanah Melayu Berhad (KTMB) and Pembinaan Redzai Sdn Bhd.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

Premium Hotels Landmarks: Hilton KL, The St. Regis, Le Meridien KL

Office Zone Landmarks: Suruhanjaya Pengangkutan Awam

E

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SIT

7.1

ECONOMY & CONDITION

Transportation Hub Services:: KL Sentral, Bus Terminal KL Sentral, KLIA Express, ERL KLIA Transit

Commercial Hub Landmarks: NU Sentral, Aloft Kuala Lumpur, Menara Allianz, Pos Laju KL

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Mixed-use Landmarks: Malaysian Blind Association, Massage parlours, clinics, print shop, convenience store, Sri Krishna Temple etc

Little India, Brickfields Landmarks: Brickfields Asia College, Jewellery and Textile Shops, Indian Cuisine Restaurants

Landscape Architecture ARC61403

7.2

ECONOMIC EFFECTS Convenience in transportation. Kuala Lumpur Sentral (KL Sentral) or Sentral Kuala Lumpur is a transit-oriented development that houses the main railway station of Kuala Lumpur.

Convenience in facilities. The development includes the transport hub, hotels, office towers, condominiums, shopping malls and entertainment zone.

High housing prices. Net worth of RM 15 billion, thus making it one of the most valuable pieces of land in Malaysia.

High labour market. Tertiary or service sector forms the largest component of employment, representing about 83.0 percent. The tertiary sector comprises mainly of finance, business services, and, transport.

High consumer rate. Entertainment and retail zones on site provide a supply to consumers.

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Landscape Architecture ARC61403

8.0

CONCLUSION The Strengths The socio-culture of Brickfields displayed rich cultural diversity through their people and activities. Recent facelift and physical improvement by the government has provided Little India Brickfields its much needed publicity in recognizing it as another ethnic enclave. The town council has implemented various initiatives to help the community especially the blind community to improve their quality of living.

The Weaknesses Lack of maintenance of public facilities in the built environment as well as poor level of cleanliness is a major concern. There is a need to include special cultural activities in the calendar for local and foreign tourists’ consumptions.

The Opportunities With the upgrade made in 2010, Brickfields has the physical environment that can be its unique trademark representing the place. Little India Brickfields has given emphasis on its cultural uniqueness will hopefully grow into establishing its own sense of place to be remembered. Various culture-related businesses has prospered in relation to this, serving as a tourist attraction as well.

The Threats Too much of unnecessary future upgrading works will cause the area to appear chaotic, superficial and unnatural, losing its authenticity. Being situated at the edge of central Kuala Lumpur, the natural attributes would be threatened with the rapid development encroaching to the area.

All in all, Bertaud (2003) and Ding (2007) also supported the concept of a monocentric urban structure optimising urban economics because they argue that a monocentric city can maintain a unified labour market by providing the possibility of moving easily along radial roadways from the urban fringe to the centre, which seems to be consistent with the theory of agglomeration economics.

As such, KL Sentral and Brickfields shows qualities of being the monocentric city model as it is the central business district of Kuala Lumpur. As shown in their statement, the site is the centre of activity where a wide network of transportation is available to most of the places, connecting many different people such as customers, suppliers, businessmen, and so on. Furthermore, the modern infrastructure in the central node which are of better quality also contribute to the economic development and the overal condition of the people living and working there. Due to the convenient commuting system not to mention the consideration for the blind community, various opportunities attract various business chances and attract people to come here and work. The Multimedia Super Corridor status that was awarded to KL Sentral also served as a catalyst for ICT businesses to prosper and enhance the city as a model Business Hub "Without Boundaries".

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9.0

REFERENCES The Evolving Urban Form: Kuala Lumpur. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.newgeography.com/content/003395-the-evolving-urban-form-kuala-lumpur The study of urban spatial structures. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018, from http://alainbertaud.com/ PDF complete. (2010). 2010 Photonics Global Conference. doi:10.1109/pgc.2010.5706077 Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020 : Economic Base and Population. (n.d.). Retrieved May 1, 2018, from http://www.dbkl.gov.my/pskl2020/english/economic_base_and_population/ Online, T. S. (2007, May 18). Preserving Brickfields' heritage - Community | The Star Online. Retrieved April 30, 2018, from https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2007/05/19/preserving-brickfields-heritage/ Kraus, M. (2016). Monocentric cities. doi:10.18411/d-2016-154 (n.d.). Retrieved April 30, 2018, from http://fmwww.bc.edu/ec-p/wp559.pdf Brickfields. (n.d.). Retrieved May 3, 2018, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brickfields

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