LOGBOOK ENVS10003 Assignment 01 -By Pan Liu
Week 03 Structural element the design of a structural element is based on the loads to be carried, the materials used and the form and shape chosen for the element. Wall and Shear Diaphragm are essentially the same. Wall is transferring loads vertically while shear diaphragm is preventing overturning, which is caused by the horizontal shear force
Strut and tie are designed to experience compression and tension force respectively. They can carry the loads parallel to their long axis. Beam is the combination of compression and tension. It is made of materials of different features so it can be structurally sound. It is horizontally carrying the vertical loads Slab/plate is also a horizontal element but in a wider surface , the loads can be distributed across the slab and transferred to the beams
Pad Footings – to spread a point load over a wider Shallow area of ground
Foundations and Footings They play the most vital role while constructing a building. The foundation is a critical link in the distribution and resolution of building loads, it must be carefully designed to stabilise the building and allow the superstructure to withstand many challenges, like wind-induced overturning and ground movement of an earthquake.
Settlement – the gradual subsiding of a structure. Since the soil below have voids containing air or water, the settlement is put into the construction so that it will later subside with the increasing loads and causing reduction in the volume of soil voids. Consolidation – it can be either slight or large and occur quickly or slowly depending on the soil conditions. Differential settlement – settlement that is not even
Strip Footings – to transfer loads in a linear manner Raft Footings – to join the individual strips together as a single mat
foundations Deep foundations
Settlement Raft
Consolidation Pad
Strip
Shallow Foundations are employed when the soil blow is stable enough to bear the loads directly through the transfer of the substructure. Deep Foundations will extend down through the unstable soil below to transfer the loads to materials that have adequate bearing capacity.
Masonry It refers to building with units of various natural or manufactured products… usually with the use of mortar as a bonding agent (Ching 12.06)
Mass Construction Stone – the most iconic structure materials. (the Great Wall for example) Earth – used for walls Clay - to form bricks, which is a very stable product.
Strong in Compression Weak in Tension
Concrete – In the past, associate with Roman. Nowadays, used for reinforcement
Being extremely durable: Some may last over thousands of years.
Equilibrium Three conditions need to be considered: 1.Vertical force. ∑V = 0 2.Horizontal force. ∑H =0 3.Moments. ∑M = 0
Bond - the pattern or arrangement of the units. Course – a horizontal row of masonry units. Joint – the way units are connected to each other Mortar – mixture of cement or lime, sand and water used as a bonding agent.
Stone Can be easily carved and shaped
Does not prevent the transmission of water. But can be the retaining walls holding the earth. Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity/Permeability Density Conductivity
√ geometry dependant low rigid porous various ×in heat&electricity
Brick Since the materials used (clay) are quite various, so the bricks’ colour vary as well.
Mortar Joints are usually 10 mm
medium-high medium very low very low medium-low medium ×in heat&electricity
Block Hollowness help reduce the weight and increase the insulation ability.
Reinforcement can be added to help carry more tensile loads medium-high medium very low very low medium medium ×in heat&electricity
Walk around Melbourne Uni
This design is effectively transferring the rain water into the central hole and allowing the water to drop directly into the drainage system below. It is stabalised by many ties to experience the tension force - Not only to the central hole, also at the edge of the big cover fabric. It has been linked to some concrete-made pole penetrate into the ground that is able to withstand against wind.
This underground car park is using many columns to support the ground. These columns are mainly made of concrete and containing some soil inside where the trees above the ground are located in. the use of materials is to bear the compression force and transfer the loads of ground effectively to the earth below the carpark.
the stairs in the back of union house is in an equilibrium condition, it is suspended by very stable ties, which applies a tension force to the stairs, so the ∑V = 0.
consolidation settlement
Pad Strip
Foundation and footing
Footings
shallow Foundations
Raft
Deep Structural Elements
clay Mass construction
concrete Earth
masonry
Mortar Stone
Brick
Commonly used materials
block
Key Terms Moment: ‘connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to the beams flanges and the supporting column.’ (Ching, 2008) Retaining wall: A wall that constructed to hold back soils to make the buildings become more stable. Pad Footing: A foundation element that spreads a point load over a wider area of ground Strip Footing: A foundation element that spreads loads from walls or a series of columns to a linear manner. Slab on ground: A slab of concrete that is placed on the ground. Substructure: it is constructed partly or wholly below the surface of ground.
Reference http://www.buildingwithawareness.com/house5B.html http://www.photo-dictionary.com/phrase/9841/masonry-brick.html http://www.mooseyscountrygarden.com/garden-design/stone-garden-design.html http://www.divinetruthcoaching.com/use-your-brain/brick/ http://cementtrust.wordpress.com/2010/08/25/as-the-block-crumbles-a-real-life-drama-and-a-tragedy/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be Ching, Francis D.K., Building ConstrucGon Illustrated. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2011 e--‐Book Vassigh, Shahin, InteracGve Structures Version 2.0, Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008 DVD--‐ROM Hunt, T., Tony Hunt’s Structures Notebook, Architectural Press, 2003
Span and Spacing Span is the distance measured between 2 structural supports. Spacing is the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements.
Week 04 Beams and Cantilevers A beam is a horizontal structural element. A Cantilever is the overhanging portions of a beam.
Floor Systems The loads will be carried from the slab into the beams, and beams will then carry the loads to the columns, which will transfer them into the foundations. Joists can be either closely spaced or extended depending on the materials used. Concrete System : Slabs are used to span between structural supports. Can be either one-way or two-way. Steel Framing System is using either heavy gauge structural steel members or light gauge steel framing. In most cases, the combination of 2 gauge members have been utilising together. Timber Floor Framing – a combination of bearers and joists.
Factors that affect decision-making in materials: -Cost -function of building -fire rating
The Pantheon It reflects how the construction technology at that time had been used to achieve such magnificent building. Many details are worth exploring and discussing. Arch – used in Greek period. The principle is : It is taking all the forces on top in the arch and transferring to the ground using on the compressive forces.
Roman concrete: It is consisted of liquid and small stones. Large aggregate are packed together with slurry and cement.
Dome it will experience a force that spread the walls through the force. But due to the thickness of the walls, they are resisting the forces to push them out
Concrete Contains: 1 part cement.(Portland, Lime ) 2 parts fine aggregate (sand ) 4 parts coarse aggregate(Crushed rock) 0.4-0.5 part water Too much water, the concrete → Too weak Too little water, the concrete→ Stiff Formwork is the term used for the temporary support or moulds used to hold the liquid concrete in place until it becomes hard. It can be IN SITU: built at building site or PRE CAST: built at factory.
Reinforcement Steel (√ in tension)is added to concrete (√ in compression but × in tension)in the form of MESH or BARS, resulting in Reinforced Concrete.
Properties Hardness Fragility Ductility Flexibility/Plasticity Porosity/Permeability Density Conductivity
high low very low low medium-low medium-high ×in heat&electricity
IN SITU CONCRETE
PRE CAST CONCRETE
Use: Footings, retaining walls, bespoke structural elements
Use: Footings(rarely), retaining walls, walls and columns.
Construction Joints: to divide the construction into smaller and more manageable sections of work. Control Joints: to ensure that the big massive of concrete does not crack over time. These joints are potential weak points and must be detailed appropriately , especially in terms of water and moisture control.
They are quite strong and stable structural elements in themselves.
Disadvantage: May cause congestion of the construction site
Construction Joints: where one precast element naturally meets another. Structural Joints: using structural connections joining the precast elements. Those Joints will largely depend on the desired aesthetic outcome. Things need to be noticed: Fabrication and standalisation. Limited size due to transport.
construction control
structural
JOINTS
CONCRETE Effective and efficient
PRE CAST
IN SITU
Cost time and labour
Key Terms Joist - the horizontal member that placed between foundations, walls, or beams. Steel decking – is a flat steel laid out of the building and support weights. Span - the distance measured between two structural supports. Spacing – the repeating distance between a series of like or similar elements. Girder – one type of beam that is used for supporting during construction. Concrete plank – a narrow plank that is used for supporting the flooring.
Reference http://romeinfo.wordpress.com/top-10-rome/pantheon/ http://www.archiproducts.com/en/products/49249/jointec-structuraljoint-jointec-gr-grl-profilitec.html http://www.noxcrete.com/tp-joint.shtml
Week 05 Wood to Timber
Timber
Seasoning: Air – Cheap but slow Kiln - √ Solar kiln – spend less
Knots are weak points of timber. Timber can easily break parallel to grain.
2 MAIN TYPES OF WOOD: Softwoods: Hardwoods: Radiata pine Victorian ash Cypress pine Brown box Hoop pine Spotted gum Douglas fir Jarrah Tasmanian oak Balsa wood Sawing strategies for timber Quarter sawn Back sawn Radical sawn
Protection Needs to avoid the contact with water and seal against moisture movement- paint. Properties
Hardness medium-low Fragility medium-low Ductility low Flexibility/Plasticity high Porosity/Permeability high Density extremely varied Conductivity ×in heat&electricity Durability/Life span √ Reusability/Recyclability high Sustainability&carbon footprint : low embodied energy Cost generally cost effective
Columns
Wall Systems
Short columns The ratio of column length to the smallest across section dimension is less than 12:1. It may fail by crushing due to exceeded compressive strength is applied.
STRUCTURAL FRAMES Concrete frames Steel frames Timber frames
Laminated veneer lumber Structural (beams, posts, portal frames)
LOAD BEARING WALLS Concrete Masonry
Glue Laminated Timber Structural (beams, posts, portal frames )
STUD WALLS Light gauge steel framing Timber framing
Cross Laminated Timber Structural panels (horizontal and vertical)
Long columns The ratio of column length to the smallest across section dimension is greater than 12:1. It may fail by buckling .
Timber Product
Plywood Structural bracing/structural flooring/formworks/joinery/marine applications Medium density fibreboard Non-structural applications (joinery) Chipboard & Standboard Flooring/Cladding finish
Model Materials used: Plywood Timber. the material chosen here are mainly because of its low cost and easily accessed for us. And it is also stable enough to hold the framework since the overall loads it carries are actually the weight of the material itself, which is very light in such a small scale model
For the many joints there, we are using superglue to try to bound the materials together, but for some joints we fail to do so due to the angle made by the edge of timber . Therefore, instead of superglue, we are using tape for some joints. But later we find out that the joints that used tape are weak and easily break. Then we decide to curve the edge of the timber to make an proper angle for the other timber to connect by using superglue, it is indeed working but costing us a large amount of time. Structural Analysis: the roof part that our group is working on is consisted of a wide area of the roof with two columns to support it. By associating these two columns with many plywood, the 2 columns are able to bear the plywood above and transfer the loads down into the ground simultaneously, that is actually functioning as a whole. In this way, it turns the long column (one thin strip) into a short column (2 combined strips), thus, it will be less likely to buckle.
The load paths are showing in the sketch below:
When making this model, it has been a great challenge for us to look at the drawings given, since the drawings are not in 3 dimensions, we need to look at the structure in different dimensions and combine them together to create an image of our own. It is typically hard to combine the drawings with different scale and ratio. 2 members of our group are working on the roof section and the other 2 are working on the columns respectively. However, we fail to glue them together due to the measurement error for the length of each strips. But later we adjust the length and successfully stick them together as a whole.
TIMBER RECTANGLE
UC
CONCRETE
STEEL
Structural
ROUND
Frames
CHS
REINFORCED
RHS
Wall systems
CAVITY
Load bearing walls
Timber Stud walls Metal Brick Veneer
Key terms Stud: a large-headed piece of metal that pierces and projects from a surface, especially for decoration. Nogging: a horizontal bracing piece used to give rigidity Lintel:load-bearing building component Axial Load:force acting or administered along the lines of an axis of an object. Buckling: where the compressive force exceeded the materials’ limit and let it fail to withstand. Seasoned Timber: Timber that have been seasoned so that it become more stable and stronger.
http://www.dhaenensguitars.com/blog/2010/01/its-cold-and-freezing/ http://design-milk.com/wood-tiles-by-everitt-schilling/ http://tekeye.biz/2012/what-is-dot-net
Week 06 CONCRETE TRUSS
MATERIALS HIP
ROOF
TYPES
FLAT STEEP FERROUS
METAL NON-FERROUS
Roof system It is important to get the water away to the drainage system. Therefore, the top surface needs to be sloped towards drainage points and the waterproof membrane must apply to it. Flat roof: it is made of a series of materials: concrete slabs Structural steel framed roof flat trusses/ space frames Flat – a combination of Beams & Decking primary and secondary roof Joists & Decking beams for heavier roof finishes Roof sheet. such as metal deck/concrete: Pitched and sloping roofs – mainly the timber. or roof beams and purlins for lighter sheet metal roofing Trussed roof – made from steel or timber Framed roof constructed from a series of open web type steel or timber elements.
Spaced frames are 3D plate type structures that are long spanning in two directions.
Sloping – consist of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing Portal frames – consist of a series of braced rigid frames with purlins for the roof and girts for the walls.
Light framed roofs Garble roofs – consist of common rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists. Hip roofs – consist of common rafters, hip rafters, valley rafters, jack rafters, ridge beams and ceiling joists.
Metal Metals are malleable and ductile and not brittle. Reasons: Atoms are closely packed together in layers and these layers stacked one upon another. Properties Hardness varied Fragility low Ductility high Flexibility/Plasticity medium-high Porosity/Permeability generally impermeable Density high Conductivity √ in heat&electricity Durability/Life span very durable Reusability/Recyclability high Sustainability&carbon footprint : high embodied energy Cost generally cost effective Metal will react with other metals (ions) Consideration Water damage → oxidation and corrosion Protection Avoid prolonged exposure to moisture Seal against moisture Chemical treatment
Key Terms Rafter: structural element that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate. Purlin: any longitudinal, horizontal, structural member in a roof. Cantilever: a beam anchored at only one end. Portal frame: a method of building and designing structures Eave: the bottom edge of a roof Alloy: a mixture or solid solution composed of a metal and another element Soffit: the underside of an arch. Top Chord: top beams in a truss.
http://www.fourthdoor.org/annular/?page_id=445
http://underwatercoatings.com/how-does-corrosion-work/
Week 07 Moisture Three indispensable conditions for water to penetrate into a building: 1.An opening 2.Water present at the opening 3.A force to move water through the opening. Three strategies to prevent water penetrating: 1.Remove opening 2.Keep water away from openings The water is collected in gutters which will discharge water to downpipes and stormwater systems. 3.Neutralise the forces that move water through openings. Use slopes and overlaps to carry water away from the building using the force of gravity. Use a drip or a break between surfaces to prevent water clinging to the underside of surfaces.
Heat Ways to control heat: 1.Being conducted through the building envelope. Thermal insulation to reduce heat reduction. Thermal breaks to reduce heat conduction. Double gazing to reduce heat through the glazed elements. 2.Building elements are subjected to radiant heat sources. Reflective surfaces – reduce building elements from becoming warm/hot. Shading systems – prevent radiation striking the building envelop. 3.Use the thermal mass to regulate the flow of heat through the building envelope. Controlling air leakage.
Rubber Properties: Hardness varied Fragility low Ductility varied Flexibility/Plasticity high Porosity/Permeability waterproof Density 1.5x water density Conductivity Ă—in heat&electricity Durability/Life span √ Reusability/Recyclability high Sustainability&carbon footprint : embodied energy varied Cost generally cost effective Type Natural rubber- some of most common uses are -seals -gasket and control joint -flooring -insulation -Hosing and piping
Synanthetic- main types Epdm- gasket and control joints Neoprene - mainly used in control joints Silicone = seals
Protection- aviold or minimise sun exposure
Plastic Properties: Hardness medium-low Fragility low-medium Ductility high Flexibility/Plasticity high Porosity/Permeability waterproof Density low Conductivity Ă—in heat&electricity Durability/Life span √ Reusability/Recyclability high/limited Sustainability&carbon footprint : embodied energy varied Cost generally cost effective Protection- aviold or minimise sun exposure
Paints - types & uses Oil based Used prior to plastic paints Very good high gloss finishes can be achieved Not water soluble Water based Most common today Durable and flexible Tools and brushes an be cleaned with water properties - wide range depending on type Colour consistency - the colour of the paint should resist fading, especially when outside in ultra - violet light. Red dyes tend to be less stable in sunlight Durability - paints need to resist chipping cracking and peeling. Exterior painted surfaces have to resist the effect of rain. Air pollution and the ultra0violet light in sunlight. Newer paint technologies such as powder coating and PVF2 are harder and more durable Gloss- surface finishes can range from matt thorough to gloss.
Flexibility/ plasticity - water based latex paint is more flexible than oil based paint. Glosssurface finishes can range from matt through to gloss.
Key Terms Vapour barrier – materials used for damp proofing Gutter - a narrow trough or duct which collects rainwater from the roof of a building and diverts it away from the structure Parapet - an extension of the wall at the edge of a roof Down pipe - The drainpipe that connects a roof-line gutter with the ground. Flashing – Made of impervious materials to transfer the water out so the water will not entre the buildings Insulation – to insulate thermal energy. Sealant - viscous material that has little or no flow characteristics
Reference http://www.rubberbeltmart.com.au/insertion.html http://www.susanfreinkel.com/books_Plastic.html http://www.european-coatings.com/Markets-Companies/CoatingsMarket/2009-a-less-colourful-year-for-the-European-paint-industry
Week 08 Glass Components: Formers – the chemical compound that can be melted and cooled into a glass. Fluxes – help formers to melt at lower and more practical temperatures. Stabilizers – combine with formers & fluxes to keep the finished glass from dissolving or crumbling. Properties: Hardness high Fragility high Ductility very low Flexibility/Plasticity very high Durability/Life span typically very durable Reusability/Recyclability very high Sustainability&carbon footprint : high embodied energy Cost expensive Types Flat glass , Shaped glass, Float glass (the most common)
Float glass 1.clear float glass -simplest and cheapest -ideal in low risk/low cost/small size glazing scenarios. 2.Laminated glass - Plastic interlayer bonded between 2 glass panes. - Sharp fragment → adhere , not falling apart. 3. Tempered glass - Bending strength is increased. - Ideal in high exposed situations.
fluxes
formers
stabilizers
components
expensive
Glass
value
float
types
High embodied energy
shaped flat
This is the drawing task on the sketch book.
And my drawing.
Key terms Window sash- movable panels that can form a frame to hold panes of glass. Deflection – the degree to which a structural element is displaced under a load. Moment - ‘connections are able to hold their original angle under loading by developing a specified resisting moment, usually by means of plates welded or bolted to the beams flanges and the supporting column.’ (Ching, 2008) Door furniture- any of the items that are attached to a door Stress – a internal force exerted on the adjacent part. Shear force -unaligned forces pushing one part of a body in one direction, and another part of the body in the opposite direction
References http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-spandrel-glass.htm
Week 09 Composite Materials DefinitionCombination of materials which differ in composition or form. Remain bonded together. Retain their identities and properties. Act together to provide improved specific synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original components acting alone. Fibre reinforced cement Made from cellulose fibers , Portland cement, sand & water. Use – cladding for exterior or interior walls , floor panels. Benefits – not burn. Resistant to permanent water, termite damage rotting and warping. Not expensive.
Fibreglass Made from a mixture of glass fibres and expoxy resins Use – transparent or translucent roof/wall cladding and for preformed shaped products. Benefits – fire resistant, weatherproof, light weight and strong.
Fibre reinforced polymers Made from polymers with timber, glass or carbon fibres. Use – decking, beams and columns. Benefits – provide a strength-to-weight ratio greater than steel. Corrosion- resistant.
Aluminum sheet composites Made from aluminum and plastic Use – feature cladding material in interior and exterior applications Benefits – lighter weight, cheap. Weather resistant ,unbreakable and shock resistant.
Timber composites Made from combinations of solid timber, engineered timber, galvanised pressed steel Use – beams and trusses. Benefits – cost effective, easy to install, easy to accommodate services.
These concrete columns in the carpark are precast. It is a composite material to strengthen its ability to bear the shear force and compressive force. The steel have been inserted inside of it to reinforce its stability.
The scaffolding had been used to support the plywood formwork temporarily, it took 1 month for concrete to cure, after that, the scaffolding will be removed
the steel frame work on the roof had been constructed in the early stage of construction on roof. Later, as the construction processes, the concrete will be poured to it to form a new layer in the roof for further construction.
Key terms Sandwich panel - a type of flat panel that consists of two thin aluminium sheets bonded to a non-aluminium core Bending -a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element. Skirting – constructional element to protect devices Composite beam – beams that are consisted of more than 2 materials. Cornice – a horizontal decorative molding that crowns a building or furniture element
Reference: http://michellekaufmann.com/2010/03/out-of-the-desert/ http://www.wpcdeckingfloor.com/wpc-decking/what-is-timber-plasticcomposite-decking/ http://www.aktekhoneycomb.com/aluminium_composite_panel.html http://www.mechanicalengineeringblog.com/2027-carbon-fibrereinforced-plastics-carbon-fibre-reinforced-polymers-use-cfrpapplications/
Week 10 CORROSION – STATUE OF LIBERTY It is the galvanic corrosion between the copper skin and iron frame. Solution 1 : The 2 materials were separated at their junctions by a layer of shellac-impregnated cloth. But, the shellac-impregnated cloth →porous held moisture → rust expand → connection systems fail. Solution 2: Teflon-coated stainless steel structure. 2 new metals will require ongoing inspections and maintenance.
Key terms Shear wall – a wall that can resist the shear force. Braced frame – a structural element that is to resist wind and movement by earthquake. Lifecycle – the period in where a product is generated and used. Defect – a characteristic of a product which hinders its usability Fascia – a band running horizontally and situated vertically under a roof edge Corrosion - gradual destruction of materials by chemical reaction