RE-OCCUPY RIGA
L朝va Kreislere - likr1423 Urbanism & Societal Change
Contents
Abstract Theme Site
1 2
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Approach
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Design layers
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Appendices
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Literature
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CV
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Abstract
The project investigates the complexities of urbanity in a Post – Soviet city, Riga. A city with the 2nd highest amount of empty buildings in Europe and alarming projections of an aging society. The aim of the project is a demographic shift to the city center, in order to revitalize the perforated city fabric. The strategy is to use two problematics – a growing number of empty buildings and shortage of social housing. To achieve an efficient process, the project adresses the co-operation between the city and the state.
The project seeks : a) to rethink how the pool of empty buildings is managed; b) to rethink how the shortage of social housing could be addressed; c) to inspire society for change,
Riga could be seen in the context of many Western European experiences, but will have to find its unique set of tools for a traumatized society, with a particular history of city development. The goal of this thesis is to develop a strategy for realizing Riga’s inner city potentials.
with the tools of: a) expo - a city area redesigned to expose the potentials and qualities to wider society. a) housing kit - designed for inhabiting empty buildings;
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Theme
Theme Empty buildings Fragmented ownership Ageing society Societal context
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Theme
People queing for meat in the central market. Soviet Union provided produce from centralised sources and every citizen was legible for certain amount of products per week.
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Theme
EMPTY BUILDINGS Riga does not stand alone as post-industrial city, struggling to reverse the suburban sprawl and trying to shift the uses of many empty buildings in the city center. But in contrast to many Western European examples, in Rigas struggle is more severe because of it’s passive and aging society, which due to its political history is allergic to urban planning, indulging in consumerism and still searching for its dream of dwelling. In 2014, Riga had over a 1000 vacant buildings in the city center, often valuable historical heritage deteriorating due to a lack of use and costly maintenance. Every fifth building stands empty and 450 of those are officially declared as ruins, creating a problems for the city’s image, Appendix nr 2 property values and infrastructure.
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Theme
An empty building one street away from the central station in Riga. The veils used to fix the immediate city image, yet no construction is taking place nor planned.
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Theme
FRAGMENTED OWNERSHIP One of the reasons why buildings remain empty for decades is the fragmented ownership types. Within one building there could be privatized apartments, some state owned, some owned by the city. This Appendix nr 1 makes the decision-making process very difficult. The city real estate department and the state real estate department own about equal amount of empty buildings. Put together they own about a quarter of the overall empty property pool, at the moment – 1 000 000 empty m2, yet there is no communication whatsoever on what should be the strategy of dealing with such sites. The city is run with a Russian opposition party, and the state is run by Latvian politicians.
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Theme
1:500 mapping of vacant buildings (white), partly inhabited (hatch) and inhabited buildings (black). The site is indicated with an arrow. 7
Theme
AGEING SOCIETY Since the year 2000 Latvia has lost approx. 200 000 people to economic migration. A recent study says only 16% are considering to move back. In the best case scenario, in the coming years the country could expect an influx of 30 000 inhabitants, and it’s of the utmost importance to make sure, they are able to find affordable living possibilities in the city centre not only in the periphery. According to Eurostat, by 2060 the amount of retired citizens will be equal to 68% of number of people in the age group 15-64 , which will be the highest in Europe. Since the current pension expenditure per 65+ is the second lowest in the Europe, most of the people rely on the possibility of a social apartment. There are currently 12 000 people in line for social housing. Sometimes the waiting time can run up to 30 years and the offers available are rather poor. The city’s response is to build new social housing blocks, reminiscent to the micro-rayon typologies, but so far out of the city that in many cases it would take more than 30 min to rush to the hospital. The latest project – 3 housing blocks (287 single apartments) in the outskirts of Riga were built for 16,086 million euro. The elderly are more than happy to move into the newly built units, as a great contrast to the disastrous situations the city apartments can have. Anything new and clean is a dream of aging. Yet in the interviews following, the elderly do confess that they feel very much segregated, as they, for example, cannot watch the grandchildren after the school anymore. This feeling is enhanced by the distance and a complete lack of entertainment or shopping, and in many ways makes them more depressed and truly age faster.
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Appendix nr 11 Appendix nr 5 & nr 10
Appendix nr 7
Theme
290 000 250 000 210 000 170 000 130 000 90 000 50 000
1992 0-10
1996
2000
2004
2008
2012
2016
2020
10-20
20-30
30-40
40-50
50-60
60-70
70 +
Population by year and age group.(Latvian Statistics Bank)
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Theme
SOCIETAL CONTEXT Komunalka 1 and Euro Refurb 2 The citizens of a Post-soviet state Socialist ruling are the ones most allergic to Socialism ideas. ‘Shared’, ‘public’ and ‘communal’ are terms Latvians are not immediately appreciative of. Hearing the word ‘communal living’ one sees a house with a shared courtyard, a washing room and a party room, the Eastern Europeans see the “komunalka” kitchen, where someone lays drunk under a table while another screams at a child and a dog in-between. A somewhat justifiable idea for living in a city that in times of housing shortage was turned into a national nightmare of living. The scarce life up until 1991 have raised a generation, that after the fall of Soviet Union started to indulge in the possibility of deconstruction, cladding the old with new, shopping mall week-ends, branded clothing, a car and of course, a house of ones own in the outskirts of Riga. These entities, that helped regain control of ones own life choices, then where consumed to the very last bit of credit one could take before the market crash.
1 Euro refurb from Eiroremonts (Latvian) meaning to clad without changing much of the existing structure, used to refer to refurbishments using low quality imported “european” materials aiming for a complete cove’age of anything reminding the past. 2 комуиалка - in the Soviet Union following the Russian revolution of 1917. Communal apartments emerged as a response to a housing crisis in urban areas authorities presented them as a product of the “new collective vision of the future”. Between two to seven families typically shared a communal apartment. (Wikipedia)
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Appendix 8
Appendix 6
Theme
The infamous setting of a communal apartment, referenced in theatre plays, music videos and movies.
A suferer of mixed ownership and *Euro Refurb in Latvia. Photo: Gatis Pﾄ」ils
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Site Approximate graph of number of empty buildings and their ownership types in Riga city center (Free Riga 2014) Site location in the city context 1:5000 site situation map Mapping of vacant areas on site + image indicator
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28 35
17 2
22 12
7 private
city/state
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bank
Br ivi
ba
sb
ou lev
ar d
Va ld
em
ar as
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Site
5 4
3
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s ka Ca
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Site location in the city context and the main traffic corridoors. 1 - Central station, 2 - Riga old city (outlined), 3 - Monument of Freedom and green belt, 4 - green belt, 5 - port and transit area 15
Site
CHOOSING THE SITE It is chosen based on the possible reflection of the urban fabric in the rest of the city. -partially empty buildings, -empty buildings, -empty sites, -abanndonned industrial sites, -vast parking spaces, -underdeveloped courtyards and public spaces. It celebrates the successes of the site: -the energetic coffee shop scene withing the younger part of the society,(the site has a longboard cafe and a barber shop on its corners), -the site has a busy bike path running through, -it holds small timber building typologies -15m high trees; - has all amenities within a walking distance
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Site
Valdemara street School Hospital
Trolley stop
Longboards
Trolley stop Hotel
Barbers
Theatre Grocery shop Bike path Bakery Restaurant
Grocery shop
Brivibas boulevard Church
1:5000 situation map showing the approximate site for the expo.
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Site
2
1
5
4
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10m Site location plan with site image notifications. Black - vacant case study building - Herder high school, outlined - partially empty sites, dashed line - empty plots, dotted - abandoned beer factory 18
Site
1 Empty apartments on site
2 Empty apartments and ground level spaces on site
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Approach Empty Estate Department The Latvian town house Ageing in the city Post - Temporary Demonstration
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“Transforming their bikes into car-sized structures for International Car Free Day, the cyclists physically demonstrated how much more space would be taken up on the Latvian capital’s roads if they had chosen to drive instead.” - The Guardian, photo: Arturs Pavlovs
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Approach
EMPTY ESTATE DEPARTMENT A new entity in charge of strategical planning and proposing program for both the city and the state owned properties
The lack of strategic planning and dialogue between city and state is resulting in frantic actions. There seems to be an exaggeration of what a layer of paint can do to the property value. My project site, the Herder high school, has been merged with a Russian school in the outskirts of Riga and for the past year the city has been trying to sell it in auctions for 3 times already. Now the city is forced to lower the price drastically. The building, which was originally zoned for a public function, was undercover rezoned to residential in order to sell it as potential apartments. The building, as owned by the city, is a property of all the tax payers, and should remain so.
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Appendix nr 2 Image nr 1
Approach
3 Site: Art Noveau building (1904), Skolas street 32, 4 437,5 m2 owner: Riga City Real Estate Department
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Approach
THE LATVIAN TOWN HOUSE Using nostalgia to bring dwellers back to / keep in the city Within the society, the city center has become an undesirable place to live, especially if you are planning a family and if you are approaching retirement age. Fresh air, green and safe environment are the main reasons for moving away from the city. If the potential suburban dweller should be convinced of the possibilities to achieve those qualities in the city, it is important to expose the qualities of town houses. In Riga, it is not a usual London brick, narrow 4 story building, but a one or two level timber house, with a generous garden and a veranda, usually requiring two or three of those to form a courtyard. The courtyard has a shed, in the shed, there is grandpa working on his Lada, the ground is full of fallen apples and plums. Cats are meowing and there is laundry drying in-between the buildings. It is a world just a thin timber fence away from a busy street. Here kids grow up with a community feeling, the city is their backyard, cycling around and sipping milkshakes in the corner cafe was a part of the way the baby boomers were growing up in the city. Then, after the Soviet fall, the city changed, it was not safe and healthy to be in the city center, and wishing the same kind of childhood for their kids, the baby boomers were trying to replicate the life outside the city, in the suburban developments. The nostalgia might be a tool for reminding about the remaining possibilities of such life to take place. Riga is a city of contrasts, many of these places still exist, but with the lack of investment, the elderly are forced to leave and timber houses are soon to be gone. The site has this typology of houses right across the street from the empty school.
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Image nr 5
Approach
5
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Approach
AGING IN THE CITY Urban renewal the Eastern European way It is important to think of an urban renewal outside the frame of pop-up galleries and coffee shops. There is only a certain amount of coffee a society with a very short history of latte culture and this large proportion of elderly can consume. How can the cafe and cultural institutions not be a tool, but actually an outcome of a different kind of urban renewal? The project should demonstrate, the correlation between the amount of fully occupied buildings and the quality of life that it reflects on the street. For example, when you have a certain amount of people, you can have a certain amount of families and then an empty ground level space can find a function like a daycare or a bakery. The elderly are a huge resource, as they are the ones generating life on the streets during the day, when they are meeting on the benches and strolling to a local shop for grocery shopping. A piece of cake along with coffee is the most extravagant leisure activity the elderly can afford, and that is why Riga has so many small bakeries always full of white-headed ladies. If the city would develop around its aging population, the street scape would reflect that. Less coffee shops, more bakeries, less strip bars, more chiropractics, less cars, more flower beds. It is the baby-boomers, who will hit the retirement age in 15 years, and this generation have way more contemporary and urban ideas of aging, therefore a social housing block in the middle of a field, will not be suitable anymore. The city has to think resourcefully and project its aging society as a part of the city and plan for it today.
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Approach
Ladies in Dubrovnik, a very familiar sight in the housing blocks of Eastern European cities.
The elderly appropriating the backyard on the site with a tiny garden and cat feeding booth.
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Approach
POST-TEMPORARY Shift of building re-use from the creative society to a broader one The re-use of old buildings might be associated with low quality finishings and fast-set-ups ready to be dessambled in days. The temporary use of empty buildings is present, but not well known within the wider society. Creative institutions would pop-up for culture nights, fashion weeks and similar, yet fail to inspire the city to invest in a permanent regeneration of the properties. There could be a field in-between thorough and expensive reconstruction of the empty building and temporary use, that is cheap and fast enough to inspire possibilities and solid transformations with a stress on aesthetic qualities. How to go from struggling low-tech, bunting infused dump spaces for artists, to fast, effective, profitable trouble-shooting packages, that are designed and overlooked by architect, yet could be managed by anyone. How could these urban pioneers radiate quality and beauty? How can they start a dialogue with their host sites in an architectural way? The strategy should have a postpop up, post- temporary identity. In order to communicate the project for a larger society, it has to be desired not only by twenty-something year olds.
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Approach
Future Baroque by Something & Son. Tate Modern, London. 3D prints, plaster cast, steel, plastic sheet.
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Approach
DEMONSTRATION 1:1 model as an education A city like Riga has to be convinced of the possibility of a different future. The administration is one side of the fault, yet the other is the society, which simply does not know what they want. There is no idea of what a different setting, than the one existing, can look like. A society lacking travel experience, and prone to misbelief in change and political governance has to be inspired by demonstrating possibilities in their own backyard. When the first cycling lanes appeared a year ago, a harsh response from the society followed, not willing to accept a cycling scheme. But the architect of the scheme, took things into a 1:1 scale to convince the city and showed that there is space for everyone on the street and even more. Another example of demonstration is an organization called Free Riga, which caught my eye with yellow stickers saying “Occupy-me� marking every empty window of Riga. Our eyes were used to the ghostly window-scape , but now the city could notice its own face in a new light.
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Image right
Approach
In Riga, a couple of urbanists, named Fine Young Urbanists, successfully participated in the public debate around public space “By redesigning the profile of the street they took back space designed for cars and made it into a place for pedestrians and bicycle users. In doing so, they showed, that having pedestrians and bicycle users share a small pedestrian lane, while trams and cars use up most of the street- isn’t efficient.” - Cities in Transition, photo: Kaspars Kursišs
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Design layers Urban Expo Housing for Elderly Housing kit
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The city is an old, dusty book, which my granny would see of no value and I would pull it out of the garbage bin, right before she throws it out. I would take it home and when she would find it by my bedside table, she would wonder, where is this book coming from and, that it looks interesting. It is so easy to be unaware of the assets we have, behind the veil of corruption, bad planning and broken windows.
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Design layers
URBAN EXPO
Strategy case study in a city zone
The Skolas (latvian - school) street expo seeks to exhibit the implications of the strategy taking place. It embraces the visitor in an environment, which is Riga2. It is a time capsule, where after all the buildings are occupied, the environment reflects that with a busy street life, developed courtyards, safety, public spaces, possibilities for different types of living and infrastructural changes. It reminds of the heritage and exposes what it could be done with. The expo aims to invite citizens and politicians to explore the possibilities of new urbanism by creating a highly contrasting environment and possibly exposing the following : a) elderly social housing in Herder High school; b) reimagined backyard; c) town house typologies; d) reimagined empty plots e) ground level commercial spaces; f) implications in the half-empty buildings; g) exposing the beer factory facilities.
R EX IG PE A E RI XP EN O CE
Deliverables: Model/ Plan scale 1:500 Visuals of experience
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Design layers
The expo would be run by the Empty Estate Department. The department makes sure all the apartments are occupied at all time. There would be some model apartments. The citizens could stay overnight for little and enjoy the perks of life in the city center. Free bikes for a day, discounted restaurant tickets and theatre tickets should be issued to them to be able to enjoy full urban experience. There would be a public path going through all of the site, connecting different moments of interest and model living spaces, it could end in a small office space designed for the department and could be used as a meeting space for both – the city and state politicians.
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Design layers
HOUSING Transformation of Herder High school in social housing for elderly The goal is to break stereotypes of building re-use (expensiveness and lousiness) and communal (recourceful) living. The building should be able to inhabit the same amount of people per m2 for less. The public debate has been revolving around the costly newly built social housing blocks. The existing situation - approx. 2 000 eur per m2 The case study building - Herder high school is 4 437,5 m2 Suggested spaces: a) private apartment units (different levels of disability) single +/- 30 m2 double +/- 60 m2 b) shared communal facilities d) spaces for care-takers e) physical activity room f) visitors rooms + g) expo experience rooms Deliverables: 1:100 typical plan 1:100 ground level plan 1:100 axonometric section 1:100 model
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Design layers
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Design layers
HOUSING KIT
flexibility and resourceful production The apartment system should be adaptable to fit a range of different buildings, so this could be used potentially by the private owners, who could add a layer of higher standard to the housing kit. In this way, once the city has regained its liveliness, the attractive settings could inspire others to move to the city center. This could also be a tool for organizations like “Free Riga� to broaden its operation from creative field towards residential uses. The production strategy should address the fragmented governance and demand for collaboration across the ministries and departments as possible. For example, a semester theme for the school of Architecture could discuss the empty buildings, therefore raising a generation of Latvian architects, that are able to deal with transformation projects and are generally aware of the problem. The students of carpentry college could practice construction, by building prefabricated 1:1 wall and floor panels and furniture. The designers and architecture students, producing thousands of identical AutoCad and hand drawings of decorative Art Nouveau elements as a part of their training, could potentially study existing buildings and create a library of decorative elements, that perhaps are printed as wallpapers or 3d printed as elements.
Deliverables: 1:20 element library
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Design layers
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Appendices
Appendices 1 De-Nationalization 2 Infrastructure 3 Privatization 4 The challendes of transition period 5 General demographic trends 6 The impacts of urban restructuring 7 Map of Riga 8 Urban planning during communism 9 Contemporary (post-communist) urban planning 10 Europe’s ageing population 11 Demographic shifts in municipalities in Latvia
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Appendices
1 De-Nationalization
One of the main reasons why the buildings remain empty is the fragmented ownership. After the fall of the Soviet Union, denationalization became the heated topic of such Post-Soviet state. The government returned the properties to their original owners with a condition, that the rental price for the apartments should remain static for the next 7 years. The city was happy to get rid of the housing units, that were often in an alarming condition. The city expected that without any interventions, in 7 years’ time there would be a flourishing rental market. But instead, after this period there was a declining market condition, as no support was given to the owners. A certain type of a politician emerged - one that defends the rights of the tenant, as the conditions of the houses were increasingly lowering. This resulted in a situation where it was cheaper to keep the property empty, as the selling price of that apartment will rise more during a year, than the profit from renting it out. The denationalized owner was left completely on its own. And still today, the state of the buildings is getting worse and the political response is to fine the owner in the defense of tenant. In principle maybe a good intention, but the fines then of course are sourced in the rent. Together with a chaotic governance the result is: empty buildings, stagnated rental market and the new developments are mainly for the upper class.
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Appendices
2 Infrastructure
3 Privatization
Riga has struggled its way through crisis with further suburban developments, all of them lacking basic infrastructure, such as schools, shopping, leisure possibilities, resulting in enormous peak hour congestion. The end result of this development is a city with empty buildings and congested streets. For a city this scale, 6 super-malls, with lubricated economical environment, are enough to sweep the shopfronts of the city center empty. The perforated city fabric is leaving costly infrastructural problems. The empty buildings are effecting the overall system of pipework and general efficiency of energy distribution. The cost of transportation is rising, in order to provide for stretching boarders of the city. The half empty school districts force schools to close or merge.
The process of privatization has not just taken hold of the economy and the housing sector, but it has also permeated the public realm at all levels including through aggressive appropriation of public space for an assortment of private needs. The disappearance of open space, small urban parks, and large pieces of green urban infrastructure has become a hallmark of urban change in the post-communist period .Privatization has become the motif of the transition period, reaching also the realm of urban transportation. The recent explosion in the number of personal vehicles has eroded the well-developed systems of public transit for which cities in the region were known in the past. The aggressive takeover by private automobiles of streets and squares throughout the region has not only further reduced the public realm, but it has substantially worsened urban congestion and environmental pollution. (1)
Seeking refuge from an increasingly hostile urban environment, many affluent residents have sought refuge in suburban compounds and gated urban enclaves, thus fueling the ongoing process of socio-spatial polarization. (1) And who is to blame. The answer from one of the most respectable architects in Latvia Zaiga Gaile is : “when you will be able to move around city center with a bike and get all your errands done - then everyone will want to dwell in the city center.�
1) Revisiting Urban Planning in the Transitional Countries Sonia Hirt and Kiril Stanilov, 2009
no dweller
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problems
Appendices
4 The challenges of the transition period
6 The impacts of urban restructuring
The collapse of the communist regimes triggered a shockwave through the countries in the region as they were contemplating their first steps on the path to reforms. This outcome was expected given the profound nature of the changes that needed to be accomplished urgently in all political, economic, and social spheres of life. In this sense, Keynes’s warnings made half a century earlier proved stunningly accurate in their prediction that a “rapid transition will involve so much pure destruction of wealth that the new state of affairs will be, at first, far worse than the old.”(1)
The transition to market-based democracies and the concomitant restructuring of urban space has resulted in a general increase in individual living standards and residential choices within urban areas. One of the most notable accomplishments of the transition period has been the sharp increase in homeownership rates among urban residents. As a result of massive privatization of pubic housing, homeownership rates in the region reached record levels, exceeding 90 per cent in some of the Baltic, Balkan, and Caucasian countries. This process was used as a “shock absorber,” lowering the negative social impacts of the transition period. The flip side of these policies is a drastic reduction of the share of affordable, public housing options. (1)
5 General demographic trends The two dominant demographic trends in the region are population decline and rapid aging. In the context of a robust global population increase at the end of the twentieth century, it is quite remarkable that all countries that experienced absolute declines in urban population from 1990– 2002 were transitional countries. The region continued to carry this extraordinary distinction in the new millennium. Between 2000 and 2005, a cluster of 16 states from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union were the only countries in the world which registered population declines of more than 5,000 people. Rising mortality rates, decreasing fertility levels, and sizeable migration flows out of the region have led to continued population decrease among these nations. The second distinguishing demographic characteristic in the region is rapidly aging population. This trend, which started in the 1980s, shows no signs of reversal. (1)
1) Revisiting Urban Planning in the Transitional Countries Sonia Hirt and Kiril Stanilov, 2009
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Appendices
7 Map of Riga showing built- up areas, the social housing units built in the past 20 years outside the city center (outlined), showing the two main corridoors connectiong the center with the nearby municipalities, and the location of the site (arrow) 44
Appendices
8 Urban planning during communism
9 Contemporary (post-communist) urban planning
The concept of rational, scientific planning was one of the ideological pillars of communism. Such planning ostensibly guaranteed equitable and efficient distribution of resources and promised immunity from the periodic crises which plagued capitalist economies. Communist governments took planning to unprecedented heights. The economy was governed by five-year national economic plans. These plans, prepared by armies of technocrats and stamped by the state top legislative bodies, were the tip of a neatly hierarchical system of hundreds of smaller-scale economic plans, which translated the national planning goals into objectives and strategies for every republic, region, county, city, town, and factory. Of course, such extraordinary level of control was only possible because the communist state had first assumed ownership of most urban land, large real estate and production means. Therein lay two key aspects of the communist system, whose legacy continues to plague contemporary planning across the transitional countries today. First, the system was so expert-driven and rigidly hierarchical that it left little room for any citizen participation. Second and related to the above, economic and physical planning were not fully integrated in the sense that there was little meaningful negotiation between the economic planners (who operated at the state level) and the physical planners (who operated at the local level). (1)
The new societal context and the sharp economic downturn during the 1990s led to severe urban challenges, including uncontrolled sprawl, failing infrastructure, loss of natural resources and cultural heritage, and socio-spatial segregation. These challenges, however, ultimately highlighted the need for a reinvigorated urban planning. Post-2000, planning partially re-established itself as an important societal function across the region. (1) 1) Revisiting Urban Planning in the Transitional Countries Sonia Hirt and Kiril Stanilov,2009
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Appendices
10 Europe’s aging population. Projected old age dependency ration. (Eurostat)
11 Demographic shifts in municipalities in Latvia. (neogeo.lv) 46
Literature
Literature Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings, 2001 The Image of the City, Kevin Lynch, 1960 The Spontaneous City, Urhahn Urban Design, 2010 Urban Catalyst: Strategies for Temporary Use, Philipp Oswalt, 2013 Urban pioneers, Klaus Overmeyer, 2007 Architecture in Latvia 19991/2011, Dripe Janis 2012 The Urban Mosaic of Post-Social Europe, Sasha Tsenkova, Zorica Nedovic-Budic, 2006 Loose Space, Karen A. Franck and Quentin Stevens, 2007 Keller Easterling, Extrastatecraft: The Power of Infrastructure Space, 2014, Keller Easterling, Subtraction, 2014 Revisiting Urban Planning in the Transitional Countries, Sonia Hirt and Kiril Stanilov, Regional study prepared for Planning Sustainable Cities:Global Report on Human Settlements 2009 Post-Soviet Social:Neoliberalism, Social Modernity, Biopolitics, Stephen J. Collier, Princeton Press, 2011 Shrinking cities, Edited by Philipp Oswalt, 2006
Interntet sources New Europe - Cities in transition, organisationUrbAct, organisation Eurostat www.csb.gov.lv Guardian buildings project Leipzig - Immobilier Participatif, organisation
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Curriculum Vitae
Education 2014Royal Academy of Fine arts School of Architecture and Design, Urbanism and Societal change, MA candidate 2010-2013 University of Westminster School of Architecture and Built Environment, RIBA part 1, BA Architecture Award: First-class honours Work experience 2014/ 03 Individual architectural practice 2013/07-2014/03 Architectural practice ARHIS, Riga Architectural assistant 2012/02 Justin Bere architects , London RIBA part 1 internship
kreislere.viewbook.com
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Liva Kreislere Tutos: Jan Loerakker Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, Urbanism and Societal Change Spring 2016