Town of Scott

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan For the

TOWN OF SCOTT 1

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

2

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan for the Town of Scott

Robert Howe and Michael Stiefvater Cofrin Center for Biodiversity, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay

Janet Speth Archeologist University of Wisconsin-Fox Valley

David Cerny Town of Scott – Planning & Zoning Administrator

16 March 2009 Project funded by the Wisconsin Coastal Management Grant Program

Town of Scott

1

INTRODUCTION The Town of Scott is a predominately rural but rapidly growing community bordering the City of Green Bay in northeastern Brown County, Wisconsin. During February 2006 the Town Board adopted a detailed Comprehensive Plan (Lamine et al. 2006), developed by the Brown County Planning Commission in collaboration with a Citizen Advisory Committee and the Town of Scott Planning Commission. This 206 page document identifies major features of the Town and establishes official policies for guiding future development. Among fourteen state-mandated comprehensive planning goals, two are directly related to the conservation of significant natural and archeological features:

Protection of natural areas, including wetlands, wildlife habitats, lakes, woodlands, open spaces, and groundwater resources.

Planning and development of land uses that create or preserve varied and unique urban and rural communities. This goal may include restoration of natural features through landscaping and park construction.

The Comprehensive Plan extends these objectives with a Natural, Cultural, and Agricultural Resources Goal, designed to “protect and preserve the Town’s natural features to enhance the rural character of Scott and the quality of life of its residents.” Specific strategies for meeting this goal are prescribed, including 1) preserving wetlands, floodplains, and other environmentally significant areas; 2) linking landscape features in order to create or enhance wildlife corridors, pedestrian trails, and stormwater management areas; 3) incorporating significant natural resources into plans for future parks; 3) creating neighborhood parks within residential developments; 4) promoting a harmonious relationship between residential or commercial development and the natural landscape; 5) identifying and preserving scenic features; 6) supporting attractive landscaping 2

techniques; and 7) encouraging farmers to minimize stormwater runoff and erosion.

The purpose of our report is to complement the 2006 Town of Scott Comprehensive Plan by providing a more detailed inventory and analysis of the ecological and archeological resources in the western portion of the Town, between the Bay of Green Bay and the Niagara Escarpment. Results include information about the original vegetation, notable animal and plant species (both common and threatened or endangered species), geological features, hydrologic resources and archeologically significant areas. We propose ideas and actions to help land developers, property owners, and town leaders better achieve the goals of the Comprehensive Plan. Our underlying assumption is that quality of life and economic vitality in the Town of Scott will be enhanced if land development decisions (both public and private) incorporate the most up-todate and accurate information available about the local environment.

METHODS

We used a wide variety of sources to summarize the natural and archeological features in the target study area (Figure 1). The Town of Scott Comprehensive Plan provides general maps of woodlands, wetlands, and environmentally sensitive areas. These features are critical elements of town planning. This report designed to incorporate up-to-date details about such land features. In particular, we provide information about where revisions and current information can be found in order to streamline the planning process.

Brown County’s Geographic Information System (GIS) is an important tool for implementation of the recommendations in this report. Computer hardware, software and trained staff are available through the county’s Planning Department, Land Conservation Department and Land Information Office. For the most part, these offices also have the necessary data resources. One function of this study has been to identify GIS layers needed to assess proposed developments from a natural resources standpoint.

Appendix B lists some of those items along with source

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

information. The table makes note of key datasets that are not currently included in the county’s holdings.

INTRODUCTION TO SIGNIFICANT NATURAL FEATURES Presettlement Vegetation

A detailed understanding of early vegetation provides a scientific basis for land protection and management and helps guide opportunities for ecological restoration. Prior to the major period of European settlement in the 1800’s, most of northeastern Wisconsin was covered by mature forest of northern hardwoods (American Beech, Fagus grandifolia; Sugar Maple, Acer saccharum; Basswood, Tilia americana; Red Oak, Quercus rubra; Yellow Birch, Betula alleghaniensis) mixed with varying degrees of conifers (Eastern Hemlock, Tsuga canadensis; White Pine, Pinus strobus; and Red Pine, Pinus resinosa). At the time of land surveys in 1834 and 1835, however, the area now occupied by the Town of Scott was largely an exception to this regional vegetation pattern (General Land Office, Wisconsin Public Land Survey Records, http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/SurveyNotes/; Finley 1976; University of Wisconsin 1990). In particular, the predominant vegetation west of the Niagara Escarpment was oak woodland consisting of White Oak (Quercus alba), Black Oak (Q. velutina) and Bur Oak (Q. macrocarpa) and associated species like Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), which (like the oaks) is widespread in the town today. In addition to these woodlands, openings comprised of prairie-like grasslands and other open habitats seem to have been widespread in the Town of Scott prior to European settlement in the 1700’s and 1800’s.

Oak woodland and oak openings indicate a drier environment or a history of recent disturbance in northeastern Wisconsin, where mesic deciduous forest

is the dominant presettlement vegetation type (Curtis 1959). Clearing of the original forest by humans had already occurred at the time of the land surveys (Lamine et al. 2006), so the early vegetation maps (Finley 1976; University of Wisconsin 1990) might simply reflect secondary forests in a human-dominated landscape. Notes from the 1834-35 land surveys described fences and pastures throughout much of the western portion of the township. In several entries, surveyors described the landscape as “lightly wooded” with white oaks, black oaks, or bur oaks.

Widespread occurrence of oaks even today

Figure 1. Map of area described in this report (crosshatched). Boundaries include the bayshore to the west and north, Niagara Escarpment to the east, and Church Road to the south. The base map was derived from GIS layers furnished by the Brown County Land Information Office.

(http://www.co.brown.wi.us/planning_and_land_services/Land_Information_Office/IMS.htmwww)

suggests that the vegetation in this part of northeastern Wisconsin had been anomalous for many years, perhaps due to the influence of fire by native people or possibly by the drying effect of westerly winds from Green Bay. Widespread occurrence of soils typical of forested land cover, however, suggests that the oak landscape was largely anthropogenic in origin and maintenance.

Scattered swamps of Northern White Cedar

Town of Scott

3

(Thuja occidentalis), Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra), and Tamarack (Larix laricina) are present in the eastern part of the town and undoubtedly were present in low wet areas or floodplains in the study area, but their extent is small in the area west of the Niagara Escarpment. Wooded and open wetlands in the vicinity of Point au Sauble are the most extensive remaining natural features in the study area. These habitats have been highly dynamic even during the period covered by aerial photos (1938 to present).

The mosaic of natural habitats at Point au Sauble has included shrub swamp, sedge meadow, open lagoons, and flooded lowland forest, shifting in extent and distribution depending largely on water level fluctuations of Green Bay. The presettlement history of vegetation in the Town of Scott has several implications for natural areas preservation today. No remnants of old growth, upland forest communities are present in the area west of the Niagara Escarpment; apparently few, if any, were present even during the recent periods when indigenous people occupied the area. Based on soil attributes (see below), upland maple-beech-hemlock forests typical of the region were once present, but old growth forest was all but gone by the time Europeans first settled the area, replaced by open woodlands dominated by oaks. Oak/hickory woodland is a valuable habitat for native species, however, and emphasis on this vegetation type for natural areas protection and ecological restoration would be a wise strategy. Management of oak/hickory woodlands can include maintenance of a more open canopy, consistent with land uses for parks and other recreational areas.

Even areas like golf courses and private lawns can retain open stands of oak woodland that contribute to the natural character of the landscape.

SOILS The western portion of the Town of Scott is characterized by three main soil/substrate features, beginning with the rocky outcrops of the Niagara Escarpment. Approximately 5% of the study area is covered by the Escarpment and related features, 4

derived from ancient bedrock with important natural and geological attributes. The escarpment is described by the Brown County Soil Survey as stony and rocky land (soil type Sr).

The second and by far the most extensive substrate type includes the broad, gently sloping plain of glacial till classified with the Kewaunee or Manawa soil series. These are generally fine-grained silt or clay loams deposited during the most recent (Wisconsinan) glacial advance. The most widespread soil type includes Kewaunee silt loam (KhB) and related categories, covering well over half of the study area. These deep soils consist of silt loam derived partly from loess or wind-blown particles over deeper deposits of clay, creating an agriculturally favorable soil that is well-drained but with relatively slow water infiltration rates at lower depths. Bedrock typically lays 60 or more inches (5 feet) below the surface.

Drainageways, shallow depressions, and the bases of slopes in the study area are often characterized

by Manawa silty clay loam (McA) soil types. Like Kewaunee silt loams, these are deep soils, but the upper layers contain higher proportions of clay, resulting in poorer drainage and relatively slow rate of water infiltration. The water table lies closer to the surface in areas dominated by Manawa soils compared with soils of the better-drained Kewaunee silt loams.

Finally, the western portion of the study area (closest to the bay) is underlain by a mosaic of sandy soils such as the Shawano loamy fine sand (SfB) and Allendale loamy fine sand (AdA) soil types. These well drained or “excessively drained� soils have been formed in the lake plain of Green Bay and comprise approximately 5.2% of the study area. Because water falling on or flowing across these soils is rapidly infiltrated into the ground, the substrate is more suited for drier vegetation dominated by oaks, pines, and other relatively drought-tolerant plant species. In the northern part of the study area near Red Banks, sandy substrate is covered by a thin layer of muck (organic material mixed with mineral soil), indicative of northern lowland forest vegetation (northern white cedar, balsam fir, etc.). These interesting areas are identified by the Roscommon (Rs) muck soil type.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Together with adjacent low beach ridges of Tedrow loamy fine sand (TeA) and Shawano loamy fine sand (SfB) soil types, this part of the study area forms a beach/swale topography that is reminiscent of the famous and ecologically significant land forms of The Ridges Sanctuary of Door County and several other places in northeastern Wisconsin.

Watercourses and wetlands such as the marshes at Pt. au Sauble also contain special soil types, including Ruse silt loam (Ru) found mostly at Pt. au Sauble and alluvial wet (Aw) soils found along Wequiock Creek. Soil maps can help delineate areas that are at least periodically inundated or covered by wetland vegetation, even if their current vegetation consists of upland plant species or crops.

Above the Niagara Escarpment, thin soils underlain by bedrock predominate, including the Namur, Summerville, and Kohlberg silt loam soil types. Although these soils are generally east of the designated study area, they have an important influence on the natural features of the Town of Scott.

Most of the watercourses in the study area have their origins above the Escarpment, and many of the rare plant species are associated with the “alvar” natural community type found on the shallow calcareous soils.

Detailed soil maps based on inventory data from 2004 and 2006 are available in the public domain at http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/. Custom maps can be generated for local areas of interest, providing guidance for building construction, agriculture, reforestation, and landscaping, as well as planning for land protection and conservation.

GEOLOGY

The region covered by this study has been shaped extensively by glacial activity, especially the most recent advance of 11,000-12,000 years ago.

Unconsolidated soil and rocks deposited by glacial ice cover the underlying bedrock over most of the region between the Niagara Escarpment (see below) and Green Bay. The glacially eroded bedrock lies as deep as 300 ft below the surface in some parts of the town.

West of the escarpment the bedrock consists of bluish-

brown shale (Maquoketa formation) formed from sediments of the Ordovician Period, approximately 450 million years before present. During the Ordovician, this region was covered by shallow inland seas inhabited by corals, mollusks, crinoids, and other invertebrate groups, including extinct forms like trilobites, conodonts, and graptolites. Primitive fishes known as ostracoderms were present during this period, but they apparently were rare. The first land plants appeared during the Ordovician elsewhere in the world.

The geology of the study area is important for two major reasons. First, the underlying Maquoketa shale is an aquatard, an impermeable layer of rock or sediments that restricts the flow of groundwater. In this case, the Maquoketa shale isolates the upper water table and glacial till from an underlying aquifer of older rocks. The lower (Cambrian-Ordovician) rocks are often used by wells as a source of groundwater, so the Maquoketa shale bedrock acts as a barrier to groundwater infiltration by surface contaminants.

Secondly, the geology of the western Town of Scott is important because it provides a fascinating window into the earth’s distant past (Stieglitz and Allen 1980).

Fossils from Wequiock Creek and from outcrops along the bay shore provide a glimpse of life in Wisconsin more than 400 million years ago in the late Ordovician.

Numerous fossil brachiopods, bryozoans, and corals are present (usually as fragments) in rocks along Wequiock Creek and the bay shore. UW-Green Bay geologist Dr. Steven Dutch has assembled an informative online description of the area’s geology at: http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/geolwisc/geowisc.htm.

Together with glacially transported rocks, the bedrock also has served as the parent material for the clay, silt, and sandy soils found in the study area. These soils have been patterned by the melting of the ice sheets themselves (glacial outwash) and by changes in lake levels (lacustrine deposits) as the remnant glacial lakes fluctuated in extent.

Town of Scott

5

Figure 2. Soil depth-to-bedrock in the Town of Scott. Estimates are derived for a GIS layer used in preparing the Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility Model (GCSM) for Wisconsin. The primary source for the bedrock depth is a 1973 map at 1:1,000,000 scale published by the Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey (WGNHS) and USGS. Where more recent information was available, the USGS updated the 50-foot and 100-foot contours of the depth-to-bedrock map at a scale of 1:250,000. Soil associations data and other information were used to add a 5-foot contour to the data layer.

SURFACE WATERS

The Niagara Escarpment in northeastern Wisconsin forms the edge of a cuesta, sloping gently eastward toward Lake Michigan basin, carrying water toward the Ahnapee, Kewaunee, and Twin River drainage systems. The hydrology of the Town of Scott, therefore, is largely isolated from the rest of northeastern Wisconsin, and relatively few surface waters are present west of the Niagara Escarpment.

A major exception is Wequiock Creek, which drains an area of approximately 7,680 acres (Robert E. Lee 2001) beginning in the Town of Humboldt to the south. Several significant forested wetlands are present in this watershed east of the escarpment, including the New Franken Swamp. Coastal wetlands at Pt. au Sauble are associated with this drainage, comprising by far the largest wetland area in the study area. These wetlands, nearly half (about 120 acres) of which are 6

privately owned, include open marsh, shrub wetlands, and forested wetlands. Although seriously affected by invasive species, the Pt. au Sauble wetlands provide excellent habitat for migratory birds and other species of native animals.

Wequiock Creek is the only perennial (continuously running) stream in the study area and, in fact, in the entire Town of Scott (Robert E. Lee 2001), although it, too, is often dry in some stretches during late summer. The watercourse breaches the Niagara Escarpment at Wequiock Falls, then descends toward Green Bay in a series of steps over a distance of nearly 2 miles. Several small drainages flow into the creek but, for the most part, the channel carries water from above the escarpment south and east of Wequiock Falls. At Pt. au Sauble, the creek meanders through an open marsh until it eventually empties into Green Bay. As discussed below, the corridor of Wequiock Creek is one of the most significant environmental features in the Town of Scott and deserves high priority for conservation.

Two other drainage systems flow from watersheds east of the escarpment into the northern portion of the study area near Red Banks. The lower segments of these drainages consist of intermittent watercourses, one southwest and the other northwest of Red Banks (Figure 3). The northernmost of these systems collects surface water from an area of 4,860 acres, including land within the western part of the Town of Green Bay. The Gilson Creek watershed lies north of this drainage, flowing into the bay in the Town of Green Bay. The rest of the drainage systems in the study area consist of 8 small (up to 650 acre), poorly defined watersheds contained almost entirely between the Niagara Escarpment and Green Bay (Robert E. Lee 2001). Flow of surface water in these systems is intermittent and has been affected by human activities such as road construction, home building, and agriculture.

According to the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Wetlands Inventory Map, nearly all of the wetland areas west of the Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Scott are found in the vicinity of Pt. au Sauble and, to a lesser extent, near Red Banks in the northern

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

part of the study area (Figure 3). Several small wooded wetlands also are associated with the lower portions of stream systems near the bay shore.

Although not strictly part of the Town of Scott, the most significant surface water feature in the region is Green Bay itself. Undeveloped shoreline at Pt. au Sauble includes beach habitat and coastal wetland, both important ecological features that have become rare on the eastern shore of Green Bay. Of course, waters of Green Bay also serve as a recreational resource for residents of the Town of Scott and the bay is the recipient of drainage from the stream channels mentioned above. Water quality issues in Green Bay are beyond the scope of this report, but activities in the Town of Scott may contribute to both the impairment and rehabilitation of the bay’s condition.

Use of Wequiock Creek for spawning by certain fish species, maintenance of shoreline habitat for wetland plants and animals, and delivery of unpolluted water through stream channels all are important ecological values that should be included in Town of Scott planning strategies.

The Brown County Planning Department has identified Ecologically Sensitive Areas (Figure 4) that encompass all surface waters and wetlands in addition to a 100 ft buffer surrounding them. When added to the Niagara Escarpment (Figure 5), these regions provide an extensive and meaningful starting point for conservation and responsible land use planning in the study area.

Figure 4. Ecologically Sensitive Areas (ESA’s) in the Town of Scott as identified by the Brown County Planning Department. These areas include all surface waters and wetlands in addition to a 100 ft buffer.

GROUNDWATER AND RELATED FEATURES

Figure 3. Map of surface water resources (streams, ponds, and wetlands) in the study area. The base map was derived from GIS layers furnished by the Brown County Land Information Office. Basin boundaries are roughly based on Figure 2 3 of Stormwater Management Plan – October 30, 2001 - Robert E Lee & Associates, Inc.

Two different groundwater aquifers are potentially available for residents in the western portion of the Town of Scott. Even though homes in the Town of Scott eventually will shift to use other water sources, stewardship of these aquifers remains a goal of responsible town planning. The upper aquifer consists of unconsolidated glacial till from ground level to the Maquoketa shale bedrock, ranging in depth from a few

Town of Scott

7

feet near the Niagara Escarpment to as much as 300 feet (Robert E. Lee 2001). Recent well records indicate that typical depths of this layer range from 40 – 150 feet. Because it receives water that has infiltration from surface runoff and septic systems, this aquifer is most vulnerable to contamination by human activities.

Coupled with the high clay content, which reduces capacity for water movement and storage, this upper aquifer is not a reliable source of drinking water. The deeper aquifer, consisting of sandstone and dolomite of Ordovician and Cambrian ages, is separated from the surface aquifer by the Maquoketa shale, which effectively creates a barrier. Sandstone pores and fractures within the dolomite layers have excellent capacity to hold water, and wells drilled to a depth of approximately 500 feet or deeper are able to exploit this ancient water, deposited thousands of years ago.

Unfortunately, several factors undermine the value of this deep aquifer (mainly St. Peter Sandstone) as a sustainable source of groundwater. First, long term withdrawals have lowered the water table, in some cases more than 100 ft. As the water table is lowered, wells must be drilled deeper, at some point becoming uneconomical or at least unreliable. Second, naturally occurring arsenic in water of the St. Peter Sandstone may exceed legally acceptable levels, rendering the water supply undrinkable. Geologic conditions responsible for high arsenic concentrations are complex, involving oxidation of sulfide-rich minerals in the Ordovician (Plateville) dolomite that lies above the water-bearing St. Peter Sandstone. These deposits, which include arsenic, are believed to have originated when the Lake Michigan Basin was formed (Riewe et al. 1999). Although the worst arsenic problems occur in Outagamie and Winnebago Counties and western Brown County, arsenic contaminated wells also have been documented in the western portion of the Town of Scott (Riewe et al. 1999).

Finally, naturally occurring radionuclides (e.g., radon, radium) are present in the deep aquifer underlying the study area, in some cases exceeding state drinking water quality standards (Wisconsin DNR 2007). These circumstances suggest that well water from the western Town of Scott should be tested before it is used for drinking.

8

NIAGARA ESCARPMENT The Niagara Escarpment (Figure 5) is perhaps the most significant natural feature in the Town of Scott, providing scenic vistas, educational opportunities, and habitat for rare species. The escarpment or “ledge” consists of a linear outcrop of Silurian dolostone that extends from southwest to northeast through the Town of Scott. Regionally, the escarpment bluff forms the upper edge of a bowl-shaped landform centered on the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; the edge of the bowl extends approximately 650 miles from Indiana to Iowa, northward through Wisconsin’s Door County and the Garden Peninsula of Michigan, eastward through Ontario’s Bruce Peninsula, and southeast to Niagara Falls, from which the formation gets its name. (The two ends of this landform are connected by Lake Erie).

In Wisconsin the resistant Silurian dolostone slopes gently toward the east, forming a geologic feature known as a cuesta. The upper edge of the cuesta has developed into a sharp bluff through breakage of the upward sloping Silurian layer and erosion of the Ordovician/Maquoketa Shale below and to the west.

To the east, the overlying Devonian sedimentary rocks also have eroded, resulting in the bowl-shaped depression. The Niagara (Silurian) Escarpment is obscured by glacial till across part of its range, but it forms a prominent bluff in the Town of Scott.

During 1990 the Niagara Escarpment in Ontario was designated a World Biosphere Reserve by the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), making it one of 12 in Canada. As a result of the designation, a Niagara Escarpment Commission was formed by the Ontario government in order to regulate development and land use adjacent to the escarpment. No such designation exists in Wisconsin, but the 2006 Land Legacy Report by the Wisconsin DNR recognizes the Niagara Escarpment as a highly ranked “Land Legacy Place.”

In addition to this designation, considerable regional support is available to advance protection efforts for the Niagara Escarpment. Led by the East Central

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

and Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commissions and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), the Niagara Escarpment Resource Network (NERN) is a coalition of government agencies, local governments, academic institutions, non-profit organizations, and individual landowners and citizens dedicated to promote the short and long term planning for protection and conservation of the escarpment. NERN maintains an email information network and an educational web site (http://www.escarpmentnetwork.org/index.htm).

in Wisconsin. Regardless of the actual number, the importance of this feature for biodiversity conservation in Wisconsin is very clear. With careful planning and public education, The Town of Scott can contribute significantly to protection efforts, which could become a significant source of local pride and identity.

NATURAL COMMUNITIES AND WETLANDS

Using the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources classification system (http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/ communities/), at least 16 natural community types are represented in the western portion of the Town of Scott. One of these (Lake Michigan) is beyond the scope of this report, although of course activities in the Town of Scott contribute to water quality in Green Bay, which in turn is part of the Lake Michigan ecosystem.

Nevertheless, we restrict our discussion to the 15 terrestrial and aquatic community types that occur within the Town of Scott boundaries. Information about the community types is taken largely from the excellent descriptions provided in the WDNR Wildlife Action Plan.

Figure 5. Location of Niagara Escarpment, a significant geological and ecological corridor west of State Highway 57 (black shaded). Drawing is a GIS-generated hillshade of the study area using the 3D analyst extension in ArcGIS 9.2. Parameters were set to make the escarpment stand out as much as possible: azimuth = 90° (straight east), sun angle = 45°, and vertical exaggeration factor = 8. Source data is the 30 meter Digital Elevation Model from the USGS NED (National Elevation Data) program.

NERN has received support from the National Park Service for a greenway corridor plan, scheduled for completion in Fall 2009. Planning in the Town of Scott for protection of the Niagara Escarpment should be coordinated with this effort.

According to information from NERN, over 240 different species along the Niagara Escarpment have been identified as being rare, threatened or endangered

1. Northern Mesic Forest

The most extensive community type prior to human activities in this area undoubtedly was northern mesic forest, represented today in the Town of Scott only by small remnants of second-growth. The dominant species in this community type is sugar maple (Acer saccharum), with varying amounts of eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), basswood (Tilia americana), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), and several other species, including oaks (Quercus rubra and Q. alba), shagbark hickory (Carya ovata), and ash (Fraxinus spp.). Tall “super-canopy” white pines were present in these forests, and a few large trees are still present in remnant woodlots.

Notes from early land surveyors reveal that most

Town of Scott

9

of the northern mesic forest in the study area already had been replaced by more open, oak-dominated woodlands by the mid-1800’s. Sugar maple and related species are widespread in the Town of Scott today, but they are typically mixed with oaks or other early or mid-successional species like cottonwood (Populus deltoides), red maple (Acer rubrum), aspen (Populus tremuloides or P. grandidentata), or ash (Fraxinus spp.). Dorney (1989) suggests that fires by Native Americans were responsible for maintaining the open woodland environment. Unlike the huntergatherer Menominee tribe on the western shores of Green Bay, the Potawatomi and Winnebago people on the eastern shore were predominantly agriculturalists, creating a landscape that was anomalous within the otherwise forested landscape of this region. Notes by land surveyors who encountered fences and Native American farmers in the area now occupied by the Town of Scott affirm this perspective.

2. Northern Dry-mesic Forest Northern dry-mesic forests are typically found on glacial sands or loamy sands like those found near the bay of Green Bay along the western margin of the Town of Scott. Forest stands are dominated by eastern white (Pinus strobus) and red pine (Pinus resinosa), mixed with northern red oak and red maple.

Common understory shrubs are hazelnut (Corylus spp.), blueberries (Vaccinium spp.), and other sandloving species. Although red pines are virtually absent in the Town of Scott, white pines are widespread and were historically present near the bay as well as farther inland. The best examples of northern dry-mesic forest in the Town of Scott today occur near the tip of Pt. au Sauble and in the large woodlot managed by the Sisters of St. Francis along Highway 57. Conifers are uncommon in these remnants, but reestablishment of white pines, in particular, could help create biologically richer representatives of this habitat type. Several species of conservation need are characteristic of this community type, including Veery (Catharus fuscescens), Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferous), and woodland bats.

10

3. Oak Woodland Oak woodland in Wisconsin is dominated by white oak (Quercus alba), bur oak (Q. macrocarpa), or black oak (Q. velutina), sometimes mixed with red oak and shagbark hickory. Quality examples of this community, described by Wisconsin DNR biologists as “extraordinarily rare today” are intermediate between open oak savannas and the denser dry-mesic forests described above. Historical occurrences of oak woodlands in northeastern Wisconsin were likely a consequence of fires by humans (Dorney and Dorney 1989); suppression of fires during more recent decades has led to proliferation of shrubs and more complete canopy closure, a common feature of oak-dominated woodlots in this region today. Understory of the original oak woodlands included a rich diversity of prairie grasses and forbs, some of which can still be found on steep slopes and railroad corridors in Brown County. The restored oak savanna at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay campus along County Road I (Scottwood Avenue) includes some of these prairie/ savanna plant species.

Birds of oak woodlands include Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), Northern Flicker (Colaptes auratus), Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius), and Eastern Bluebird (Sialia sialis), all of which are present (although uncommon or rare) in the Town of Scott today.

Opportunities for restoring quality oak woodland and oak-dominated forests in the Town of Scott are better than in most other counties of northeastern and northern Wisconsin. The relatively open canopy of oak woodlands is attractive in urban or suburban settings, where at least the tree component of this habitat type can be developed or enhanced. Golf courses, such as Shorewood Golf Course at the UW-Green Bay campus and Royal Scot Golf Club in the Town of Scott support excellent stands of old oaks. Not surprisingly, several characteristic oak woodland animal species like Redheaded Woodpecker are present, at least occasionally.

A systematic program of oak restoration throughout the county would help preserve this important element of the Town’s ecological and cultural heritage.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

4. Northern Wet-mesic Forest

In the Town of Scott, northern wet-mesic forests dominated by northern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis) are mainly associated with the Niagara Escarpment and small and localized wet seeps.

Pristine habitats of this type support a rich understory of mosses, lichens, ferns, orchids, and northern wildflowers, although few if any such areas exist today in the Town of Scott west of the Niagara Escarpment.

Browsing by white-tailed deer, forest fragmentation, and hydrologic disturbances have combined to degrade the understory in most of the remnant cedar forests along the escarpment. Significant stands in the northern part of the study area (near the Jean Nicolet statue) and along Wequiock Creek provide opportunities for habitat recovery on both public and private property. Characteristic large animals of Wisconsin’s northern wet-mesic forests (cedar swamps) have long disappeared from the Town of Scott, but several rare species of land snails and understory plants still are present, including a few globally rare species. Openings in northern wetmesic forests on shallow, dolostone soils west of the escarpment support localized populations of the federally threatened dwarf lake iris (Iris lacustris); presence of small populations along or near the escarpment also is possible. Opportunities for rehabilitation of this habitat type are good in the Town of Scott.

5. Northern Hardwood Swamp

Northern hardwood swamps consist of deciduous forested wetlands in poorly drained depressions or floodplains, including landforms created by glacial moraines. The dominant tree species are black ash (Fraxinus nigra), along with red maple (Acer rubrum), cottonwood, and American elm (Ulmus americana), which has been nearly eliminated today due to Dutch elm disease. Herbaceous plants include many of the same species found in other wet habitats, including marsh-marigold (Caltha palustris) and orange jewelweed (Impatiens capensis).

In the western portion of the Town of Scott, small stands of northern hardwood swamp are found along Point Lane at Pt. au Sauble and to a lesser extent in the Benderville/Red Banks area near the Green Bay shore. American Woodcock (Scolopax minor), woodland bats, and migratory songbirds are among the most important animal species found in this habitat type. Maintaining an adequate hydrologic regime and controlling invasive species will be important challenges for long term protection of these hardwood swamps.

6. Shrub Carr Shrub carr is a wetland community type dominated by tall shrubs like red-osier dogwood (Cornus sericea) and willows (Salix spp.). Canada bluejoint grass (Calamagrostis canadensis) and other species found in alder thickets and sedge meadows also are prominent.

This is a fairly common natural community in Wisconsin, represented in the Town of Scott by fairly extensive areas at the Pt. au Sauble Nature Preserve.

An excellent example occurs along County Road A (Nicolet Drive) west of the junction with County Road K. Clearing of swamp forest or frequent flooding might have been responsible for producing this habitat, and invasion of trees is likely given lack of disturbance or periodic flooding.

Fire suppression is partly responsible for shrub carr replacing sedge meadows and other open wetland types.

American Woodcock and Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus) are two Species of Greatest Conservation Need that can be found in shrub carr in the Town of Scott. A variety of other interesting plant and animal species also can be found, including Alder Flycatcher (Empidonax alnorum), Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis), Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida), several species of frogs, and other species of shrub wetlands. Maintenance of water flows will be an important consideration in preservation of existing shrub carr habitat in the Town of Scott. These areas are not only important for breeding species, but they provide important stopover habitat for migratory birds and seasonal resources for White-tailed Deer and other more widespread species.

Town of Scott

11

7. Emergent Marsh

Marshes are wetlands with emergent vegetation such as cattails, bulrushes, and other aquatic plants, including invasive species like Phragmites australis. Sites in the Town of Scott are generally associated with the Green Bay coastline, especially near Point au Sauble, where extensive emergent marshes occur near the mouth of Wequiock Creek. When water levels are low (as they have been during most of the previous decade), narrow strips and patches of emergent marsh also develop in sheltered bays and along undeveloped shorelines. Few such areas exist in the Town of Scott, although narrow coastal marshes are present at Pt. au Sauble. Beyond the coastal margins, emergent marshes in the western part of the Town are few and scattered, most less than 2 acres in area.

The list of important species in emergent marshes includes American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) and Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors), neither of which is represented by more than one or a few breeding pairs in the Town of Scott. Other species like Great Egret (Ardea alba), Forester’s Tern (Sterna forsteri), and American Black Duck (Anas rubripes) use the coastal wetlands as feeding areas and during migration. Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have attempted breeding at Pt. au Sauble during recent years and will likely be long time residents there as long as water quality in Green Bay is adequate and the nearby marshes are protected.

The emergent marshes at Pt. au Sauble are burdened with invasive species (mostly Phragmites australis) and recent low water levels, but they have potential to be extremely important as stopover habitats for migrant waterfowl and other birds, and diverse marsh communities during the breeding season. Rehabilitation measures might be necessary, however, for the wetlands to reach their ecological potential.

8. Northern Sedge Meadow

Near the base of Pt. au Sauble, between the emergent marsh and shrub carr communities, patches of 12

northern sedge meadow are present. Dominant plant species include a sedge, Carex stricta, and a grass, Calamagrostis canadensis, with wetland/meadow herbs such as joe-pye-weed Eupatorium maculatum and goldenrods (Solidago spp.). Sandhill Cranes nest in this area, and uncommon species of plants and invertebrates also might be present. Because of its small extent, however, this is not a major community type in the Town of Scott. Nevertheless, protection of the Pt. au Sauble wetland complex, of which northern sedge meadow is a part, should be a high conservation priority under any long term planning strategy.

9. Great Lakes Ridge and Swale Topography and soils in the vicinity of Red Banks reveal a ridge and swale system reminiscent of the ecologically important ridge/swale complexes at The Ridges Sanctuary in Door County and Pt. Beach State Forest in Manitowoc County. This natural community consists of stabilized beach ridges alternating with wet depressions or swales, found near the shores of the Great Lakes but best-developed along Lake Michigan (Wisconsin DNR 2005). The ridge/swale complex near Red Banks is primarily forested with black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and other lowland or early successional tree species. Housing developments surround the complex, but the remaining forest and wetlands represent one of the most significant natural features in the western portion of Town of Scott. Potential exists for rehabilitation of a small but ecologically interesting natural area at this site.

10. Great Lakes Beach

Although highly modified, Great Lakes Beach extends along the bay of Green Bay, forming the western border of the Town of Scott. The beach community, along with coastal wetlands, is profoundly affected by wave action, winds, and transport of materials (rocks, sand, and aquatic organisms) from the bay. Beaches along the Town of Scott’s shoreline are generally narrow, in some cases completely obliterated by embankments constructed by property owners. Lower

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

water levels during the past decade, however, have exposed fairly extensive open beaches along Pt. au Sauble and to a lesser extent in the Red Banks area.

These areas are characterized by a gradient of habitat.

The lower beach is impacted continuously by wave action, while the upper beach is affected by water only during the most severe storms. Intermediate beach habitat is impacted by waves during typical storms and heavy west winds. Plant cover on the exposed beaches is typically sparse due to the scouring action of waves and ice. Great Lakes beaches are inhabited by a number of endemic or near-endemic species, although none of the endangered or threatened species is known from the Town of Scott shoreline.

The ecological dynamics of the land-water interface is clearly illustrated by the rows of zebra mussel shells that cover much of the sandy beach habitat along the eastern shore of Green Bay. These shells, absent until invasion of the zebra mussels in the late 1980’s and 1990’s, present a major challenge for restoration of the open beach habitat in this area. Nevertheless, the shoreline is used frequently by terns, waterfowl, and migratory shorebirds. The shallow water adjacent to the shore is important to aquatic organisms, including fish, although invasive carp and a host of invasive invertebrates are prominent in today’s Green Bay ecosystem.

11. Moist Cliff Moist cliff communities are found on vertical rock faces along the Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Scott, representing one of the least conspicuous but perhaps most interesting elements of the regional landscape. Although not nearly as impressive as the tall cliffs found in Door County, the escarpment cliff communities in the Town of Scott are no less important for rare and uncommon species of this natural community. The unique microhabitat conditions of rock faces are enhanced by forest cover, which reduces evaporation and moderates temperatures. North-facing cliffs, which experience minimal amounts of direct sunlight, are the most significant sites for relict species. The scale of

ecological interactions in these communities is rather small, meaning that important cliff faces can be protected and managed effectively on modest-sized tracts of public and private land. A complete inventory of the Niagara Escarpment in the Town would be a wise strategy for identifying and initiating protection plans for the most critical sites. In addition to the cliff face itself, the rocky talus and (especially) spring-fed seeps below the escarpment provide important habitat for salamanders, fairy shrimp, and other species that have received little attention in regional conservation assessments.

12. Alvar Alvar is a unique natural community on harsh, shallow soils over limestone or dolostone bedrock.

In some places the bedrock is exposed at the surface.

Vegetation consists of open grassland/meadow with scattered shrubs and small trees such as northern white cedar, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana), oaks, balsam fir (Abies balsamea) and white birch (Betula papyrifera).

Trees growing on the alvar typically are rooted into cracks in the rocks where water is sometimes stored in pools and where the roots can extract nutrients from soil derived from the rocks. Red cedar is uncommon in Brown County outside alvar habitat, and Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), Carya ovata (shagbark hickory) and rock-encrusting mosses and lichens are more prominent here than in the surrounding region.

The most significant example of alvar in Wisconsin is located in the northern portion of the Town of Scott.

More extensive areas of alvar are found in Michigan and Ontario (with smaller amounts in Ohio and New York), but the Town of Scott alvar is particularly important because it is both geographically isolated and one of the most southern examples of this community type. Alvar is found at only two other regions on earth, northern Europe and northwest Ireland (Reschke et al. 1999).

The Town of Scott alvar is located east of the Niagara Escarpment so is not strictly part of our study area, but the escarpment portion of the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area contains “one of

Town of Scott

13

the most important areas in Wisconsin for land snails� in addition to rare plant species and a rare leafhopper (Wisconsin DNR 2005). This site is rather unusual in its poor drainage, which results in wet conditions in early spring and after heavy rains.

Soils in alvar region of the Town of Scott are very thin, ranging from 0-4 inches in depth (Fewless, personal communication). This contributes to a severe environment that may be completely flooded in spring and completely dry in late summer. According to Fewless, “These sites provide habitat for a number of uncommon to rare species which are adapted to these conditions.� Trees growing on the alvar are rooted into cracks in the rocks where water is stored and where the roots can extract nutrients from solutions or soil derived from the rocks. Species include Juniperus virginiana (red cedar, otherwise uncommon in Brown County), Quercus macrocarpa (bur oak), and Carya ovata, (shagbark hickory). The location of the alvar is east of Highway 57 between Doris Road to the South and Crow Road to the North (Fig. 3).

The natural feature is unique in Wisconsin. Along its northwest edge the bedrock is exposed as the Niagara Escarpment, which runs roughly parallel and immediately adjacent to the existing Highway 57 from approximately Gibson Lane north of County Road T.

of a forested canopy around these ephemeral ponds is very important because the shade helps prevent premature drying of the pond. Leaves from the trees also provide a nutrient resource for pond invertebrates.

13. Ephemeral Pond

15. Other Aquatic Communities (Warm water Streams and Lake Michigan)

Two other natural communities, warm water streams and Lake Michigan, support aquatic organisms and scenic features that are important for the Town of Scott and northeastern Wisconsin in general. Other than Wequiock Creek, stream ecosystems in the Town of Scott are limited to ephemeral watercourses that support no species of statewide conservation need.

The lower portion of Wequiock Creek, on the other hand, is a breeding site for fish from Green Bay (e.g., White Sucker, Catostomus commersoni), in addition to typical species of warm water streams and bays in this region (e.g., Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; Yellow Perch, Perca flavescens; Smallmouth bass, Micropterus dolomieu).

Ephemeral ponds occur in low areas that hold water during spring but typically dry out by mid-summer.

In the Town of Scott small ephemeral ponds are found in forest remnants, including parts of the Pt. au Sauble Nature Reserve, at the base of the Niagara Escarpment, and in the modified ridge/swale topography near Red Banks. Other small ephemeral ponds occur in woodlots and road ditches, but overall the Town of Scott below the Niagara Escarpment has rather few ephemeral ponds. These habitats are critically important breeding areas for woodland amphibians (frogs and salamanders) and invertebrates, and the emergence of pond insects in May provides food resources for migratory birds. Protection of existing woodland ponds is strongly encouraged. Maintenance 14

14. Impoundment/Reservoir Constructed impoundments create lakes, ponds, or wetlands by blocking the drainage of surface water.

Few constructed ponds/impoundments are currently present in the western Town of Scott, although the number is likely to rise as stormwater retention ponds are built to address state land use regulations.

These bodies of water (including retention ponds) have potential benefits as semi-natural habitats, attracting aquatic invertebrates, amphibians, birds, and wetland vegetation. Educational materials and other information about native plantings, buffer areas, and water quality considerations will help residents and developers maximize these benefits and minimize negative effects of construction activities. Artificial ponds are commonly used by migratory waterfowl and water birds. Strategic planting of food plants and native vegetation can make these ponds not only attractive but beneficial for sustaining regional populations of these and other desirable species.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Maintaining healthy aquatic communities in Green Bay, of course, will involve efforts in the entire watershed, extending hundreds of square miles beyond the Town of Scott. Like all contributing sub-watersheds, however, the Town of Scott affects water quality and aquatic organisms in the bay, even if in a relatively small way. Ecologically enlightened shoreline management (e.g., maintenance of shoreline vegetation, limiting lawn fertilizers, controlling invasive species, etc.) is probably the most important consideration in minimizing the negative impact of people on the bay ecosystem.

The aquatic community of Wequiock Creek includes vegetation surrounding the stream, which helps moderate water flow (minimizing flash flooding, for example), provides shade for keeping water temperatures cool, and prevents erosion due to surface runoff. Leaves and organic debris from the stream corridor also provide food resources for stream organisms, especially benthic invertebrates.

Presence of water in the stream has a reciprocal effect of modifying the terrestrial communities in woodlands and forests along the stream. In short, the stream and adjacent vegetation collectively form a system that should be treated as one for the purposes of conservation planning.

Flora and Fauna In addition to species mentioned in the discussion of natural communities, several species that are listed as endangered or threatened by government agencies, in addition to many more species listed as “species of greatest conservation need” by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’ Wildlife Action Plan (WDNR 2006), are found in the Town of Scott. Endangered and threatened species are designated at the federal level through the 1973 U.S. Endangered Species Act (with subsequent amendments), administered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. State endangered and threatened species are listed through Wisconsin Statute 29.604 and Administrative Rule NR 27, administered by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. In fall

2001, federal legislation established a State Wildlife Grants Program that provided funds to state wildlife agencies for conservation of fish and wildlife “species in greatest need of conservation.” The objective of the State Wildlife Grants Program was to prevent species from becoming endangered, by providing funding for inventory, monitoring, and conservation efforts of species that are declining or vulnerable but which do not qualify as officially endangered or threatened.

In order to qualify for federal funding through the State Wildlife Grants Program, the state government is required to prepare a Wildlife Action Plan, which identifies and prescribes needs for “Species of Greatest Conservation Need”.

In Wisconsin the Species of Greatest Conservation Need, together with natural communities on which they depend, are described in Wisconsin’s Strategy for Wildlife Species of Greatest Conservation Need (the state’s official Wildlife Action Plan), written in 2005 by DNR biologists in consultation with a broad range of experts and citizen reviewers. The plan (http://www. dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/er/wwap/plan/) sets priorities for protecting listed species and their habitats before these species become rarer and more costly to protect.

Species of Greatest Conservation Need are defined as species with “low and/or declining populations that are in need of conservation action.” Specifically, they include animal species that are either “already listed as threatened or endangered, at risk because of threats to their life history needs or their habitats, stable in number in Wisconsin, but declining in adjacent states or nationally, and of unknown status in Wisconsin and suspected to be vulnerable.”

1. Land Snails

The most unique species in the western Town of Scott are relict land snails, several of which are known from few other places in the world. At least 6 sites in the northern portion of the Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Scott are known to harbor rare or officially listed land snail species. One of these sites (Celtis), located on state-owned land near the Jean Nicolet statue along old Highway 57, was described by

Town of Scott

15

Nekola et al. (1996) as one of the two best examples of the escarpment cliff communities in northeastern Wisconsin. Nekola and colleagues collected 26 taxa, including 9 rare species or subspecies, 4 of which are glacial relicts (i.e., geographically restricted species that were previously widespread during the cooler postglacial period). Hendersonia occulta, a state threatened species, was found among rock talus within 3 feet of the cliff face. The state endangered Vertigo hubrichti – or an undescribed close relative – also was found at this site. Other rare species found at the Celtis site included Carychium exile canadense, Catinella gelida (believed to be the largest population in the world), Gastrocopta corticaria, Paravitrea multidentata, Vallonia cyclophorella, Vertigo bollesiana, and Vertigo pygmaea. Several of the rare species (e.g., Catinella gelida, Vallonia cyclophorella) are restricted to soil-covered ledges on the escarpment face or near the base for the cliff face.

Another rare species, Succinea bakeri, was collected

by Nekola at two sites in the Town of Scott, one (Benderville Wayside) just north of the intersection of County A and Old Highway 57, and the other (Gibson Farm Bluff) on private land near Wequiock Road west of the Pleasant Hill Cemetery. This species was previously known only as a Pleistocene fossil (shells).

Live individuals are known today only from 5 sites, all in northeastern Wisconsin.

Additional surveys along relatively undisturbed stretches of the Niagara Escarpment are likely to yield additional populations of these species and perhaps others. Most of these rare land snails are very small in size and require an expert for positive identification.

Nevertheless, presence of such a unique assemblage of species makes a strong case for prohibiting climbing and other potential disturbances to cliff faces and minimizing activities in the area immediately below the cliff face. Preservation of forest cover (where it occurs) along the escarpment of course also is critically important.

2. Vertebrates

Although no state or federally listed vertebrate species are recorded for the Town of Scott in the Wisconsin 16

DNR’s Natural Heritage Inventory database, several species have been documented by other sources, especially along the bay shore at Pt. au Sauble. Bird surveys at Pt. au Sauble by UW-Green Bay field researchers have documented Osprey, Pandion haliaetus, (state threatened), Peregrine Falcon, Falco peregrinus, (state endangered), Great Egret (state threatened), Caspian Tern, Sterna caspia (state endangered), Forster’s Tern (state endangered), and Common Tern, Sterna hirundo (state endangered).

The terns (especially Caspian) can be seen feeding regularly along the entire shoreline bordering the Town of Scott. In all of these cases, with the possible exception of Osprey, these observations represent migrants or individuals that breed elsewhere in northeastern Wisconsin. Nevertheless, feeding areas at Pt. Sauble are likely important for some of these species, especially during migration.

The Town of Scott shoreline near Pt. au Sauble is used by thousands of waterfowl during migration and winter. Redhead, Aythya americana, Canvasback, Aythya valisineria, and Common Goldeneye, Bucephala clangula, (Species of Greatest Conservation Need) are especially abundant during spring and fall migration. Two other Species of Greatest Conservation Need, American Black Duck, Anas rubripes, and Blue-winged Teal, Anas discors, breed along the shoreline in small numbers (Cutright et al. 20076).

Other Species of Greatest Conservation Need recorded from the western Town of Scott include American Bittern, Botaurus lentiginosus, (present and probably breeding occasionally at Pt. au Sauble), Black-crowned Night Heron, Nycticorax nycticorax, (a colonial waterbird that feeds regularly at Pt. au Sauble and other coastal wetlands), American White Pelican, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos, (commonly seen feeding off the bay shore), American Woodcock, Scolopax minor, (breeding at Pt. au Sauble), Blackbilled Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus), Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), Dunlin (Calidris alpina, a migrant shorebird), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus), Redheaded Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus), and

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). Opportunities for enhancing breeding habitat and protecting locally significant populations are probably best for American Woodcock (Pt. au Sauble, Red Banks), Black-billed Cuckoo (Pt. au Sauble), Brown Thrasher (Pt. au Sauble and elsewhere), and Red-headed Woodpecker (oak woodlands).

No other endangered or threatened vertebrates are known to occur regularly in the western portion of the Town of Scott. Among Species of Greatest Conservation Need, four species of bats (Eastern Red Bat, Lasiurus borealis; Hoary Bat, Lasiurus cinereus; Northern Long-eared Bat, Myotis septentrionalis; and Silver-haired Bat, Lasionycteris noctivagans) are likely present in the Town of Scott, at least during migration.

Future surveys will determine the importance of this area for populations of bats, but remnant woodlands near the bay shore (Pt. au Sauble, Red Banks) and along the Niagara Escarpment could be important breeding habitats for several of these species.

No evidence is available that reptile or amphibian Species of Greatest Conservation Need are present as breeding populations in the Town of Scott. Coastal wetlands are significant breeding habitats for several common species of frogs, and the escarpment is known to support dense populations of Red-backed Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), but these species are not considered to be rare or particularly vulnerable on a state or national level. Little is known about the fish species in the lower portion of Wequiock Creek, but several Species of Greatest Conservation Need could be present. Future surveys of fish at this site are desirable.

3. Butterflies and Other Invertebrates

In addition to the rare snails, several species of rare or uncommon invertebrates are known from the western Town of Scott. The Wisconsin DNR’s Natural Heritage Inventory database lists three species of butterfly from

Town of Scott

17

the northern portion of the Town of Scott near the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area. All of these (Erynnis martialis, Poanes massasoit, and Poanes viator) are listed as special concern species, but are not officially protected as endangered or threatened.

The Mottled Duskywing (Erynnis martialis) is an inconspicuous (and difficult to identify) skipper found in oak woodlands and savannas. Its larval host plants are New Jersey Tea (Ceanothus americanus), and redroot (Ceanothus herbaceus), both found in open woodlands of the Town of Scott. Landscaping with these species will help provide habitat for the butterfly, which uses a variety of native flowers as nectar sources. The Mulberry Wing (Poanes massasoit) and Broad-winged Skipper (Poanes viator) are wetland obligates that use primarily (if not exclusively) sedges as larval host plants. Both are known from small wetlands above the Niagara Escarpment on poorly drained depressions over shallow Namur silt loam soils. Although beyond the scope of this report, these isolated wetlands in the “alvar� region along the Highway 57 corridor are extremely important for conservation, as demonstrated by the presence of these rare butterfly species.

Two other species of rare invertebrates have been recorded from the vicinity of the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area. An aquatic beetle (Cymbiodyta acuminata) has been observed in or near the wetlands with the Poanes butterflies, and a rare leafhopper (Limotettix elegans) has been recorded near the escarpment north of the County Road A / Old Highway 57 intersection. Cymbiodyta acuminata is a water scavenger beetle with a distribution mainly in Canada. Limotettix elegans, like most leafhoppers, is a prairie/grassland specialist with a distribution mainly to the south. It is associated with spike rushes (Eleocharis), found in wet meadows within grassland ecosystems. Both of these interesting species appear to have relict (isolated) distributions in the Town of Scott and again emphasize the importance of the alvar/glade area in the northern part of the town.

18

4. Endangered and Rare Plants The Town of Scott harbors more listed or special concern species of plants (14) than for any other taxonomic group. Most of these species (Figure 6), are associated with the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area and vicinity in the northern part of the town, but several other rare species are found near the Green Bay coastline and in remnant woodlands We describe these rare plants in the context of three general habitats where they have been found or are likely to occur in the Town of Scott.

Niagara Escarpment and Remnant Woodlands

Forests and woodlands along the Niagara Escarpment harbor a state threatened species and several Wisconsin plant species listed by the Wisconsin DNR as special concern status. The state threatened Gentiana alba (Plain Gentian), occurs in dry mesic woods on limestone hills or on shallow soils over limestone. This northeastern North America species is endangered in KY, MI, and threatened in OH. In PA is has been extirpated. In the Town of Scott it has been reported from several sites, including dry-mesic woods with oaks and white pine, and in a grassy opening near the top of the escarpment.

Adlumia fungosa (Allegheny Vine), a Wisconsin special concern species, is threatened or endangered in 9 states (IN, KY, ME MD, MA, NH, OH, RI, TN).

It occurs on wooded or rocky slopes as well as moist coves, ledges, alluvial slopes, and thickets (Flora of North America). This species has a widespread but scattered distribution in Wisconsin and northeastern North America. In the Town of Scott, it has been reported from woods at the top of limestone bluffs of the escarpment, but also from an opening in a sugar maple forest in the vicinity of Red Banks.

Another Wisconsin special concern species, Gymnocarpium robertianum (Limestone Oak Fern), occurs on limestone and shale ledges and rock slopes in northern states, eastern Canada, and Alaska. It is listed as endangered in IL and threatened in MI. In

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

addition to limestone outcrops and cliffs, is also has been reported from cedar swamps. In Brown County, it has been found on shaded limestone talus slopes along the escarpment. Elsewhere in Wisconsin it occurs in 7 counties scattered across the state.

Several other uncommon but non-listed species are present along the Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Scott. According to botanist Gary Fewless (personal communication) exposed Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Scott comprises the only known habitat in Brown County for the ferns Dryopteris goldiana and Pellaea glabella. The escarpment also represents one of two known locations in the county for Arabis hirsuta (Hairy Rockcress), a woodland plant that is endangered in KY, NH, OH, and PA. Alvar and associated woodlands

Thin soils over limestone/dolostone bedrock in the northern Town of Scott provide the most interesting habitats for rare plants in Brown County, ranging from wet meadows to dry oak woodlands. Alvar openings and poorly drained wet meadows are home to several Wisconsin threatened or special concern species. Most of these species are restricted to moist meadows or forest gaps, sometimes inundated during spring when meltwaters or spring rains accumulate in depressions over the limestone/dolostone bedrock.

Carex crawei (Crawe’s Sedge) occurs on dry meadows and moist, open areas associated with calcareous gravels or limestone/dolostone pavements.

This inconspicuous species is endangered in ME and NJ, threatened in CT, IN, NY, and (like WI), listed as special concern in KY. Elsewhere, it occurs on fens, prairie wetlands, beach pools, and edges of Northern White Cedar thickets. Although it has a wide distribution in North America, Carex crawei is usually rare or locally distributed except near the shores of the Great Lakes and prairie swales on parts of the Great Plains.

Elocharis compressa (flat stem spike rush) occurs together with Carex craweii in open meadows over very shallow soils east of the Niagara Escarpment in the Town of Scott. The unique microhabitats where

these species occur are wet during early spring, but eventually become dry during later months of the summer. E. compressa, a special concern species in Wisconsin, is endangered in MD, PA, and NJ and threatened in MI. Another rare sedge, Carex formosa (Handsome Sedge) is widely distributed in northeastern North America, where it is endangered in MN and PA, threatened in CT, MA, NY, WI, and extirpated in OH. Habitats across this range have been described as mesic to dry deciduous forests and ravines and moist meadows, usually associated with calcareous soils. In the Town of Scott, it is very locally distributed in the alvar/woodland east of the Niagara Escarpment.

Like the above species, Carex richardsonii (Richardson’s sedge) is locally distributed in the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area and nearby woodlands. Its habitat has been described as dry or rocky openings in oak woods and bedrock beaches. This Wisconsin special concern is listed as endangered in N, PA, and VT and extirpated in OH. Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin (small yellow lady’s slipper) is found in moist grassland meadows, conifer forest bogs, and mixed wet forests across its North American Range. This beautiful wildflower is endangered in IL, MA, NH, NY, and PA, and threatened in KY. In Wisconsin is has a fairly extensive distribution, but like most orchids it is nowhere common. In Brown County it occurs in young forests of Northern White Cedar, Sugar Maple, Balsam Fir, and aspen.

Cardamine pratensis (cuckoo flower) is a special concern species of (mostly) eastern WI, where it occurs in swamps, wet woods, and bogs. This species is listed as endangered in IL, NH, and OH and threatened in MA. In the Town of Scott it occurs in swamps and wet woods east of the escarpment.

Gaps in mixed white cedar forests over shallow soils in the northern Town of Scott support several remarkable populations of the federally threatened Iris lacustris, studied for many years by Professor Michael Morgan of the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay (Morgan and Wolf 2009). This small iris occurs only in the Great Lakes Region; known populations occur in

Town of Scott

19

Michigan, Manitoulin Island and the Bruce Peninsula in Ontario, and the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. It once occurred as far south as Milwaukee, but today Brown County represents the southern limit of this species’ Wisconsin range. Iris lacustris sometimes occurs in dense populations along northern Great Lakes shorelines on sand or in thin soil over limestonerich gravel or bedrock. It favors semi-open habitats, often on old beach ridges. In the Town of Scott this species occurs on a narrow terrace at the bottom of a slope dominated by Northern White Cedar, Sugar Maple, and aspen. Nearby lowlands are dominated

by Black Ash and American Elm. Populations in the Town of Scott are all east of the Niagara Escarpment.

Other Notable Plant Species

Although not officially listed for Wisconsin or the U.S., several other rare or uncommon plant species in the western Town of Scott are worth mentioning.

Arenaria stricta ssp stricta (Rock Sandwort), Ceanothus

Shoreline

Two plant species listed as special concern in Wisconsin occur in sandy beach habitat near Pt. Sauble and (undoubtedly formerly) elsewhere along the Green Bay shoreline. Cakile edentula (American Sea-rocket) is distributed in sand dunes and beaches of Lake Michigan and other coastal regions, including the Atlantic and Pacific shores of North America. In IL it is listed as a state threatened species. Deschampsia flexuosa (Wavy Hairgrass) has a wide global distribution including eastern and northern NA, where it grows on dry, often rocky slopes, and in disturbed woods and thickets. It is listed as threatened in KY. In Brown County it is known from “woods near shore.”

A third state special concern species, the herbaceous vine Strophostyles leiosperma (Slickseed Fuzzybean), was recorded historically (1888) in sandy woods near Pt. au Sauble. This annual plant species is found in central US, where it is threatened in IN. In Wisconsin it is present at scattered localities, mostly in the western part of the state. Habitats where this species is known to occur across its range include shores, dunes, and woods in sandy soil, open rocky woodlands, sandy savannas, glades, thickets, sand prairies, and sandy fields – mostly dry habitats with generally sparse ground vegetation.

20

Figure 6. Distribution of rare species and natural communities in the Town of Scott based on records from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources’ Natural Heritage Inventory data base (http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/LAND/er/nhi/). Scores were based on the number of NHI listed species documented from the parcel, with an additional point added to identify public lands.

americanus (New Jersey Tea), Dodecatheon meadia (Eastern Shooting Star), Erigeron pulchellus (Robin’s Plantain), Houstonia longifolia (Long-leaved Bluets), Hypoxis hirsuta (Common Gold-star), Polygala senega,(Seneca Snakeroot), Ranunculus fascicularis (Early Buttercup), and Trichophorum clintonii (Clinton’s Bulrush) occur nowhere else in Brown County or very rare in northeastern Wisconsin. These species (collectively) occur in a variety of habitats including rocky woodlands (e.g., Arenaria stricta ssp stricta, Polygala senega, Houstonia longifolia), dry oak woodlands or woodland edges (e.g., Dodecatheon media), and wet meadows or prairies (e.g., Trichophorum clintonii).

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Surveys for rare plants, like other taxonomic groups, are by no means complete in the Town of Scott, and the possibility exists that new species will be discovered as new areas are explored. For example, the state threatened Trillium nivale (Snow Trillium) is present in rich, moist woods in northeastern Wisconsin, and could occur in remnant forest patches along Wequiock Creek and other localities (G. Fewless, personal communication). On the other hand, most of the least disturbed habitats already have been surveyed

by Fewless, Joel Trick, James Moore, and other skilled botanists. Perhaps the best chances for new discoveries of rare species in the study area will involve poorly known taxonomic groups (e.g., spiders, bees, beetles, moths, etc.) that are not well surveyed in northeastern Wisconsin. Few endangered, threatened, or special concern species have been identified anywhere for these groups, even though they surely include rare and localized species just like other, better-known taxa.

Locations of listed species and natural communities in the Town of Scott (Figure 6) are concentrated in the areas around public land such as Pt. au Sauble and the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area, partly because the presence of rare species or significant natural communities was the reason why they were acquired in the first place and partly because these areas have been most accessible to biological surveys. Other areas, especially around Wequiock Creek and along the Niagara Escarpment, might be similarly important but have not been as adequately surveyed for rare species. Nevertheless, the pattern of known occurrences of significant species clearly identifies parcels that will be most important for preserving the Town’s biological heritage.

Conservation efforts will be most effective if focused on these regions.

SCENIC VISTAS

Scenic overlooks and vistas are an important part of the landscape in the Town of Scott and deserve to be recognized in planning efforts. Bay Settlement Road, Wequiock Road, and Old Highway 57 offer views over Green Bay and shoreline regions of the Town of

Scott. The most spectacular panoramas are seen from private lands, and few places are currently available where observers can view more than a fleeting glimpse of the Bay and adjacent landscape. Development of public rest areas or overlooks above the Niagara Escarpment would foster an appreciation for the Town of Scott landscape, but plans for such developments would need to recognize the importance of the natural features of the escarpment itself, which could easily be compromised by clearing forests or encouraging undesired access to sensitive sites.

Likewise, historical sites such as the Belgian Dray and Rigging on Van Lanen Road, Nicolet Landing on Benderville Road, the Jean Nicolet Statue and the Franciscan Convent and Church at Bay Settlement contribute significantly to the heritage of the town and should be preserved. A comprehensive inventory of historical sites would be a welcome addition to planning activities and could easily be incorporated into the geographic information system (GIS) database of significant places in the Town of Scott.

INTRODUCTION TO ARCHEOLOGY

Archeology is the study of material remains – the items manufactured or modified, used, and then disposed of by human beings. Archeology can be used to study modern cultures but is most often used to study people and cultures of the past. We can no longer talk to the people who made and used past material remains, or see how and why they used the remains, but we can recover the remains themselves and see the patterns which occur among the remains and between the remains and the landscape.

Archeological data, the material remains, are generally divided into three classes: artifacts, features and ecofacts (Ashmore and Sharer 2000: 55-57).

Artifacts are items that are made or modified by humans that can be removed from the places where they were found without changing any of their properties or attributes. Examples of artifacts include projectile points, copper knives, glass beads and

Town of Scott

21

broken bits of pottery. Features are items made or modified by humans that cannot be removed from their findspots without changing their properties or attributes. Examples of features include fireplaces, storage pits, postmolds, and mounds. None of these items can be removed from a site and brought back intact to a museum or laboratory. Ecofacts are items that are not made or modified by humans but have information about human activities at the site, or the environment in which the people were living.

Examples of ecofacts include animal bones (which have not been modified to create tools), burned seeds, fish scales, pollen grains, and charcoal from fires.

Archeological sites may be defined in two ways (Ashmore and Sharer 2000: 57-59). One way is to define a site as anywhere that human activity has occurred. A second way is to define a site as an area in which any combination of the classes of archeological data may be found. Some sites may consist of artifacts, features and ecofacts. Other sites may consist only of artifacts, or features, or ecofacts. An archeological site may have been occupied over thousands of years by successive groups of people. Each separate occupation of an archeological site is called a component. Sites with one occupation are called single-component sites; sites with many different occupations over the years are called multi-component sites.

Archeologists always keep in the back of their minds the recognition that what we find at a site is only a very small remnant of the lives of the people at the site. Artifacts recovered from sites are generally items made of relatively imperishable materials, especially stone. Ceramics are also relatively imperishable, but repeated exposure to the freezing and thawing cycles will shatter ceramics and reduce them to crumbs. Organic artifacts tend to be preserved only in exceptional conditions, such as being close to copper artifacts. Poisonous copper salts kill the soil bacteria that would otherwise cause decay, and pieces of fabric and twine are preserved if they are in contact with copper artifacts (Beukens et al. 1992: 890). But most of the items made of wood, bone or woven plant or animal fibers have long since decayed and we can only examine the edges of stone artifacts to see if they were 22

used for working wood or hide, or examine ceramic vessels for the impressions of cords, net or fabric pressed into the wet clay for decoration. At some sites in Wisconsin, animal bones, teeth and shells are wellpreserved. At most sites, these organic materials are poorly preserved or totally disintegrated, depending on the soil. Once again, stone tools may have residue from blood of the animals killed and/or skinned that helps inform us of the former activities at the site (Ashmore and Sharer 2000: 120). Blood residue analysis performed on artifacts from the Chautauqua Grounds site in Marinette tested positive for families of mammals not represented by bones at the site (Lowrey 2004: 209).

ARCHEOLOGY IN THE TOWN OF SCOTT

The Town of Scott, located on the east shore of Green Bay, has a long and rich history of human occupation since the recession of the glaciers that covered the region at the height of the Wisconsinan Ice Advance. The last glacier to cover the project area was the Greatlakean advance, a thin (150m thick) ice sheet that had advanced to the De Pere area by about 12,000 years ago (Kolb 2005: 135). This ice deposited the Glenmore till on the east side of Green Bay, and probably receded from the project area by about 11,400 years ago (Ibid.). Glenmore till, described by Kolb (2005: 135) as “reddish brown clayey Glenmore till”, is present over much of the project area (Need 1983: map). The surface of the Glenmore till within the project area is described by Need as “[s]mooth, gently sloping topography on surfaces submerged by glacial Lake Oshkosh; some slopes steepened by postglacial stream erosion” (Need 1983: map), so even once the ice retreated north, the project area would not have been habitable by humans until Glacial Lake Oshkosh drained. The only part of the project area not part of the Glenmore till is Point Sauble, which is composed of “silty offshore sediment on the Nipissing Lake plain” (Ibid.). The Nipissing Lake phase may be dated from

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

about 5500 to about 3800 years ago (Kolb 2005: 139).

Information from the Fabry Farm site in southern Door County has been used by Dr. David Overstreet of Marquette University to suggest that people followed the receding ice north very quickly (Overstreet at al.

2005: i).

1. Early Paleo-Indian Stage

The earliest generally-recognized archeological stage in Northeast Wisconsin is that of the Early Paleo-Indian Stage. This stage, for which no radiocarbon dates from this area are available, is marked by characteristic spear points with a flake driven off the length of the blade.

These points are called “fluted� and the flake struck off the blade is called the flute. Fluted points are often found associated with bones of extinct mammals.

Two distinct archeological cultures, Clovis and Folsom, are recognized during this stage by archeologists.

One important note here is that archeological cultures are defined by archeologists looking at types of artifacts, features and occasionally ecofacts.

Artifacts and features that occur within a specific area at approximately the same time are considered to be an archeological culture (Ashmore and Sharer 2000: 111). The people who left behind an archeological culture may not have considered everyone in the archeological culture as belonging to the same group. It is also possible that people who considered themselves members of the same group may have left behind different artifact types. So when archeologists talk about the Clovis culture, they are referring to specific types of artifacts, and the people who made these artifacts. We are not yet in the position of being able to identify the social groups that comprised the Clovis culture, though some very suggestive research is now underway in the eastern United States. (Haynes 2002:42, 52).

Clovis Culture

The earlier Early Paleo-Indian archeological culture, Clovis, is recognized by long spear points worked on both sides. The flutes struck along the blades are fairly short compared to the total length of the blade. The

spear points have no stem or notching at the haft end.

Clovis points are often associated with mammoth or mastodon bones, and Clovis people may have specialized in exploiting these extinct species. Some archeologists refer to the archeological culture with these spear points in the Great Lakes as the Gainey archeological culture (Haynes 2002: 50). There are no Gainey sites within the project area, but a Gainey site was recently excavated at the D. Cardy site within the City of Sturgeon Bay (Richard P. Mason, personal communication; Overstreet 2005). The people who made and used these points were pioneers in this area, and were in all probability not very numerous.

Folsom Culture

The later Early Paleo-Indian archeological culture, Folsom, is recognized by smaller spear points, with flutes that extend most of the way along the length of the blade. No stem or notching is present. On the Great Plains, Folsom points are associated with extinct bison. Folsom points are less common in Wisconsin than in the Great Plains (Haynes 2002), though the Folsom artifacts that have been identified so far in Wisconsin are virtually indistinguishable from those found in the Plains (David Meltzer, personal communication to Sissel Schroeder).

2. Late Paleo-Indian Stage

The next stage chronologically is the Late Paleo-Indian stage. This stage is marked by the disappearance of fluted points. Exceptionally well-made bifacial spear points are still made, but without flutes. Mastodons and mammoths are no longer hunted; James Clark (personal communication) has identified white-tailed bones among the ecofacts at Late Paleo-Indian sites in Winnebago County. Archeologists have named several distinct point types from this stage, based on artifacts excavated at sites on the Great Plains. These types include Plainview, Agate Basin, Scottsbluff and Eden points (Justice 1987: 30, 33, 47, 49). Agate Basin points are similar in shape to Clovis points but lack flutes.

Scottsbluff points have a stem, which means that the

Town of Scott

23

lower part of the point has been intentionally made narrower than the blade. The stem element is more pronounced on Scottsbluff points than on the similar Eden points. Scottsbluff and Eden points in Wisconsin often have little extensions called “ears� at the base of the stem (Justice 1987: 47; Ritzenthaler 1967: 15, 16).

The Renier Burial site (47BR196) lies on a sand ridge north of Red Banks (Mason and Irwin 1960).

The burial at this site is that of an individual identified as an adolescent boy. The boy was cremated and into the fire which cremated him were also placed artifacts, some made of Hixton silicified sandstone from Silver Mound in Jackson County, Wisconsin. The artifacts, which were excavated and reported by Ronald J. Mason and Carol Irwin, belonged to two separate traditions – the artifacts made of Hixton silicified sandstone belong to the Late Paleo-Indian Stage, and a side-notched point of an unidentified chert belongs to the Archaic Stage. Dr. James B. Stoltman, professor emeritus of anthropology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, has examined the side-notched point and cannot identify the chert, though it resembles Moline chert from sources south of the state of Wisconsin. Several broken bifaces (artifacts flaked on both sides) were partially pieced back together by Mason and Irwin, and were identified as Scottsbluff points. This point type, most probably a spearhead, was originally identified and defined based on artifacts from sites in the Great Plains of North America. Justice (1987: 47) points out that the points from the Renier site are much longer than points of the same type from the Plains. No radiocarbon dates are present for the Renier site, but on the Great Plains, Scottsbluff points are believed to date from possibly about 7400 to 6800-6400 BC (Justice 1987: 47; Justice 2002: 113). Mason and Irwin located only the one cremation burial at the Renier Burial site.

Other spear points of Hixton silicified sandstone have been found at a site near the Renier Burial Site, though not from excavated contexts. Two sites with Late Paleo-Indian components have been reported so far for the project area.

During the Late Paleo-Indian stage, levels in the Great Lakes dropped to extremely low levels, and Green Bay was drained of water except for rivers 24

(Kolb 2005: 138, 139). Sites from this period may be deeply buried beneath sediment in the Bay and along the shore.

3. Archaic Stage

Succeeding (and partially overlapping) the Late Paleo-Indian Stage is the Archaic Stage. The Archaic Stage is defined as a hunting and foraging lifestyle in essentially modern climates and environments, and may have lasted from about 6800 BC to about 500 BC in northeastern Wisconsin. In the southeastern U.S., ceramics are manufactured and some crops are domesticated during the Late Archaic Stage, but there is no evidence for either of these behaviors during the Archaic Stage in Wisconsin.

Archeologists have divided the Archaic Stage up into a number of archeological cultures based largely on the types of projectile points. The bifacial projectile points of the Archaic Stage are spear or dart points. The Archaic Stage has been divided into Early, Middle and Late Archaic Stages, based on changes in artifact types.

Early Archaic Stage

The Early Archaic Stage (6800? BC to 4000 BC) is identified by the initial appearance of side- or cornernotched bifaces. At several sites, Early Archaic notched bifaces are present accompanied by Late Paleo-Indian Stage lanceolate points. The notched bifaces are probably spear points, though in a pinch they could have been used as knives. Early Archaic points are often beveled, which indicates resharpening while the point was still hafted. Point types typical of the Early Archaic period include Hardin Barbed points, St. Charles points and Thebes points and small bifurcate based points such as Le Croy and Fox Valley Truncated Barb points (Justice 1987: 51, 54, 57, 91, 96-97). Two Early Archaic components have been reported so far for the project area.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Middle Archaic Stage

Red Ocher Culture

The Middle Archaic Stage (4000 BC to 1500 BC) is marked by side-notched points, bannerstones or atltatl weights, and the extensive use of native copper as a material for manufacturing tools such as points, knives and woodworking tools. Ground and/or pecked stone tools such as axes are also found in archeological cultures from this stage. The easy detection of copper tools with metal detectors has led to many copper tools being located and removed from their contexts.

The poisonous properties of copper salts have led to the preservation of organic materials buried next to copper tools, including fabrics and fish scales at other archeological sites. Point types from this stage include Raddatz, Osceola and Matanzas points (Justice 1987: 68, 70, 119). Cemeteries, as opposed to single burials, appear during this stage. Anthropologists believe the cemeteries mark the territory of a group (Pleger 2000).

Three possible Middle Archaic components have been identified in the project area so far.

The Red Ocher complex is an archeological culture that appears at the end of the Late Archaic Stage and persists into the Early Woodland Stage (Justice 1987: 178). It is marked by its mortuary complex, including the use of red ocher in graves, and the presence of characteristic mortuary bifaces called Turkey-tail points (Ibid.). Evidence of long-distance trade in the form of exotic raw materials and artifacts made from these raw materials is also seen in Red Ocher cemeteries (Pleger 2000). No sites with Red Ocher components have been listed for the project area.

Late Archaic Stage

The Late Archaic Stage (1500 BC to 500 BC) is marked by generally smaller points, with expanding or cornernotched stems, such as Table Rock, Durst Stemmed, Preston corner-notched points (Justice 1987: 124, 129130; Boszhardt 2002: 37-39). Robert Boszhardt (2002 believes that these points were mounted in a detachable fore shaft, and that the points were designed to stay in the fore shaft. Copper tools are less common in this stage, though still present. There is an increase in the number of sites assigned to this stage, which may reflect an increase in population. Burials in the cemeteries show some signs of social differences, with some individuals buried with more items or more costly items (Pleger 2000). No Late Archaic stage cemeteries have been identified within the project area, and only one Late Archaic component has been identified for the project area.

Several sites in the Archeological Site Inventory (ASI) at the Wisconsin Historical Society are listed as having “Archaic� components, indicating that no artifacts diagnostic of any of the stages were found at the site.

4. Woodland Stage

The end of the Archaic Stage is marked by the appearance in the archeological record of ceramics, mound burials and agriculture in many areas. The stage characterized by these three items is called by archeologists the Woodland Stage. As in the Archaic Stage, the Woodland Stage is divided into Early, Middle and Late. Dates for the Woodland stages are taken from largely from Stevenson et al. (1997) and Mason ( 1992).

Early Woodland Stage

The Early Woodland Stage (500 BC – 100? BC) is marked initially by ceramics that are thick, tempered with grit (crushed rock), not very well-fired, and have cord-marking from cord-wrapped paddles used in the manufacture of the vessels. Some Early Woodland vessels are decorated with lines incised over the cordmarking. Some cultivated plant seeds have been identified at sites from this stage in Wisconsin, but not in the study area so far. Cultivated plants seem to have been only a minor source of food for the people, with hunting and foraging still providing the bulk of the food. Point types are longer than the Late Archaic point types, and have either straight stems (Kramer) or stems contracting to a point at the base (Adena and Waubesa) (Justice 1987: 184, 191-192). Robert Boszhardt (2002) has suggested that these points were quickly made and designed to detach from their shafts after use, in

Town of Scott

25

contrast to the Late Archaic point technology. Mounds made during this period tend to be circular domes of earth, called “conical mounds” by archeologists. Two sites with Early Woodland components have been identified so far in the project area.

Middle Woodland Stage

The Middle Woodland Stage (100 BC to AD 400) is a period during which long distance trade in exotic items reached into Wisconsin. Some of the archeological cultures during this stage in Wisconsin took part in what has been called the “Hopewell Interaction Sphere”. Similar artifact types and similar burial rituals are found over a large part of the eastern U.S. Two centers of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere have been identified, Ohio and Illinois. Elaborate earthworks and burial ceremonialism involving large conical mounds have generated interest in Hopewell for over 150 years.

Pieces of ceramic vessels imported from Illinois have been found in De Pere, indicating some contact with northeastern Wisconsin and the Illinois Hopewell heartland. Artifacts considered characteristic of the Middle Woodland stage in northeast Wisconsin include ceramics decorated with dentate stamping – decoration in the damp clay made by a toothed instrument, and broad-bladed points with corner notches. No Hopewell burial mounds have been professionally excavated in the study area, but it is possible that some of the conical mounds within the project area may date to this stage. North Bay vessels, rather poorlyfired thick grit-tempered and cord-marked vessels, are assigned to the Middle Woodland stage in Door County by Ronald J. Mason (1966: 121-125). Projectile points are commonly corner-notched (Snyders and Gibson) during this stage (Justice 1987: 201 204), although North Bay projectile points from Door County range along a continuum from corner-notched to stemmed to side-notched (Mason 1966: 231). At the end of the Middle Woodland stage and beginning of the Late Woodland stage, Steuben Expanded Stemmed points are found in Wisconsin (Justice 1987: 208, 211).

James Yingst (personal communication) has marked on the association of North Bay sites with the mouths 26

of rivers along Green Bay and Lake Michigan. Four Middle Woodland components have been identified within the project area.

There seems to have been widespread change across the eastern U.S. at the end of the Middle Woodland stage. The long distance trade networks break down, and instead of widespread artifact styles, we see more local artifact types. The elaborate ceremonialism, in which some individuals were buried with many exotic and prestigious goods in underground group burials, disappears. Mounds continue to be constructed but in northeast Wisconsin they are smaller and contain one or two individuals and hardly any grave goods. In the southern half of Wisconsin and surrounding states, effigy mounds, or earthen mounds in the shape of animals, spirits and humans, are constructed. No effigy mounds proper are known for the Town of Scott, though low conical mounds exist within the study area. The so-called “lizard mound” found just to the south of the study area could just as easily be a disturbed conical or oval mound, but since it has been destroyed by urban expansion, this point cannot be settled. Burials in caves along the Niagara Escarpment during the Late Woodland (and possibly part of the Middle Woodland) stage has been documented for the project area.

Late Woodland Stage

The bow and arrow are adopted widely through the eastern U.S. at the beginning of this next, Late Woodland, stage (AD 400? – AD1200?). The first true arrow points are small stemmed or notched points such as Honey Creek corner-notched (Boszhardt 2002: 39), which are replaced by small thin triangular unnotched arrow points called Madison points (Justice 1987: 224).

Ceramics during the Late Woodland stage in the project area are grit-tempered, with bodies marked with cord-wrapped paddles during the manufacture of the vessels. The rims are decorated with cord-wrapped sticks or cord or fabric impressions. Collars appear on vessels during the later part of the Late Woodland stage – collars are extra clay added around the rim of

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

the collar either by adding a fillet of clay or by folding down the top of the rim around the outside of the vessel. Heins Creek ceramics, named after a site in Door County, seem to have developed from North Bay ceramics (Mason 1966: 14-20). The characteristic trait of Heins Creek ceramics is horizontal cordwrapped stick impressions, or “stamps”. Later Heins Creek ceramics are associated with grit-tempered, cord-marked ceramics that are decorated with cord impressions, some of which are placed diagonally across the upper part of the vessel. These cord impressed vessels are often referred to as Madison ware but actually are very different from Madison ware as it was originally defined (Dr. James Stoltman, Dr. David Benn, personal communication). The cord-impressed vessels are often found on the same sites as a type of collared vessel called Point Sauble Collared. Point Sauble Collared was identified and named based on material recovered from the Beaumier Farm and Point Sauble sites within the project area (Freeman 1956:

21-23). Point Sauble collared ceramics have collars decorated with cord impressions, and the neck below the collar is also decorated with cord impressions.

Collars and cord impressions are often large; David Overstreet has described this ceramic type as “almost baroque” (personal communication), referring to the amount of decoration present. Other collared vessel types in Wisconsin such as Starved Rock Collared and Aztalan Collared have decoration (when decoration is present at all) on the collar only, and the cord impressions are very fine compared to Point Sauble Collared.

Of course archeologists are curious about the variation in ceramic decoration – what does this variation mean? How is it related to the everyday lives of the women who made the ceramics? We may surmise that the designs on the ceramics are present on other artifacts made of organic materials that have not been preserved (Elsdon 1989: 7).

Eleven Late Woodland (and one “terminal

Town of Scott

27

Woodland”) components have been identified within the project area. This increase in site numbers is probably related to an increase in population in the area. Twelve components are listed as only “Woodland”, with insufficient information to allow a determination of the specific stage.

In the project area, some of the sites at which collared ceramics are found have also produced a different type of ceramics. These vessels are very thin, have smooth plain surfaces and decoration is made by scratching lines with something sharp (“incised”) or by making a design with the potter’s fingertips (“trailed”).

Sometimes these vessels are tempered with grit, but more usually they are tempered with crushed shell.

This type of vessels is referred to as “Oneota”, after a river in Iowa along which this type of pottery was abundant (Orr 1914). Because of the shell tempering, archeologists refer to Oneota as part of the Upper Mississippian tradition. Fifteen Oneota components have been identified within the project area. There are more sites within either the Late Woodland or Oneota stages in the project area than in all of the thousands of years of the Archaic tradition.

Oneota Stage

Oneota (AD 1200-AD 1630) in the project area has often been defined on the basis of ceramics.

The arrow points present on Oneota sites are Madison points, as in the Late Woodland stage.

Archeological investigations in some areas have determined differences between Late Woodland and Oneota Madison points (Orrin Shane, personal communication), but corresponding studies have not been carried out for northeastern Wisconsin.

Other characteristic Oneota artifacts include small end scrapers for working hides called “thumbnail scrapers”, shell fish lures, and sandstone abraders that were apparently used for straightening arrow shafts.

Mano and metate grinding stones are present at some Oneota sites in northeastern Wisconsin. The people who made Oneota vessels relied more heavily on corn horticulture than any previous group in the project area. Many of the so-called “garden beds” or “corn 28

hills” may date to the Oneota stage.

Garden beds are long low piles of topsoil arranged in rows or spirals. Corn hills are low mounds of topsoil. Corn was apparently grown in both the beds and the hills. There are garden beds reported for the project area, and at the Vincent Place site both corn hills and garden beds are present (Sasso 2003: 207). Sasso points out that some of the corn hills may be built by historic Native Americans, and that the Vincent Place garden beds are reported to be associated with the Ho-Chunk (Sasso 2003: 195, 221).

Many of these sites were destroyed by European plow agriculture, and any that survive are very precious.

There is no evidence that mounds were used to bury the dead from the Oneota villages. Some burials seem to have been made in the villages themselves, though these burials may have been made when the village was no longer used for habitation.

By about AD 1400, it appears that only Oneota ceramics are made in the project area. Whether the change in ceramics represents a new group of people coming into the area with their characteristic ceramics, or the adoption of a new ceramic technology by the inhabitants of the area is still debated among archeologists. Sites along Green Bay may hold important clues for this debate. The people who made the shell-tempered ceramics have often been identified as Ho-Chunk or Ioway, largely based on work in the La Crosse area of western Wisconsin.

At any rate, the earliest evidence of European contact with the indigenous inhabitants along Green Bay has been found, in the form of European trade goods, at sites at which the indigenous people made shell-tempered ceramics. Burials within the project area have been unearthed in which shell-tempered pots and brass or copper kettle scrap jewelry is present.

One seventeenth century French map shows a HoChunk village at the site of Red Banks (Nancy Lurie, personal communication).

As the French established a permanent settlement on Green Bay, Native Americans from other regions were drawn to the area by the opportunity to obtain trade goods. Ceramics associated with the Illini have been recognized in collections from Red Banks

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

(Speth 2000: 30, 31). Other groups from the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, including the Sauk, Fox, Potawatomi, Mascouten and Kickapoo also arrive in Wisconsin, seeking refuge from warfare farther east. Groups of Huron, Petun and Odawa also settle for a time in northeastern Wisconsin. Freeman (1956) gives a summary of the various groups that the French listed as being found around Green Bay. Red Banks and Point Sauble are localities with important historic Native American sites. Fourteen components associated with historic Native American tribes are listed for the project area.

5. Historic Period George I. Quimby (1966) provided a framework for the period after European contact based on the types of trade goods. He divided the Historic Period into Early, Middle and Late. The Early Historic Period dated from AD 1610 to AD 1670. European trade goods are being obtained by groups who have not yet encountered an actual European. Certain types of glass beads, notably large chevron beads, are typical of this period. A chevron bead from Point Sauble is in the collections of the Neville Public Museum. The Middle Historic Period, in which French goods were widespread and common, dated from AD 1670 to AD 1760. Iron butcher and clasp knives, lead baling seals, French gunflints, and medals and rings with religious iconography are typical of this period. The Late Historic Period, in which British goods were most important, dated from AD 1760 to AD 1820.

During this period tomahawk pipes are present, along with British gunflints, trade silver jewelry, and characteristic lidded kettles. Quimby (1966: 140-141) offered the hypothesis that a “Pan-Indian” culture developed during the Late Historic Period, during which most items of native manufacture were replaced

by European trade goods.

There is very little evidence for the earliest Europeans in the project area. One very interesting artifact found in 1902 at Point Sauble is a combination sun dial and compass engraved with the latitudes of French posts and missions (Freeman 1956: 1). This

artifact is now on display at the Neville Public Museum of Brown County in downtown Green Bay. One of the sites recorded in the Archeological Site Inventory for the project area is a Jesuit mission.

I would like to state here that the Jesuit mission was probably the act of visiting a Native American village, not the construction of a European-style church complex. The word “mission” should be seen in this case in the context of “Mission: Impossible”, not as in the mission at De Pere. Two historic European components are recorded for the project area.

Most of the research on Europeans in the project area has been historical and genealogical rather than archeological (LaFrambois et al.1976).

ARCHEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PROJECT AREA

Numerous private collections have been made within the project area. John P. Schumacher and Frank J.B. Duchateau, both prominent local businessmen and avocational archeologists at the beginning of the twentieth century, collected extensively along the Bay. Many of their collections are now at the Neville Public Museum (Speth 2000). Schumacher took Charles E. Brown, director of the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, to visit Red Banks in 1909 (Brown 1909).

Taylor Hall also documented sites in the Town of Scott within the project area, and his talented son Robert L. Hall, in company with Robert Linck and Warren Wittry, excavated a burial cave at the Gibson Rockshelter in the early 1940s (Hall, Linck and Wittry 1944). Artifacts from the cave are also at the Neville.

In 1950 excavations were conducted for two days at Point Sauble by the University of Wisconsin (Skrivseth 1950), near burials unearthed in 1940. Material from the excavations was used by Freeman in her master’s thesis (Freeman 1956).

The next professional excavations in the project area were at the Renier site (Mason and Irwin 1960),

Town of Scott

29

described above.

During 1978 and 1979, the Great Lakes Archaeological Research Center conducted Coastal Zone Management Surveys along the east shore of Green Bay. Previously-reported sites were relocated and resurveyed, and new sites were discovered (Overstreet 1980). Large portions of the Town of Scott between the Bay and the escarpment were surveyed, though not all landowners allowed access. The area along Nicolet Drive was especially rich in sites.

Further testing at important sites was recommended

by Dr. Overstreet, but this recommendation was ignored.

A survey in 1988 by Dr. Victoria Dirst in the path of the Bayshore and Dyckesville Sanitary Districts included parts of the project area; the survey was confined to a narrow corridor, often in the road rightof-way (Dirst 1988). Surveys conducted in the Town of Scott in the 1990s by the University of WisconsinMilwaukee along the STH 57 corridor were outside of the project area (Benchley 1997).

Salvage excavations have twice taken place at burials disturbed by new house construction along Nicolet Drive. Excavations in the 1990s in the garden near the barn on the old Speerschneider farm apparently took place in an area disturbed by barn construction (Robert L. Hall, personal communication). More recently a Neville Public Museum team excavated at the site of the Brown County Historical Gazebo and produced evidence of extensive disturbance in the area, probably associated with the removal of the Red Banks Supper Club (Speth and Schneider 2004).

As part of this project, two additional areas were surveyed and two new sites have been identified.

30

IMPORTANCE OF ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES IN THE TOWN OF SCOTT

In the 1990s I was asked by a realtor what the most important site in our area was – I said that Red Banks was. I may enlarge that now to include the area around Red Banks (Personal communication from Speth).

The only sites in the Green Bay area to be mentioned in Lapham’s early survey of Wisconsin archeological sites are the garden beds and enclosure at “the Red Banks” (Lapham 2001: 60).

There are 514 listed sites in Brown County as of July 23, 2007. Some of these sites may actually be parts of other sites, and there are doubtless sites which are not yet listed. Of that 514, 100 listed sites are in the Town of Scott. Three of those are recent or historic Euroamerican cemeteries. Five of the 100 sites are actually part of previously recorded sites. That is still roughly one-fifth of the recorded sites for the entire county.

Within the Town of Scott, the breakdown by site type is: campsite/village 42; burials/cemeteries/ mounds 28; workshop 24; cornhills/garden beds 7; cache/pit/hearth 1; enclosure/earthwork 1; cabin/ homestead 5; isolated finds 3; lithic scatter 4; historical cultural material 2; unknown 6.

Within the project area there are 58 sites listed on the ASI. The breakdown by the site type within the project area is: campsite/village 24; burials/cemeteries/ mounds 17; workshop 18; cornhills/garden beds 6; enclosure/earthwork 1; lithic scatter 1; unknown 1.

As is apparent by a comparison of the two paragraphs, a majority of the burial sites and garden beds in the Town of Scott lies in the project area.

The campsite/village category of sites is also strongly represented, with some of the largest village sites in the Town of Scott located in the project area. In short, if there was a part of the Town of Scott in which the most important archeological sites were located, the project area would be that part.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Dr. Robert L. Hall, who grew up in Green Bay and knew the Town of Scott as a young man in the 1940s, described the area from Red Banks to the (1950) limits of Green Bay as “one long Indian camp” (Skrivseth 1950). Since 1950 the city limits of Green Bay have expanded to the northeast, and housing development has affected many archeological sites, if not completely destroying them. Sites farther north in the Town of Scott were developed once city water and sewer was extended north along the Bay. The most desirable place to live now is the same as it has been for the past few millennia.

quickly and accurately. Fortunately, GIS tools make it increasingly likely that this goal can be achieved.

Much of the information described in this report is available through the Brown County Planning Department’s interactive mapping facility at: (http://www.co.brown.wi.us/planning_and_land_ services/land_information_office/IMS.htm).

Other information and images can be obtained from the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay’s Cofrin Center for Biodiversity, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Digital (computer-based) resources are especially desirable because they can be easily updated as new Areas of special concern include: information becomes available. In order to preserve the integrity of archeological artifacts this information • Red Banks and its surroundings, especially the old is confidential and released only to qualified Renier farm archeologists.

• Point Sauble, especially the high ground at the As an extension of this project, we hope to north end of the point where it joins CTH “A” establish a web site with interactive information about (a burial was disturbed here when the sewer line the natural features in the Town of Scott and links to was installed) other web resources relevant to town planning. Lack • The McMonagle property of appropriate information is no longer an excuse • The Petiniot property for poor land planning, and the volume of readily• The area around the old Beaumier farm, now Heike available information will only improve as documents and Fuhr property and mapping facilities.

• The old Alvin Van Egeren property A key to environmentally sound land planning • Schmitt properties on which burials have been opportunities, then, is availability of accurate disturbed. information about natural features and creative

options for protecting and improving them. In these These are areas with large archeological sites, some last sections of our report, we outline some of the of which have been minimally excavated. Other measures that can help residents and leaders in the areas have archeological sites that will repay future Town of Scott sustain an attractive and accessible investigation with more advanced techniques. natural environment, mentioned in the 2006 Town of Scott Comprehensive Plan as one of the town residents’ highest priorities.

LAND PLANNING OPPORTUNITIES

Information about the natural and archeological features in the Town of Scott sets the stage for effective, enlightened, and innovative land use planning.

In order for the information to be seamlessly incorporated into planning activities, environmental data and historical records need to be available

Enhancing Existing Public Lands Public lands managed by the Town of Scott consist only of 3 public boat landings along the Green Bay shore and a 1.3 acre playground in New Franken (Town of Scott Comprehensive Plan 2006). Other public lands in the town include Wequiock Falls Park (3 acres), managed by Brown County; Red Banks

Town of Scott

31

Escarpment and Glades Natural Area (68.5 acres), managed by the Wisconsin DNR; a small (8.8 acre) but important parcel along the Niagara Escarpment west of the WDNR natural area, managed by the Wisconsin Department of Transportation; Pt. au Sauble Nature Preserve (146 acres), managed by the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay; two small (< 1 acre) historical areas along old Highway 57, managed by the Brown County Historical Society; and 11 acres at Wequiock Elementary School, managed by the Green Bay Area Public School District.

One obvious strategy for protecting natural features in the Town of Scott is to enhance the integrity and size of existing public areas. Based on our assessment of rare species and significant natural features, the Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area stands out as an area of statewide and perhaps even national significance. Public acquisition of available lands or conservation easements with private landowners in this area should be a high priority. Alvar habitats, 32

especially those with periodically wet depressions are particularly significant. In addition to expanding the size of the protected area, management of the existing natural area cannot be neglected. Removal of invasive species and periodic vegetation removal (in place of fires or other natural disturbances) are likely to be needed in order to preserve the open character of the alvar. Cooperation with private landowners adjacent to the public natural areas might be needed in order to preserve the unique ecological features of this landscape.

Protection of quality habitats along the Niagara Escarpment also should begin with existing areas in the northern Town of Scott. Even though the publicly owned areas are small, they provide a core from which additional protected areas might be established or protected through private land management agreements. Due to the sensitive nature of the escarpment microhabitats, such areas should not be managed as high use recreational areas. Strategic

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

design of access points that exclude visitors from the cliff faces will be needed to avoid destruction of rare snail and plant communities along the escarpment.

Improving the quality and integrity of the Pt. au Sauble Nature Preserve will involve cooperation with a few private landowners who historically have been good stewards of the adjacent wetland and woodland habitats. Protection of the Wequiock Creek corridor (see below), which connects with Pt. au Sauble, should be one of the Town’s highest priorities for protection of significant natural features. Cooperation among private landowners, University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Brown County Parks Department, and the Town of Scott can lead to a significant opportunity for preserving the Wequiock Creek/Pt. au Sauble watershed, clearly one of the Town of Scott’s most important natural features.

Rare and unique archeological and natural resources are prevalent throughout the study area.

Additional investigation will be necessary in order to better document these resources. Once a rare or unique resource is identified, a preservation strategy is needed. Given the limited resources available at this time, the best way to identify and preserve these resources will be to conduct a site investigation prior to any future development. For this reason a preservation ordinance has been developed as a part of this project (See Attachment 1). This ordinance will help ensure that both archeological and natural resources in the area will be preserved and when necessary enhanced Ecological Corridors The Niagara Escarpment forms a conspicuous northsouth feature that encompasses habitat for globally significant species, interesting natural communities, and scenic vistas. Protection of natural features along this corridor will be challenge given that most of the area is privately owned. On the other hand, the fact that the escarpment runs parallel to a major transportation corridor presents an opportunity for developing a trail or land protection plan that would have multiple benefits, including recreation, natural areas protection, and a better sense of identity for

the Town. Recreational activity immediately along or below the escarpment is not advisable given the sensitive natural of the cliff habitat, but a trail near the highway, perhaps using part of the right-of-way or Old Highway 57 as a framework, might be considered.

Intermittent overlooks – including existing locations such as the Jean Nicolet Statue, Wequiock Falls County Park, and perhaps the vista near the junction of County Road K and Bay Settlement Road, could be connected to the trail, providing an interesting and aesthetically rich experience for trail users.

Educational kiosks at the overlooks could provide information about the Niagara Escarpment, Green Bay, and the historical and cultural history of the area.

Such a trail system has been recommended by the recent Technical Report on the Niagara Escarpment by the Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission (Kasprzak and Walter 2001).

A second ecological corridor along Wequiock Creek between Wequiock Falls and Pt. au Sauble represents the most intact and ecologically important riparian feature in the Town of Scott, and one of the most important natural features in the entire county. Housing development already has occurred near the lower portion of the corridor, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for natural areas protection. Coordinated efforts to inform homeowners about the importance of the woodland buffer along Wequiock Creek and measures to encourage stewardship of the habitat will benefit everyone in the Town and County in terms of water quality and wildlife habitat. A continuous woodland corridor, especially one with water, provides habitat for dispersal of native plant and animal species and serves as a refugium for animals that use bird feeders, roadside ditches, and other human-related resources during part of their lives. In short, the corridor enriches the natural environment that many people value as an important contributor to their quality of life.

Finally, the bayshore itself comprises an ecologically significant, although highly fragmented, environmental corridor. The shoreline along Pt. au Sauble is relatively intact, although degraded by

Town of Scott

33

Phragmites australis and mounds of Zebra Mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) shells. Reestablishment of natural vegetation along shorelines near this area likely will attract higher numbers of birds and other wildlife, so private landowners near Pt. au Sauble, in particular, should be encouraged to grow patches of native trees or shrubs in place of barren lawns or concrete. In fact, natural vegetation anywhere along the shoreline will provide benefits for wildlife and other ecological services such as shoreline stabilization and pollution abatement (Elias and Meyer 2003).

Environmental corridors are of vital importance to the natural integrity of the Town of Scott and should be preserved, protected, and when necessary enhanced. Any development proposed in the vicinity of these areas area should be required to maintain an appropriate buffer so as not to degrade the environmental value of the Niagara Escarpment, Wequiock Creek, and the Green Bay shoreline.

Ecological Restoration Numerous opportunities exist for restoration of natural communities in the Town of Scott, especially adjacent to existing features like the Niagara Escarpment, Red Banks Escarpment and Glades Natural Area, Wequiock Creek and the shoreline area near Red Banks. Restoration activities can be compatible with residential development, even enhancing property values and quality of life for town residents.

According to the Society for Ecological Restoration (http://www.ser.org/default.asp), ecological restoration is defined as the “process of assisting the recovery of an ecosystem that has been degraded, damaged, or destroyed.” The notion of recovery assumes that the area of interest has a characteristic target condition or a desired (but no longer present) set of ecosystem properties. In other words, true ecological restoration requires knowledge about the native plant and animal species in a given area. Vegetation at the time of European settlement (documented by land surveyors in the mid-1800’s) usually is considered the baseline ecological condition in the midwestern United States. This premise is complicated for the western 34

Town of Scott because at least periodic agriculture was practiced by indigenous people long (probably hundreds or thousands of years) before Europeans arrived in the 1600’s. Consequently, the vegetation in the mid-1800’s was relatively open, dominated by oaks and savanna grassland rather than the predominant hardwood forests of American Beech, Sugar Maple, Eastern Hemlock, and other old growth species found in surrounding areas. Ecological restoration of the native oak woodland environment is nevertheless an appropriate target for ecological restoration efforts in the Town of Scott, one that is certainly attainable in today’s rural/suburban landscape.

The general recipe for ecological restoration involves four steps: 1) identify an area with restoration potential, preferably a site with at least some existing native vegetation; 2) remove invasive or other inappropriate species; 3) if necessary, plant or introduce desirable species at ecologically appropriate densities; and 4) schedule a disturbance regime (fire, mowing, grazing, logging etc.) or rely on natural events to maintain the desired environmental conditions.

Oak savanna, a unique combination of forest and grassland, is one of North America’s most endangered ecosystem types (Nuzzo 1986). The Town of Scott is located north of the range of extensive oak savannas in Wisconsin (Curtis 1959), but it can be considered an outlier with evidence of former occurrence in much of the region considered by this report. Numerous resources exist to guide restoration of oak woodlands and savannas (e.g., Brock and Brock 2004, WDNR 2004), including several excellent online references: Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources publications: • http://dnr.wi.gov/landscapes/community/page/ oaksavanna.pdf • http://dnr.wi.gov/org/es/science/publications/06_ Oak_Savanna.pdf Oak Savanna Restoration: Problems and Possibilities (Brock and Brock 2004)): • http://www.savannaoak.org/pdf/Savanna- restoration.pdf Atlas of Wisconsin’s prairie and savanna flora (Cochrane et al. 2000):

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

• http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/EcoNatRes. DNRBull191 Exploring options to restore Wisconsin’s oak savanna (University of Wisconsin-Extension): • http://basineducation.uwex.edu/gpsp/projects%20 and%20resources/projects-completed-losavanna.pdf Curtis (1959) defined oak savannas as having at least one tree per acre but no more than 50% canopy cover. Other definitions describe a 10-50% canopy cover or the presence of oaks with large, horizontal branches developed in open conditions (Leach and Givnish 1966). Although native oaks (White Oak, Quercus alba; Bur Oak, Q. macrocarpa; Black Oak, Q. velutina; Swamp White Oak, Q. bicolor; and Hill’s Oak, Q. ellipsoidalis) are characteristic of savannas in Wisconsin, widespread tree species such as Shagbark Hickory (Carya ovata), Black Cherry (Prunus serotina), Jack Pine (Pinus banksiana) and others (e.g. White Birch, Betula papyrifera; Trembling Aspen, Populus tremuloides; Red Oak, Quercus borealis; and others) also may be present. Importantly, the understory consists of native shrubs (especially American Hazelnut, Corylus americanus; Gray Dogwood, Cornus racemosa; New Jersey Tea, Ceanothus americanus; and Redroot (Ceanothus herbaceus), native grasses (Big Bluestem, Andropogon gerardi; Little Bluestem, Schizachyrium scoparium), and a rich diversity of wildflowers (Curtis 1959), many of which are characteristic of prairie ecosystems.. Restoring the understory vegetation is probably the biggest challenge in savanna restoration, but commercial landscaping companies like Prairie Nursery in Westfield, Wisconsin (http://www.prairienursery.com) provide guidance and plants for establishing native prairie/savanna vegetation.

An example of oak savanna restoration near the Town of Scott can be seen on the northwestern corner of the UW-Green Bay campus along County Road I near the Shorewood Golf Course. The area is maintained by mowing once a year (in October), providing an attractive, low maintenance landscape feature. Plantings such as this could enhance the aesthetics of parks and residential properties in the

Town of Scott, while simultaneously contributing to watershed quality, wildlife habitat, and recreational opportunities.

Restoration of other natural community types in the Town of Scott should follow a similar approach (identification of potential sites, control of invasive species, re-introduction of native species, and maintenance of an appropriate disturbance regime, if necessary). Any of the woodland and wetland communities described earlier can be enhanced or expanded by applying these steps. Specific recipes are beyond the scope of this report, but several important points deserve mention.

Control of invasive species is probably the most important single measure for restoring natural communities in human-dominated landscapes like the Town of Scott. Particularly dangerous threats to forests and woodlands in this region are posed

by European and Glossy Buckthorn (Rhamnus cathartica and R. frangula), non-native honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.), Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata).

Wetlands and grasslands are vulnerable to invasion by Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Reed Canary Grass (Phalaris arundinacea), Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), Japanese Knotweed (Polygonum cuspidatum), and others. Identification of common invasive plant species is aided by an online resource developed by Gary Fewless of the Cofrin Center for Biodiversity at UW-Green Bay (http://www. uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/invasive_species/ invasive_plants01.htm). Complete eradication of these species is not possible today on a regional scale, but early detection and rapid response is probably the best approach for minimizing the local impacts of invasive species (Mehta et al. 2007). Public education and landscape monitoring of target areas are the first steps in implementing such a strategy.

Unfortunately, many areas in Brown County, including the Town of Scott, already are seriously modified by populations of invasive species. Wetlands at Pt. au Sauble (Phragmites australis) and Red Smith School Woods (buckthorn) are examples of potentially quality natural areas that are degraded by extensive growth of invasive species. In such cases, direct

Town of Scott

35

control measures will be needed to restore these areas to natural or even semi-natural conditions. Effective control measures will require coordination with public agencies such as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, and the University of Wisconsin / Brown County Extension Office. Volunteer contributions by community members can play a significant role in implementing these invasive species control measures. Specific strategies for controlling these problems usually involve physical cutting or removal followed by application of herbicides, but vary by species and are beyond the scope of this report. Numerous online resources are available for detection and control of invasive species in Wisconsin, beginning with comprehensive web sites such as those sponsored by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (http://dnr.wi.gov/invasives/plants.asp), Invasive Plants Association of Wisconsin (http://www.ipaw.org) and Midwest Invasive Plant Network (http://mipn.org).

Riparian Management Although no major watercourse traverses the Town of Scott, Wequiock Creek and several minor watersheds (Figure 2) contribute sediments and surface water drainage into the waters of Green Bay. Vegetation management along these watercourses helps mitigate the potential effects of erosion and pollution, factors that will become increasingly important as the town becomes more residential in character. Vegetation buffers also reduce the potential for flash flooding, which may have a profound influence on the drainage system itself.

The Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources outlines best management practices for riparian zones, including land surrounding intermittent streams and shorelines (http://ua.dnr.wi.gov/org/land/forestry/ usesof/bmp/bmpRMZ.htm). Specific measures include planting or maintenance of long-lived tree species in forested buffers 100 feet or more from the high water mark, avoiding the operation of harvesting equipment within least 50 feet (for perennial streams and lakes) or 15 feet when ground is frozen or dry (for 36

Figure 7. Remnant hardwood forests (dark shaded polygons) in the western Town of Scott. Sites were enhance the existing woodlands and restore forested areas to habitats originally found in the area and identified by analysis of 2005 NAIP air photo (true color - 1 meter resolution) and refined by comparison with the 2005 Federal Urban Area layer (true color - 1 foot resolution), the 2005 Brown County layer (BW â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1 foot resolution, leaf-off) and the 2008 NAIP layer (true color - 1 meter resolution). The objective was to identify stands of larger hardwoods. Forested housing developments were excluded.

intermittent streams) from the high water mark, and minimizing soil exposure and compaction within the riparian zone (100 ft on either side of stream). These and other protective practices are well supported by scientific studies (e.g., Wenger 1999, Reed and Carpenter 2002, Wang et al. 2007). In the Town of Scott, a forested riparian buffer already exists along the much of the lower stretches of Wequiock Creek. As mentioned earlier, protection and enhancement of this corridor should be high priority for land conservation.

Continuous wooded or wetland buffers along intermittent streams elsewhere in the town also should be encouraged aggressively, contributing to improved Green Bay water quality, important wildlife habitat, and overall scenic beauty of the landscape.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Forest Management Despite a long history of settlement and use by humans, approximately 22% of the Town of Scott landscape is forested today, providing one of the best local opportunities for nature preservation. At the same time, forest protection and enlightened stewardship of woodlots can help protect other natural features such as the Niagara Escarpment, riparian zones, and the bay shore.

Forests are not just collections of trees, so forest management is much different than managing a tree farm. Two important considerations for management of forests are sustainable regeneration of native trees and biodiversity. Resources for sustainable forest management in Wisconsin and the western Great Lakes region are widely available.

For example: • http://www.ncrs.fs.fed.us/fmg/nfmg/index.html, • http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/forestry/publications/ guidelines/toc.htm • http://www.na.fs.fed.us/pubs/misc/flg/index. cfm?fuseaction=flg.showresourcebystate&State ID=19).

Forest management begins with a set of objectives that reflects landowner desires and the capabilities of the land, including soil type and climate. In the Town of Scott, management for mixed northern hardwoods is appropriate over most of the landscape covered by Kewaunee or Manawa silt loams. The distribution of remnant hardwood forests (Figure 7) shows a concentration of forest areas in the northern third of the study area, in addition to other sizeable tracts at Pt. au Sauble, along Wequiock Creek, and along Highway 57 near Bay Settlement (Sisters of St. Francis Woods).

Without harvesting and given the availability of seed sources, woodlands in these areas likely will undergo succession to “climax forest” dominated by shade tolerant species like Sugar Maple, American Basswood, Yellow Birch, Eastern Hemlock, and scattered emergent White Pines. Past land management and stand isolation (lack of seed sources), on the other

hand, have had a significant influence on forest composition in the Town of Scott, leading to forests and woodlands of a more intermediate successional character, dominated by oaks, Shagbark Hickory, and mixtures of shade tolerant and shade intolerant tree species. These forests, whether they continue to be managed or not, provide excellent opportunities for the conservation of forest plant and animal communities in the Town of Scott.

Other forest types in the Town of Scott include swamp forests of Northern White Cedar, lowland forests dominated by hardwoods (e.g., Black Ash, Fraxinus nigra; American Elm, Ulmus americana; and Silver Maple, Acer saccharinum), cliff forests along the Niagara Escarpment, and drier oak and cottonwood forests in the sandy soils near Green Bay. Because of their small extent and occurrence on locally unique land forms, management of these forests for timber harvest is less desirable.

Clearcutting for even-aged forest management in is likely to compromise the watershed, wildlife, and aesthetic values of relatively small and isolated forest remnants, so selection (periodic) harvest of marked trees, shelterwood harvest (where the forest canopy is thinned but not removed), or no harvesting at all are likely to be the strategies of choice for forest management in the western Town of Scott. Selection harvest is especially desirable because it produces stands of uneven-aged trees, best representing natural or presettlement conditions. Implementing such a strategy involves several important decisions: 1.) How often should trees be harvested? Even as residential development pressures increase in the study area, opportunities will arise for expanding forested areas. In other words, forest tracts can be developed as land is converted from primarily agricultural to primarily suburban / residential land uses.

2.) How many trees should be harvested?

3.) Which trees (age, condition, species) should be harvested?

4.) When should harvesting occur (summer, fall, or winter)?

5.) How many dead or damaged trees (snags) should be left for wildlife habitat?

Town of Scott

37

Advice about forest management in Brown County may be obtained from several sources, notably the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources regional forester at 2984 Shawano Ave., P.O. Box 10448 Green Bay, WI 54307 and the Wisconsin Woodland Owners Association (http://www.wisconsinwoodlands.org/).

The latter has a chapter in northeastern Wisconsin covering Brown, Door, Kewaunee, and Manitowoc Counties.

In general, oaks and other northern hardwoods can be harvested profitably between 60-150 (or more) years of age. During selection harvesting, individuals trees are marked and removed periodically (e.g., every 10 years) leaving the forest canopy mostly intact between treatments. Harvesting during winter minimizes damage to the understory and minimizes the chance for introduction of invasive species. Snags are partially dead or dead trees that provide cavities for animals like woodpeckers, bats, flying squirrels, and other mammals. Retention of as many of these trees as possible (at least 4 large dead or partially dead standing trees per acre) is a good policy (Mannan et al. 1996).

Conscious management of the forest understory/ ground layer clearly will contribute significantly to biodiversity conservation in todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s landscape.

In many cases, responsible management of the understory/ground layer simply means that livestock grazing and motorized vehicle traffic are prohibited.

In other cases, invasive species like buckthorns, honeysuckles, and Garlic Mustard might need to be actively removed and native species restored to the understory. Overbrowsing by White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) also can be a serious problem in northeastern Wisconsin for wildflowers and other understory plants (and their associated animal species) as well as for seedlings of economically important canopy trees. Regeneration of Northern White Cedar, a favorite browse species, can be all but eliminated in areas with high deer densities. Other tree species can be affected as well.

38

Native Landscaping Much of the rural-suburban landscape in the Town of Scott (and places like it) inevitably is covered by highly unnatural land uses like agricultural fields, roads, gardens, and lawns. Although such land uses displace native vegetation, their ecological impacts can be reduced significantly if native plant species are maintained alongside or within the modified areas.

Native species are important because they provide food and shelter for insects, birds, mammals, and other species, many of which provide ecological services such as crop pollination, pest control, nutrient cycling, and food resources for other desirable species. Isaacs et al. (2009) estimate that such services, enhanced by growing native plant species, provide agricultural benefits worth more than $8 billion per year in the U.S. alone.

The ecological importance of native plants is illustrated by the life history of the familiar Monarch Butterfly, Danaus plexippus. Monarch larvae are specially adapted to feed on the leaves of milkweeds (Asclepias spp.), which produce chemicals (cardiac glycosides) that are toxic or distasteful to potential predators (Oberhauser and Solensky 2004). The Monarchs can sequester the toxins in their tissues, providing an effective protection against predators like birds, which have learned to avoid butterflies with the monarch color pattern. Because of this ecological specialization monarchs cannot survive without milkweeds for larval food. Plantings of ornamental or other non-native plants provide no substitute for milkweeds as far as monarchs are concerned.

Other native trees, shrubs, grasses, and wildflowers provide important ecological resources (fruits, pollen, nectar, and seeds) for other native species. Again, non-native plants usually are no substitute for these resources, even though the non-native species might look attractive to humans. Native plant species that benefit birds, butterflies, and other desirable animal species can be planted in yards, parks, and roadsides throughout suburban/rural landscapes like the Town of Scott. In many cases these native species offer an attractive and low maintenance substitute for

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

commercial lawns and non-native plantings.

Which native species are best for planting? Numerous guides are available to help answer this question (e.g., Hightshoe 1998, Sawley et al. 1998; Nowak 2007; Steiner 2007; http://www.for-wild.org/land/wibirdpl. html; http://dnr.wi.gov/org/water/wm/dsfm/shore/ documents/nativeplants.pdf; http://learningstore. uwex.edu/). In general, native species that are already growing in an area provide a clue about the most appropriate species to plant. Oaks and other species of dry woodlands already have been mentioned as good species for landscaping in the Town of Scott.

Fruit-bearing or nut-producing trees and shrubs (e.g., dogwoods, Viburnum, Amelanchier, hazelnuts) also are valuable, as are native grasses and wildflowers of Wisconsin savanna/prairie grasslands. The Wisconsin State Herbarium (http://www.botany.wisc.edu/ herbarium/) provides a wealth of information about whether or not a prospective landscaping species is native. Curtisâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s classic Vegetation of Wisconsin (Curtis 1959) describes the major plant communities found in the Town of Scott, and other lists can be found in more detailed references like Kotar et al. (1988), Cochrane and Iltis (2000; http://www.botany.wisc.edu/ herbarium/info/psatlas.asp), Fewless (online: http://www.uwgb.edu/biodiversity/herbarium/ pteridophytes/pteridophytes_of_wisconsin01.htm), and the journal Ecological Restoration (http://www. ecologicalrestoration.info/).

In summary, a significant step toward preserving the natural features in the Town of Scott can be taken by simply encouraging landowners to plant native trees, shrubs, wildflowers, and grasses in their yards and gardens. Public agencies can contribute significantly by using or encouraging native plantings along roadsides and other rights-of-way. Agricultural lands are especially important reservoirs of native species, and pockets of native vegetation can provide both ecological and economic benefits to the farm ecosystem. Education of landowners is all that is needed in many cases to improve the extent and quality of native plant communities in these settings.

Requiring native landscaping standards with new development will ensure the long term protection

of habitats in the area. Education and public test sites are important tools to assist in the success of this strategy. Resources such as the UW-Agriculture Extension office can be an invaluable resource with this development.

Land Protection Tools In addition to public education, an assortment of tools for nature preservation exists for elected leaders and private citizens in the Town of Scott. The Northeastern Wisconsin Land Trust (http://www.newlt.org/) provides staff assistance and other resources for land acquisition on a local scale. Funding for protection of lands that are regionally or globally significant (e.g., rare snail sites along the Niagara Escarpment) can be pursued through other agencies and organizations, including the Knowles-Nelson Stewardship Program of the Wisconsin-Department of Natural Resources (http://dnr.wi.gov/org/caer/cfa/lr/stewardship/ stewardship.html#grants), The Nature Conservancy (http://www.nature.org/wherewework/northamerica/ states/wisconsin/), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (http://www.fws.gov/Midwest/GreenBay/).

Private landowners can preserve significant woodlands, shorelines, riparian zones, and other natural features like the Niagara Escarpment while retaining legal title of the land. Conservation easements, for example, establish a commitment of land protection by property owners in return for tax benefits, in some cases direct payment, and assurance that the land will forever be conserved (http://www. gatheringwaters.org/documents/land_trust_info_ packs/Property_Tax_Assessment_and_Conservation_ Easements.pdf).

The Wisconsin Managed Forest Law http://dnr. wi.gov/forestry/feeds/faqsFull.asp?s1=ForestTax& s2=MFL&inc=ftax) is an incentive program that encourages sustainable forestry on private woodlands by reducing and deferring property taxes. Participants in the program develop a forestry management plan, usually in consultation with a professional forester, which must be followed for a 25 year or 50 year period.

Details of the plan can dictate minimal harvesting

Town of Scott

39

(for old growth conditions) or shorter rotation management.

More recently the Wisconsin DNR, with support from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, developed the Landowner Incentive Program (LIP) aimed at improving rare species habitat and remnant natural communities on private lands. First implemented in 2006, priorities include prairie and savanna habitat and the Northern Lake Michigan Coastal Ecological Landscape, including Green Bay. Both priorities are relevant to lands in the Town of Scott. This program accepts proposals (at specific deadline dates) for financial assistance to landowners who have rare species or habitats on their properties. Details about the program and upcoming deadlines for proposals are given at: (http://dnr.wi.gov/org/land/er/wlip/ overview.htm).

The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP, http://www.nrcs.usda.gov/PROGRAMS/EQIP/) and the Conservation Reserve Program (http:// www.wi.nrcs.usda.gov/programs/crp.html) provide incentives such as rental payments and cost-share assistance for agricultural landowners who implement land protection activities including erosion control, nutrient management, and protection of wildlife habitat. Administered by the Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, these programs cover a wide range of conservation practices that affect grasslands, forests, and waterways. Current implementation of this program is authorized by the U.S. Food, Conservation, and Energy Act (Farm Bill) of 2008. Agricultural landowners can apply for participation through the USDA Farm Service Agency (http://www.fsa.usda.gov/ FSA/webapp?area=home&subject=copr&topic=crp-sp).

Finally, zoning regulations by the Town of Scott represent another tool for preserving natural features and scenic areas at the local level. Approval of the Town’s Comprehensive Plan (Lamine et al. 2006) sets forth future directions of land use planning and zoning. Implementation of the plan will involve many decisions that will affect the long term ecological integrity and quality of life in the Town of Scott.

Managed Forest Law, Conservation Reserve 40

Program, conservation ownership, and conservation subdivision design are all valuable tools to assist in land protection and preservation. Brown County Planning Office, Bay Lakes Regional Planning Office, UW-Extension Offices, and local professional environmentalists and archeologists, are all valuable resources to be used when working to implement land protection strategies.

CONCLUSIONS Measures to preserve natural features in the Town of Scott range from simple and inexpensive steps (e.g., retaining native species on private property) to complex and bold initiatives (creating a contiguous corridor of protected land along the Niagara Escarpment). This report has outlined some of the opportunities and challenges for preserving natural features in the Town of Scott. Like most endeavors, conservation of the Town’s ecological heritage will be advanced most effectively through informed action.

The maxim “knowledge is power” certainly applies to cost-effective and enlightened land stewardship.

We hope that this report contributes substantially to the information base for both town leaders and private citizens. Given a common purpose and clear understanding of the issues, policy makers, landowners, educators, and even conservation volunteers can combine to preserve this region’s valuable natural features, of which there are many.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work was funded by a grant from the Wisconsin Coastal Management Program to the Town of Scott through the efforts of David Cerny, Town Planner.

We are grateful for the many contributions of Dave throughout this project, including the initial idea itself. We also are grateful to members of the Town of Scott Board for authorizing a subcontract with the University of Green Bay and for supporting efforts to develop enlightened and ecologically responsible town planning. The Endangered Resources Program of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources provided data from the Wisconsin Natural Heritage Inventory Data Base, which comprises an important basis for this report. We thank Rori Paloski, WDNR Conservation Biologist, for helping implement the license agreement.

Other important contributors to this report include Gary Fewless, Alice Billing, Jen Wessel, Lidia Nonn, Jeffrey Selner, and Kim McKeefry of the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay, Jeff DuMez of the Brown County Planning Department, and authors of the many web pages and published references that provide the foundation for its content. We sincerely thank all of these individuals for their help.

The research and investigation into the natural and archeological resources located in this study area was conducted as a means to centralize all of the known information for the area into one summary document.

By developing this document both long and short range land use decisions can now be made with greater accuracy and assurance that the decisions will have minimal impact on both the natural and archeological resources of this unique corridor. Many strategies have been developed as a part of this report. These strategies can be implemented over time to improve the information provided to the decision makes, whether they operate at the town, county or state levels.

A land preservation ordinance (Attachment 1) is critical for a successful and sustainable conservation strategy in the Town of Scott. This ordinance, as recommended by the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan Commission, establishes a process for research and site investigation of both natural and archeological resources prior to a new development taking place. This ordinance will require the appropriate level of site investigation by qualified professionals, ensuring the long range preservation and enhancement of the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural and archeological features.

Town of Scott

41

NATURAL RESOURCE REFERENCES CITED Albert, D. A. and Minc, L. D. 2004. Plants as regional indicators of Great Lakes coastal wetland health. Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 7 (2): 233-247.

Allen, P.E., Day, H.J., Dutch, S.I,. Greenberg, J., McCartney, C.M., McIntosh, T.H., Quigley, D.P., and Stieglitz, R.D., 1980. Geology of Eastern and Northeastern Wisconsin: A Guidebook for 44th Annual Tri-State Geological Field Conference, Earth Science Discipline, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, pp.1-136.

Anderson, C., Epstein, E., Smith, W., and Merryfield, N., 2002. The Niagara Escarpment: Inventory Findings 1999-2001 and Considerations for Management. Natural Heritage Inventory Program Bureau of Endangered Resources.

Booth, D.B., Hartley, D., Jackson, R., 2002. Forest Cover, Impervious Surface Area, and the Mitigation of Stormwater Impacts. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38: 835-845.

Booth, D.B., Karr, J.R., Schauman, S., Konrad, C.P., Morley, S.A., Larson, M.G., and Burges, S.J. 2004. Reviving Urban Streams: Land Use, Hydrology, Biology and Human Behavior. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 40:1351-1364.

Bourdaghs, M., Johnston, C.A., and Regal, R.R. 2006. Floristic quality index in Great Lakes coastal wetlands.

Wetlands 26:718â&#x20AC;&#x201C;735.

Brandes, D., Cavallo, G.J.,and Nilson, M.L. 2005. Base Flow Trends in Urbanizing Watersheds of the Delaware River Basin. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41:1377-1391.

Catling, P.M., Brownell, V.R. 1998. Importance of Fire in Alvar Ecosystems - Evidence from the Burnt Lands, Eastern Ontario. Canadian Field-Naturalist 112:661-667.

Cochrane, Theodore S., and Hugh H. Iltis. 2000. Atlas of the Wisconsin prairie and savanna flora. Technical Bulletin. (Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources), No. 191. Madison, Wisconsin.

Curtis, J.T. 1959. The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.

Fewless, G. 1993. Rare Plant Survey Along the Route of South 57 Between South 54 in Brown County and the Door County Line. University of Wisconsin Green Bay Herbarium, Green Bay, WI Fewless, G., 2008. personal interview conducted by Alice Billing, February 24th 2008, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay.

42

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Finley, R. 1984. Original Vegetation Cover of Wisconsin. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (DNR). Madison, WI. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/maps/gis/geolibrary.html Harris, M.T., Muldoon, M.A., Stieglitz, Bradbury, K.R., Hegrenes, D.P., Kuglitsch, J.J., Waldhuetter, K.R., and Watkins, R. 1996. The Silurian Dolomite Aquifer of the Door County Peninsula: Facies, Sequence Stratigraphy, Porosity and Hydrogeology. Field Trip Guidebook, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay, pp.1-121.

Hightshoe, Gary. 1998. Native Trees, Shrubs and Vines for Urban and Rural America. Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.

Hood, M.J., Clausen J.C., and Warner, G.S. 2007. Comparison of Stormwater Lag Times for Low Impact and Traditional Residential Development. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 43: 1036-1046.

Hunt, R.J., Steuer, J.J., Mansor, M.T.C., and Bullen T.D. 2001. Delineating a Recharge Area for a Spring Using Numerical Modeling, Monte Carlo Techniques, and Geochemical Investigation. Ground Water 39:702-712.

Johnson, S.B. and Stieglitz, R. D. 1990. Karst Features of a Glaciated Dolomite Peninsula, Door County, Wisconsin. Geomorphology 4:37-54.

Kao, J. T.,Titus, J. E., and Wei-Xing Zhu, J. E. 2003. Differential Nitrogen and Phosphorous Retention by Five Wetland Plant Species. Wetlands 23:979-987.

Klein, R.D. 1979. Urbanization and Stream Quality Impairment. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 15:948-963.

Kotar, J., J.A. Kovach, and C.T. Locey. 1988. Field guide to forest habitat types of northern Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin-Madison and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. 217 pp.

Lamine, C., Runge, C., Parmentier, M.F., Dietl, J., Schuette, P., Schleinz, P., Connard, L.J., Hennig, T., Hronek, M., Steuer, M.J., Grun, A., Bergelin, L., Larsen, C., and Bean, V. 2006. Town of Scott Comprehensive Plan. Brown County Planning Commission.

Luczaj, J. 2008. personal interview conducted by Alice Billing, February, 25th 2008, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. McMahon, G. and Cuffney, T.F. 2000. Quantifying Urban Intensity in Drainage Basins for Assessing Stream Ecological Conditions. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36:.1247-1261.

Mannan, W. R., R. N. Connor, B. Marcot and J. M. Peek. 1996. Managing forestlands for wildlife. pp. 699-704 in T. A. Bookhout, ed. Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats. Allen Press, Inc., Lawrence, Kansas.

Mehta, Shefali V, R.G. Haight, F.R. Homans, S. Polasky and R.C. Venette. 2007. Optimal detection and control strategies for invasive species management. Ecological Economics 61: 237-245.

Town of Scott

43

Miller, S.J., and Wardrop, D.H. 2006. Adapting the floristic quality assessment index to indicate anthropogenic disturbance in central Pennsylvania wetlands. Ecological Indicators 6: 313-326.

Nekola, J.C., T.A. Smith and T.J. Frest. 1996. Land snails of Door Peninsula natural habitats. Final report to the Wisconsin Chapter of The Nature Conservancy. 55 pp + apps.

Nowak, M. 2007. Birdscaping in the Midwest: A Guide to Gardening with Native Plants to Attract Birds. Itchy Cat Press, Blue Mounds, WI. Oberhauser, Karen S. and Michelle J. Solensky. 2004. The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation. Cornell University Press.

Reed, T. and S. R. Carpenter. 2002. Comparisons of P-yield, riparian buffer strips, and land cover in six agricultural watersheds. Ecosystems 5:568-577.

Reschke, C., Reid, R., Jones, J.,Feeney, T., and Potter, H. 1999. Conserving Great Lakes Alvars Final Technical Report of the International Alvar Conservation Initiative. Alvar Working Group, The Nature Conservancy.

Rudolph, J. 1976. Birthplace of a Commonwealth: A Short History of Brown County. Brown County Historical Society, Green Bay, WI. Salwey, M.K., J.L. Hutchens, T.L.Peterson, K. Kearns, T. Marty. 1998. So What Should I Plant? Trees, Shrubs and Vines with Wildlife Values. Publication, WM-223-98. Bureau of Wildlife Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI. Snoonian, D. 2001. Doing it the natural way: a wetlands expert spells out the benefits. Architectural Record 189:129.

Snyder, M.N., Goetz, S.J., Wright, R.K. 2005. Stream Health Rankings Predicted by Satellite derived Land Cover Metrics. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 41:659-677.

Stanley, K.E., Murphy, P.G., Prince, H.H., and Burton, T.M. 2005. Long-term Ecological Consequences of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Saginaw Bay Coastal Wet Meadow Vegetation. Journal of Great Lakes Research 31:147-159.

Steiner, L.M. 2007. Landscaping with Native Plants of Wisconsin. Voyageur Press, Osceola, WI. Stieglitz, R.D., Moran, J.M., and Harris, J.D. 1980. A Relict Geomorphological Feature Adjacent to the Silurian Escarpment in Northeastern Wisconsin, Wisconsin Academy of Sciences Arts and Letters 68:202-207.

Stieglitz, R. 2008. personal interview conducted by Alice Billing, February 28th 2008, University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. Van Zandt, T., and Pulkrabek, R.,1977. Heritage Areas of Brown County, UW Extension, pp 1-84.

44

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Wang, L., Lyons, J., Kanehi, P., Bannerman, R., and Emmons, E. 2000. Watershed Urbanization and Changes in Fish Communities in Southeastern Wisconsin Streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 36:1173-1189.

Wang, L. J. Lyons, and P. Kanehl. 2007. Effects of watershed best management practices on habitat and fish in Wisconsin streams. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 38:663 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 680.

Wenger, S. 1999. A review of the scientific literature on riparian buffer width, extent, and vegetation. Institute of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA. http://www.rivercenter.uga.edu/service/tools/buffers/buffer_lit_ review.pdf.

White, P.S. 1995. Conserving biodiversity: lesson from the Smokies. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 10:116-20.

Zedler, J.B. 2004. Wetlands at your service: reducing impacts of agriculture at the watershed scale. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2:65â&#x20AC;&#x201C;72.

Town of Scott

45

APPENDIX A Alphabetical listing of species that have been recorded or are expected to occur in the Town of Scott study area.

Records were derived from Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Natural Heritage Inventory (NHI) data base, observations by UW-Green Bay biologists (especially Gary Fewless) and published records in Nekola et al.

(1996). END = state endangered; GCN = Species of Greatest Conservation Need; NA = not applicable; SC = special concern; THR = state threatened.

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status

Type

Adlumia fungosa Alvar Anas discors Anas rubripes Arabis hirsuta Ardea alba Arenaria stricta ssp stricta Aythya americana Aythya valisineria Botaurus lentiginosus Bucephala clangula Cakile edentula Calidris alpina Caprimulgus vociferous Cardamine pratensis Carex crawei Carex formosa Carex richardsonii Carychium exile canadense Catharus fuscenscens Catinella gelida Ceanothus americanus Clinostomus elongatus Coccyzus erythropthalmus Colaptes auratus Cymbiodyta acuminata Cypripedium parviflorum var. makasin Deschampsia flexuosa Dodecatheon meadia Dryopteris goldiana Eleocharis compressa

Climbing Fumitory Alvar Blue-winged Teal American Black Duck Hairy Rockcress Great Egret Rock Sandwort Redhead Canvasback American Bittern Common Goldeneye American Sea-rocket Dunlin Whip-poor-will Cuckoo Flower Craweâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sedge Handsome Sedge Richardsonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sedge Ice Thorn Veery A Land Snail New Jersey Tea Redside Dace Black-billed Cuckoo Northern Flicker A Water Scavenger Beetle Northern Yellow Lady's-slipper

SC NA GCN GCN GCN THR GCN GCN GCN GCN GCN SC GCN GCN SC SC THR SC GCN GCN SC/N GCN SC/N GCN GCN SC/N SC

Plant Community Bird Duck Plant Bird Plant Bird Bird Bird Bird Plant Bird Bird Plant Plant Plant Plant Snail Bird Snail Plant Fish Bird Bird Beetle Plant

Crinkled Hairgrass Eastern Shooting Star Fern Flat-stemmed Spike-rush

SC GCN GCN SC

Plant Plant Plant Plant

46

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status

Type

Empidonax alnorum Empidonax minimus Erigeron pulchellus Erynnis martialis Falco peregrinus Gastrocopta corticaria Gentiana alba Glyphyalinia rhoadsi Great Lakes Ridge and Swale Grus canadensis Guppya sterkii Gymnocarpium robertianum Hendersonia occulta Houstonia longifolia Hylocichla mustelina Hypoxis hirsuta Icterus spurious Iris lacustris Lasionycteris noctivagans Lasiurus borealis Lasiurus cinereus Lepomis megalotis Limotettix elegans Melanerpes erythrocephalus Migratory Bird Concentration Site Moist cliff Moxostoma valenciennesi Myotis septentrionalis Northern dry-mesic forest Northern mesic forest Northern wet-mesic forest Nycticorax nycticorax Pandion haliaetus Paravitrea multidentata Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Pellaea glabella Poanes massasoit Poanes viator Polygala senega Pupoides albilabris

Alder Flycatcher Least Flycatcher Robinâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s plantain Mottled Duskywing Peregrine Falcon Bark Snaggletooth Plain Gentian Sculpted Glyph Great Lakes Ridge and Swale Sandhill Crane Brilliant Granule Limestone Oak Fern Cherrystone Drop Long-leaved Bluets Wood Thrush Common Gold-star Orchard Oriole Dwarf Lake Iris Silver-haired Bat Eastern Red Bat Hoary Bat Longear Sunfish A Leafhopper Red-headed Woodpecker Migratory Bird Concentration Site Moist Cliff Greater Redhorse Northern Long-eared Bat Northern Dry-mesic Forest Northern Mesic Forest Northern Wet-mesic Forest Black-crowned Night-heron Osprey Dentate Supercoil American White Pelican Fern Mulberry Wing Broad-winged Skipper Seneca Snakeroot White-lip Dagger

GCN GCN GCN SC END GCN THR SC/N NA GCN SC/N SC THR GCN GCN GCN GCN THR GCN GCN GCN THR SC/N GCN SC NA THR GCN NA NA NA SC/M THR SC/N GCN GCN SC SC GCN SC/N

Bird Bird Plant Butterfly Bird Snail Plant Snail Community Bird Snail Plant Snail Plant Bird Plant Bird Plant Bat Bat Bat Fish Leafhopper Bird Other Community Fish Bat Community Community Community Bird Bird Snail Bird Plant Butterfly Butterfly Plant Snail

Town of Scott

47

Scientific Name

Common Name

Status

Type

Ranunculus fascicularis Scolopax minor Sialia sialis Southern mesic forest Spizella pallid Sterna caspia Sterna forsteri Sterna hirundo Strobilops affinis Strophostyles leiosperma Sturnella magna Succinea bakeri Toxostoma rufum Trichophorum clintonii Trisetum melicoides Vallonia cyclophorella Vertigo bollesiana Vertigo elatior Vertigo hubrichti Vertigo pygmaea Vertigo sp. 2

Early Buttercup American Woodcock Eastern Bluebird Southern Mesic Forest Clay-colored Sparrow Caspian Tern Forster's Tern Common Tern Eightfold Pinecone Small-flowered Woolly Bean Eastern Meadowlark A Land Snail Brown Thrasher Clintonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bulrush Purple False Oats Silky Vallonia Delicate Vertigo Tapered Vertigo Midwest Pleistocene Vertigo Crested Vertigo Iowa Pleistocene Vertigo

GCN GCN GCN NA GCN END END END SC/N SC GCN GCN GCN GCN END GCN GCN SC/N END GCN SC/N

Plant Bird Bird Community Bird Bird Bird Bird Snail Plant Bird Snail Bird Plant Plant Snail Snail Snail Snail Snail Snail

48

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

APPENDIX B Summary of GIS layers included in Brown County’s Geographic Information System (GIS), an important tool for implementation of land use planning in the Town of Scott. Data and GIS resources are managed by the Planning Department in the Land Conservation Department and Land Information Office. Lack of a good digital terrain model for the town limits our ability to use GIS to portray terrain dependent resources such as surface waters and the escarpment. It should be noted that the steep-slope ESAs delineated on the County Land Information web page use source data that is far too course for valid slope calculations (Jeff DuMez). This situation can only be corrected if the Town of Scott seizes on the first available opportunity to fund a LIDAR survey of the Town.

Data Category File Name, Description, Source Digital Orthophoto

Wetlands

Digital orthophotos from June 2005, April 2005, July 2004, April 2000, April 1992, summer 1960 and summer 1938 aerial photography are available in the Brown County geodatabase. One would expect that this data would be used extensively in natural resources analyses.

Wetland_DNRwwi_GT2acres is a polygon feature class with wetlands greater than 2 acres represented by polygon features.

Wetland_DNRwwi_LT2acres is a point feature class with wetlands less than 2 acres represented by point features.

These two layers constitute the Brown County portion of the statewide database developed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. The data layers are a course-scale listing of “suspected wetlands” based on air photo analysis done in the in the mid-1980s.

Surface Waters

These layers are available in the Brown County geodatabase. They are not updated with new information and are not the final word on whether or not a specific site is a wetland.

The source filename and format are unknown. A portion of the countywide hydrography data (clipped to the Town of Scott boundary) was furnished to UWGB in January of 2008. Two layers were furnished in ArcView shapefile format – one a line shapefile named “Scott_Streams&Ponds” and one a polygon shapefile named “Scott_ Ponds” The county hydrography data was originally extracted from the statewide database developed by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.

These layers are available in a GIS database maintained locally at the Brown County Land Conservation Department. They are updated irregularly based on reporting from Land Conservation Department field staff (Tammy Castonia)

Town of Scott

49

Data Category File Name, Description, Source Point of Interest

Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Bedrock Geology

CommonPlaces is a point feature class in the County geodatabase. It contains place names and locations for businesses, public facilities and general points of interest.

The CommonPlaces layer is available in the Brown County geodatabase. The data is updated irregularly based on staff availability (Jeff DuMez). A mechanism will be established to allow Cofrin Center for Biodiversity staff to request the addition and/or correction of natural resources related items.

ESA is a polygon feature class delineating zones designated as Environmentally Sensitive Areas by the County. The layer consists of mapped wetlands and surface water bodies buffered out to 100 feet. The escarpment is not included.

The ESA layer is available in the Brown County geodatabase. wis_geol_img.sid is a georeferenced, scanned image of the hard copy map titled Geologic Map of Wisconsin. crataceouspt, faultline, ironformation and polygon are ArcInfo coverages extracted from the same map. The map was originally published in 1982 by the UW Extension Service and the Wisconsin Geologic and Natural History Survey. The digital version of the map was published in 2007 by WGNHS, The metadata for the data layers describes the project that produced the paper map. Data was drawn from a number of regional and county level studies by the US Geological Survey and the WGNHS. None of the source studies was specific to the Town of Scott (or Brown County for that matter). The absence of good bedrock mapping for Brown County is a known problem. However this product is potentially useful because it includes a rough delineation of geologic units in the study area.

Depth to Bedrock

The primary storage location for this layer is the WGNHS. The Center for Biodiversity (CCB) at UW-Green Bay has obtained the layer via download from the WGNHS website. A copy of these layers will be delivered to the County as part of the final data package from UWGB. wisc_d2b is a polygon feature class in ArcView shapefile format. Areas having particular depth to bedrock characteristics are represented by polygons.

The original data source is a study done by the Wisconsin DNR in which depth to bedrock was one variable in an analysis of groundwater susceptibility. That data was refined and packaged for internal use by WGNHS. There is no record of the layer ever being formally published, but WGNHS has been willing to share it with partners. The absence of good bedrock mapping for Brown County is a known problem. However this product is potentially useful because it includes a rough delineation of shallow-soil areas in the study area.

The primary storage location for this layer is the WGNHS. The Center for Biodiversity (CCB) at UW-Green Bay has obtained the data via private communication with WGNHS staff. A copy of this layer will be delivered to the County as part of the final data package from UWGB assuming no objection from the owner of the data.

50

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Data Category File Name, Description, Source Drainage Basins

Escarpment

A layer outlining six drainage basins in the Town was used by Robert E. Lee & Associates in their report titled Stormwater Management Plan â&#x20AC;&#x201C; October 30, 2001.

The text of the REL report recommends using the basin delineations as the basis for preserving (and in some cases restoring) beneficial stormwater flow patterns.

The primary storage location for this layer is unknown. UWGB will inquire as needed and obtain a copy for addition to Brown County and UWGB databases. escarpment is a line feature class in ArcView shapefile format with above ground expressions of the Niagara Escarpment represented by line features. Mapping information was furnished by Joanne Kluessendorf, geology consultant to the Niagara Escarpment Resource Network. The data was digitized by East Central Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission.

The primary storage location for this layer is with ECWRPC. UWGB will inquire as needed and obtain a copy for addition to the Brown County database. Note that the data is preliminary and the authors have placed some caveats on its use.

Town of Scott

51

ARCHEOLOGICAL REFERENCES CITED Ashmore, Wendy and Robert J. Sharer. Discovering Our Past. 3rd edition. Mayfield Publishing Company.

Mountain View, California.

Benchley, Elizabeth. Summary of Archaeological Investigations, 1992-1996, State Highway 57 Improvement Project, Brown, Kewaunee, and Door Counties, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Archaeological Research Laboratory Report of Investigations No. 130.

Beukens, R. P., L. Apavlish, R. G. V. Hancock, R. M. Farquhar, G. C. Wilson, P. J. Julig and William Ross.

Radiocarbon Dating of Copper-Preserved Organics. Radiocarbon 34(3): 890-897.

Boszhardt, Robert F. Contracting Stemmed: Whatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s the Point? Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 27(1): 35-67.

Brown, Charles E. Notes on Archaeology of the Region about the Red Banks (Benderville) on Green Bay. Mss. dated August 15, 1909, Charles E. Brown manuscripts, State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Madison.

Dirst, Victoria. An Archaeological Survey along the East Shore of Green Bay for the Bayshore and Dyckesville Sanitary Districts. Past Research, Sturgeon Bay. Elsdon, Sheila M. Later Prehistoric Pottery in England and Wales. Shire Publications. Aylesbury, UK. Freeman, Joan E. An Analysis of the Point Sauble and Beaumier Farm Sites. M.A. Thesis, Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Madison.

Hall, Robert, Robert Linck and Warren Wittry. Discovery of an Indian Rock Shelter in Brown County.

Wisconsin Archeologist n.s. 25(3): 90-94.

Haynes, Gary. The Early Settlement of North America. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.

Justice, Noel D. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States.

Indiana University Press. Bloomington.

2002 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Southwestern United States. Indiana University Press.

Bloomington.

Kolb, Michael F. Stratigraphy and Geomorphology of the Fabry Farm Locality Door County, Wisconsin. Pp. 135-162 in Data Recovery at the Boss Tavern Locality, Fabry Farm Site Complex (47 Dr 107), Door County, Wisconsin. By David F. Overstreet, James A. Clark, Jr., Lawrence J. Mier and Georgia A. Lusk. Center for Archaeological Research at Marquette University Reports of Investigations No. 05.002. Milwaukee.

52

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

LaFrambois, Pauline and the Bay Settlement Historical Society. A Glimpse into the Past: A History of the Town of Scott. John Grall Publishing. New Franken.

Lapham, I. A. The Antiquities of Wisconsin as Surveyed and Described. (Facsimile reprint of 1855 edition.)

University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.

Lowrey, Nathan S. Small Sites Archaeology at Runnoe Park: Temporary Camps Recurring along the Western Shore of Green Bay during the Late Woodland Stage. PhD. Dissertation, American University. Washington, D.C. Mason, Ronald J. Two Stratified Sites on the Door Peninsula of Wisconsin. University of Michigan Museum of Anthropology Anthropological Papers No. 26. Ann Arbor.

Compilation of Door Peninsula Radiocarbon Dates. Wisconsin Archeologist n.s 73 (3-4): 111-117.

Mason, Ronald J. and Carol I. Mason. An Eden-Scottsbluff Burial in Northeastern Wisconsin. American Antiquity 26(1): 43-57.

Need, Edward A. Pleistocene Geology of Brown County, Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin-Extension Geological and Natural History Survey Map 83-1.

Orr, Ellison. Indian Pottery of the Oneota or Upper Iowa River Valley in Northeastern Iowa. Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 21: 231-239.

Overstreet, David F. The Cardy Site (47 Dr 79). Pp. 162-172 in Data Recovery at the Boss Tavern Locality, Fabry Farm Site Complex (47 Dr 107), Door County, Wisconsin. By David F. Overstreet, James A. Clark, Jr., Lawrence J. Mier and Georgia A. Lusk. Center for Archaeological Research at Marquette University Reports of Investigations No. 05.002. Milwaukee.

Overstreet, David F., James A. Clark, Jr., Lawrence J. Mier and Georgia A. Lusk. Data Recovery at the Boss Tavern Locality, Fabry Farm Site Complex (47 Dr 107), Door County, Wisconsin. Center for Archaeological Research at Marquette University Reports of Investigations No. 05.002. Milwaukee.

Pleger, Thomas C. Old Copper and Red Ocher Social Complexity. Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 25(2): 169-190.

Ritzenthaler, Robert. A Guide to Wisconsin Indian Projectile Point Types. Milwaukee Public Museum Popular Science Series 11. Milwaukee.

Quimby, George Irving. Indian Culture and European Trade Goods. University of Wisconsin Press. Madison.

Sasso, Robert F. Vestiges of Ancient Cultivation: The Antiquity of Garden Beds and Corn Hills in Wisconsin.

Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 28(2): 195-231.

Town of Scott

53

Skrivseth, Janet. University Scientists Study Indian Relics on Bay Shore. Green Bay Press-Gazette May 29, 1950.

Speth, Janet M. The Site Complex at Red Banks (47-BR-4/BR-31), Brown County, Wisconsin, as Seen through Collections at the Neville Public Museum. Mss. prepared for Bay-Lake Regional Planning Commission.

Speth, Janet M. and Seth A, Schneider. Testing at the Brown County Historical Society Gazebo and Parking Lot, Red Banks, Brown County, Wisconsin. Mss. on file, Neville Public Museum of Brown County.

Stevenson, Katherine P., Robert F. Boszhardt, Charles R. Moffat, Philip H. Salkin, Thomas C. Pleger, James L. Theler and Constance M. Arzigian. 1997 The Woodland Tradition. Wisconsin Archeologistn.s.

78(1/2): 140-201.

54

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

APPENDIX C NATURAL AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCE PRESERVATION ORDINANCE THE TOWN OF SCOTT TOWN BOARD ORDAINS: SECTION 1: INTENT The primary purpose of this ordinance is to preserve and protect sensitive natural areas, archeological sites, and the rural community character that would be lost under conventional development. In addition, the intent of this ordinance is to implement, compliment, and supplement the Town of Scottâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Comprehensive Plan, Subdivision Ordinance, and Zoning Ordinance. This ordinance will accomplish these goals by permitting a reasonable amount of residential development in open space and natural settings, located and designed to reduce the perceived intensity of development by preserving natural features and identifying and preserving archeological sites.

Specific objectives of this ordinance are as follows: A. To preserve open land, including those areas containing unique and sensitive natural features such as; Woodlands, wetlands, steep slopes, floodplains, streams, groundwater recharge areas, and escarpment features, by setting them aside from development.

B. To preserve scenic views and elements unique to the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rural character, and to minimize perceived density, by minimizing views of new development from existing roads.

C. To provide greater design flexibility and efficiency in the siting of services and infrastructure, be reducing the road lengths, utility runs, and the amount of paving required for residential development.

D. To create compact neighborhoods with direct visual access to open land, with amenities in the form of neighborhood open space, and with a strong neighborhood identity.

E. To reduce erosion and sedimentation by the retention of existing vegetation, and the minimization of development on steep or highly erodible slopes.

F. To create new woodlands and natural habitats through natural succession, reforestation, re-planting, and where appropriate selective management, and to encourage the preservation and improvement of habitat for various forms of wildlife.

G. To preserve areas, in an appropriate manner, to ensure archeological preservation of both known and suspected sites.

H. To provide for the preservation and maintenance of open land within the Town to achieve the above mentioned goals and for active or passive recreational purposes.

Town of Scott

55

SECTION 2: DEFINITIONS For the purposes of this Ordinance, the following words and phrases shall have the meanings described in this Section unless the context in which they are used specifically indicates otherwise: 1. Agricultural Use: means substantially undeveloped land devoted to the production of plants and animals useful to humans, including fruits, nuts, vegetables, greenhouse plants, berries, herbs, flowers, seeds, nursery stock, grasses, Christmas trees and lumber, forages and sod crops, grains and feed crops, dairy and dairy products, livestock (including breeding and grazing), poultry and poultry products and other similar uses and activities. Intensive animal husbandry operations in which poultry or livestock are raised for market in large numbers or tightly confined environments (concentrated animal feeding operations) are not included in the definition of Agricultural Use. 2. Application: means the documentation and information submitted to the Town by a landowner, developer, and/or their representative on the approved application form, describing the property in questions and its future intended use.

3. Conservation Easement: means a non-possessory interest in real property, which is acquired, or donated for the purpose of retaining and enhancing agriculture, preserving natural, scenic or open space values of real property; restricting or preventing the development or improvement of the land for purposes other than agricultural production; or other like or similar purposes.

4. Development: means an activity that materially alters or affects the existing conditions or use of any land in a manner that is inconsistent with Agricultural Use or Open Space Character.

5. Development Rights: means an interest in and the right to use, divide or subdivide land for any and all residential, office, commercial, research, industrial, or other use, purposes or activities including intensive animal husbandry operations, not incident to Agricultural Use or Open Space Character.

6. Full Ownership: means fee simple title.

7. Governmental Agency: means the United States or any agency thereof, the State of Wisconsin or any agency thereof or any municipal corporation.

8. Neighborhood: Is defined as the outer perimeter of contiguous lotted areas or abutting roads, and may contain lots, roads, and neighborhood open spaces.

9. Open Space Character or Open Space: Use means substantially undeveloped land devoted to (a) the maintenance or enhancement of natural processes (e.g. water quality, plant and wildlife habitat, groundwater recharge), or (b) archeological preservation.

10. Owner: means the individual or individuals having fee simple title to land.

11. Parcel: means all property under a single ownership that is included in an application.

56

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

12. Parkland: means all property undeveloped and land dedicated for the use of the public as a park.

13. Phase I Archeological Survey is designed to locate (and in some cases relocate) archeological sites. Some evaluation of the importance of the site is also possible since Phase I surveys also indicate the size of the site, its setting on the landscape and its disturbance. Some sites may be recommended for Phase II survey based on the findings of the Phase I survey.

14. Resource Preservation District (RPD): refers to lands within the Town of Scott falling within the following boundaries; West of STH 57, North of Church Road and/or the City of Green Bay City Limits, East of the Bay of Green Bay, and South of the Town of Green Bay, Town Limits.

15. Resource Preservation Team (RPT): means the ad-hoc committee formed pursuant to this Ordinance to advise the Town Plan Commission on the identification and preservation of important natural and archeological sites.

16. Substantially Undeveloped Land: means land on which there is no more than one residential dwelling unit and related accessory buildings such as a garage or shed for each 5 acres of land.

17. Supervisor: means the Supervisor of the Town of Scott, Town Board.

SECTION 3: INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS The initial application for any development, subdivision, Certified Survey Map, or lot split shall include an inventory and analysis of the site. The following site elements shall be *mapped in sufficient detail to allow evaluation of the plan by the Resource Preservation Team, relative to the intent and direction of this ordinance. (* The location of the information necessary for mapping and cataloging the features of a site can be obtained through the initial meeting with staff at the Town Hall.)

1. Physical Resources. Identification of resources associated with the natural environment of the tract, including geology, topology, soil hydrology and vegetation. These features shall be mapped at a scale of no smaller than one inch equals 100 feet, and shall be briefly described. The maps shall include: a. b.

c. d.

Topographic contours at two-foot intervals, showing rock outcroppings and slopes of more than 15%.

Soil types and locations, including identification of soil characteristics relating to agricultural capabilities, seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, and suitability for development.

Hydrologic characteristics of the site, including surface water bodies, floodplains and hydric soils.

Vegetation of the site, defining location and boundaries of woodland areas and vegetation associations in terms of species and size.

2. Biological Resources. Identification of threatened, endangered, rare, or unique flora and fauna.

3. Land Use. Current land use and land cover (cultivated areas, paved areas, pastures, etc.), all buildings and structures on the land, and all encumbrances, such as easements or covenants.

Town of Scott

57

4. Visual Resources. Scenic views onto the tract from surrounding roads and public areas, as well as views of scenic features from within the tract.

5. Archeological, Cultural and Historic Resources. A brief description, and map of any known archeological, cultural, or historic resources, buildings, etc., located on the property, if applicable.

6. Content. General outlines of buildings, land use, and natural features such as water bodies or wooded areas, roads and property boundaries within 500 feet of the tract. This information may be presented on an aerial photograph at a scale of a no smaller than one inch equals 400 feet.

SECTION 4: NEIGHBORHOOD DESIGN STANDARDS The following standards apply to all residential development in the RPD. 1. All lots shall be designed to follow the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Conservation Subdivision standards found within the Subdivision Ordinance.

2. Neighborhoods shall be located on areas of the tract of land which are free of, or relatively free of environmentally sensitive areas and/or archeological sites. At a minimum, neighborhoods shall not encroach upon: a. Archeologically significant sites; b. Floodplains, wetlands, streams, or groundwater recharge areas; c. Escarpment features and steep slopes; 3. Disturbance to woodlands, hedgerows, mature trees, or other significant vegetation shall be minimized.

4. Neighborhoods shall be defined and separated by open land in order to provide direct access to open space and privacy to individual yards. Neighborhoods may be separated by roads if the road right-of-way is designed as a parkway (i.e.: single loaded street) with green space separating the road and next adjacent neighborhood.

5. Views of neighborhoods from exterior roads shall be minimized by the use of changes in topography, existing vegetation or additional landscaping.

6. Whenever possible all lots in a neighborhood shall take access from interior roads, rather than roads exterior to the tract.

7. All lots in a neighborhood shall either face or be adjacent to neighborhood open space or other open land (directly or across a road) to either the front or the rear of the lot.

8. Green Space may be used for storm water management, if used for such purpose, its design and location shall be reviewed by the RPT and the Town Engineer.

58

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

9. Open land areas shall be located and designed to: a. Protect site features identified in the inventory and analysis as having particular value, in compliance with the intent of this Ordinance and as established in the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Escarpment to the Bayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; environmental and archeological study. b. Maximize common boundaries with open land on adjacent tracts.

10. The following are prohibited in open land areas: a. Motorized vehicles except within approved driveways and parking areas. Maintenance, law enforcement, emergency, and farm vehicles are permitted, as needed. b. Logging or cutting of healthy trees, topsoil removal, altering, diverting, or modifying water courses or bodies, except in compliance with a land management plan for the tract in question, conforming to customary standards of forestry, erosion control and engineering.

11. Natural features shall generally be maintained in their natural condition, but may be modified to improve their appearance, functioning, or overall condition, as recommended by experts in the particular area being modified. Permitted modifications may include: a. Reforestation b. Woodland Management c. Meadow Management d. Buffer area landscaping e. Stream bank protection f. Wetland Management g. Eradication of invasive species h. Restoration of native plant species i. Construction of storm water management areas SECTION 5: ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AD-HOC LAND PRESERVATION REVIEW TEAM; MEMBERSHIP

1. The Ad-hoc Resource Preservation Team (RPT) shall consist of five (5) members appointed by the Chairman and approved by the Town Board. In making appointments of members to RPT, the Town Board shall approve at least one person who has expertise or affiliation as follows: a. One member who is an archeologist. b. One member who is a botanist or an expert in plant identification. c. One member of the staff of the Brown County Planning or Zoning Department. d. One member involved in an Escarpment Preservation organization or qualified geologist. e. One member of the Town of Scott Plan Commission.

Town of Scott

59

2. The terms of office of the RPT appointed hereunder shall be fixed by the Town Board so that the terms of 4 members shall be for two (2) years. The Plan Commission member shall be appointed for a term to be consistent with their appointment to the Plan Commission. The Plan Commission member shall cease to be a member of RPT if she/he ceases to be a member of the Plan Commission. All members of RPT shall serve without compensation.

3. No land in which a member of the Commission has an ownership or other financial interest will be considered during the tenure of that member or for a period of one year from the end of the member’s tenure.

4. A member of RPT may be removed by a majority vote of Town Board for cause.

SECTION 6: RESOURCE PRESERVATION TEAM; ORGANIZATION, POWERS AND DUTIES 1. Organization. The Resource Preservation Team (RPT) shall annually elect a chair and vice-chair. The RPT shall meet at a minimum on an annual basis at a date, place, and time to be determined by the RPT. A majority of members appointed to the Commission, that is three (3) members, shall constitute a quorum.

An affirmative vote of a majority of the members present shall be necessary to authorize any action by the RPT. Consistent with this Ordinance and subject to Town Board approval, the RPT may develop by-laws and standing rules that further define the functional and procedural aspects of the RPT’s duties and provide for keeping a record of its proceedings.

2. Powers and Duties a. To advise and make recommendations to the Town Plan Commission on all land matters; enhancing public awareness, commitment and active participation in stewardship of open space, natural features, and parkland; and land management and disposition. b. To review applications for the development of land in accordance with the provisions of the Town’s Comprehensive Plan and this Ordinance, and recommend to the Plan Commission a direction based on these ordinances and all appropriate technical resources as necessary. c. To advise the Plan Commission on monitoring and enforcement of the terms and provisions of any rights, restrictions, and/or conservation easements proposed. d. To publish and present an annual report, which shall include a listing of all parcels of land for which development was proposed and reviewed. e. To review and recommend to the Plan Commission alternate sources of funding, such as grants, gifts, endowments, etc., for land and land rights acquisition, preservation, and management.

60

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

f. To meet with citizens, other elected officials, or members of like minded organizations in other public and private organizations to address regional and state land and land rights preservation matters.

In addition to the powers and functions herein provided, the Town Board may delegate to the RPT other powers and functions permitted by law which would better enable the RPT to accomplish their goals.

SECTION 7: CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR ARCHEOLOGICAL RESOURCE PROTECTION The following criteria shall be used in reviewing development applications and recommended to the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan Commission: 1. Process.

Application materials are available from the Town Hall and include a summary of the criteria and guidelines for review and a list of required documentation that must be attached to the application. Applications may be made at any time, but need not be considered until the next regular meeting of the RPT. The RPT shall meet monthly as necessary, and shall report all findings and recommendations to the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan Commission.

2. Resource Preservation Criteria.

Sites being considered for development shall be evaluated using the criteria listed below, together with any other criterion determined by the RPT deemed to be appropriate to accomplishing the purpose of this ordinance. a. Archeological criteria: Characteristics of the land: Identification of resources associated with the natural environment of the tract, including geology, topology, soil hydrology and vegetation. These features shall be mapped at a scale of no smaller than one inch equals 100 feet, and shall be briefly described. These characteristics can be determined with existing data and maps. The maps shall include: a. Topographic contours at two-foot intervals, showing rock outcroppings and slopes of more than 15%. b. Soil types and locations, including identification of soil characteristics relating to agricultural capabilities, seasonal high water table, depth to bedrock, and suitability for development. c. Hydrologic characteristics of the site, including surface water bodies, floodplains and hydric soils. d. General land use and vegetative cover on the site, defining location and boundaries of woodland areas and vegetation.

Context: adjacent land uses, proximity to protected land, scenic value, historic value, connectivity, and any association with common ownership of adjacent parcels or future phases.

Town of Scott

61

b. Methodology for Determining Archeological Significance: Within the RPD any property proposed for development must submit a request to the Town and the RPT for a Phase I Archeological Inventory. A Phase I Archeological Investigation is required if the property has not been surveyed previously. The submittal for this request shall be made prior to initiating the preliminary platting process.

If the property has been surveyed in an earlier study and an archeological site has been located than a Phase II testing will be required. Phase II testing will be conducted in order to determine whether the site is eligible for the National Register of Historic Places. Phase II testing is also conducted in order to determine whether the site has the potential to contribute materially to the Town’s understanding of the prehistory and history of the area.

Phase II testing will only be conducted where findings, either through document research or field-work conducted as part of the Phase I, would warrant further investigation. For example, a very small site with a few stone flakes in the plow zone would not be considered NRHP-eligible. This could be established by shovel testing the area of the site. Or, a developer may want to avoid the expense of a Phase II and preserve the area in question as green space.

Phase I Archeological Survey: Town Requirements for Conducting a Phase I are as follows: 1. Developer pays a fee to be paid to the Town to cover the costs incurred by the Town for the Town’s Archeologist’s site work and document research.

2. Prior to construction the site would need to be physically surveyed, which may include discing (at the developers expense) if the site had previously been farmed. Field surveying will not take place until after such point as at least two (2) significant rains events have occurred after the discing. The site in question will also need at least some drying after the rain events in order to conduct a productive sit survey. If there has been no previous disturbance, shovel testing would be the method of survey.) a. When fields require discing than a pedestrian survey in plowed fields is done by arranging individuals in parallel rows 5-10 meters apart and having them walk across the field scanning the ground. Artifacts may be collected or flagged for later collection. Flagging is more informative on the size of the site and its location. b. Shovel testing involves digging small holes in a grid pattern, screening the soil through window mesh, and refilling the holes.

3. If no significant findings are made during in the first two steps than continue to step #4. (If through document research or field-work a significant archeological resource is suspected than archeological investigation will need to continue through Phase II investigations.)

4. The construction excavation schedule shall be provided to the Town. The schedule will be used by the Town’s archeologist in order to conduct random site inspections during excavation.

62

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Phase II Archeological Survey: Phase II archeological surveys evaluate a site’s eligibility for the National Register. Sites identified in Phase I surveys as potentially eligible will be tested further to determine eligibility.

Town Requirements for Conducting a Phase II are as follows: 1. A Phase II Inventory will only be necessary when significant findings are made during the Phase I investigation.

2. Developer pays a fee to the Town to cover the costs incurred by the Town for the Town’s Archeologist’s site work and document research.

3. A site, which has been identified through pedestrian survey, will often be shovel tested to see if any undisturbed deposits are present. Often a two meter by two meter test unit also will be opened to observe the stratigraphy and check for features. Soil is screened through window mesh and soil and flotation samples may be taken.

Discovery of Unknown Archeological Resources In the event that archeological resources are unearthed or discovered during construction activities, notification shall be made to the RPT, SHPO, and other local and state organizations depending on the archeological resource discovered. Construction shall be halted, for a period of time not to exceed 30 days, until determination is made as to the location, quantity, quality and significance of the resource.

SECTION 8: CRITERIA AND METHODOLOGY FOR NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION The following criteria shall be used in reviewing development applications and recommendations to the Town’s Plan Commission 1. Process.

Following the same process as outlined in the Archeological section, application materials are available from the Town Hall and include a summary of the criteria and guidelines for review and a list of required documentation that must be attached to the application. Applications may be made at any time, but need not be considered until the next regular meeting of the RPT. The RPT shall meet monthly as necessary, and shall report all findings and recommendations to the Town’s Plan Commission.

2. Resource Preservation Criteria.

Sites being considered for development shall be evaluated using the criteria listed below, together with any other criterion determined by the RPT deemed to be appropriate to accomplishing the purpose of this Ordinance.

Town of Scott

63

a. Natural Resource criteria: Characteristics of the land: soil quality, parcel size, road frontage, groundwater recharge/protection, woodlands, public water resource frontage/proximity, woodlands, rare species/habitat, wetlands and/or floodplain (especially headwater areas), groundwater recharge/protection, natural seeps and springs, slopes, public water resource frontage and or proximity to same.

Context: adjacent zoning, adjacent land use, proximity to protected land, scenic value, historic value, connectivity to other special resources, and relationship to preserved lands on adjacent parcels. Special attention shall be given to properties that lie within the Critical Natural Resource Complexes identified in the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Escarpment to Bay Resource Study. b. Methodology for Determining Natural Resource Preservation Areas.

Within the RPD any property proposed for development must submit a request to the RPT as outlined above. Upon receiving the request a qualified member of the RPT along with staff assistance will evaluate the material submitted as well as conduct a site visit to the subject property. The result of the material investigation and the site work shall be presented to the RPT at their next meeting. This information shall be used to supplement the material submitted as defined above under the Natural Resource Criteria section of this ordinance. This additional information may result in changes to the Natural Resource Preservation Areas as submitted by the developer. The developer shall grant access to any member of the RPT, Town staff, and any other professional person representing the Town who is responsible for preparing information for the RPT and the Town of Scott.

SECTION 9: LAND ACQUISITION MECHANISMS Critical Natural Resource Complexes as well as Archeological Resources may be protected by such land protection mechanisms as; conservation easements, by dedication to the Town, or by a fee simple dedication to a like minded preservation organization. Any developer wishing to divide land within the RPD shall be willing to consider any such protection mechanism as a part of the development process.

SECTION 10: APPLICATION PROCEDURE; APPROVAL BY THE TOWN BOARD In order for an application to be considered, it must meet the following items. This information shall be included in a completed application: a.

b.

64

Adequate identification of the parcel of land being considered for development. The description should also include a map showing the location of the parcel.

A description of the features of the property, such as presence of water bodies, scenic views, streams, wetlands, rare species, or other desirable feature.

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

c. A statement by the Owner granting access for the purpose of inspection and appraisal of the parcel by the town, its employees or contractors and RPT. d. All other information requested on the application.

If the application is complete and the minimum criteria established are met, the application shall be evaluated. A member of RPT, authorized contractor, or Town staff assigned to RPT, shall review each application and disseminate to the RPT. After review and consideration, the RPT shall forward their recommendations to the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Plan Commission.

The determination shall be made with the goal of preserving land, identifying conservation areas and assuring that any archeological review will guarantee that important sites will be preserved.

SECTION 11: RESULTS OF FINDINGS 1. Archeological Findings: Due to the known and suspected archeologically significant sites within the Town of Scott the findings of Phase I and Phase II inventories will be used as the basis for developing a preservation strategy.

If during a Phase II investigation a significantly important site is discovered the Town will require the area to be preserved. The method of preservation will be determined on a case-by-case basis. Preservation recommendations will be made by the Townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s archeologist.

2. Natural Resource Findings: Findings from existing reports and field surveys have identified large portions of the Town of Scott to contain rare flora and fauna as well as unique geological and natural environs. With each development proposal a field investigation will be used to enhance the understanding of the site proposed for development. These findings will be used to develop a natural resource preservation strategy.

If during document research and/or field investigations significantly important features are discovered the Town will require the area to be preserved. The method of preservation will be determined on a case-by-case basis. Preservation recommendations will be made by the RPT. SECTION 12: COSTS The costs of appraisal, engineering, surveying, planning, financial, environmental, and legal or other services, lawfully incurred either directly or incidentally to the development of land, and the review of the proposal shall be paid by the developer. The Town shall not be responsible for expenses incurred by the developer incidental to the developerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s application.

Town of Scott

65

SECTION 13: ENFORCEMENT Town staff or its designees shall administer and the Town Board shall enforce this Ordinance and any conservation agreements. The RPT will advise and make recommendations to the Town Board concerning monitoring and investigation of complaints of violation to the Town Board. The RPT shall at least once annually ascertain whether the development is in compliance with all conditions of the development conditions. Inspection findings shall be in writing and maintained. Any violation identified shall be referred to the Town Board.

SECTION 14: SEVERABILITY In the event any court of competent jurisdiction shall hold any provision of this Ordinance invalid or unenforceable, such holding shall not invalidate or render unenforceable any other provision thereof.

SECTION 16: EFFECTIVE DATE This Ordinance shall become effective thirty days (30) after publication in a newspaper in general circulation within Town of Scott. _______________________________________________ Signatures _______________________________________________ I, the undersigned, the duly qualified and acting Clerk of the Town of Scott, Brown County, Wisconsin, DO HEREBY CERTIFY that the foregoing is a true and complete copy of an ordinance adopted at a regular meeting of the Town Board on the __th day of __________ 2009, and that such Ordinance was duly published. ____________________________________ John Roth, Town Clerk

66

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

67

Natural and Archeological Resource Protection Plan

Town of Scott

2621 Jody Drive New Franken, WI 54229

www.townofscott.com