Living Afloat | 2020 | University of Sheffield | Urban design by Zhuqing Li

LIVING AFLOAT Zhuqing Li

RECLAIM THE CITY What urban interventions can help boat dwellers better reclaim the city in London?

Abstract

This thesis aims to research what urban interventions can help boat dwellers better reclaim the city in London. The thesis begins with research on the context of living afloat in the UK, including history, boaters’ motivations, boat management, etc. Then the specific site- King’s Cross will be analyzed through using the method of mapping. After this, boaters' challenges while living afloat will be explained into four aspects, namely on-boat challenge, mooring facility challenge, no sense of belonging, and imbalanced power. This project will work on these challenges, and then the corresponding strategy of the collaborative platform is proposed. This platform consists of three parts: improving the mooring facility, intervening openings, and developing the floating consumption mode. This platform's implementation is based on multi-scales urban interventions, comprising scale S intervention, scale M intervention, and scale XL intervention.

University of Sheffield School of Architecture ARC6982 Urban Design Project 3: Thesis Academic Year 2019/2020 Module leader: Dr Beatrice De Carli and Dr Florian Kossak

LIVING AFLOAT Design the collaborative platform for boat dwellers

Zhuqing Li Registration no. 190183442 Supervisor: Dr Irit Katz (co-ord.), Tom Moore and Victoria Okoye

Thesis submitted to the University of Sheffield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MA in Urban Design

Sheffield, 4 September 2020

CONTENT

Introduction

Context: Urban Nomad

Context: Motivation

Context: History of Living Afloat

09 10 11 15 17

Context: Composition Context: Boat Type & Cost & Management Literature Review Research Question Methodology & Research Process

Site Analysis

Location

Mapping: History

Mapping: Boat Space

29 31 33

Mapping: Public Space Mapping: Residential Space Interview

35 37 39 42

Challenge 1: On Boat Challenge Challenge 2: Mooring Facilities in Shortage Challenge 3: No Sense of Belonging Challenge 4: Imblanced Power

Design Proposal

Case Study

General Strategy: Collaborative Platform

Strategy 1: Improve Mooring Facilities

Strategy 2: Create Openings

Strategy 3: Develop Floating Consumption Mode

Actor Map

How to Intervene

Scale S Intervention

Scale M Intervention

Scale XL Intervention

Conclusion Bibliography

Survey: Who on London boats? -- Canal & River Trust

One person living on the boat

A family living together

43.03%

11.85%

Cohabiting couple

Others

41.99%

3.13%

Employed full time

42.69%

Self-employed

23.81% 16.30%

Retired Employed part time Unemployed

69.32%

Migrants

6.72% 3.21%

Local

30.68%

01 INTRODUCTION

Living Afloat https://marineindustrynews.co.uk/canal-river-trust-announce-changes-to-licensing-fees/

Introduction

The canals of London are the places where inhabitants live an alternative lifestyle in the city (Ward 2012, p.14). People living aboard are defined as boat dwellers. They regard the boats as their homes, cruising, and reclaiming everywhere of the canals. When boat dwellers are reclaiming the city, they encounter many challenges. Firstly, they have some on-boat challenges since the boat's resources and space are in extreme shortage (Ferguson 2019). Secondly, the mooring facilities in the whole city are in severe shortage (Manzoni 2018). Besides, no sense of belonging is another challenge for boat dwellers, due to that they have conflicts with other social components in the city. What is more, there is an imbalanced right between boat dwellers and land dwellers under consuming since there is no floating market, cinema, restaurants, etc. serving boaters. “Reclaim the city” is our studio's theme, aiming to secure spaces for alternative groups to reclaim parts of the city. This thesis focuses on the minor acts of boat dwellers in London, seeking suitable urban intervention to help them better reclaim the city. This thesis's main research question is What urban interventions can help boat dwellers better reclaim the city in London? This leading question will be unpacked through several sub-questions, such as What is the current situation of boat dwellers in the UK? What is the daily spatial practice of living afloat? How to solve the conflicts between boaters and the others? As an advocate for the marginalised boat dwellers, rooted in boat dwellers' challenge while reclaiming the canal, this thesis aims to propose the collaborative platform, including a series of urban interventions helping them resolve the issues and better reclaim the city. In the absence of academic material related to boat dwellers, this thesis's value is to build a contribution to this field, specifically, synthesizing different resources and information of this alternative group and proposing the possible solution for boaters’ challenge. Another value of this thesis is to use this project to critique urban production processes biased towards land-dwellers' consumerist lifestyle. This project attempts to empower the boat dwellers and balance the right between boat dwellers and land dwellers.

Urban Nomad

https://www.fwi.co.uk/farm-life/video-7-weird-and-wonderful-caravans-at-the-royal-welsh-show

Boat dwellers could be classified as contemporary urban nomads living a fashionable and nomadic lifestyle. Urban nomads do not have the fixed space to live, apart from canal boats, they also usually occupy caravans, coaches, double-decker buses, horse-drawn wagons, etc. This group is originated by idealistic hippies in the early 1970s since they need to travel between various music festivals (Hetherington 2000, p.32). Refer to the reasons, the majority of urban nomads have financial difficulties and cannot afford the extremely heavy housing price in London. Some people prefer the free and unrestrained lifestyle. Under the mainstream of living in the settled land habitation, urban nomads encounter unfair prejudice affecting virtually all areas of their existence.

Motivation

Motivation for living on a boat

Survey: Who on London boats? -- Canal & River Trust

81.55% Waterway environment

Freedom Nomadic lifestyle

Affordable/ financial reasons

78.34%

54.22%

Affordable/ financial reasons

Sustainable low-impact living

... ...

48.32% Alternative to ‘mainstream’ living

14.43%

12.19%

Personal/ family reasons

Other reasons

The motivation of people living afloat is reflected in the survey conducted by the Canal and River Trust in 2018 (Canal and River Trust 2018a). According to the report, most of the people prefer the waterway environment, which closes to nature. Besides, financial reasons are typical since living aboard is an affordable solution. Many of them fancy to lead a sustainable, low-impact lifestyle since the source on the boat is limited and needs recycling.

History The history of boat people is inseparable from the canal's fate and is also closely related to the policy and economy of today's society, such as the housing crisis, capitalism, neoliberalism, etc. The canal's development can be divided into three stages: the golden era, decline, and revitalization. In the beginning, the canal was built to transport mined commodities to factories, and those who appeared on the canal were working boaters (Bowles 2015, p.67). The canal became increasingly busy and prosperous, contributing a lot to the industrial development at that time. In order to work more efficiently, working boaters brought their family members to live on the boat together to reduce the daily inconvenience of commuting from land to water. The construction

and emergence of ra and then declined. A moved back to land the canals are regar The arrival of the 21 projects targeted at the canal. Later, the the boats. Living aflo

GOLDEN ERA

The construction of canals Working Boaters

Canals transport coal and mined commodities to factories Working Boaters

REVITALIZATION

"Reminder waterways"

Revitalize the waterways

Few boaters

Living Boaters

Canals work as "Navigational engineer" Working boaters bring their families to the boats

ailways broke this situation. The canals were gradually replaced by railways Accompanied by the drastic reduction of workers, working boaters gradually life from the water. After this, the canal has a long period of silence. Most of rded as "reminder waterways," and only a few people still live on the boats. 1st century brought the canal back to people's vision and a series of revitalized the canal, bringing the new life to the canal. This attracts people to go back to housing crisis brought more people who could not afford housing prices onto oat is somewhat competitive, and living boaters face many challenges.

DECLINE

Construction of the railway

The decline of the canal

Working boaters decrease

Boaters move away from the canal to the land

FTP housing price to earnings

London

Continuous cruising licenses trend

Housing crisis in UK

Limited mooring facilities

Living Boaters dramatically increase

Living Boaters competitive 08

Composition Survey: Who on London boats? -- Canal & River Trust

One person living on the boat

A family living together

43.03%

11.85%

Cohabiting couple

Others

41.99%

3.13% Relationship of boaters

Employed full time

42.69%

Self-employed

23.81% 16.30%

Retired Employed part time Unemployed

69.32%

Migrants

6.72%

Local

30.68%

3.21% Status of boaters

Identity of boaters

According to the survey (Canal and River Trust 2018a), the majority of those who live on the boat are living alone or cohabiting couples. Overall, nearly half of people have full-time jobs, and 23.81% are self-employed. Retired people are also part of those who live afloat. Reflected in the survey, less than 5% of boaters are unemployed status. Referring to boaters' identity, the majority of them are migrants, and 30.68% of them are local citizens.

Boat Type & Cost & Management

This boat costs me £ 29,000.00

20 times!!!

This flat costs me £ 609,000.00

1 Provide long term morring facilities through auction.

Annual costs 1. Boat licenses from C&RT £ 920.00 2. Boat insurances £ 581.00 3. Mooring fees to C&RT £ 4,800.00

Manager In charge of more than 80% waterways in United Kingdom.

4. Maintenance fees £ 700.00 Total: £ 7,001.00 issued cruising licences

2 Issue continuous cruising license.

2208 246% increase 638

Competing! 2012

2018

The first way is limited and not affordable. The second way is competitive.

Access to facilities, but not affordable.

Move every 14 days!

year

-cost on the boat Living in the flat is 20 times more expensive than living in the boat. Obviously, under the sharp contrast, to live on the boat is relatively affordable. In addition to the cost of buying the boat, the boat dwellers only need to pay 7,000 pounds for their annual living expenses, including boat insurance, maintaining fees, boat license fees, and mooring fees (British Marine 2017), which need to be paid for CRT. -boat management and types of boat dwellers The Canal and River Trust (CRT) is in charge of more than 80 percent of waterways in the UK; consequently, it also has to manage the boat dwellers. It provides two ways for the boat dwellers to live on the canal. Firstly, the long-term mooring facilities allow the boat dwellers to park at the fixed spots and have convenient accesses. However, this way is limited and not affordable for most people. The second way is getting the continuous cruising license issued be CRT, which means that boat dwellers need to move every 14 days.

Literature Review

Studio Theme Research Reclaim The City

Amin, A. Ethnicity and the Multicultural City

Race disturbances in 2001

Holston, J. Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship.

Harvey, D. The r to the city.

Insurgent urbanism

Democratic soci

Issues Spring board To explore what combat racism and to live with differences in a multicultural city.

Conflict Heterogeneity Multiplicity

Derivative rights (be treated with dignity, reasonable living standards... ...)

New Righ mak diffe

Urban interculturalism

Antagonistic engagement

Openings for contact and dialouge Negotiation of differences through everyday encounters

Agonistic and democratic politics

Insurgent forms Everyday practices

Organised grass roots mobility

daily actions engagement

mak

CITY

Background Research Living Afloat What’ s the current situation of living afloat? What’ s the background of living afloat? What’ s the challenge of living afloat? What’ s the daily spatial practice of living afloat?

right

DAILY NEWS

ialism

REPORTS

w rights! ht to ke city erent.

STUDENT THESIS

Canal and River Trust, (2018). Who’s on London’s Boats survey

Ferguson, D., (2019). Pushing the boater out: London's property crisis spreads to the water

Bowles, B. Water ways: becoming an itinerant boat-dweller on the canals and rivers of south east England.

Lack in mooring facilities

Waterways has been gentrified

Conflict between boaters and CRT

Motivation: financial reasons

Conflict between boaters and developer

... ...

Design Proposal Research Living Afloat

How collaborative platform can help boat dwellers resolve the challenge? How do multi-sacles interventions implement the collaborative platform?

Amin, A. Ethnicity and the Multicultural City

Openings for contact and dialouge Agonistic and democratic politics

Holston, J. Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship.

Insurgent forms Everyday practices

Bauman, Z. Liquid modernity

Develop floating consumption mode

Careri, F., Romito, L., (2013). Stalker and the big game of Campo Boario.

Identity Games

The literature revolved in this thesis consists of three stages: -the literature related to the studio theme (reclaim the city) -the readings around the topic (living afloat) -the references relevant to the design proposal Apart from the academic book, this thesis focuses on diverse literature types, such as official reports, student thesis, and news published on authoritative institutions since the academic literature around living afloat is somewhat limited. In each step, the different research questions guide and connect the different literature. In the following, two primary literature will be introduced. Ethnicity and the multicultural city In this article, starting with the issues of race disturbances in 2001, Ash Amin (2016) analyzes it and regards it as the springboard to explore what combat racism and live with differences in a multicultural city. He focuses on the UK context to think through the possibilities for what he calls “urban interculturalism” (p. 960). He argues that providing “openings” for contact and dialogue is significant to resolve the conflicts. I learned a lot from this concept, specifically, “openings” are also indispensable for the boat dwellers since they have various conflicts with other parts of the city (p.972). Boaters need this platform to contact others to share the ideas, exchange the experience, etc. Amin also mentions that antagonistic and democratic politics play a significant role in improving the sense of belonging (p. 976). This inspired me that the democratic platform should be designed for the boaters to empower them to build their sense of belonging. Spaces of insurgent citizenship This paper focuses on the issues of poverty and inequality caused by urbanization. The citizen struggling for the essential resources to live and rights to the city have formed the new insurgency movements. Holston (1998, p.39) defines the definitions of “Urban poor” and tries to provide solutions based on residence rights and help them live with dignity, security, and mobility. In my thesis, boaters living afloat face the challenge of imbalanced power between them and land dwellers. The inequality on the distribution of resources brings the hassle to their life; for instance, they do not have the right to vote; thereby, they have no place to make voices. Holston proposes that antagonistic engagement could help the alternative group gain power (p.47). Antagonistic engagement could be applied in my project to empower boaters. Combining the above two readings, I argue that creating the democratic platform managed by boaters themselves is significant for them to reclaim the city. Besides, designing the “openings” for boaters is vital for them to contact among themselves. These “openings” could also be the platform to conduct antagonistic engagement activities where boaters could make voices and participate in decision-making.

Main Research Question

What urban interventions can help boat dwellers better reclaim the city in London?

Sub Research Question

What is the current situation of boat dwellers in the UK? What is the background of boat dwellers in London? What are the daily spatial practice of living afloat? What are the challenges of living afloat? What is the situation of boaters in King’s Cross?

How to improve the mooring facilities for boaters? How to solve the conflicts between boaters and others? How to create the sense of belonging for boaters? How to balance the power between boaters and the others? How to use the collaborative platform help boaters solve the challenge? How to use the multi-scales urban interventions to implement the collaborative platform?

Methodology & Research Process

STUDIO THEME RESEARCH

PROJECT THEME RESEARCH

Reclaim the city

Living afloat

Literature

Remote sourc

Amin, A. Ethnicity and the Multicultural City Holston, J. Spaces of Insurgent Citizenship. Harvey, D. The right to the city.

Sub research questions Interview Urban nomad situation The cost of living afloat

Main concepts

The motivation of living afloat

Inspiration

Boat type and management Daily spatial practice of boaters Challenge of living afloat History of living afloat Composition of boat dwellers

SITE RESEARCH

Choose the site King’ s Cross Situating

PROBLEM RESEARCH

Living afloat problem King’s Cross problem

Walking along the canal Photograpgy Location Problem statement

Mapping

Mapping public space of Kings Cross Mapping residential space of Kings Cross Mapping history of Kings Cross

Interviewing

Bookshop owner Boat dweller Canal and river trust

Challenge 1 -- On boat challenge Challenge 2 -- Mooring facility is lacking Challenge 3 -- No sense of belonging Challenge 4 -- Imblanced Power

Literature

DESIGN PROPOSAL

cing

Newspaper

Reports lorem_ipsum Nullam, Dictum

Form the initial design strategy

Social platform

Mom

Typing...

Communicating center for urban nomad

Type a message

508 likes lorem_ipsum

Thesis

dolor sit amet #augue #adipiscing

Instagram

Face to face

Official documents

REFERENCE RESEARCH

Case study

Stad in de Maak, Rotterdam Foodhall, Sheffield

DESIGN PROPOSAL

Design the collaborative platform Strategy 1. Improve Mooring Facility

Literature

Bauman, Z. Liquid modernity Careri, F., Romito, L., (2013). Stalker and the big game of Campo Boario. Amin, A. Ethnicity and the Multicultural City

Strategy 2. Intervene Openings Strategy 3. Develop the Floating Consumption Mode

Implemented by multi-sacle interventions

References from the site Scale S

Scale M

Scale XL

The Right To The City

Methodology & R The methodology of this project is research by design, which consists of two main parts: the research and the design. In the whole project, the relationship between them is not parallel but interacted. To be specific, the design project is informed and shaped by research. In return, the function of the design methods is to question and develop knowledge. The project begins with working on the literature around “Reclaim the city.” The different contents share a common point that giving priority to the alternative groups. Inspired by the different concepts, I give priority to those who are living afloat. After confirming the research topic, I collect the data guided by several sub research questions, such as the current urban nomad situation, the cost of living afloat, the motivation to live afloat, and boaters' challenge boat type and management, etc. The methodology of collecting data consists of three parts, namely remote sourcing (Jacir, 2003), interview, and literature. To be specific, I gather information from newspapers, reports, and social platforms. I conduct the interview mainly online through Whatsapp and Instagram. Apart from this, I refer to much valuable information

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The top view of my table when doing the research

Research Process from the doctor's thesis of Bowles (2005). After this, I form the initial design strategy, which is designing the communicating centre for boaters. After researching some general background around boat dwellers in the UK, I choose the site where is King’s Cross. I research the site in three ways, including situating in the site (Stalker/ Osservatorio Nomade, 2009), mapping history, public space, and residential space of King’s Cross, and interviewing different actors in the site. Combining the findings of site research and research topic research, I get the problem statement. Since this project is problem-solving oriented, the proposed strategy is based on the problem statement. The general strategy is to design the collaborative platform managed by the boaters themselves. This platform consists of three different strategies: improving mooring facilities, intervening openings, and developing the floating consumption mode. As for spatial practice, this platform is implemented by multi-scale urban interventions. Simultaneously, the research on various references and case studies about floating concepts supplements and improves the project.

Bookshop

Restaurant

Bar

02 SITE ANALYSIS

King' s Cross, London

http://townshendla.com/projects/canal-corridor-kings-cross-91/

The site is on King's Cross, one of the largest redevelopments in London (Development Project 2000, p.23). Transformed from an industrial wasteland, it is a new part of the city with homes, shops, offices, galleries, bars, restaurants, schools, and even a university, where many citizens choose to spend their weekends. Regent's Canal situating in King's Cross, is the home of boat dwellers. The reason to choose the King's Cross as the site is that King's Cross is fully gentrified where the conflicts between boaters and other parts of the city are most intense. The protests against CRT's creeping privatisation and gentrification of the public towpath appeared in King's Cross in 2019. Boaters held the slogan presenting "Boats are homes" and expressed their voices. This highlights the significance and urgency to put attention on King's Cross.

Location

Waterways in London

Kings Cross- Regents Canal

History of King' s Cross The development of Regent’s Canal is tightly intertwined with the transformation of King’s Cross, which contains different stages. The prosperity of King’s Cross began with the construction of Regent’s Canal and the arrival of Imperial Gas Company. Regent’s Canal had played a significant role in the industrial times since it linked King’s Cross to the industrial cities. The canal brought coal, goods, and building materials to King’s Cross for over 140 years, until the completion of railways that gradually replaced the canal and made it abandoned. In the late

20th century, with the decline of in Canal had become the white eleph century has witnessed some signifi King’s Cross. Many historical build the granary has been transformed yard has become the appealing co and has been reclaimed again by

development trend

1700 Open Fields 1784 Somers Town King’s Cross

1850 Regent’s Canal 2005

1820 18th

19th origin

1820 Regent’s Canal Construction

20th

prosperity

21th decline

century

1822 Imperial Gas Company

redevelop 1850 Eastern Coal Drops

2000s... 1800s...

This area...

1850 First Temporary Passenge Station

1852 King’s Cross Station Construction

1852 Midland Goods Granary

1868 St. Pancras Station and Hotel Construction

ndustry, the area of King’s Cross and Regent’s hants for several years. The arrival of the 21st ficant changes and started the new chapter in dings have been given a new life; for instance, d into Central Saint Martin, and the coal drop omplex. Regent’s Canal also woke up in 2005 different social components of the city.

1983 Fish and Coal Offices

1989 Central Saint Martins

2007 New St. Pancras International Station Construction

2011 St. Pancras Renaissance Hotel Reopen

A B

2012 King’s Cross Station Refurbishment

2013 The Great Northen Hotel Reopen 2014 Gasholder Park Completion

I H

2015 New Waitrose Market in King’s Cross

2017 Gasholder Apartment Completion 2018 Coal Drops Yard Complex

Boat Space

There are two permanent mooring areas in King’s Cross with extremely high mooring fees, respectively, located at St. Pancras basin and Battle Bridge basin. The continuous cruising boaters also can moor here in the designated areas. Besides, the Canal Boat Museum and St. Pancras Cruising Club provide the boat-related service for the boaters.

C1 Business mooring

B2 Continious mooring

B3 Continious mooring

St Pancras Cruising Club B1

B3 B2 A2

London Canal Museum B1

A1 Permanent mooring

The mooring facility here is limited and competitive.

A2 Permanent mooring

[ Boat-related space in Kings cross ]

Public Space

Many citizens prefer to spend their weekends in King’s Cross. The public space here could be catalogued into three types, which are parks, squares, and the canal. Numerous people like gathering in the granary square, some of which sitting on the steps towards the canal to have a picnic; some of which have coffee and chat with friends under the tree arrays; some of which play with the fountains in front of Central Saint Martin. They are also willing to gather around the canal; consequently, the towpath is rather crowded.

A1 Gasholder Park

A3 Camley Street Natural Park

A2 Lewis Cubitt Park

We would like to spend our weekends here. B1 Regent Canal

A2 A1 C4 B2 Towpath C1

C3 B1

The towpath is so crowded!

C1 Granary Square

C2 Pancras Square

C3 Handyside Gardens

C4 Lewis Cubitt Square

[ Public space in Kings cross ]

Residential Space

Reflected by the high-end residence, retail space, and workspace, King’s Cross has been thoroughly gentrified during the last few years. One billboard showing “Apartment move in today from £1,886,000” indicates that most people cannot afford the housing price here. Accordingly, the highspending venues do not match the average income level, especially for the boat dwellers. “We’re constantly on the look-out for affordable supermarkets. Recently we were moored in King’s Cross for two weeks, and the only ones we could realistically go to were a Waitrose and a Co-op, which was a bit challenging”, said Claire (2016), a woman living on the boat.

A1 Rubicon Court

A2 Tapestry, Canal Reach

A3 81 Tiber Gardens

C1 Under development

C1 A2 B2 A3

B1 B4

The area has been fully gentrified. I can not afford the housing price here.

B1 Coal Drops

B2 Midland Goods B3 Pancras Square B4 WeWork Kings Shed & East Place - Coworking & Handyside Canopy Office Space

[ Living working reatiling in Kings cross ]

Interview The main interview data is second-hand data collected from some reported, news, and thesis. At the same time, some on-line interviews are conducted through social media such as instagram and what's app. The interview questions revolves around the daily spatial practice, challenges, and desires of boaters.

“I need to simplify all the meals since I do not have any electrical appliances, with the exception of the blender.” Barney 29

“I moved on the boat when I was pregnant. It was the only way I could afford living in London, close to my family and friends.” Brown 29

“We’re constantly on the look-out for affordable supermarkets. Recently we were moored in King’s Cross and the only one we could realistically go to were a Waitrose, which was a bit challenging”

“Now we are stuck in the horrible position of having boats moored opposite our houses all the time. The boat-dwellers look straight into our small gardens and into our houses. The noise from engines is very loud.”

Claire 37

Cahill 41

“The barge, floating bookshop was finally given a permanent mooring on Regent’s Canal near Granary Square in King’s Cross after thousands of people signed a petition to save it.” Jonathan 46

“Now more and more people are being forced to abandon their homes and neighbours, and the place is turning into a leisure pied-à-terre for rich people that is half empty all the time.” Caldwell 47

“The waterways are being sold off to businesses. There are fewer and fewer places for us to moor, and more business boats. Property developers are taking away the rings we need to moor our boats on the canal.”

Graha 45

Land dweller: Cahill Bookshop owner: Jonathan The rest are the boat dwellers.

CHALLENGE 1 -- On boat challenge Living float is extraordinarily taxing. The space on the boat is rather limited that the narrowest boat is only about 7 foot wide. To improve the efficiency of space utilisation, the bed on the boat is usually designed as the folding one. The storage space on the boat is lacking; thereby the resources in storage are limited. To be specific, water, electricity, and gas are insufficient, which causes inconvenience to the boaters. They cannot have a comfortable long-time shower since they need to worry about the rest of the tank's water all the time. As for the electricity, a boat dweller named Barney expresses that he needs to

simplify all the (Ferguson 201 of living on the waterways, an the lights has this emphasiz

Limited Space _

Folden Bed

Stack Boxes Limited Source _ Water

Poor Security

Trouble Waste / Sewa

Door

Bedroom

Bathroom

Linvingroom

e meals since he does not have any electrical appliances, with the exception of the blender 19). They are also concerned about waste disposal, especially toilet treatment. The safety e boat is another challenge. Claira Watson Parr (2017) reveals what life is like on the nd she states that “I’ve had people jump onto my boat in the night and, luckily, switching on been enough to scare them off but it can be frightening.” There are numerous stories like zing the significance of safety issues on the boat.

_ Limited Source _ Water

Limited Space _ Storage

Deck

Limited Source _

age Disposal

Electricity Kitchen

Engine / Battery

CHALLENGE 2 -- Mooring facility is lacking The Canal and River Trust provides mooring facilities around the canal for boaters, including water points, shower points, and waste points, etc. However, according to the data from the CRT’s official website, it is apparent to reveal that there are only three toilets, eight rubbish points, four elsans, one shower point, seven water points in whole London, which is seriously in shortage (Canal and River Trust 2018b). Reflecting on the same issue, the survey conducting boaters’ opinions

illustrates that the biggest concern is the short Sometimes, they throw away the rubbish direc they cannot find the rubbish point. In addition t and quality of facilities are also insufficient. In t (2020) expresses her ideas about increasing s space along the canal.

1 5

3 2

NAME: Hormead Wharf (East) L1 LOCATION: Near Gasworks dock 1 Bridge5 FACILITIES:

NAME: Little venice LOCATION: Near Westbourne terrace turnover bridge FACILITIES:

NAME: Fife Terrace L1 LOCATION: Near Thornhill Bridge 37 FACILITIES:

5 37

NAME: Lisson Grove L1 LOCATION: Near Lisson Grove Bridge 2 FACILITIES:

3 NAME: Talavera Moorings L1 LOCATION: Near 7, Actons Lock FACILITIES:

NAME: Wharf Road L1 LOCATION: Near 5 City road Lock FACILITIES:

NAME: Ice Wharf Marina L1 LOCATION: Near 4, St Pancras Lo FACILITIES:

NAME: Bow Wharf L1 LOCATION: Near 8, Old Ford Lock FACILITIES:

tage of mooring facilities. ctly on the towpath since to quantity, the diversity the interview, Sarah storage space and yoga

Little venice mooring facility

10 7

Mooring facilities are in serious shortage!!! 9

ock

Mooring facility

4 NAME: Anderson's Wharf L1 LOCATION: Near 1, Limehouse ship Lock FACILITIES:

NAME: East Wick Leisure Moorings LOCATION: Near 19, Old frd Lock, Eastern side FACILITIES:

Toilets

Rubbish point

Elsan

Shower point

Pump out

Water point 38

CHALLENGE 3 -- No sense of belonging

LAW

“The Board that the vessel to which the application relates will be used bona fide for navigation throughout the period for which the consent is valid without remaining continuously in any one place for more than 14 days or such longer period as is reasonable in the circumstances.”

British Waterways Act (1995)

GREY AREA GAP

CRT Rules

"Boats without a home mooring must be engaged in genuine navigation throughout the period of the licence".

"You must not stay moored in the same neighbourhood or locality for more than 14 days".

"It is the boater’s responsibility to satisfy the Trust that they meet these requirements".

Rule 1

Rule 2

Rule 3

CANAL & RIVER TRUST

CONFLICT

LAN COMMU

CONFL

This is not allowed. You need to move over a certain distance.

PATROL NOTICE PAT ROL E

TIC PATROL NO

NOT

ICE

CRT A

B C B A Pattern of movement of Continuous Cruiser

A single mother and her child were evicted.

Remove or demolish the houseboat Bye For sale

DIFFERENCES Bye

in identity, resources, motivation... ...

Now we are stuck in the horrible position of having boats moored opposite our houses all the time. The boat-dwellers look straight into our small gardens and into our houses... ...

Land residents

ND UNITY

Noise

Complain letters

Waste

Privacy

The Guardian

LICT

London's property crisis spreads to the water

Place

Identity

Bookshop

Restaurant

BOAT DWELLERS

CONFLICT Bar PROPERTY DEVELOPER

Commercial mooring

IMBALANCE

Residential mooring

CHALLENGE 3 -- No sense of belonging

Boat dwellers feel segregated, isolated, and do not have the sense of belonging since they have different conflicts with other social components of the city. The first conflict is with the Canal and River Trust. CRT (2012) makes a series of rules that the boaters need to hold the cruising licenses, and they are not allowed to stay moored in one location for more than 14 days. The rules are based on the British Waterway Act (1995), which claims that the boaters must make a “bona fide navigation” and “the consent is valid without remaining continuously in any one place for more than 14 days or such longer period as is reasonable in the circumstances.” However, in the act, there is no clear definition with the good faith of cruising patterns, which confuses many boaters and makes their lives hard to maintain. One single woman and her child living on the boat in East London were evicted due to CRT rejected their cruising pattern. They cruise back and forth between three mooring points since the child’s education (Some Room 2017). Many boaters are also confused in this situation and at the risk of being evicted. Another conflict is with land dwellers. The land dwellers living by the canal are disturbed by the boats since the issue of noise, privacy, waste, pollution, etc. Cahill (2014), who lives by the canal, expresses her concerns in the complaint letters. Now we are stuck in the horrible position of having boats moored opposite our houses all the time. The boat-dwellers look straight into our small gardens and into our houses. We have had thefts from our back gardens, which were virtually unheard of before. The noise from engines, generators, and people is very loud. The environmental pollution is appalling - endless rubbish is tipped straight from the boats into the canal, including human waste (once directly from the source). Coal burned on the boats is pumping out black smoke. Boat dwellers also have a conflict with the urban developer. Under the influence of neoliberalism, the UK's waterways are owned privately by different sectors and charitable trusts. This represents the neoliberal government’s policies of privatising state resources and functions (Harvey 2003, p.120). The organisations need money to maintain so that they sell the water-front properties and commercial mooring to urban developers. The report (Ferguson 2019) indicates, increases of up to 89% are turning waterways into ‘a pied-à-terre for rich people’, which has been posed the threat to the boaters. The boaters complain that developers take away their mooring rings and try to drive them away.

CHALLENGE 4 -- Imblanced Power

gallery

delivery cafe

cinema market

airbnb mail box

restaurant

Imblanced power

? The processes of urban production are biased towards the consumerist lifestyle of land dwellers, which leads to the imbalanced right between boat dwellers and land dwellers beyond consuming. There are numerous choices for land dwellers under consuming: diverse restaurants, groceries, cinemas, galleries, etc. while the choices for those who live afloat are somewhat limited. This brings much inconvenience to the boaters’ daily life. For instance, the various markets on the land bring convenience for people to access high-quality products at a reasonable price, while the boat dwellers are hard to access. According to the report (Bowles 2015), some boat dwellers form the spontaneous floating markets in east London, indicating their water-related consumption desires. The imbalanced power is also reflected in the right to vote. Specifically, the boaters do not have the fixed address and do not belong to any borough; therefore, they do not have the right to vote.

Bookshop

Stage

Grocery

Gallery

Cinema

Airbnb

03 DESIGN PROPOSAL

Stad in de Maak, Rotterdam

https://www.stadindemaak.nl/

Pension Almonde offers a temporary home to neighborhood initiatives and city nomads in the former social housing on Almonderstraat. By combining the need for temporary and flexible living space with community center functions, a new meeting place is created. The neighborhood is host to the guest house guests, and vice versa, the newcomers are customers to the neighborhood initiatives. The starting point is to create a community space that, in addition to sharing practical facilities, also creates the possibilities to build networks that strengthen the social fabric of the neighborhood.

A HOME TO CITY NOMADS

Laundry NEEDS Community Cinema

Food Party

Online Meeting

Workshop

COMMON

Bookshop

Knowledge Sharing

Reflecting -Create the meeting space providing related services for the boaters. -Design the social network supporting the neighbourhood and newcomers. The function of this intervention is based on the boaters’ desires.

Foodhall, Sheffield

https://www.foodhallproject.org/

Foodhall is an open public dining room and kitchen at the heart of Sheffield city centre. It reclaimed the existing abandon parking lot. Managed by the community, for the community, they tackle social isolation and encourage integration across a diverse range of groups. It is a place for everyone to share food, drink, company, skills, and time – all on a contributewhat-you-can basis.

ISOLATION

WEST

INTEGRATION EAST

WEST

FOOD

Music nights

EAST

CAFE (community meal)

Pottery studio Gallery

Bike workshop

Session space

NEEDS Cinema evening

Open journal

OTHERS Mutual education

Reflecting -Managed by the boaters themselves. -Integrate different people together through workshops, open journal, community events. -This open public dinning room is transformed from the abandoned parking lot. The inefficiency city space is the best space to put urban interventions.

General Strategy

Intervene Openings

Challenge 3

Improve Mooring Facility Develop Floating Consumption Challenge 1

Challenge 4 Challenge 2

Collaborative Platform

Based on the challenge boaters encounter, this project aims to propose the collaborative platform empowering the boat dwellers, which can help them solve the issues and better reclaim the city. This platform consists of three parts: improving the mooring facility, intervening openings, and developing the floating consumption mode.

Strategy 1. Improve Mooring Facility

Water point

Waste point

Electricity

Restaurant

Laundry

Garden

Yoga space

Grocery

Storage

Regarding the on-boat challenges，rooted in the limited space, the alternative solution is to reclaim the space outside the boat and the canal to relieve the press on the boat. For instance, the canal bank's storage space provides opportunities for boaters to store their non-seasonal stuff. The laundry rooms supplement the space on the boat to increase the efficiency of space utilisation. Referring to the second challenge, the scarcity of mooring facilities supplying electricity, gas, and water could inconvenience the boaters’ lives. This emphasises the significance of increasing the number of mooring facilities. Notwithstanding the existing mooring facilities along the canal are in severe shortage, it provides the prototype to reclaim the space along the canal. In this way, the strategy corresponding to the first and the second challenge is to improve the mooring facilities in diversity and quantity. The desires and concerns of boat dwellers and land dwellers directly impact the types of mooring facilities. Online interviewing represents boat dwellers’ desires to increase storage space, laundry, affordable groceries, etc.

Strategy 2. Intervene Openings

Boat Dwellers

Meetings

Forums

Seminars

Debates

Workshops

Lectures

Canal & River Trust

Land Dwellers

Developer

Resolving the conflicts between boaters and the others is a hinge to build a sense of belonging. Ash Amin (2016, p.972) claims that providing the “openings” for different actors to contact and dialogue is significant for resolving the conflicts. Consequently, intervening the “openings” is the second strategy corresponding to the third challenge. The “openings” have various forms: forums, meetings, seminars, debates, workshops, lectures, and games; thus, the boat dwellers could contact other actors through the ways mentioned above. Boaters express their different desires, concerns, and complaints to CRT in meetings, which is the first step to resolve the conflicts between boaters and CRT. This could be regarded as an antagonistic engagement (Holston 1998), and James Holston (1998, p.39) proves its efficiency of resolving the conflicts in “spaces of insurgent citizenship.”

Strategy 3. Develop the Floating Consumption Mode

Bookshop

Stage

Grocery

Gallery

Cinema

Airbnb

As an advocate for the marginalised boat dwellers, the third strategy is to develop the boatersoriented consumption mode. Specifically, the boaters reclaim the top of boats to organize the floating markets, stages, and bars. The boaters can also run floating Airbnb for tourists and land dwellers, promoting the nomadic lifestyle. Under the consumption on the waterway, the land dwellers not only have the opportunity to experience the lifestyles of boaters but also have the convenient accessibility to the water. More importantly, the boat dwellers could earn profit through the consumption mode, which could lighten their financial burden. Zygmunt Bauman (2012, p.32) compares the liquid and solid in “Liquid modernity” and emphases that the liquid is constantly ready to change. Compared to the solid consumption on the land, the liquid consumption on the waterway highlights the flexible characteristics, which could change according to consumers’ diverse needs at different times.

Actor Map Urban designers aim to empower the boat dwellers through creating a collaborative platform that provides an opportunity to integrate the resources of diverse boat associations and attempts to work as an aggregation of different boat-related websites. Inspired by “Grow Sheffield,” a series of growing projects and skills in Sheffield, which are useful for those interested in growing to acquire related experience and information, all the boat-related news, documents, and information would be updated on the platform. It recruits boaters as the main body to run the system. The first phase is to design and improve the mooring

Design

Platform

Designer

Integrate resources

National Bargee Travellers Association

Boat Associations

Boat Dwellers

Participate

Reflect Desires Concerns

Organize

Empower Provide funds Supervise

Participate

Suppo

Participate

Canal & River Trust

Land Dwellers

b. Intervene “openings”

a. Improve mooring facilities

Local Authorities

Friend and T

Issue recruiting information

In charge of

Design

facilities refer to the concern The funds of construction c enterprises. Intervening the teams from universities, the meetings, lectures, etc. Lan in the activities. The third pa promoted by the boaters an

Social Enterprises

London Canal Museum

Natio

ns and desire collected from boat dwellers and land dwellers. could be acquired from CRT, local authorities, and social e openings is the second phase. Supported by the professional e boaters are in charge of organising the related workshop, nd dwellers, CRT, local authorities, and enterprises participate art of the platform is to develop the liquid consumption mode nd supported by CRT and related enterprises.

ds Famlies Travellers

The National Association Of Boat Owners

London Boaters

University Support

ort

onal Grid

Central St Martins

Develop

c. Develop waterway consumption Support

Waitrose

Canopy Market

Kaki Restaurant

The British Library

Lethaby Gallery

How to Intervene

S XL S

M S

M S S S

M M

XL S

M S

M M S XL M

The collaborative platform will be implemented through multi-scales urban interventions, namely scale S intervention, scale M intervention, and scale XL intervention. Scale S intervention is a series of infrastructure spots and installations. Scale M intervention works on the architecture scale, for instance, the transformation of part of the existing buildings. Scale XL is the city scale aiming to build some connections between scale S and scale M and to improve the users’ accessibility to the urban interventions.

STEP 1 -- SCALE M

Choose the potential pilots (currently inefficiency).

M M

Boaters decide the functions (according to the site)

M M

Reclaim the site and intervene the scale M

Engaging them in the construction process.

STEP 2 -- SCALE S

S S S

Intervene the small installations along the canal and street

Intervene the small installations to supplement the Scale M intervention

STEP 3 -- SCALE XL

Evluate the efficiency of scale S and scale M

Intervene the new point in the lacking area

Make neccessary connection to some interventions

Improve the connection between canal and city

Scale S Intervention The scale S intervention is a group of the smallest urban interventions placed mainly along the canal or the street. It is a synthesis of one type of mooring facilities and one form of openings, or a combination of two types of mooring facilities. The scale S intervention could mainly respond to boaters’ needs on mooring facilities, such as water point, gas point, waste collecting point, and electricity point. Even though one installation's capacity is limited, the volunteer will supplement it in time to ensure boaters’ use. Some simple forms of openings will be added to the installations to encourage different actors to contact. To be specific, the food sold on affordable stalls could be on sales vegetable and fruits collected from the nearby supermarkets, like Waitrose and Co-op. The advice box is the place for those who want to make voices.

S1. Water point + Cafe

S2. Electricity point + Waste recycling point

S3. Affordable stalls + Advice box

S4. Gas point + Garden

Scale M Intervention The scale M intervention works on a larger scale aiming to respond to the three strategies, which are improving mooring facilities, creating openings and developing floating consumption. It consists of land interventions and water interventions. The land interventions involve various mooring facilities and different forms of openings placed on the low-efficient space around the canal, for instance, the leftover space under the bridge, the canal lock, the gap between two buildings, etc. The interventions could get support from the surrounding buildings, for example, the affordable meals implemented in pilot M4 could collaborate with the restaurants nearby, which could not only increase the facilities for boaters, but also activate those inefficient spaces.

Pilot M1 reclaims the leftover space around a restaurant called “SHI”. Cooperating with the restaurant, the intervention provides affordable meals for boaters and those who demand. It also includes a storage space where boaters could store their stuff to save the space on the boat.

Reflected in the interview, doing the laundry is a challenge for living on the boat. Pilot M2 tries to intervene a laundry in the gap between two buildings to provide convenience for the boaters and surrounding community. When people are waiting for their cleaned clothes, they have the chance to contact with others in the "openings"- a meeting room. 61

Pilot M3 reclaims the space under the bridge. Space is transformed into the boater garden where boaters can grow vegetables and fruits in the planting box. After the harvest, this food will be shared with boaters or the nearby neighbourhood. Among this activity, food work as the hinge bringing boaters together, and boaters have the opportunity to communicate with each other.

Pilot M4 is located at the roof of an existing building since the roof space is not reclaimed. The intervention provides the electricity point for boaters, at the same time, this is also a bookshop with reading areas. The “Words on the water”, a floating bookshop nearby, collaborates with the bookshop to develop the culture industry on the canal. Also, the "openings"- workshop could be organised here for boaters to exchange boat-related knowledge.

M5 M5

Pilot M5 reclaims the existing inefficient canal lock and boat service room. The function includes the reclaiming water point which helps boaters to reclaim the grey water and recycle the water. The roof of an adjacent building is transformed into a garden where people can grow fresh fruits. The juice bar is to make fresh juices for boaters and others to help them recharge themselves. What’ s more, the contact space here is an opportunity for people to dialogue through "openings"- meetings or seminars.

Scale M Intervention The floating intervention aims to develop the waterway consumption mode, including the floating bar, floating cinema, floating market, floating stage, floating Airbnb, and floating gallery. The interventions consist of floating pontoon and on-boat interventions. The floating pontoon is modular; hence, it provides flexibility to different needs and can be assembled effectively by manual work. The FPS pontoon hire company could establish collaboration with the platform and supply the resources. The on-boat interventions mainly reclaim the top of the canal boats. The affordable grocery is intervened to offer some boat-related products, which is convenient for boaters to access. The floating gallery on the top of the canal boat is easier for the audience to access since it is moveable along the canal in the city. Through these two types of floating interventions, land-dwellers have opportunities to experience the nomadic lifestyle, which is beneficial for them to build the dialogue.

http://www.floatingpontoonsolutions.co.uk/commercial

http://www.prague-up.com/en/place/avoid-floating-gallery/

Pontoon Modular

M6. Floating Seats

M7. Floating Bar

M8. Floating Stages

Scale M Intervention

Floating Cinema in Los Angeles https://abc7.com/floating-boat-cinema-los-angeles-movietheaters-coronavirus-theater/6328892/

Floating Gallery in Vyton, Prague http://www.prague-up.com/en/place/avoid-floating-gallery/

Floating Market in Bangkok https://www.takemetour.com/landmark/tha-kha-floating-market

M9. Floating Cinema

M10. Floating Gallery

M11. Floating Grocery

Scale XL Intervention The function of scale XL intervention is to connect scale S intervention and scale M intervention. To be specific, it will evaluate the efficiency of scale S and scale M intervention firstly, when detecting some area is still lacking facilities or services, it will update and supplement the suitable intervention again. The scale S and M intervention are connected by the green corridor and assembled pontoons to improve the continuity.

Another function of scale XL is to im interventions. The docking area is d support boaters to access, which is Besides, the scale XL intervention a the designed green corridor. This co bringing more convenience to boate

M10

Green Corridor

M9 M10

Green Corridor

mprove the boaters’ accessibility to the designed next to the intervention intending to s assembled by pontoons. aims to connect the canal to the city through ould improve the canal's accessibility to the city, ers to make connections with the city.

Green Corridor

M4 M6 M8

M11

M10 M2 M1

Scale S intervention Scale M intervention Floating pontoon (docking area, connection) 0

150

300 meters

M3. Boater M2. Laundry Docking Area

Scale-S In M11. Floating Market

Green Corridor

M8. Floating Stage

Garden

M7. Floating Bar

M9. Floating Cinema

ntervention

04 CONCLUSION

To conclude, responding to the studio theme “Reclaim the city,” this thesis focuses on the boat dwellers in London, making efforts to empower the boaters and help them better reclaim the city. This problem-solving oriented project aims to mitigate the challenges of living afloat by proposing the collaborative platform, which is operated by boaters themselves and supported by diverse actors, including local authorities, canal and river trust, social enterprises, university, etc. The implementation of the platform consists of three different scales: scale S-installation, scale M-architecture, scale XLcity. In this collaborative platform, improving the mooring facilities and boat services for boaters could largely alleviate their on-boat stress and challenge. This is a direct and effective method to support boaters to reclaim the city while intervening the “openings” for them is an oblique solution. It intends to provide the opportunity for boaters to contact among themselves and dialogue with other parts of the city as well. The boaters could exchange the boat-related knowledge and share the experience with others through various forms of openings. Boat dwellers require different facilities and “openings” to lead the nomadic lifestyle and improve their sense of belonging. This might be reflected in other forms of urban nomads, for instance, those who live in caravans and academic nomads as well. Caravans face the same challenge with boaters, such as the limited space, shortage of facilities, and no sense of belonging. The collaborative platform that could also be applied in this situation aims to improve the related facilities for them and create the chance to contact through “openings.” Referring to academic nomads, they travel across the different cities to teach, study, or work and have the same concerns. Irit, an academic nomad, lives in Cambridge but teaches at the University of Sheffield, indicating that she needs to live in the Airbnb for one or two nights per week in Sheffield. She also expresses that she prefers to work in the Cafe, not the noisy and crowded office after the teaching activities. Learned from my project, improve the related facilities and services for them is rather necessary. Apart from this, the establishment of “openings” could help different academic nomads meet together and support each other. Develop floating consumption is also significant in this collaborative platform since it critiques urban production processes that are biased towards the consumerist lifestyle of land dwellers. This project can empower the boat dwellers and balance the right between boat dwellers and land dwellers. This project's limitation is that it merely focuses on those who regard the boathouse as their only homes but neglected those who regard the boathouse as holiday resorts. They choose to spend the holiday on the boat since they desire to close to nature and prefer this attractive and nomadic lifestyle. Consequently, many challenges and concerns of living afloat mentioned in the research part are less evident. In this way, the focus should be put on these people in the next step since they are also one indispensable part of living afloat lifestyle; hence more research around them will be conducted in the future, including their concerns and desires.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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