Sebastia Disagreement by AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

AGREEMENT DIS-

SEBASTIA

Portfolio by Yiru Qian

Royal college of art City Design 21/22

SEBASTIA SEBASTIA DISDIS-

SEBASTIA

SEBASTIA AGREEMENT

AGREEMENT DISDIS-

ABSTRACT p.IV-V p.2 p.20 BEFORE 1975: 1.1 HEJAZ RAILWAY 1975-1978: 1.2 GUSH EMUNIM MOVEMENT 1.3 SEBASTIA AGREEMENT AFTER 1978: 1.4 SHAVEI SHOMRON 1.5 EXPANSION p.4 p.8 p.12 p.16 p.18 BACKGROUND: SEBASTIA AGREEMENT 1 2 p.22 p.24 p.26 p.27 TESTIMONY 2.1 STATE ARCHIVE 2.2 VIBRANT TESTIMONY SHOWING AND NOT SHOWING 2.3 NOT SHOWING AS OCCUPATION 2.4 SHOWING AS OCCUPATION RESEARCH: TESTIMONY COLLECTION IV

p.74 p.96 3 4 5 TRANSLATION: REVEAL THE ERASURE STATION: 3.1 BUILDING 3.2 SITE VALLEY: 3.3 VIDEO 3.4 REPORT OCCUPATION: 3.5 FILM 1 3.6 FILM 2 PROPOSITION: REVEALING AS INTERVENTION REVEALING: 4.1 FILM 4.2 WEBSITE INTERVENTION: 4.3 FORUM/SOCIAL MEDIA REFLECTION APPENDIX p.30 p.38 p.46 p.50 p.58 p.62 p.76 p.84 p.92 V

p.28

SEBASTIA

DISAGREEMENT

ABSTRACT

i. Masudiya station, 2015

ii. Sebastia case, found in Israel state archive, pdf, 1975

iii. Hejaz railway map

Gush Emunim occupied Masudiya station at 1974, 1 year later the illegal occupation led to Sebastia agreement. Sebastia agreement is a document signed between Gush Emunim and Israeli government that legitimates settlement movement by Israeli government even though it is illegal under international law. It was a turning point that opened up the northern part of the West Bank for Jewish settlement. e station was on the Hejaz railroad, which originally connected the Middle East, Turkey, Egypt etc,. Gush Emunim occupation is not only entry point into the encroachment of northern West Bank, but also a foretell the control of Palestinian mobility. e project focuses on occupation, and was developed in three stages: the collection of testimonies about the Masudiya Station occupation, the testimony translation in material and spiritual terms, and nally the production of a short lm and an archival website as intervention claims.

e short lm presents key testimonies and re ections on the occupation: the performance of hands reveals the materiality of the occupation, while the constant interplay of reality and ction in the simulated re-entry to the station reiterates the severance of the memory of the station from the current present. Memory acts as an extension of the physical environment, connecting the past and o ering the possibility of re-imagining the future.

Archival website exposes the collection of testimonies forms a forum that fosters public awareness and discussion and aim to rebuild mobility through solidarity. Some of the testimonies during the research phase of the project were taken from e National Library of Israel and the State Archives (see footnote for details). Only 1.29% of materials from the state archive are open to public which are usually presented in a standard archival format with names, descriptions, times and places. is narrative serves state propaganda, provides legitimacy to the invasion of the land, and obscures the brutality of the occupation. Archival website as a design proposition complements the limitations of the linear narrative of this project’s short lm and gives the public a platform to freely explore the testimonies and the relationships between individual testimonies, presenting the origins of the design proposition and the transcription of the testimonies, thus challenging the materiality and one-way narrative erased from the authoritative record represented by the state archives. Meanwhile, the free access of my research date support future potential research, which functions as solidarity building too.

Keywords: occupation, materiality, archive

VII

Background: Sebastia agreement 1

for the bene t of the Hejaz Railway, during the time of the Ottoman Empire, and it is now owned by the Palestinian state. A er it was private property. Israeli resource claimed the Station property is now owned by the Israeli state.”2

1.1

Before occupation: Hejaz railway Sebastia was served by two stations on the Hejaz railway: Masudiya station and Sebastia station, the latter has no records. e Hejaz was used to establish a connection between important cities such as today’s Istanbul, Mecca, Jerusalem, Cairo, Damascus, etc. Work on this railway began in 1900, during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876 - 1909), and was opened after 8 years. Parts of the railway were destroyed in 1916 during the First World War (1914 - 1918).1

Masudiya station was initially intended for both, access for pilgrims, and for Palestinian residents of the villages to move to neighboring cities quickly. e deputy head of the Burqa Municipal Council, north of Nablus, Jihad Sherida, said about it: “It is a land with an area of about 26 dunums, donated by the residents

1 Wikipedia. “Hejaz Railway.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Sept. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz_railway.

1.2

During occupation: Sebastia agreement and Gush Emunim

In 1975, the station was occupied by an Israeli right-wing group, the Gush Emunim, who demanded the establishment of a settlement in Sebastia. At the end of that year, the Israeli government and Gush Emunim signed the Sebastia agreement in the main hall of the station. e government relocated the settlers near the Qadum3 barracks and the temporary settlement was expanded into a permanent settlement - Kedumim. is model was replicated in other settlements in the northern West Bank. According to APN Settlement in Focus: Vol. 1, Issue 10

2 Anatolia. “An Ottoman Park in ‘Al Masudiya’ Threatened by Israeli Settlement.” Wikipedia.

3 Wikipedia. “Kedumim.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Kedumim.

- “Behind the Barrier: A Pro le of Elon Moreh”, “From 1967 until the Yom Kippur War, the government of Israel supported settlement in only a few areas of the newly occupied territories - mainly the southern West Bank and the Jordan Valley - and justi ed land expropriations on the basis of the military/security needs of the State of Israel.”4 However, e Sebastia agreement was a turning point, opening the northern West Bank to Jewish settlement.5 As one of the rst permanent settlements established by the Gush Emunim movement, it was particularly important because its establishment spawned the legal basis for future settlements in the West Bank.6

Gush emunim is a non-governmental organization. Unlike the Zionists, who did not address the contradiction between the “Promised Land” and lands with good agricultural soils but relatively few historical ties to Israel, the Gush emunim movement saw height as a strategic resource, e.g., the “March to Samaria” movement.7 e research-based relationship map shows a network of settlement movements.

Zaid al Azhari (Hilali) works with the Palestine Heritage Trail to develop more tourism in the West

4 APN. “Settlement in Focus: Vol. 1, Issue 10

- ‘Behind the Barrier: A Profle of Elon Moreh.’” Americans for Peace Now, APN, Sept. 2005, http://archive.peacenow.org/entries/archive1465.

5 Wikipedia. “Kedumim.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/Kedumim.

6 APN. “Settlement in Focus: Vol. 1, Issue 10

- ‘Behind the Barrier: A Profle of Elon Moreh.’” Americans for Peace Now, APN, Sept. 2005, http://archive.peacenow.org/entries/archive1465.

7 Weizman, Eyal. “Settlements: Battle for the Hilltops.” Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, Verso, London, UK, 2017, pp. 87–91.

Yiru Qian, “Key map of locations of Sebastia and Masudiya”,2021 Yiru Qian, KeymapoflocationsofSebastia andMasudiya,2021

Bank in collaboration with small businesses. When he was asked why the settlers have such an obsession with this abandoned station, he provided one of the possible reasons: “ e settlers have told the construction workers that there is an old Jewish myth about their people not being able to sleep in Sebastia. is is partially why the masudiya is also important.”8 Another explanation is more random, suggesting that Gush Emunim chose the station as a settlement only because of its abandoned state. e site was recommended by Ariel Sharon according to Hollow Land. As a settlement outside of the government’s Allon plan at the time, Gush Emunim, as a civic grassroots right-wing organization, had the advantage of being strategically efcient and gaining a “retrospective” status as a non-government sanctioned occupation against the traditional top-down government plan. From a spatial perspective, the dimension of settlement is extended from the horizontal development of the plains to the vertical valleys.9 As Zygmunt Bauman writes in Liquid Modernity, ‘[t]he “conquest of space” came to mean faster machines ‘, and ‘accelerating the moves was the sole means of enlarging the space’.10 While Gush Emunim’s mobility echoes the mobility of the station, its occupation seems to fore-

8 Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

9 Weizman, Eyal. “Settlements: Battle for the Hilltops.” Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, Verso, London, UK, 2017, pp. 87–91.

10 Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Modernity. Polity Press, 2012.

Moshe, Milner. “An Israeli Police Patrol Sits in Their Jeep as Right-Wing Jewish Settlers Set up an Encampment Where They Hoped to Build the First Jewish Settlement in the Samaria, Which They Called Elon Moreh, December 8, 1975 at Masudiya Railway Station.” Gettyimages, 8 Dec. 1975, URL, Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

1.3

A er occupation: Settlers impacts Shavei Shomron is the nearest settlement near Sebastia. It was founded in 1977. Shavei Shomron is located on a hilltop which over looks the valley as is generally the case with the features of Israeli settlements presented in Hollow Land.11 e good sight facilitate its regional monitoring and control. What’s more, according to ARIJ, Israel conscated land from two nearby Palestinian villages in order to construct Shavei Shomron: 680 dunums of land were taken from An-Naqura,12 while 236 dunums were taken from Deir Sharaf.13 e expansion diagram is done based on the changes in satellite maps provided by Geomlog.ps between 1999 -2020, showing

11 Weizman, Eyal. “Settlements: Optical urbanism.” Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, Verso, London, UK, 2017, pp. 130–131.

12 Wikipedia. “Shavei Shomron.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Shomron#cite_ note-3

13 Wikipedia. “Shavei Shomron.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Shomron#cite_ note-3

its continuous outward expansion. Besides land expansion, in the RCA underground politics lecture series, invitee Zaid al Azhari described in detail the current Sebastia situation of controlled mobility during a Q&A session of one of the lectures.14 As a bene ciary of the Gush Emunim movement, Shavei Shomron’s impact on the local Palestinian people in the present day proves that the historical events of 1975 did not end with the pass of time and that the metaphor of land occupation and mobility continues to this day.

14 Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

shadow the loss of sovereignty and the fate of the local inhabitants who

Background before 1975: Hejaz Railway 1.1

1. Unknown. “Palestine Railways - Railway Map of Palestine and the Neighboring Countries .” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, 1936, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

2. Unknown. “Palestine Railways - Railway Map of Palestine and the Neighboring Countries .” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, 1936, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

3. Unknown. “(Screws) Iron Pieces from the Remains of the Ottoman Hejaz Railway in Palestine. The Railroad That Used to Pass from the City of Nablus to Haifa Cuts of the Railroad between Al Masudiya and AnabtaTulkarm.” Twitter, @Hamza_aqrabawi, 14 Aug. 2021, URL, Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

4. Stills, Tonytony252, director. The Hejaz Railway, 29 July 2018, URL. Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

5. Yiru Qian, “Key map of locations of Sebastia and Masudiya”,2021

2 3 4 5

6. Unknown. “A Kingdom of Hejaz 50q Revenue of 1922.” Paper Heritage, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

7. Unknown. “Hejaz Railway (British Palestine) - HR Haifa-Damascus Third Class (Round Trip) Train Ticket (Specimen).” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

8. Unknown. “Hejaz Railway - Bahnhof Masudiya Mit Herodesberg (Vintage Postcard).” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

9. Kitapligi, Ataturk. “Map Showing the Ottoman Railways on the Eve of World War I.” The Afternoon Map, Nick Danforth, 7 Feb. 2013, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

6 7

Background 1975-78: Gush Emunim Movement 1.2

10. Kolarik, Asher. “Illegal Settlers Arriving to a New Place, Dismantling Equipment Which They Brought for the New Settlement They Intend to Build. The National Flag Is Raised.” The National Library of Israel, Dan Hadani Collection, The Pritzker Family National Photography Collection, The National Library of Israel, 22 Sept. 1978, Available here. Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

10 11 12

10 12 13 14 15 17 18 19 20 11 12 14 15 16 17 18 20

11. Moshe, Milner. “An Israeli Police Patrol Sits in Their Jeep as Right-Wing Jewish Settlers Set up an Encampment Where They Hoped to Build the First Jewish Settlement in the Samaria, Which They Called Elon Moreh, December 8, 1975 at Masudiya Railway Station.” Gettyimages, 8 Dec. 1975, URL, Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

12. Milner, Moshe. Gush Emunim Settlers in from of Their Tents in the First Location of Their Outpost near Sebastia, the West Bank, 1975. . Government Press Ofce, The National Photo Collection of Israel.

13. Yiru Qian, “ Relocated settlers’ moving trajectory”,2021

11 13

A B C D E F G H ط ق K L M

Masudiya station Sabastiya Shavei Shomron Military base Qedumim

Elon More

Rujeib

Background 1975-1978: Sebastia Agreement 1.3

14. Prime Minister’s Ofce/Prime Minister’s Ofce. “The Settlement and Construction in the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria since the Six Day War.” Israel State Archives. url

15-1~15-17.

url

Prime Minister’s Ofce/Prime Minister’s Ofce. “The Settlement and Construction in the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria since the Six Day War.” Israel State Archives.

Shavei shomron

16 After1978:

1.4

18 After1978:Expansion 1.5 2019 2014 2009 1999 2000 2006 161.6% 145.7% 100% 134.5% 140% 212.7% 17

17. Yiru Qian, “Expansion diagram from 1999-2019, based on Satellite map”, 2021 18. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 1999.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022. 19. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2000.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022. 20. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2006.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022. 21. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2009.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022. 22. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2014.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022. 23. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2019.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

18 19 20 22 23 21

,2021

Research: Testimony collection

2.1 State archive testimony vs vibrant testimony

Some of the historical photographs found during the research process are from the National Library and the State Archives. By making testimonies, de ning them and carefully deciding on either to public them or not, their materiality has been erased and the archives form a system of oppression that alters national history and thus a ects the narrative identity of the oppressed people.

Israeli Chief Archivist Dr. Yaakov Lozowick’s State of Access to Israeli Government Archives data sheet proves that as of 2017, just 1.29 per-

cent15 of state archival material has been made accessible to the public. Noam Hofstadter quotes the rst paragraph of Dr. Yaakov Lozowick’s open report stating that one of the reasons for this result is “Israel is not dealing with its archival material in a manner be tting a democracy. e little of the material that will be made accessible, will be accessible only with unreasonable restrictions. e process of releasing of records lacks any public accountability or transparency.”16 Bizarrely, today, ve years later, the front page of the State Archives shows that “Much of the classi ed ey have now passed. Here it is.” What exactly has passed? For whom? Who de ned it as having passed? Does the opening of the document now assume that this event can no longer be pursued? e Sebastia agreement, one of the key testimonies found for this project, at least wasn’t released until 2015 (estimated based on a report17) documents in detail the entire event, including the execution of the plan, the timing, the number

15 Lozowick, Yaakov. “State of Access to Israeli Government Archives.” Akevot, Sept. 2017.

16 Hofstadter, Noam. “What Secrets Is Israel’s State Archive Hiding from the Public?” +972 Magazine, 26 Jan. 2018, https://www.972mag. com/what-secrets-is-Israels-state-archive-hiding-from-the-public/.

17 Segal, Hagi. “The Protocols Are Revealed: This Is How Peres Supported the Settlements Project.” Makorrishon.co.il, 10 Dec. 2015, https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/online/1/ ART2/742/118.html.

of people, etc. As carefully ltered 1.29 percent, this event seems to be de ned as an important point in the glorious history.

When images, videos, maps, texts, and objects function as testimonies, their power to exist is gained by revealing an event. ese testimonies are usually presented in standard archival form, with names, “objective” descriptions, times and places, etc. ey are electronically incorporated into state institutions. is process of digitalization is a kind of ltering and si ing, where the materiality of the occupation is erased not only by technology but also by the choice of disclosure or concealment.

In addition to authoritative testimony, this project included testimonies that were excluded by the State Archive. is includes interviews with local residents, oral histories, social network photos and videos, news, and text. Topics covers from land property to local memories. ese testimonies revisit this historical event with a wild, vivid, and diverse perspective, creating an Online archive. is archive not only rebels against the State Archives’ si ing of the content of the masudiya station occupation, erasing the materiality and the one-way narrative, but also confronts its authority from the bottom up. How do the events of the past a ect the present? Is it possi-

State Archive, “Typical index for a fle”

ble to re-imagine the future based on the in uence of the past on the present? Inspired by applied theater, this project applies space to narrative through timelines, image mapping, moving images, soundscape, and the overlapping of the station’s material present and imagined past. Memory as an extension of the physical environment, can bridge the past and contribute to re-imagine the future.

occupation, and therefore a nation. e archive contains no documentation of the origin of the station plot, no textual descriptions of the station as it sits on the edge of a large area of farmland where o en local residents were employed to organize activities such as farmer’s market,19 no photographs capturing the childhoods of local children playing near the station, no sound presenting the cries of local residents at the time of oppression, and no video recording of local residents articulating their perspectives. Yet videos documenting the invasion of Gush Emunim were collected on YouTube20 , and videos recalling memories of the station were found on YouTube21 , videos documenting how local youth fought back were found on British Pathe22 .

2.2 Not showing as occupation (materiality and memory):

ese digital les, without any tangible material, lie on the screen, present the brutal occupation to the public as a great national chronicle, seemingly innocent. By turning land into property, ostensible people and plantations into numbers, and life into a record of expansion, what is erased from an authoritative organization is the brutality of the

18 Sela, Rona. “Rethinking National Archives in Colonial Countries and Zones of Confict.” Ibraaz, Ibraaz, Jan. 2014, https://www.ibraaz.org/ essays/78#_ftn10.

If the land occupation is a surface occupation, the archive can be considered the cornerstone of the occupation movement, buried beneath the ground, providing legitimacy to the activities on the ground and thus changing the historical narrative, identity, and memory of the oppressed people step by step.

2.3

Showing as occupation (state narrative creates legitimacy of invasion):

e GPO(Government Press Ofce)’s photographs are more o en included in the Hulton Archive. In-

19 Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

20 Archive, AP. “Synd 3 8 76 Gush Emunim Jews Wishing to Settle.” YouTube, YouTube, 24 July 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RISZx8qIZcU.

terestingly, the GPO’s photographs are more focused on the settlers, while the IPPA’s photographs are not only of the settlers, but also of the military posture during this historical event. IDF shared a twisted relationship with settlers. ey were supposed to evacuate settlers but also they protect settlers. When the investigator can nd such narrow and speci c results in order to study a historical event, should the investigator himself be more vigilant in choosing to use these historical photographs? e seemingly “innocent” and “objective” presentation of the settlers’ living conditions in these photo-archive, under the carefully selected lenses and ltered composition of the photos, makes people forget the historical background and speci c context of the photos for a while. A feeling of sympathy is inevitably generated. Sela Rona claims that these archives were selected as representations of Palestinian history by considering up to seven factors (missing chapters for Palestinian history, documented physical violence, Functional violence inherent in archival structures etc,.)

. It is important to note that these 7 factors are the result of a thorough as well as extensive research. By inference, what e ect would such an archive have on the general public?

State Archive, “Front page with slogan quote ‘Much of the classifed material created in 1976 was sealed for 50 years. They have now passed. Here it is.”,2021

21 Agency, Wafa. “ذكريات

.” YouTube, YouTube, 28 May 2021, https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=urDi4FHICIo&t=11s.

22 Pathé, British. “West Bank: Arab Youths Protest against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt by Jewish Settlers.” The World’s Finest News and Entertainment Video Film Archive, 1975, https://www.britishpathe. com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/ query/masudiya.

مع سكة الحجاز

WAFA, “YouTube video of a senior remembers once catching an orange that was dropped from the train”,2021

State

Testimony

2.1

24. QR Code for the link of search result page of Gush emunim (Israel) -- Photographs from Israeli national library

Vibrant testimony

2.2 26 27 28

26. QR Code for the link of vibrant testimonies

27. Stills, Unknown. West Bank: Arab Youths Protest Against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt By Jewish Settlers. 1975, British Pathe, 1975, https://www.britishpathe. com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/ query/masudiya. Accessed 30 Oct. 2022.

28. Stills, Unknown. West Bank: Arab Youths Protest Against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt By Jewish Settlers. 1975, British Pathe, 1975, https://www.britishpathe. com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/ query/masudiya. Accessed 30 Oct. 2022.

29. Stills, Wafa Agency. ذكريات مع سكة الحجاز (Memories with the Hejaz Railway), YouTube, May 2021, https:// www.youTube.com/watch?v=urDi4FHICIo. Accessed 30 Oct. 2022.

25 29

Not showing As occupation 2.3

2.2 Not showing as occupation (materiality and memory):

e PDF le of the Sebastia Agreement was found in the State archives, along with other occupation photographs. e investigation revealed that many of the photographs were attributed to IPPA Sta is is because most of the national photography archives in Israel were established, along with photography departments that actively ordered photographs from photographers in the service of the institutions they represented, for national bene ts.i ese digital les, without any tangible material, lie on the screen, present the brutal occupation to the public as a great national chronicle, seemingly innocent. By turning land into property, ostensible people and plantations into numbers, and life into a record of expansion, what is erased from an authoritative organization is the brutality of the occupation, and therefore a nation.

e archive contains no documentation of the origin of the station plot, no textual descriptions of the station as it sits on the edge of a large area of farmland where o en local residents were employed to organize activities such as farmer’s market,ii no photographs capturing the childhoods of local children playing near the station, no sound presenting the cries of local residents at the time of oppression, and no video recording of local residents articulating their perspectives. Yet videos documenting the invasion of Gush Emunim were collected on YouTubeiii , and videos recalling memories of the station were found on YouTubeiv, videos documenting how local youth fought back were found on British Pathev.

i Sela, Rona. “Rethinking National Archives in Colonial Countries and Zones of Confict.” Ibraaz, Ibraaz, ii Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art. Jan. 2014, https://www.ibraaz.org/essays/78#_ftn10.

iii Archive, AP. “Synd 3 8 76 Gush Emunim Jews Wishing to Settle.” YouTube, YouTube, 24 July 2015, https:// www.youTube.com/watch?v=RISZx8qIZcU

iv Agency, Wafa. “ذذذذذذ ذذ ذذذ ذذذذذذ.” YouTube, YouTube, 28 May 2021, https://www.youTube.com/ watch?v=urDi4FHICIo&t=11s.

v Pathé, British. “West Bank: Arab Youths Protest against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt by Jewish Settlers.” The World’s Finest News and Entertainment Video Film Archive, 1975, https://www. britishpathe.com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/query/masudiya.

Showing as Occupation 2.4

2.3

Showing as occupation (state narrative creates legitimacy of invasion):

e GPO(Government Press O ce)’s photographs are more o en included in the Hulton Archive. Interestingly, the GPO’s photographs are more focused on the settlers, while the IPPA’s photographs are not only of the settlers, but also of the military posture during this historical event. IDF shared a twisted relationship with settlers. ey were supposed to evacuate settlers but also they protect settlers. When the investigator can nd such narrow and speci c results in order to study a historical event, should the investigator himself be more vigilant in choosing to use these historical photographs? e seemingly “innocent” and “objective” presentation of the settlers’ living conditions in these photo-archive, under the carefully selected lenses and ltered composition of the photos, makes people forget the historical background and speci c context of the photos for a while. A feeling of sympathy is inevitably generated. Sela Rona claims that these archives were selected as representations of Palestinian history by considering up to seven factors (missing chapters for Palestinian history, documented physical violence, Functional violence inherent in archival structures etc,.) . It is important to note that these 7 factors are the result of a thorough as well as extensive research. By inference, what e ect would such an archive have on the general public?

3.1 Reveal materiality through gestures and objects

e testimonies collected were reassembled, reorganized, ampli ed, pixelated, and other gestures that create an alternative historical discourse.

In the process of collecting evidence, the gestures of the hand caught my attention: the hand holding a ag, the hand carrying a door panel, the hand pulling a tent rope, the hand pointing at somewhere and so on. From the gesture of the hand derives materiality, either full of violence, or full of mobility, or full of faith. Materiality, as a being without consciousness, achieves a result because of its capacity to do so. From a physical perspective, the act of occupying space interacts with the land, the existing space in various ways. e shovel is inserted into the land, swinging the earth into the sky, and the ground is constantly replicated from solid to void to solid again. In making the castings, the hand reproduces the action of occupation: measuring, cutting, excavating, lling, liquid curing,

Translation: Reveal the erasure

demolishing and replicating. In the constant production of positive and negative shapes, the occupation and the occupied appear and disappear as the opposite of reality. Traces of hand violence are recorded on the object and captured by the camera. e tool of occupation is not a tool, but a fact. When focusing on the gesture of the hand as well as the material traces, my intention is to advocate a closer look, which in turn evokes a concrete examination as well as a re ection on the aggressive act of occupation.

“Does the model simulation romanticize the process of occupation?” e occupation itself is easily identi able, but it is the ‘everyday’ occupation that deserves the same speci c attention. e settlers use containers, caravans, and tents in the process of occupation, which is more “everyday “ objects. But it was the mobility and lightness of these objects that greatly facilitated the speed of the occupation. As Irit Katz argues: e tight link between mobility and colonization is not only about the great contradiction pointed out by Ballantyne ‘that “settlers” were typically unsettled and mobility was their de ning characteristic’23 but also that these unsettled settlers had the power to unsettle those who already settled the area they have lived24 . Consider-

23 Katz, Irit. “Mobile Colonial Architecture: Facilitating Settler Colonialism’s Expansions, Expulsions, Resistance, and Decolonization.” Mobilities, vol. 17, no. 2, 2022, pp. 219–219., https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2021.2000838. 24 Ibid

ing mobility and consolidation, the “un” settlement of settlers and displacement of inhabitants are fraught with contradictory cause and e ect as well as correspondence, the model’s simulation attempts to show this history through the process by which materials were cured.

In agriculture, gypsum is used to lower the pH value of the soil. It was also used as a fertilizer and as a source of calcium and sulphate sulphur for plant growth25 . Masudiya station is now used by the locals as a place for organizing frequent agricultural activities, thanks to the surrounding farmland and the natural landscape26 . Gypsum itself has the property of transition from liquid to solid. From an Interview by Craig Houser that Rachel Whiteread argues “ It was the rst piece in which I realized that I could absolutely disorient the viewer. I then took all the panels to my studio and xed them to a framework. ere was the door in front of me, and a light switch, back to front, and I just thought to myself: ‘I’ m the wall. at’s what I’ve done. I’ve become the wall.’” Whiteread is curing her memory with plaster, at the same time transforming her relationship with both of memory and space. What is it that I want to reveal in making a small sculpture? An abstracted his-

25 Hopkins, Matt. “The Role of Gypsum in Agriculture: 5 Key Benefts You Should Know.” CropLife, 13 Oct. 2022, https://www.croplife. com/crop-inputs/micro nutrients/the-role-ofgypsum-in-agriculture-5-key-benefts-youshould-know/.

26 Qian, Yiru, and Zaid Azhari. “Questions about Masudiya.” 13 May 2022.

Yiru Qian, “ Handmade occupation”, 2022

tory, an occupied land, a series of settlements built on this foundation, and an inverted narrative. e process of plaster loses its uidity reveals this history about lost mobility through mobility.

passed through the village.29

3.2 Reveal memory

Zaid, a local resident, mentioned in an interview that the station played a very important role in the life of the local farming community. Local farmers o en used the natural setting and space of the station for activities such as farmers’ markets until the new checkpoint was built.27 e new checkpoint controlled major intersections for local tra c, such as the intersection leading to Highway 60 and the main roadway into the station compound. Interestingly, Hejaz Railway was paved directly underneath the road. e same path that once sent people to distant places but is now inaccessible even from their homes. e design of the checkpoint is just one of the intrusions that have reshaped the lives of local residents. e same type of events are repeated in various parts of the West Bank. Farouz describes her life as a dream and her desire to go to the beach28 . One local elder recalled growing up by the railroad and how he got food from the workers on the trains when they

27 Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

28 PODCAST, SHE. “04 Fairouz-Palestine.” SHE 壳, 2021. https://www.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/episode/60cdb0cd488bf1b38bd74600.

e choice of lm as a medium to translate space and memory was inspired by e eatre of the Oppressed, in which Augusto Boal presents several examples from practice: interviewees are more able to express their own experiences without limitations when using images and the body rather than languages30 . Cinema, of all the arts, this would have been the one that would appear to have truly been able to present ‘situations.’ 31 Farocki regards that digitalization as a present of re-materialization of the image.32 I therefore choose to use non-literal language - sound, image, space - to relay memories, aiming to 1) reveal materiality erased from the state archive, 2) help with building identity. In Apichatpong’s Emeralds33 , when discussing memories and space, the willows oating in mid-air evokes the feeling of reversing time, and the unintelligible and inaudible conversations time to time recreates the situation at that moment. As a container, space always carries tons of stories. Since the Israeli embassy refused to accept Palestinian visa applications starting from May 2022, the biggest problem for me was how to make the lm without being able to go there. William Kentridge’s Syble34 is an example of using multiple media to represent memories in a limited space. With the overlapping use of projection, painting, music, installation, poetry and performance, the entire performance expresses the progression of a family across time without the use

of language. is may not be exactly the script the author himself wanted to express, but this space of open interpretation is part of the fascination of his work. And my lm, starting with site research and re-imagining memories, also hopes to connect a little with audience who reserve a place in their memory that they can no longer reach.

My lm attempts to tell the story of memory through multiple media. By using applied space to help build a local narrative identity. Narrative identity is the internalized, evolving story of the self that one constructs in order to make sense of one’s life35 . In the previous workshop, Hagit Keysar emphasized the presence of the village by xing a camera to a kite and obtaining ground information to form a local map, which in this case generates a knowledge to build narrative, from her work Prototyping the Civic View from Above36 . Inspired by this lecture and the eatre of the Oppressed, I believe that the existence of a region can be secured through discourse. us, testimony collection extend to memory collections. Memory as an extension of physical space, as a concrete experience of being on the ground, links di erent dimensions of time together and produces different imaginations. People are used to living with inertia, and change requires great courage and cost, as well as political imagination. We need not only to think of what to oppose, but also to imagine the future.

35 “Narrative identity” Wikipedia, Wikimedia foundation, 22 Aug 2022, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/narrative_identity

29 Agency, Wafa.

Memories with the Hejaz Railway, YouTube, 2021, https://www. youtube.com/watch?v=urDi4FHICIo&t=2s. Accessed 5 Nov. 2022.

30 Boal, Augusto. Theater of the Oppressed, Pluto Press, London, Uk, 2007, pp. 98–101.

31 Deranty, Jean-Philippe. “Existentialist Aesthetics.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 4 Mar. 2019, https://plato. stanford.edu/entries/aesthetics-existentialist/.

32 cineflsmagazine. “Harun Farocki on Materiality - Cine-Fils.com.” YouTube, YouTube, 3 June 2010, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuVLOzW3J-k.

33 WEERASETHAKUL, APICHATPONG, director. EMERALD. 2007.

34 “SIBYL.” 2021, London, Barbican Center.

36 Keysar, Hagit. “Prototyping the Civic View from above .” Cargo, 2015, http://cargocollective. com/hagitkeysar/Research-Art/Prototyping-theCivic-View-from-Above.

مع سكة الحجاز

ذكريات

Yiru Qian, “ Handmade occupation”, 2022

Translating station: Building

3.1

31-1 Taken at 2002, Online

31-4 Taken time unknown, Online source 31-7 Taken at 2021, Online source 31-8 Taken at 2022, Online source 31-9 Taken at 2021, Online source 31-5 Taken at 1975, Online source 31-6 Taken at 2022, Online source 31-2

31-3 Taken

30.

Yiru Qian, “Speculative restored facade of Masudiya station diagram based on Photos and 3D photo matching”, 2021

source

Taken at 2010, Online source

at 2011, Online source

32. Yiru Qian, “site plan shows Masudiya station’s property line”, 2021

33 33. @Waleedhindyh. “Masudiya

Instagram, Instagram, 29 Jan. 2021, HTTPS://www.instagram.com/p/CKn0kToggXM/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link. Accessed Feb. 2022.

Scenery.”

34. Yiru Qian, “Spatial mapping of 1975 Gush Emunim occupied Masudiya station based on historical photos”, 2021

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

35 36 37 39 40

35. Moshe, Milner. “An Israeli Police Patrol Sits in Their Jeep as Right-Wing Jewish Settlers Set up an Encampment Where They Hoped to Build the First Jewish Settlement in the Samaria, Which They Called Elon Moreh, December 8, 1975 at Masudiya Railway Station.” Gettyimages, 8 Dec. 1975, URL, Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

Ibid

ibid

42. Yiru Qian, “ Occupier moving trail”, 2021

Translating station: Site

3.2

43. Yiru Qian, “ Absent Masudiya”, 2021

Yiru Qian, “Texture of absent Masudiya photogrammtray”, 2021

Yiru Qian, “Right side view of absent Masudiya”, 2021

Yiru Qian, “Left side view of absent Masudiya”, 2021

Yiru Qian, “Detailed view of absent Masudiya”, 2021

Yiru Qian, “Top view of absent Masudiya”, 2021

40 44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

44.

48. 45.

47.

46.

49. Yiru Qian, “Laser cut of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation at Masudiya”, 2021 50. Yiru Qian, “Refection at the bottom of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation laser cut at Masudiya”, 2021 51. Yiru Qian, “Refection at the bottom of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation laser cut at Masudiya”, 2021 52. Yiru Qian, “photogrammetry of Absent Masudiya”, 2021 53. Yiru Qian, “Refection at the bottom of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation laser cut at Masudiya”, 2021

49.

52. 53.

50. 51.

54. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022

55. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022

56. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022

57. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022

Translating valley: Video 3.3

58. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, photogrammetry model of Sebastia”, 2021

59. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of Station”, 2021

62.

60. 61.

60. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of Station”, 2021

61. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of introduction”, 2021

62. Jack Liu, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of sewage”, 2021

63. Jack Liu, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of sewage”, 2021

64. Jack Liu, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of site”, 2021

65. Xuanming Ren, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of tourism”, 2021

66. Xuanming Ren, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of tourism”, 2021 63. 64.

65. 66.

Translating valley: Report

3.4

67.. Studio collective work, “Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

68. Group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu), “Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

69. Yiru Qian, “ Research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

70. Yiru Qian, “ Research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

71. Yiru Qian, “ Research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

72. Yiru Qian, “ Full pages of research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021 p1-2 p7-8

p3-4 p9-10 p15-16

A settlement called Shavei Shomron, located at the hilltop southwest to which are as listed below: 1)Settlement’s establishment occupation at Masudiya station, because of which, settlers established Obviously, Shavei shomron is not satisfed as built but expanded over land from? What’s its future expansion plan? numerous of questions 3)Settlement’s reverberation and indigenous resistance Specifc problems gradually came to the fore as settlements expanded. aims to focus on them separately: 1) sewage and protest. 2) road and checkpoints. 3) Tourism has been developed as an indigenous alternative way to resist Israeli oppression. 4)Refection on settlement and question list During the research, there are quite few points lingering round, such as: why certain part map pixelized, what’s the trace of propaganda indicates from Israeli report ...The list can be quite long and refection on settlement should not end. ABOUT THE VALLEYS INTRO ABSTRACT Hayat al Reef amping Ground AREAB AREAC Worker Corporation Public Park BUILDING A BUILDING B THE VALLEYS QIAN YIRU REN XUANMING LIU YUHAN Royal College of Art MA City Design Politics of the Underground Case Study Sebastia 2021-2022 pilgrims, and for alestinian residents of the villages to move to station, the main station and an auxiliary building servicing the since been used for multiple purposes. alestinian residents of in site that bears an important part of their country’s history. The deputy head the urqa Municipal ouncil, north of Sherida continued the story, saying: land with an area about 26 dunums (one dunam equals thousand during the time the Ottoman Empire, and now owned by the Palestinian the Israeli measures prevent this, especially since the site divided into two Agreement.” Fig.07: Remains of station, main building [Estimate 2015] Fig.08: Remains station, auxiliary building [Estimate January 11,2015] 1.1 MASUDIYA STATION REMAINS Fig.06: Vintage postcard, Bahnhof Mesudije mit Herodesberg [Estimate 1915] Fig.09: Master plan for Masudiya Railway Station. Drawn author [2021] dotted line in the master plan shows the location of the occupation movement happened from past until now. MASTER PLANCHAPTER 1: ESTABLISHMENT 1.1 MASUDIYA The frst chapter investigates into the history of general history of Masudiya station and He az railway, the historical event of Gush Emunim occupation movement, and its perpetual ramifcation. Sebastiya was served by two stations on the He az record). The He az railway was used to establish Istanbul, Mecca, Jerusalem, Cairo, Damascus, etc. of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II were destroyed 1 during the irst World War HEJAZ RAILWAY TOURISM / / SETTLEMENT / / PUBLICITY / / PROPAGANDA /RAILWAY / CONFLICT / FLAGPOLE / SEWAGE PROTEST / // ISRAELI ARMY / INVASION / / LANGUAGE / DEFENCE / // MASUDIYA STATION / / OCCUPATION / EXPANSION // MOVEMENT / / GUSH EMUNIM / TRAJECTORY / / CHECK POINT / / SHAVEI SHOMRON / / COMMUNITY // DUMP / “What distinguishes this site its presence in noise and daily life, which takes you to nature and its with My friends.” Ahed Abd al Salam Daghlas witnessed important stages the workers on the train while passing through the Masoudiya area He also witnessed the impact of the wars and occupation on years old, still remembers the trip that his father promised him on the train, but the political events that followed that deprived 1 AD and was opened in AD. The line started from lines, one of which reached the south towards ordan, and the were the most important stations of the line in alestine. “This area used to be central hub for the villagers around the area. The train The area around the train line was agriculture and our moms used plant the they were from the villages around here. They actually used to throw us sacks illa ers eat ery time the train ame from affa and Haifa and mo ed one dire tion and affa, Haifa, ablus, enin was ery normal art by we still had farms here ent our youth here around aqoos area and fen ed in and used as strate lo ation for the day war and little shop nearby village called Shaikh (Balad shaikh means the REMINISCENCE 1.1 MASUDIYA Who’s taking charge of the property now? of the area The masudiya is local authority from local council for the north villages of nablus city. It’s in the last year in area C. destroyed after days. Is there any plan for since its been empty for a million she el ossi Dagan as ed for the money to do ago) the minister of erusalem and heritage accepted being able to sleep in sebastia. This is partially why TESTIMONY Q&A WITH ZAID AL AZHARI 1.1 MASUDIYA

p13-14 p5-6

p19-20 p25-26 p31-32 p21-22 p27-28 p23-24 p29-30 p67-68 OCCUPATION 1975 According to Gush Emunim occupation movement photo mapping drawing mapped how settlers shown in photo position, hollow circle represents settler’s estimated presents tents. The drawing only showed information from are far more than actually from record, the population there were thousands. Since December 2 12, the nearby illegal settlement of Shavei Shomron had begun discharging raw, untreated sewage onto Sebastia’s farming land. Ten farmers were affected, they said, and many of their crops were ruined. or a community that relies heavily on agriculture, this situation threatens much more than ust their sense of smell so that some reports described this issue as bio war against Sebastia, As the sewage is diseased and, according to the residents, poisoned The fow of human waste begins from pipe on the perimeter of the settlement, creating sort of reservoir which then runs through the ad acent alestinian felds, compelling each subsequent landowner to create a canal to drain the sewage water onto his neighbours land and further away. CHAPTER 3: 3.1 SEWAGE REVERBERATION AND RESISTANCE OCCUPATION 2015 The occupation did not stop with the agreement. To this day, these activities continue uninterrupted. The which was uploaded on .12.14. Occupation spatial mapping drawn by author EXPANSION 1999-2019 There are 31 colonists living here. In 2 Israeli occupation the confscation of hundreds of agricultural dunums beneath settlement has been expanded over year and year. The overlap of the outlines from different years indicates these expansions were mainly from the three surrounding alestinian villages. At least dunums land is ta en from An aqura and 23 dunums land from Dier Sharaf. the government meetings from December which enterprise. Report source: http://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/ Fig.28: The minutes the government meetings from December 1975 <http://www.makorrishon. co.il/nrg/online/1/ART2/742/118.html> In winter of after another ascent, during the holiday of Hanu ah, after another ascent, compromise was reached between the settlers and government in the main hall of Sebastia railway station. The Sebastia agreement was a turning point that opened up the northern West an to Jewish settlement. The Sebastia model was subsequently copied in eit El, Shavei Shomron, Sebastia mode somehow shows pattern that to be their temporary staying. As the enclave is would be agreed by government in the end. This story happened to edumim and Elon More too. This drawing shows how occupiers are relocated to different locations. Grey shade represents settlement, while darker grey shade represents “Settlements are the single most important element shaping life CHAPTER 1: ESTABLISHMENT 1.3 TRAJECTORY Fig.47: Settlers moving trajectory map. Drawn author, [October 2021] Fig.29: Occupation 1975 spatial mapping drawn author, [2022] Fig.30: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.31: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.32: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.33: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.34: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.35: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.36: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.37: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.48:A diagram shows location shavei shomron, an-naqura and deir sharaf. Drawn author[November 2021] Fig.49: group house Shavei Shomron settlement [2017] Fig.50: Palestinian house near station [2009] DEVELOPMENT 2.1 EXPANSION Shavei shomron, not only as one of the settlements near sebastia, but also as one of the sites where relocated settlers who were during the early Masudiya station ob ect of interest in this study. Shavei Shomron (Hebrew: ןורְמוש יֵבָׁש forces overtoo the base and transformed to military nearby Palestinian villages in order to construct Shavei SHAVEI SHOMRON CHAPTER 2: Gush Emunim loc of faithful) is a religious messianic right wing group, which is founded to promote the ewish settlement of the occupied territories and seeking return to the promised Shortly after the end of war, a group of become secretary general of Gush Emunim, met with rime Minister Golda Meir. They come to as for government permission and assistance in The location recommended by Ariel Sharon, who site was well outside the borders of Allon plan, which the areas around Jerusalem. Meir politely declined attempts to in the following years settle the location expeditions, which led by group of would be Text summarised from Hollow land Eyal hilltops and wikipedia CHAPTER 1: ESTABLISHMENT 1.2 OCCUPATION Fig.22: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.23: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.24: Hulton Archive [24 July,1974] Fig.25:Occupier near Masudiya station, National Library Israel [1978] Fig.26 ush munim fag on hillto ational ibrar srael [19 Fig.27: Ascension Sebastia, National Library Israel [12 August,1975] Fig.38: Occupation 2005 spatial mapping drawn author, [2022] Fig.39-46: video stills, December 14, 2015 <http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=IJl5SHlOAUs> [Accessed December 14, 2021] new units ansion are romised

Translating occupation: Materiality

3.5

74. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation”, 2021 73. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation”, 2021

75. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, hand gesture of digging ”, 2021

76. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

77. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

78. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

79. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

80. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

81. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, tools and houses”, 2021

82. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation”, mobility and petrifcation 2021

83. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, demould”, 2021

84. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, demould ”, 2021

60 75 76 77 78-79 80

61 81 82 83 84

Translating occupation: Memory 3.6

85. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, side view of station model”, 2022

86. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, bird view of station from the air”, 2022

87. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, water refections cast on the wall”, 2022

88. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Sunlight cast on the orange”, 2022

89. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Oranges dancing with train’s ringtone”, 2022

90. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Sea was brought to the station ”, 2022

91. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Sea was brought to the station ”, 2022

92. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, ‘She wants to go to the sea’ ”, 2022

93. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, ‘She wants to go to the sea’ ”, 2022

94. Yiru Qian, “ behind the scene of memory short flm, set design”, 2022

95. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, arrive at the station”, 2022

96. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, enter the main hall of station”, 2022

97. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, the growth of station”, 2022

98. Yiru Qian, “ behind the scene of memory short flm, manipulating the prop oranges”, 2022

99. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, fying above the station”, 2022

100. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, sea arrive at the station”, 2022

101. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, memory was broken by invasion”, 2022

94 95 96 97 98

73 99 100 101

4.1

Reveal the hidden as an intervention ( lm)

Based on the previous process of research and analysis, my proposition is ultimately divided into two parts: the lm and the website.

e lm consists of a series of key images and translations of testimony throughout the research, re ections on the materiality of the occupation, and recreations of memories. Corresponding to the State Archives’ use of images, the lm starts with images, focuses on their localization, and emphasizes their message. e images are complemented by models, video, and sound. For example, based on interviews with local elders - textual descriptions of obtaining oranges as a child - I use spatial language to translate the memories into moving images, and juxtapose it with the sounds of Palestinian youths ghting in front of the station during the occupation

Proposition: revealing as intervention

in 1975. One is a re-imagining of memories, the other is a documentary lm, one happened before and one happened a er the occupation, one more focused on pictorial information, the other one gave more attention to sound information.

While the juxtaposition of these two materials creates a sense of con ict, the intention is to rouse more layers of imagination. In this instance, I understand the weight of sound and the situated spatial narrative as a kind of materiality, a materiality that is the very message that the authoritative State Archives wants to erase as important.

e organization and structure of the lm also echoes the methodology of the project as a whole: starting with the collection of testimonies, their transcription, and nally the lm itself playing the role of a proposal. Comparing the two parts of my proposition, the lm use of a multi-media narrative focuses on a summary of this research and is more oriented towards the audience of a transient event, such as a lm festival or screening event, while the website is more oriented towards researchers and the masses who are not able to travel to Sebastia.

4.2

Create a forum as an intervention (website)

What is the signi cance of the little remaining ruins of the station when the railroad has been buried underground, the trains are late in arriving in time, and the vast mobility system has disappeared? How should I intervene in a historical event when the settlers have unsettled the local residence, when locals cannot reach distant places, and when I, as a foreigner, cannot reach the local area? Sharing the same dilemma of mobility, a more direct and subtle connection between me and the locals arose: we all have a distant place that we cannot reach. Even though the station no longer serves as a transportation hub, the station itself - although inaccessible to the Palestinian community - is a living archive that has seen the sea, has been to haifa, it has carried countless pilgrims, and has heard countless stories. e station is like a time capsule, what I am doing here is to pull back the folds of the dress of history. ere are many stories about the station, but unfortunately I only found two memories during my research. at’s why I realized the importance of passing on these stories. e occupation and resistance it has witnessed is of crucial importance in terms of national narratives and resistance to oppression. Materiality creates evidence, evidence precedes the collection of forums, and forums promote public

Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm ‘Sebastia disagreement’,” 2022

awareness.

So I had the idea of creating an open source archive website. But my expectation for this site is not only an online archive, but also a public forum. As an archive, the site provides testimonies collected throughout the research process, as well as data such as models I produced, which I expect to be accessible to other researchers, forming a network of solidarity, just as the station was once an important node in the transportation network throughout the Middle East, Turkey and Egypt. As a public forum, the site encourages audiences to freely explore testimonies and their relationships, presenting the origins of design translation, thus challenging the absence of materiality, questioning the meaning of historical narratives and State archives, and validating that the legitimacy of a nation’s attempt to justify its “return” to the land is actually based on the violent oppression of another people. us,

an archive of objects and videos, deciphered from the original testimonial objects, maps, models, and hidden memories, reveals that violence can be perceived through materiality and material gestures. When the physical accessibility is broken, we can still hope with the cyber connection.

4.3 Social media and SEO

It is important to note that during the production of the lm, many of my friends o ered me interdisciplinary assistance, such as music production, lming assistance, editing research, discussions on concepts such as identity narratives, etc. As the project entered a more realistic environment and heard direct feedback and voices, the process of making the lm inadvertently formed a small solidarity. A er the website was created, I tried to unlock SEO techniques and use social media to actively network with other di erent organizations in hopes of forming solidarity. Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of improving the quality and quantity of website tra c to a website or a web page from search engines. SEO targets Unpaid tra c (known as “natural” or “organic” results) rather than direct tra c or paid tra c. Unpaid tra c may originate from

di erent kinds of searches, including image search, video search, academic search, news search, and industry-speci c vertical search engines37. Based on this de nition, the number of likes or views on websites and social media is recorded from time to time as a log for this project.

e lm will be sent to di erent organizations or art institutions to apply for grants, exhibitions, lm festivals, or sharing events to get wider audience.

37 “Search Engine Optimization.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Oct. 2022, https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization.

Yiru Qian, “Screenshot from website ‘Sebastia disagreement’,” 2022

Revealing as Intervention: Film 4.1

102. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, cover”, 2022

103. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, memory”, 2022

104. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Hejaz research”, 2022

105. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Gush Emunim research”, 2022

106. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Gush Emunim research”, 2022

107. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Handmade occupation”, 2022

108. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Orange memory”, 2022

109. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Orange memory”, 2022

Revealing as Intervention: Website

4.2

(PC only) https://sebastiadisagreement.cargo.site/

110. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, testimony”, 2022

111. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, translation”, 2022

112. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, translation”, 2022

113. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, flm”, 2022

Forum as intervention: Social media

114. Screenshot of searching page for “how to SEO a website”, 2022

4.3

2022/10/28 2022/10/28 2022/11/01 2022/11/01

115. Screenshots of instagram accounts from 2022.10 to 2022.11, 2022

Refection appendix

What is urban design? Perhaps it refers to the design of a program between di erent areas of a city, or the construction of an area in a city, or the scienti c planning of transportation. rough T1~T3, my understanding of urban design has changed from the idea of construction to the excavation of the logic behind the construction of the city, from the situationism in the Seminar class, which proposed the awareness of the body experiencing a speci c situation. Henri Lefebvre argues space is produced to shape people’s concept of space, and people’s concept of space is further put into the reproduction of space. 38 e conception of space is then further invested in the reproduction of space. Sebastia, as one of the most challenging sites in contemporary urban research, continues to show me that underneath the reorganization, destruction, and occupation of space is a constant ow of ideologies. Based on this understanding of urban design, my project aims to explore the shaping of people’s memory through the analysis of the tangible act of occupation, and ultimately to continue to reshape the relationship between production and reproduction in the cycle of memory and space in the form of an archive. Mobility is an important metaphor in this project, and I believe that in addition to physical mobility, the mobility of time and imagination can spread farther through the network without being limited by speci c forms of transportation. Imagination is a train, connecting the past and the future. I hope that this project will contribute to the reproduction of a regional consciousness in a way that goes beyond the meaning of “construction”. I also hope that this project will build a real solidarity, just as this station has contributed its connection capacity in a huge railroad network.

38 Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Basil Blackwell, 1988.

1. Unknown. “Palestine Railways - Railway Map of Palestine and the Neighboring Countries .” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, 1936, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

2. Unknown. “Palestine Railways - Railway Map of Palestine and the Neighboring Countries .” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, 1936, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

3. Unknown. “(Screws) Iron Pieces from the Remains of the Ottoman Hejaz Railway in Palestine. The Railroad That Used to Pass from the City of Nablus to Haifa Cuts of the Railroad between Al Masudiya and Anabta - Tulkarm.” Twitter, @Hamza_ aqrabawi, 14 Aug. 2021, URL, Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

4. Stills, Tonytony252, director. The Hejaz Railway, 29 July 2018, URL. Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

5. Yiru Qian, “Key map of locations of Sebastia and Masudiya”,2021

6. Unknown. “A Kingdom of Hejaz 50q Revenue of 1922.” Paper Heritage, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

7. Unknown. “Hejaz Railway (British Palestine) - HR Haifa-Damascus Third Class (Round Trip) Train Ticket (Specimen).” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

8. Unknown. “Hejaz Railway - Bahnhof Masudiya Mit Herodesberg (Vintage Postcard).” Flickr, Historical Railway Images, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

9. Kitapligi, Ataturk. “Map Showing the Ottoman Railways on the Eve of World War I.” The Afternoon Map, Nick Danforth, 7 Feb. 2013, URL. Accessed 2 Oct. 2022.

13. Yiru Qian, “ Relocated settlers’ moving trajectory”,2021

14. Prime Minister’s Ofce/Prime Minister’s Ofce. “The Settlement and Construction in the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria since the Six Day War.” Israel State Archives. url

15-1~15-18. Prime Minister’s Ofce/Prime Minister’s Ofce. “The Settlement and Construction in the Jewish Settlements in Judea and Samaria since the Six Day War.” Israel State Archives. url

16. Yiru Qian, “Diagram shows the location of the two villages with confscated land in relation to shavei shomron”, 2021

17. Yiru Qian, “Expansion diagram from 1999-2019, based on Satellite map”, 2021

18. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 1999.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

19. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2000.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

20. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2006.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

21. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2009.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

22. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2014.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

23. “Shavei Shomron Satellite Map 2019.” Geomlog, Geomlog, 2020, Geomlog.ps. Accessed 28 Oct. 2022.

24. QR Code for the link of search result page of Gush emunim (Israel) -- Photographs from Israeli national library

25. QR Code for the link of search result page of Sebastia agreement from Israeli national archive 26. QR Code for the link of vibrant testimonies

27. Stills, Unknown. West Bank: Arab Youths Protest Against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt By Jewish Settlers. 1975, British Pathe, 1975, https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/query/masudiya. Accessed 30 Oct. 2022.

28. Stills, Unknown. West Bank: Arab Youths Protest Against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt By Jewish Settlers. 1975, British Pathe, 1975, https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/query/masudiya. Accessed 30 Oct. 2022.

29. Stills, Wafa Agency. ذكريات مع سكة الحجاز (Memories with the Hejaz Railway), YouTube, May 2021, https://www.youTube.com/ watch?v=urDi4FHICIo. Accessed 30 Oct. 2022.

30. Yiru Qian, “Speculative restored facade of Masudiya station diagram based on Photos and 3D photo matching”, 2021 31-1~31-9 Masudiya photos taken from 2002 to 2022, Online source

32. Yiru Qian, “site plan shows Masudiya station’s property line”, 2021 33. @Waleedhindyh. “Masudiya Scenery.” Instagram, Instagram, 29 Jan. 2021, HTTPS://www.instagram.com/p/CKn0kToggXM/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link. Accessed Feb. 2022. 34. Yiru Qian, “Spatial mapping of 1975 Gush Emunim occupied Masudiya station based on historical photos”, 2021 35. Moshe, Milner. “An Israeli Police Patrol Sits in Their Jeep as Right-Wing Jewish Settlers Set up an Encampment Where They Hoped to Build the First Jewish Settlement in the Samaria, Which They Called Elon Moreh, December 8, 1975 at Masudiya Railway Station.” Gettyimages, 8 Dec. 1975, URL, Accessed 1 Oct. 2022.

ibid

Ibid 42. Yiru Qian, “ Occupier moving trail”, 2021 43. Yiru Qian, “ Absent Masudiya”, 2021 44. Yiru Qian, “Texture of absent Masudiya photogrammetry”, 2021 45. Yiru Qian, “Right side view of absent Masudiya”, 2021

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

Images index

46. Yiru Qian, “Left side view of absent Masudiya”, 2021 47. Yiru Qian, “Detailed view of absent Masudiya”, 2021 48. Yiru Qian, “Top view of absent Masudiya”, 2021 49. Yiru Qian, “Laser cut of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation at Masudiya”, 2021 50. Yiru Qian, “Refection at the bottom of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation laser cut at Masudiya”, 2021 51. Yiru Qian, “Refection at the bottom of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation laser cut at Masudiya”, 2021

52. Yiru Qian, “photogrammetry of Absent Masudiya”, 2021 53. Yiru Qian, “Refection at the bottom of spatial mapping of 1975 occupation laser cut at Masudiya”, 2021 54. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022 55. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022 56. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022

57. Yiru Qian, “ Handmade Occupation”, 2022

58. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, photogrammetry model of Sebastia”, 2021

59. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of Station”, 2021

60. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of Station”, 2021

61. Yiru Qian, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of introduction”, 2021

62. Jack Liu, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of sewage”, 2021

63. Jack Liu, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of sewage”, 2021

64. Jack Liu, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of site”, 2021

65. Xuanming Ren, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of tourism”, 2021

66. Xuanming Ren, “Stills from group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu) video, Chapter of tourism”, 2021

67.. Studio collective work, “Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

68. Group work(Yiru Qian, Xuanming Ren, Jack Liu), “Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

69. Yiru Qian, “ Research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

70. Yiru Qian, “ Research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

71. Yiru Qian, “ Research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

72. Yiru Qian, “ Full pages of research about Masudiya station from Chapter Valley, Sebastia, a collective research report”, 2021

73. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation”, 2021

74. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation”, 2021

75. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, hand gesture of confscation and digging ”, 2021

76. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

77. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

78. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

79. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, process of petrifcation”, 2021

80. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, house made by confscated clay”, 2021

81. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, gesture of digging and cutting”, 2021 82. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation”, mobility and petrifcation 2021

83. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, gesture of measuring”, 2021 84. Yiru Qian, “Stills from short flm Handmade occupation, demould ”, 2021

85. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, side view of station model”, 2022 86. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, bird view of station from the air”, 2022 87. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, water refections cast on the wall”, 2022 88. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Sunlight cast on the orange”, 2022 89. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Oranges dancing with train’s ringtone”, 2022 90. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Sea was brought to the station ”, 2022 91. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, Sea was brought to the station ”, 2022 92. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, ‘She wants to go to the sea’ ”, 2022 93. Yiru Qian, “Stills from Memory short flm, ‘She wants to go to the sea’ ”, 2022 94. Yiru Qian, “ behind the scene of memory short flm, set design”, 2022 95. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, arrive at the station”, 2022 96. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, enter the main hall of station”, 2022

97. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, the growth of station”, 2022

98. Yiru Qian, “ behind the scene of memory short flm, manipulating the prop oranges”, 2022 99. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, fying above the station”, 2022 100. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, sea arrive at the station”, 2022

101. Yiru Qian, “ Story board of memory short flm, memory was broken by invasion”, 2022

102. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, cover”, 2022

103. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, memory”, 2022

104. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Hejaz research”, 2022

105. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Gush Emunim research”, 2022

106. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Gush Emunim research”, 2022

107. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Handmade occupation”, 2022

108. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Orange memory”, 2022

109. Yiru Qian, “Sebastia Disagreement short flm, Orange memory”, 2022

110. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, testimony”, 2022

111. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, translation”, 2022

112. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, translation”, 2022

113. Yiru Qian, “sebastia disagreement website, flm”, 2022

114. Screenshot of searching page for “how to SEO a website”, 2022 115. Screenshots of instagram accounts from 2022.10 to 2022.11, 2022

1. Wikipedia. “Hejaz Railway.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Sept. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hejaz_railway.

2. Anatolia. “An Ottoman Park in ‘Al Masudiya’ Threatened by Israeli Settlement.”

3. Wikipedia. “Kedumim.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedumim.

4. APN. “Settlement in Focus: Vol. 1, Issue 10 - ‘Behind the Barrier: A Profle of Elon Moreh.’” Americans for Peace Now, APN, Sept. 2005, http://archive.peacenow.org/entries/archive1465.

5. Wikipedia. “Kedumim.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedumim.

6. APN. “Settlement in Focus: Vol. 1, Issue 10 - ‘Behind the Barrier: A Profle of Elon Moreh.’” Americans for Peace Now, APN, Sept. 2005, http://archive.peacenow.org/entries/archive1465.

7. Weizman, Eyal. “Settlements: Battle for the Hilltops.” Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, Verso, London, UK, 2017, pp. 87–91.

8. Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

9. Weizman, Eyal. “Settlements: Battle for the Hilltops.” Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, Verso, London, UK, 2017, pp. 87–91.

10. Bauman, Zygmunt. Liquid Modernity. Polity Press, 2012.

11. Weizman, Eyal. “Settlements: Optical urbanism.” Hollow Land: Israel’s Architecture of Occupation, Verso, London, UK, 2017, pp. 130–131.

12. Wikipedia. “Shavei Shomron.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Shomron#cite_ note-3

13. Wikipedia. “Shavei Shomron.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 19 May 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Shomron#cite_ note-4

14. Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

15. Lozowick, Yaakov. “State of Access to Israeli Government Archives.” Akevot, Sept. 2017.

16. Hofstadter, Noam. “What Secrets Is Israel’s State Archive Hiding from the Public?” +972 Magazine, 26 Jan. 2018, https://www.972mag.com/what-secrets-is-Israels-state-archive-hiding-from-the-public/.

17. Segal, Hagi. “The Protocols Are Revealed: This Is How Peres Supported the Settlements Project.” Makorrishon.co.il, 10 Dec. 2015, https://www.makorrishon.co.il/nrg/Online/1/ART2/742/118.html.

18. Britannica. “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/topic/Greater-East-Asia-Co-prosperity-Sphere.

19. Sela, Rona. “Rethinking National Archives in Colonial Countries and Zones of Confict.” Ibraaz, Ibraaz, Jan. 2014, https://www. ibraaz.org/essays/78#_ftn10.

20. Archive, AP. “Synd 3 8 76 Gush Emunim Jews Wishing to Settle.” YouTube, YouTube, 24 July 2015, https://www.youTube.com/ watch?v=RISZx8qIZcU.

21. Agency, Wafa. “ذكريات مع سكة الحجاز ” YouTube, YouTube, 28 May 2021, https://www.youTube.com/watch?v=urDi4FHICIo&t=11s.

22. Pathé, British. “West Bank: Arab Youths Protest against Unauthorized Israeli Settlement Attempt by Jewish Settlers.” The World’s Finest News and Entertainment Video Film Archive, 1975, https://www.britishpathe.com/video/VLVAY8SO9MQAIYLHEVDUB9Z7TEI-WEST-BANK-ARAB-YOUTHS-PROTEST-AGAINST-UNAUTHORIZED-ISRAELI/query/masudiya.

23. Katz, Irit. “Mobile Colonial Architecture: Facilitating Settler Colonialism’s Expansions, Expulsions, Resistance, and Decolonization.” Mobilities, vol. 17, no. 2, 2022, pp. 219–219., https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2021.2000838. 24. Ibid

25. Hopkins, Matt. “The Role of Gypsum in Agriculture: 5 Key Benefts You Should Know.” CropLife, 13 Oct. 2022, https://www.croplife. com/crop-inputs/micronutrients/the-role-of-gypsum-in-agriculture-5-key-benefts-you-should-know/. 26. Qian, Yiru, and Zaid Azhari. “Questiones about Masudiya.” 13 May 2022.

27. Azhari, Zaid al. “Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions.” Politics of the Underground. Identifying Experts and Witnesses Answering Questions, Feb. 2022, London, Royal College of Art.

28. PODCAST, SHE. “04 Fairouz-Palestine.” SHE 壳, 2021. https://www.xiaoyuzhoufm.com/episode/60cdb0cd488bf1b38bd74600. 29. Agency, Wafa.

Memories with the Hejaz Railway, YouTube, 2021, https://www.youTube.com/watch?v=urDi4FHICIo&t=2s. Accessed 5 Nov. 2022.

30. Boal, Augusto. Theater of the Oppressed, Pluto Press, London, Uk, 2007, pp. 98–101.

31. Deranty, Jean-Philippe. “Existentialist Aesthetics.” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University, 4 Mar. 2019, https:// plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetics-existentialist/.

32. cineflsmagazine. “Harun Farocki on Materiality - Cine-Fils.com.” YouTube, YouTube, 3 June 2010, https://www.youTube.com/ watch?v=YuVLOzW3J-k.

33. WEERASETHAKUL, APICHATPONG, director. EMERALD. 2007.

34. “SIBYL.” 2021, London, Barbican Center.

35. “Narrative Identity.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Aug. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_identity.

36. Keysar, Hagit. “Prototyping the Civic View from above .” Cargo, 2015, http://cargocollective.com/hagitkeysar/Research-Art/Prototyping-the-Civic-View-from-Above.

37. “Search Engine Optimization.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 30 Oct. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_engine_optimization.

38. Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Basil Blackwell, 1988.

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ذكريات

Reference

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