Etwinning by LJF

2016/2017

eTwinning

Young Reporters Of The Natural Risks

CHAPTER 1

Volcanoes VOLCANOES

WHAT ARE VOLCANOES? Volcanoes are made from hardened molten rocks, magma and lava.

HOW MANY ACTIVE VOLCANOES ARE THERE IN THE WORLD?

There are thousands of acMve volcanoes in the world. EyjaQรถll volcano (Island)

Vesuvius (Naples)

Mount Fuji (Japan)

HOW MANY VOLCANOES ARE THERE IN ITALY? In Italy there are a lot of volcanoes, the biggest are Etna (Sicily), Vesuvius (Naples),Stromboli(Eolie Islands)and Campi Flegrei(Naples) but there are a lot of sleeping volcanoes. Stromboli (Eolie Islands)

Etna (Sicily)

WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF THE ERUPTION VOLCANOES? A volcano erupts when the inner pressure is higher than a certain limit.

HOW MANY PEOPLE DIED BECAUSE OF IT? It depends on density of populaMon and strength of erupMon. But in the past a very strong erupMon, in Pompeii, killed a lot of people.

Pompeii (Naples)

Itn2-6 Sp2-7 Aina Bolaños Pedro Díaz Marc Resina

Pompeii (Naples)

MY OPINION I think that volcanoes are very dangerous but they can change lands. In my opinion one day we will ﬁnd a way to control them and protect ourselves from erupMons. Francesca Di Mira, 1C

DESCRIPTION

A volcano is a rupture in the crust that expulse rocks, lava and ash. A volcano erupts when two tectonic plates sour and one rises more than the other. There are three types of volcanoes: -Comositie Volcano -Cinder Cone Volcano -Shield Volcano

CONSEQUENTS The first the peolple can die. Second that they can intoxicate . They can burn and they can lose his home. They can petrify. The coutries that are more dengerous are Chile EEUU Japan Italy Congo

PREVENTION -With family members, prepare the briefcase for emergencies, with nonperishable foods, radio, bulletins, personal documents, medicines and nose shields. -Establish an evacuation route, away from rivers and streams and possible shelters.

YOUNG REPORTERS OF NATURAL RISKS VOLCANOES -As much as possible, stay away from active volcanoes

-If you are not evacuating, close windows and doors and block chimneys and other vents, to prevent ash from coming into the house..

Maria Riera, Arnau Catalan i Maria SolĂ

Int2-1 Sp2-2

DESCRIPTION The volcano is made from magma, magma chamber, main pipe, secondary ducts, crater fireplace and crater sojourner. Volcanoes are the result of rising molten mass (magma) from the inner layer of earth's crust.

Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another.

During the ascent, the magma loses gas and other components of which it is composed and is called lava that coming out of the mouth of the volcano along with dust ash and dust. The eruptive activity of volcanoes is caused by magma rising to the surface, being less dense than the surrounding rocks goes through the main conduit of the volcano.

PREVENTION IF A VOLCANO ERUPTS:

1st rule:

4th rule:

Do not build houses very near from volcanoes.

If you live near an active volcano, prepare goggles and a mask in an emergency kit, along with a flashlight and a working, battery-operated radio.

Ash can damage engines and metal parts, so avoid driving. If you must drive, stay below 35 miles (56 kilometers)per hour.

5th rule:

If you stay at home, close windows and doors and block chimneys and other vents, to prevent ash from coming into the house.

2nd rule: Monitor the volcano.

3rd rule: Have an evacuation plan for peapole living near to a volcanoe.

Know your evacuation route and ensure you have gasoline in your car.

consequences Our Italian team lives near a volcano called Vesuvio. It's a stratovolcano medium-sized, high 1281 m, composed of the oldest volcano of Mount Somma, which sank forming a caldera ( is a depression in the ground) and the most recent volcano of Vesuvio, grew within this caldera. Today it is kept under control by INGV (National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology). Other volcanoes in Italy are : Etna and Stromboli ( active volcanoes) ; Colli Albani; Campi Flegrei; Lipari; Vulcano and Pantelleria.Other volcanoes in Italy are : Etna and Stromboli ( active volcanoes) ; Colli Albani; Campi Flegrei; Lipari; Vulcano and Pantelleria.

6th rule:

7th rule:

consequences Explosive eruptions. If there was an explosive eruption in your area, the effects of the volcano could be devastating. It has already happened before the weather conditions eliminate the ash from the city. On the other hand, the same conditions could direct all the harmful effects of the lava, ashes and volcanic material directly in the city, causing thousands of deaths or injuries.

1. DESCRIPTION OF VOLCANOS YOUNG REPORTERS OF THE NATURAL RISKS Sp 1-4 / Itn 1-3

A volcano is a vent or chimney that transfers melted rock, known as magma, from the depths of the Earth to its surface. The eruption of magma from the volcano is known as lava and is the material that builds the cone that surrounds the crater of the volcano.

MARIA SALUDES , LAURA COLOM & ALBA CALVO

MARIA SALUDES

WE ARE GOING TO EXPLAINâ&#x20AC;¦

1.2 TYPES OF VOLCANOS DESCRIPTION OF VOLCANOS - MARIA SALUDES CONSEQUENCES - ALBA CALVO PREVENTIONS - LAURA COLOM

THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF VOLCANOS

Shield volcano

MARIA SALUDES

layer-volcano

cones of slag

1.4 OUR DRAWING

1.3 VOLCANO PARTS

MARIA SALUDES

1.4 OUR DRAWING

2.CONSEQUENCES Problems with planes: ash from the volcanoe causes the engine to overheat and stop working very well. Efects in cities & towns: lava, ash and volcanic material directly in the city causes thousands of deaths or injuries. Efects in the enviroment: volcanoes release many harmful gases into the athmosphere and increase the greenhouse efect.

MARIA SALUDES

ALBA CALVO

2.1 WHERE IS EASIER TO ERUPT A VOLCANO?

2.2 POMPEI EXAMPLE As a result of Vesuvius eruption Pompei city was covered of ashes and there werenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t survivors.

ALBA CALVO

3.PREVENTION As much as possible, stay away from active volcanoes. If you live near an active volcano, keep goggles and a mask in an emergency kit, along with a flashlight and a working, battery-operated radio. Know your evacuation route. Keep gas in your car.

ALBA CALVO LAURA COLOM

3.1 IF A VOLCANO ERUPTS IN YOUR AREA If you are not evacuating, close windows and doors and block chimneys and other vents, to prevent ash from coming into your house. Evacuate only as recommended by authorities to stay clear of lava, mud flows, and flying rocks and debris.

THE END LAURA COLOM

3.2 WHICH LAVA IS MORE DANGEROUS? HOT LAVA

COLD LAVA

Cold lava is more dangerous because it goes slowly and it produce explosions.

LAURA COLOM

Young reporters of the natural risks ISLER Candice BREDEMESTRE Manon JEDELE Alexis VOLCANOS by Fr 1-4

Vesuvius and perhaps the most famous volcanic eruption in history. This was described by Pliny the Young man in two famous letters to Tacitus, which are valuable documents for volcanology (see "Historical Testimonies"). In his letters he tells of the death of his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who left Miseno with a ship to help with some friends. Hence the name of Pliny eruption for this type of phenomenon particularly violent and destructive.

0/ The partners

On August 24 of the year 79 AD The Vesuvius returned to work after a period of silence probably lasting about eight centuries, pouring about 4 Km3 of magma in pumice and ash into the surrounding areas in just over thirty hours.

how many people died due to it? how many people were sick or impared by it? how many houses were domaged by it? how many animals died du to it? are there other consequences? This city was buried entirely by the debris of the vesuvius. Only from 1748 the city was brought to light. The buried people and animals have been recovered and today they retain the shape of when they are dead. The 79dC eruption is without doubt the most famous eruption of

We do not have a volcano beside our school French volcanoes are extinct The last eruption was in 1983 The name of the nearest volcano is puy de dôme It measures 1465 m We were not born at the time of the last eruption

The photo depicts the puy de dome in clermont ferant The Chaîne des Puys is located in the Auvergne Volcanic Regional Nature Park, west of Clermont-Ferrand, in the Puy-de-Dôme department and the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is a group of volcanoes aligned along a north-south axis, on a strip of 3 to 5 km wide for a little more than 45 km in length1.

Young reporters of the natural risks

Where is the volcanos nearest ? What is its name ?

VOLCANOS by Fr3-4 by Erwan Morere, Julien Payot, Jérémy Steinmetz, Renaud Schild and Brice Collignon 1. Conséquences Pompei 1/Description of the disaster -How do the volcanos form ? More than 90% of volcanoes form along tectonic plates (where the earth's crust breaks, slides, wrinkles or compresses). Volcanoes appear at the point of formation of rifts (divergence * of two plates) or on a chain of mountains (convergence * of two plates). The other volcanoes form in the middle of the plates, when magma rises to the surface. This mixture of magma pierces the earth's crust and a volcano creates itself. Can you give a photo of volcanos ? How do you feel during an eruption ?

The 79 AD eruption is one of the oldest known eruptions around the world, and may have killed more than 16,000 people. As said, this great eruption buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum. From 1631, the volcano entered a period of constant volcanic activity, including lava flows and ash and mud eruptions. At the end of the 1700s, 1800s and early 1900s, violent eruptions, lava and ash flows and gas explosions followed. They destroyed several surrounding cities around the volcano and sometimes caused deaths. In 1906, for example, he killed more than 100 people This city was buried entirely by the debris of the vesuvius. Only from 1748 the city was brought to light. I calchi.

What goes out of a volcanos during an explosion ?

The buried people and animals have been recovered and today they retain the shape of when they are dead.

Which temperature ?

Eruption 79 AD

Which speed ?

How much time lost an explosion ? When did happen the last explosion ?

with a ship to help with some friends. Hence the name of Pliny eruption for this type of phenomenon particularly violent and destructive. On August 24 of the year 79 AD The Vesuvius returned to work after a period of silence probably lasting about eight centuries, pouring about 4 Km3 of magma in pumice and ash into the surrounding areas in just over thirty hours. Possible eruption

In 2001, a research conducted by the Universities of Naples and Nice, and the results of which were published in Science, made it possible to ascertain that at a depth of about eight kilometers under the surface there is a magma accumulation extending for about four hundred square kilometers. Because of this, you can expect the signals of a resumption of activity at any time: therefore, Vesuvius is closely monitored. Prevention plans How to prevent people there is a danger ? Prevention is made by a National Emergency Plan. It is elaborated by the scientific community, identifying three areas with different defined hazards: red zone, yellow zone and blue zone. It is important to keep in mind that the eruption of Vesuvius will not be sudden, but will be preceded by a series of precursor phenomena that can be identified earlier before as monitored by the Naples section of the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology-Ingv, which controls the state Of the volcano 24 hours a day. How and who predicts an eruptions ?

The activity of a volcano is monitored by observing geophysical and geochemical parameters. The detection of said parameters and their measurement are performed by means of monitoring techniques using properly designed networking tools. Mount Vesuvius has instruments for continuous monitoring of seismicity, soil deformations and soil and fumarole gas emissions. Periodic campaigns are also carried out to measure geophysical and geochemical parameters. Data from continuous instruments and measurement campaigns are analyzed by automated, controlled and interpreted systems by researchers from different sectors.

In our classroom there are 21 students.

Young reporters of the natural risks

- Has ther-often from the sun, or rather the clouds in your area ?

VOLCANOS

The weather usual is sunny in our country.

by Helene and Andreane from France

- If you need to improve something in your school, what do you propose ? Our school doesn't have a gym so we would like to have a gym. - Would you like to come and settle in France, or would you prefer to stay in Italy ? (Why ?)

0/The partners

We would like to visit France and Paris in particular but just like tourist because we like to live in Italy. 1 /Description

- What’s your name ? Hi we are Giuliano, Rosy and Maurizio.

- When did you volcano last erupt ?

- Where is your city ?

- How many times ?

Our city is Giugliano in Campania Near Naples.

Volcanos erupt because magma rises to the surface, being less dense than the surroundin rocks, the effect of Archimedes thrust, dates from the main conduit of the volcano attraversoil.

- Where is your school ? In Italy there are a lot of ancient places to visit.

- How many degrees is the lava ?

- Do you like living in this country ?(Why ?)

In winter lava's temperature is 0-20°C. In summer it's temperature can arrive until 2000°C.

We like our country a lot.

- How many volcanoes do you have in your contry ?

- How many are you in your classroom ?

- Where is it located ?

The volcanic eruptions can destroi all the houses that are near the volano.

In our country there is one volcano: it's Vesuvio. It's located in Naples.

- Are there other consequences ?

- Have your ever witnessed a volcanic eruption ? No, i have never see a volcanic eruption. - How big are your volcanoes ? Our volcano is big 1,281 m. - How long does an eruption last ?

Yes, there are other consequences like the detruction of nature and poverty. Good bye ! Pompei This city was buried entirely by the debris of the vesuvius. Only from 1748 the city was brought to light.

Volcanic eruption can last a few hours or tens of years. - Can you post an video of an eruption ? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR3pVi2fkhs - What goes out of the volcano ?

I calchi.

This is a link it goes out lava from volcano. - How fast does lava flow ? Lava flows very quiclkly. 2/Consequences Hello !

The buried people and animals have been recovered and today they retain the shape of when they are dead.

- What is the consequences to the houses ? Eruption 79 AD

Houses are destroied by lava - The volcanic eruptions kill hoiw the peoples per year ? The volcanic eruptions can kill a lot of people. - How many houses does it make devastate ?

activity at any time: therefore, Vesuvius is closely monitored. 3/Prevention plans 1. How do you predict a risk of eruption? You can measure gases exiting from volcano, little earthquakes preceding an eruption or a change in volcano hieght. 2. Are there different levels af prevention? The first level is to forbid the construction of any buildings near the volcano, the second level is omintoring volcano, the third level is the evacuation plan 3. How do you behave during an eruption?

The 79dC eruption is without doubt the most famous eruption of Vesuvius and perhaps the most famous volcanic eruption in history. This was described by Pliny the Young man in two famous letters to Tacitus, which are valuable documents for volcanology (see "Historical Testimonies"). In his letters he tells of the death of his uncle, Pliny the Elder, who left Miseno with a ship to help with some friends. Hence the name of Pliny eruption for this type of phenomenon particularly violent and destructive. On August 24 of the year 79 AD The Vesuvius returned to work after a period of silence probably lasting about eight centuries, pouring about 4 Km3 of magma in pumice and ash into the surrounding areas in just over thirty hours. Possible eruption In 2001, a research conducted by the Universities of Naples and Nice, and the results of which were published in Science, made it possible to ascertain that at a depth of about eight kilometers under the surface there is a magma accumulation extending for about four hundred square kilometers. Because of this, you can expect the signals of a resumption of

If You are close to an erupting volcano, the best thing is to leave asap the dangerous zone, if You can You should wear a dust mask and an helmets to protect Yourself 4. What do you avoid doing during an eruption? Not to stay to close the eruption zone, further lava, even gases and rocks can be fatal. -"The volcanic explosions are caused by the accumulation of pressure in the upper duct beyond a certain threshold. - explains the geologist Charles Connor - However, the gas can escape and the pressure may be reduced, especially if the magna becomes permeable or if you develop fractures. These processes, in competition with each other, may increase or reduce the risk of a volcanic eruption. " To account for these processes within a probabilistic mathematical model, the researchers analyzed the so-called "resting period" of a volcano, the time between each volcanic explosion -The National Contingency Plan to defend The inhabitants Vesuviana Area From a possible eruption drawn up by the scientific community, it identifies three different hazard areas defined: red zone, yellow zone and

the blu zone. - I scape far away to avoid fire. -Do not let your car run out of gas. - If you have a rash In Place your area, evacuatela following the directives of the Authority, According away from the lava, dalle - Castings mud, rocks and debris from dalle What raining from the sky. - Avoid areas close by to the rivers and troughs. - Before leaving your house, wear clothing with long sleeves and long pants, and used and goggles or view, not to chat contact lenses. - Bring a mask or hold A rag on wet face. - If you are not involved in the evacuation, close doors and windows and other vents to prevent the ash What You walk into the house. - Warning given to ash yes' buildup on your roof, you could removing it to avoid overloading the structure. When cleaning, wear protections. - The ash damage engines and metal parts, so avoid to put the guide. If this were needed, reiterating Within 50 Kilometers Ora.

CHAPTER 2

Hail storms

•

Hails are a type of PRECIPITATION, or water in the ATMOSPHERE. Hails are formed when drops of water freeze together in the cold upper regions of THUNDERSTORMS

•

1)Yes, there are some organizations that can tell people about storms and hailstorms. They can predict big storms. 2)People usually put their cars into a garage to protect it. 3)When there are hails people must be in the house. They must shut a door and all windows. 4)If the hailstorm is really big, you cannot save plants or buildings but you can hide and be safe

H A I L S

Young reporters of the natural risks DESCRIPTION

CELINE SIMONE MARIA CORVACCHIOLI

Hail forms when water vapor in a storm cloud forms ice droplets around debris in the cloud, such as dust, salt or small insects. A storm cloud is formed when cool air meets warm air as it rises. The hailstones continue growing in the storm cloud until they fall to the ground. EFFECTS Hail can ruin everything. Especially bad it is for crops. Even small hail can ruin crops. Some hail stones can be very big and they are dangerous because they can even kill. Here in Ukraine we don't have hail often. Sometimes in summer we can have hail. BYE from SANDRA AND GIUSEPPE Author: Giuseppe Marciano Last editor: Sandra Sgariglia

TWIN SPACE young Natural ReportErs Sp 1-7 Anna , Oscar

& Carles

Uko 1-8 Katia Rebryk

Description Of Hails Hails are a solid precipitation. It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is called a hailstone. Unlike graupel, which is made of rime, and ice pellets, which are smaller and translucent, hailstones consist mostly of water ice and measure between 5 millimetres and 15 centimetres 6 in) in diameter. The METAR reporting code for hail 5 mm or greater is GR, while smaller hailstones and graupel are coded GS.

CONSEQUENCES Hail is one of the most feared weather phenomenons because it has the potential to destroy plants, trees, crops, animals and human life upon impact if strong enough. This can have an adverse effect on the ecosystem if the damage is severe.Most humans are able to seek shelter when a hail storm hits. However, if youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re unable to run for cover, sizable hail can injure or even kill you!

PREVENTION Some prevention of the hails -You have put thatched roof -Know the signs of the hailstorms -Dark clouds

-Strong winds -Close the windows and the doors

-Prepare an emergency kit

HAILSTONE SIZE AND SPEED

Hails Hail is a form of precipitation that falls from the sky as pellets of ice. The pellets can range in size from small pea-sized pellets to hailstones as large as grapefruits (more on hail size below). The formation of hail means a severe thunderstorm is likely in your vicinity. You should monitor your weather situation closely for thunder, lightning, torrential rain, and possibly even tornadoes.

u  Hailstones

are measured according to their diameter. But unless you have a knack for eyeballing measurements or are able to slice a hailstone in half, it's easier to estimate its size by comparing it to everyday items.

HAILSTONE SIZE AND SPEED Description

Size (Diameter)

Typical Fall Speed

Pea

1/4 inch

Marble

1/2 inch

Dime/Penny

3/4 inch

43 mph

Nickel

7/8 inch

Quarter

1 inch

50 mph

Golf Ball

1 3/4 inch

66 mph

Baseball

2 3/4 inch

85 mph

Grapefruit

4 inch

106 mph

Softball

4 1/2 inch

What is Hail?

Hail is a form of frozen precipitation that's created by strong thunderstorms with fast updrafts — air being pulled upward into a thunderstorm. It can cause serious damage, especially to cars, aircraft, glassroofed structures and most notably, farmers' crops. Hail causes approximately $1 billion in property and crop damage each year. The costliest hailstorm happened in April 2001, from eastern Kansas to southwest Illinois, including the St. Louis area. Property damage in this storm exceeded $2.4 billion in 2010 dollars. Deaths from hail are rare — the last known death caused by hail in the U.S. was in the year 2000, when a man was killed by softball size hail in Fort Worth, Texas.

HAIL DAMAGE

With their hard exteriors and relatively fast fall speeds, hailstones often cause extensive damage.. The most susceptible objects to hail damage include vehicles and roofs.

Young reporters of natural risks

HAILS Maria Texidor, Martina Lombera & Mariona Viladomat

Hails damage

Sp 1-2 uko 1-3.

Index ● DESCRIPTION- Maria Texidor

● CHARACTERISTICS- Mariona Viladomat ● PREVENTION- Martina Lombera

DESCRIPTION Hail is a form of precipitation that falls from the sky as pellets of ice. The pellets can range in size from small pea-sized pellets, to hailstones as large as grapefruits.

DESCRIPTION Hail occurs in intense storms that form in supercooled water droplets, that is still fluid, but temperatures below the normal freezing point (0 Â° C) and can take place both in summer and in winter, but most often occurs when there is a heat wave.

CHARACTERISTICS Hail can ruin car roofs and windows and the same with buildings.

Hail ruins crops in the field.

CHARACTERISTICS The size of the hailstones vary depending on the strength of the storm.

Stones larger than 2 cm (0.80 in) are usually considered large enough to cause damage.

PREVENTION Special people and organizations can predict hail but they must be trained for it.

PREVENTION The prevention of environmental risks is the set of measures to reduce the risks and fix the damage occurred.

Thanks for your attention

Consequence: Arnau VallĂ¨s

HAILS Sp2-5 uko 1-13

The hails fall down to 120 Km/h. This cause theâ&#x20AC;Ś Destruction the crystals of the vehicle

Pau Ribot, Ignasi Casas i Arnau Valles

Description of hails: Pau Ribot Destruction the farming Hail is a type of solid precipitation that consists of irregular balls of ice, each is referred a ffhdfhu hailstone, it fall from the sky like rain. Thunderstorms cause hail when strong winds push raindrops upward into the atmosphere where the extremely cold air supercools the water and causes it hretghegethuerhgehgg to freeze into spheres of ice. Unlike soft hail In diameter, and even exceed that measure. Hail is possible in most storms, as it occurs within the cumulonimbus, within 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) of the mother storm. This results in a distinct layering in hailstones each time a layer of liquid water freezes on the surface.

economic consequence

Hurt to people

PRECAUTIONS: Ignasi Casas Destruction the houses

➢Keep the car in the garage.

➢Stay at home. Destruction the plants

➢Protect the crops with a net.

➢ If you drive look for protection under a bridge. They close the highway

Highway full of hails

➢ Don’t look for protection under a tree.

HAIL

HAILS

Are there a lot of storms in your country? In our country there arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t a lot of storms because of the climate. Some9mes we can have hail in summer but it is usually small and harms only small plants in the gardens.

How can people protect themselves when there are hails?

What causes hails and storms? Hail forms in the atmosphere when hot air meets cold air. Then there is a storm and hail falls on the ground.

What should the government do to help people when there is a hail storm or a risk of a hail storm? When there is a storm government should make an announcement on the radio or on TV. If some buildings are ruined, they can give people place where to live and food to eat.

If there is hail, you should stay at home or inside a building and close windows and doors. I am not afraid of hail because I have never seen big hails.

Are there any organiza9ons which check if a hails is coming? Yes, there are some organiza9ons that check disasters coming.

MY OPINION I think that hails can be very dangerous and we could hurt ourselves if we don’t protect ourselves in the right way. I’m a liKle bit scared of hails but I also ﬁnd them really interes9ng.

De Luca Fiorina Erika,1C

â&#x20AC;˘â&#x20AC;Ż No, we don't have many hail storms in Ukraine. Sometimes in summer we can have them but they are not dangerous often. Yes, I have seen small hail storm but 8 years ago there was a big storm with hailstones that were up to 3 cm. My parents told me. Hailstorms can be dangerous for people, animals, buildings and plants. Our government make announcements on the radio if they expect a big storm but it happens very seldom here. You should follow some rules while you have hailstorm. You should close windows and stay inside. You shouldn't stand near the window because the glass can break and injure you.

The hail is hard ice stones that fall from the sky like rain. Hail forms when water vapor in a storm cloud forms ice droplets around debris in the cloud, such as dust, salt or small insects. A storm cloud is formed when cool air meets warm air as it rises. The hailstones continue growing in the storm cloud until they fall to the ground. Hail can ruin everything. Especially bad it is for crops. Even small hail can ruin crops. Some hail stones can be very big and they are dangerous because they can even kill. Here in Ukraine we don't have hail often. Sometimes in summer we can have hail. Hail forms in the atmosphere when hot air meets cold air. Then there is a storm and hail falls on the ground. When there is a storm government should make an announcement on the radio or on TV. If some buildings are ruined, they can give people place where to live and food to eat. Our country doesn't have many storms because of the climate. Sometimes we can have hail in summer but it is usually small and harms only small plants in the gardens. Yes, there are some organizations that check disasters coming. If there is hail, you should stay at home or inside a building and close windows and doors. I am not afraid of hail because i have never seen big hails.

CATALANO CHIARA &SARACINO ADELAIDE

France 1-2

HAILS by Fr1-2 1 Presentation of your · Sonia Tutik - 31.01.2017 21:50

Partner

Hello. I am Sonia. My surname is Tutik. I live in Putivl. It is a small town in Sumy Region. We call regions "oblasts".

2 Description of the natural disaster 1 Which size can be hail?  The largest hail falls in Polesie and in the Carpathians. 2 Do you have often hail?No, don't often. 3 When do hail happen most in a year?.In last year. 4 At which hour of the day do hail happen mostly?Hail falls in the warm hour when rains and thunderstorms.

5 In which region do hail happen most?Hail is most often round or irregular in shape. Sonia Tutik - 25.03.2017 20:55 1.Hail is most often round or irregular in shape. 2.No, don't often. 3.In last year. 4.Hail falls in the warm hour when rains and thunderstorms. 5.The largest hail falls in Polesie and in the Carpathians.

1 Consequences · Lilou Chevrier - 06.03.2017 15:37

2 Prevention

· Marion Burtin - 19.03.2017 14:54 Sonia Tutik - 25.03.2017 20:57

How do you predict there is a danger of hail? There is a speech on the radio to tell people about the hail. How do you behave during hail? I stay in the house when hail. What to avoid doing during hail? I close windows and doors and do not stand near a window. Images qui illustre notre projet sur la grele : http://www.midilibre.fr/2016/08/17/herault-les-images-de-la-grelesoudaine-autour-de-montpellier,1380915.php

Sonia Tutik - 25.03.2017 20:57

How many people died due to it? I do not know about any dead people during hailstorm in Ukraine. Image qui illustre notre projet sur la grele : http://www.midilibre.fr/2016/08/17/herault-les-images-de-la-grelesoudaine-autour-de-montpellier,1380915.php

plan

France 4-2

France 3-2 I live in a small town Putivl. It is in the north-east of Ukraine. Our school is the biggest in our town. There are 600 students in it. It is in the center of the town.

HAILS By Manon, NoĂŠ, Emma, Yoann from France

I am 14. We do not have much bad weather. Autumn is usually rainy. I like Biology but it is not my favourite subject. I know I must study it to learn about everything around me. My name is Yulia. We have four seasons here: autumn, winter, spring and summer. I think the biggest disaster was heavy rain and hails. There are 27 students in my class. At English lessons there are 16 students.

0/ The parteners

1.What are your name ? Hi! My name's Dima. 2.What's the name of your city? I live in Putivl. 3.What's the name of your region? It is a small town in Sumy Region. 4.How is your school?

My school is big. 5.Do you like school? I like my school because I like to study and learn new. 6.When are you hollidays? We have holidays in autumn, winter, spring and summer. My favourite holidays is summer. I do not have lessons in June, July and August. 7.What are your favorite school subject? My favourite subjects are Geography and Chemistry. 8.How old are you? I am fourteen. 9.At what time do you leave school? Students can leave school at 15 years old or study in high school. Then they are 17 and leave school, and go to the university.

â&#x20AC;˘

1.Have you seen big hails ? Hail stones are hard. When they are big, they can be dangerous. 2.How much time does it last ? I read that on April, 30, 1888 baseball size hailstones killed 246 people in India. On June, 19, 1932 200 people died in a hailstorm which lasted for two hours.

2/Consequences

1.How many deads does it make in a year? Honestly, I have never heard that people die because of hail but cars can be damaged much. In Ukraine we don’t have wounded people or broken cars because of hail because we seldom have hail and they are not big enough to damage a car. Statistics say that such things happen in the USA but I didn’t find any information about number of cars.

• 2.How many car are damaged in a year? Ice stones can be rather big. In 2009 in June we had hail in Putivl and it was as big as a small egg. Yes, hail is frozen water. Usually hail storms finish very soon. Not much time. 3.How many wounded does it make in a year? Hail stones are hard. When they are big, they can be dangerous. I read that on April, 30, 1888 baseball size hailstones killed 246 people in India. On June, 19, 1932 200 people died in a hailstorm which lasted for two hours.

•

3/Prevention plan 0

1.How can you predict hail? People can forecast hail using soundings of the atmosphere several days in advance and also use doppler radar algorithms to detect hail in a thunderstorm.There are methods available to detect hail-producing thunderstorms using weather satellites and weather radar imagery. Hailstones generally fall at higher speeds as they grow in size, though complicating factors such as melting, friction with air, wind, and interaction with rain and other hailstones can slow their descent through Earth's atmosphere. Severe weather warnings are issued for hail when the stones reach a damaging size, as it can cause serious damage to human-made structures and, most commonly, farmers' crops. People know that there will be the hail when they forecast it on TV or radio 2.Are there levels of prevention? When hail is forecast, close your drapes, blinds or window shades to prevent potential injury from broken glass blowing inside. 3.How are people alerted there is a danger? Do not try to go outside to protect your property during a storm. Stay indoors until the storm has passed

4.How do you behave during hail? Stay away from skylights, windows and doors.

Young reporters of the natural risks Describe Hails Hail is a type of precipitation, or water in the atmosphere. Hail is formed when drops of water freeze together in the cold upper regions of thunderstorm clouds. Describe the consequences of hails Hails can be dangerous because they can damage aircrafts, buildings, plants and even people. It is more dangerous to buildings because people can hide inside. But it can be dangerous for people too. It can cause head wounds to people if they are outside. So if people are outside, hails are more dangerous for people. Hail is like solid rain. Ice drops can be round or irregular shape. Hail forms from the steam then dark storm cloud forms ice drops that fall on the ground. A storm cloud forms when cold and warm air meet. It is possible to have hails in summer.

Prevention Plans Solid rain can be very dangerous so You mustn’t be outside if there’s an hail storm. You should also protect objects like cars, buildings, etc… These are same basic rules to follow: 1. 2. 3. 4.

Inspect and maintain your roof Keep your trees well-trimmed Create a disaster plan for You and Your family Prepare an emergency kit

Bye from DINA,ANDREA AND JULIA

CHAPTER 3

Earthquakes

• HOW IS AN EARTHQUAKE PRODUCED? It's produced by a movement of the soil.

• ARE EARTHQUAKES VERY COMMON IN YOUR COUNTRY? In this period of time they are very frequent.

• WHEN WAS THE LAST EARTHQUAKE IN YOUR COUNTRY? It was on last Thursday.

• DID YOU FEEL IT? I don’t feel it.

• HOW MANY EARTHQUAKES HAVE THERE BEEN IN YOUR COUNTRY IN THE YEAR? In last year there were about 30 earthquakes.

• HOW IS AN EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY MEASURED? It's misured with the Mercalli scale and the Richter scale. They were invented by Giuseppe Mercalli and Charles Richter. The most dangerous earthquake was in Valdivia(Hawaii) in 1960.

young reporters of naturals risks By : I received these questions from my Spanish friend. He was very kind with me.

DESCRIPTION - AIMAR LOPEZ CONSEQUENCES - PABLO ARTIGAS PREVENTION - SAUL MARABAJAN

GROUP: SP15

Created by Carlotta Meloscia

THE EARTHQUAKES The earthquakes are a natural event. The most common are formed by geological failures. The point of origin of an earthquake is call focus or hypocenter.

THE EARTHQUAKES You can measure an earthquake with two scales mercally and richter.

Consequences:

Consequences: The most disastrous effects occur in heavily populated areas as much population is concentrated in very little land. When it is of medium intensity, cracks form in the walls of the houses... and when it is of maximum degree, the buildings would collapse and entail more losses of human lives.

Consequences: The plates located under the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface are called Continental plates:

Earthquakes or seismic waves can be Tectonic and Volcanic type, according to their magnitude they can be simple rumors and tidal waves or permanent causing collapses of buildings, cracks, dislocations failures, graphical changes, etc.

NORTH AMERICAN PLAT EURASIAN PLATE AFRICAN PLATE

INDIAN-AUSTRALIAN PLATE SOUTH AMERICAN PLATE ARABIAN PLATE

Consequences: And those that are under de under the surface of the sea are called Oceanic:

PACIFIC PLATE NAZCA PLATE ANTARTIC PLATE JUAN DE FUCA PLATE

Consequences: According tells group living abroad once an earthquake do not ever forget.

COCOS PLATE CARIBBEAN PLATE SCOTIA PLATE PHILLIPPINE PLATE

Consequences: Where are there more possibilities to produce an earthquake?

The ring of fire is where 90% of all earthquakes in the world and 80% of the largest earthquakes are concentrated, is more than 40.000 kilometers between New Zealand and Latin America with high seismic risk, in addition to concentrating a 75% per of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s active volcanoes.

It is the meeting point of several tectonic plates, which causes displacements that can have as a consequence volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and tsunamis. The bed of the Pacific Ocean rest on several tectonic plates. The constant friction between them, thus accumulating tension, originate strong movements in the countries that are located in the belt.

PREVENTION Japan is a country where earthquake numbers occur. To minimize the damage caused by earthquakes, it is important to be prepared for it properly.

PREVENTION

We make a diagnosis on the resistance of the housing against the earthquakes, improve this resistance, fix or have devices to fix the furniture and in the event of earthquakes which do not fall.

Check that they know how to meet or contact you in case of a disaster and know where the shelters are for such cases.

PREVENTION

thanks

Deepen your social relations with your neighbors and participate actively in the simulacra of effective prevention of the disasters of your locality.

AIMAR LOPEZ - SAUL MARABAJAN â&#x20AC;&#x201C; PABLO ARTIGAS

Earthquakes are vibrations in the Earth's crust that cause shaking at the surface. They are highly unpredictable and often occur suddenly without warning.We can use two differents scales to measure earthquakes: Richter magnitude scale and the Mercalli scale.

Laia Bosch, Mahé Sánchez, Alba Albuixech Sp2.8 Itg 13

S ➔ Description ◆ types of earthquakes ◆ causes and characteristics ➔ Consequences ➔ Prevention

C Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. Earthquakes occur because stresses build up between the plates as one plate passes another. The point at which this slippage occurs is called the FOCUS, whilst the point on the ground surface above the earthquake FOCUS is called the EPICENTRE.

C Shaking and ground rupture are the main effects created by earthquakes, principally resulting in more or less severe damage to buildings and other rigid structures.

Tsunamis are long-wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes of water - including when an earthquake occurs at sea.

There are several ways that we try to minimize the damage to buildings and structures that fall victim to earthquakes, the biggest way is in the engineering of the structures. The biggest threat to buildings from earthquakes is the fact that the earth shifts. Architects and engineers take this into account when designing structures in areas prone to earthquakes.The aftermath may bring disease, lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks or depression to survivors. Survive:

C In Italy the worst earthquake was in 1908 in the Straits of Messina, it killed about 75000/200000 people. In recent years, the worst earthquake was in Lâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Aquila, in 2009.

Young reporters of natural risks

Also, the earthquakes are the most dangerous natural disaster because itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s impossible to know we will be originated. Investigating how these waves move through the Earth they discovered that the outer core is liquid.

Created by: Arnau Esteban, Max Durany i Joan Solina Sp 2-3 Itg 8

The earthquakes are mesured with the seismometer, the most common magnitude of an earthquake is 5.

An earthquake is a combination of seismic waves that are

Earthquakes

produced when two tectonic plates crash and bump into each other. The place where an earthquake is originated is called the focus or the hypocentre, furthermore the place that is directly above the focus is called the epicentre.

Description (Arnau Esteban)

If an earthquake is originated on the water, probably a tsunami will occur. Also the in the epicentre a fault is occurred, there are 3 types of it.

Earthquakes Consequences (Joan Solina)

Consequences The consequences of earthquakes can be very catastrophic. An earthquake can have different intensities but they only have one magnitude. This happens because the intensity changes depending of the distance in which you are respect to the hypocentre. From 7/8 Richter magnitude earthquakes are considered dangerous for buildings. In Italy more than 283 people died as a consequence of earthquakes last year over the Apennines region.

Earthquakes Prevention (Max Durany)

Prevention One of the most important things is to build ant seismic houses. They are more expensive to build than normal houses but they protect people in case of an earthquake. When you live an earthquake it's important to stay in your home and if it is too strong to hidden under a table.

Young reporters of the natural risks EARTHQUAKES by Fr3-5 Vous trouverez dans les pages suivantes les questions que vous avez posées sur le forum et les réponses de votre partenaire. Voici le travail que chacun aura à effectuer : Présentation de la page : Faire le titre de la page Ecrire les prénoms des élèves du groupe Insérer une image pour illustrer la catastrophe (avec l’adresse de la page internet)

Les premiers à avoir fini le reste…

Step 0 : presentation of your partners Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse. Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer la ville partenaire (avec l’adresse de la page internet) Step 1 : description of the natural disaster

Emma Mathis

Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse. Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer la catastrophe (avec l’adresse de la page internet) Step 2 : consequences of the disaster Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse. Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer les conséquences de la catastrophe (avec l’adresse de la page internet) Simon Step 3 : prevention plan Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse.

Théo

Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer les plans de prévention mis en place (avec l’adresse de la page internet)

293 historical buildings were damaged from the August 24th earthquake. 2. Prevention plans

EARTHQUAKES BY SIMON AND THEO FROM FRANCE 1. Consequences

Can you predict earthquakes? No, you can’t What should you do when there is an earthquake? If there is an earthquake you should get under a desk or table or stand against an interior wall. Go outside if possible.

2. 3. 4. 5.

How many people died this year? how many people were injured? how many cities were damaged? Were ther other consequences? How many cities were involved? All of central Italy was involved in the 2017 earthquake even though the epicentre was Abruzzo. We felt it too. What levels are there? There are 2 scales: the Richter scale (ML) and the Mercalli scale (Mw). The 2017 earthquake in Abruzzo was 5.4 ML / 5.6 Mw. How many deads in 2016? 297 people died from the August 24th earthquake. How many injured in 2016?

287 people were injured from the August 24th earthquake. How many houses were destroyed in 2016?

What shouldn’t you do if there is an earthquake? You shouldn’t use a lift and stay away from exterior walls and the kitchen

France 1-5

Les tremblements de terre by : Océane ,Julia and Vincent from france

https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQiUwrDpxuB2GAJuf77uzy1kMB_YA7smhnuoMBGmfEBBLU1Nsncg 0/The parteners http://sigespoc.brgm.fr/local/cachevignettes/L640xH383/schema_seisme-db1cd.jpg Questions : What are your names? How old are you? What are you hobbies? Where are you from? What name of your school? Whatis your favorite celebrity? How are you? What is your favorite color? Réposes : 1 our names are CELINE and MARIA 2 14 yers olds 3our hobbies are : play vollyboll , danceing and singing 4 Termoli (MOLISE)

5 Isitituto omnicompresivo di GUGLIONESI 6 PAULO DYBALAAAAAAAAA 7 fannys 8 our favortis colrs are black and white

1/description

• • • • •

Were you afraid? Yes, I was, because my parents were afraid How long did it last? Only a few seconds. The hanging lights began to swing and the cupboards and windows rattled.

• • Why did it happen? • Because when underground rocks move, they sometimes hit each other and stop. An earthquake happens when they are forced by other rocks to move again.

• • Do you know anyone? • There was a girl from our town in the hotel but she survived. In 2002, 29 primary school children and their teacher died in an earthquake in our region. It was a long time ago but we will never forget…….

http://bhernand.chez.com/source.gif Questions: We heard about recent earthquakes. 1 when did they happen? 2 where were they from your school? 3 did you feel them? 4 do you know people from these regoin? 5 how does it feel during an earhtquake? 6 how long does it last? 7 why is there an earthquake?

réponses: • The last earthquake • The last bad earthquake was in Abruzzo on 18th January 2017. There were many earthquakes but one of them caused an avalanche, which destroyed a hotel and 29 people died.

• In Teramo an old man died and lots of houses were damaged. 87,000 people had no electricity or communication leaving people isolated.

• • Is it far? • Abruzzo is the next region to Molise, where we live. It is about an hour from here. •

Young reporters of the natural risks Itn 1-5 https://padlet.com/antonellarusso2008/2xvvflclco2d Matteo Varavallo - 05.11.2016 10:04

EARTHQUAKES by Fr4-5 2/Consequences of the disaster

Hi my name's Matteo Varavallo I'm 12 yaers old, I live in Giugliano,Naples.I'm italian.I frequent the school of the first grade G.B.BASILE. I work on earthquakes.In my free time I'm practice judo,it's my favourite sport.I don't like reading,but I like very much:Harry Potter,Hunger Games and Percy Jackson. I play a lot of video games,my favourite video games is Gears of Wars. Now I would like to ask you some questions. Luca Paurenti - 05.11.2016 10:47

Hi my name's Luca Paurenti I'm 13 yaers old, I live in Giugliano,Naples.I'm italian.I frequent the school of the first grade G.B.BASILE.

How many cities were involved?

I work on earthquakes. In my free time I go out with my friend and I play video games • • • • • • •

How did you feel when there was an earthquake? (if you have heard) who practiced physical activities both in school and out? if the earthquake came from you, what it did when it happened? What do you like doing in the free time? You have felt the earthquake a few days ago. And if so, were there any damage in your town? What is your typical food of the your town?

All of central Italy was involved in the 2017 earthquake even though the epicentre was Abruzzo. We felt it too. What levels are there? There are 2 scales: the Richter scale (ML) and the Mercalli scale (Mw). The 2017 earthquake in Abruzzo was 5.4 ML / 5.6 Mw.

How many deads in 2016? 297 people died from the August 24th earthquake. How many injured in 2016? 287 people were injured from the August 24th earthquake. How many houses were destroyed in 2016? 1. 293 historical buildings were damaged from the August 24th earthquake.

3/Prevention plans

Young reporters of the natural risks An earthquake is a soil's movement. They can be misured with two scales:Mercalli and RIchter.

1.Can you predict earthquakes? No, you can’t 2.What should you do when there is an earthquake? If there is an earthquake you should get under a desk or table or stand against an interior wall. Go outside if possible. 3.What shouldn’t you do if there is an earthquake? You shouldn’t use a lift and stay away from exterior walls and the kitchen

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth' s lithosphere that creates seismic waves.Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. Earthquakes are measured using seismometers. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. At the Earth' s surface, earthquakes manifest them selves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquakes is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity. They are more frequent in the center of Italy. In Italy there was an earthquake on 11 January 1693 of 7,42 M. The plaques in the earth move and crash. The last bad earthquake was in Abruzzo on 18th January 2017. There were many earthquakes but one of them caused an avalanche, which destroyed a hotel and 29 people died. In Teramo an old man died and lots of houses were damaged. 87,000 people had no electricity or communication leaving people isolated. Abruzzo is the next region to Molise, where we live. It is about an hour from here. Were you afraid?

Yes, I was, because my parents were afraid

You shouldn’t use a lift and stay away from exterior walls and the kitchen

How long did it last?

Bye bye froma MARTINA AND GAIA

Only a few seconds. The hanging lights began to swing and the cupboards and windows rattled. Why did it happen? Because when underground rocks move, they sometimes hit each other and stop. An earthquake happens when they are forced by other rocks to move again. Do you know anyone? There was a girl from our town in the hotel but she survived. In 2002, 29 primary school children and their teacher died in an earthquake in our region. It was a long time ago but we will never forget……. Can you predict earthquakes? No, you can’t What levels are there? There are 2 scales: the Richter scale (ML) and the Mercalli scale (Mw). The 2017 earthquake in Abruzzo was 5.4 ML / 5.6 Mw. How many cities were involved? All of central Italy was involved in the 2017 earthquake even though the epicentre was Abruzzo. We felt it too. What should you do when there is an earthquake? If there is an earthquake you should get under a desk or table or stand against an interior wall. Go outside if possible. What shouldn’t you do if there is an earthquake?

Young reporters of the natural risks Because when underground rocks move, they sometimes hit each other and stop. An earthquake happens when they are forced by other rocks to move again.

You cannot prevent natural disasters from occurring but we can significantly mitigate their effects by identifying hazards, building safer structures and providing education on earthquake safety. By preparing for natural earthquakes we can also reduce the risk from human induced earthquakes.

Do you know anyone?

yes, we do. There are some buildings in the biggest cities like Milan and Rome.

There was a girl from our town in the hotel but she survived. In 2002, 29 primary school children and their teacher died in an earthquake in our region. It was a long time ago but we will never forget…….

yes, there are fire fighters that after earthquakes help pepole.

Can you predict earthquakes?

The last earthquake

No, you can’t

The last bad earthquake was in Abruzzo on 18th January 2017. There were many earthquakes but one of them caused an avalanche, which destroyed a hotel and 29 people died.

What levels are there? There are 2 scales: the Richter scale (ML) and the Mercalli scale (Mw). The 2017 earthquake in Abruzzo was 5.4 ML / 5.6 Mw.

In Teramo an old man died and lots of houses were damaged. 87,000 people had no electricity or communication leaving people isolated.

How many cities were involved? All of central Italy was involved in the 2017 earthquake even though the epicentre was Abruzzo. We felt it too.

Is it far? Abruzzo is the next region to Molise, where we live. It is about an hour from here.

What should you do when there is an earthquake? If there is an earthquake you should get under a desk or table or stand against an interior wall. Go outside if possible.

Were you afraid? Yes, I was, because my parents were afraid

What shouldn’t you do if there is an earthquake? How long did it last? You shouldn’t use a lift and stay away from exterior walls and the kitchen Only a few seconds. The hanging lights began to swing and the cupboards and windows rattled. Why did it happen?

CHAPTER 4

Tornadoes

TORNADOES

What are the consequences?

What is a tornado?

Department

Meurthe et Moselle

Vosges

Moselle

Town

Baroches

Gerbépal

Boulay

Azoudange

Silly sur Nied

Date

May 10th 2016

May 13th 2015

October 26th 1824

September 1st 1857

June 7th 2012

Hour

5 :50 pm

7 :55 pm

4 pm

5 :15 pm

Force

EF0

EF2

EF1

EF3

EF0

Speed

105 à 135 km/h

175 à 220 km/h

135 à 175 km/h

220 à 270 km/h

105 à 135 km/h

1 injured

Walls down

Houses down

Roof damages

Roof damages Roof destroyed

Roof destroyed

Where?

When?

How?

A tornado is a powerful whirlwind

On men

On houses Consequences

Roof damages

On streets

Electric poles down

On nature

Trees down

What causes tornadoes? Tornadoes form in violent thunderstorms when there is instability and wind is present in the lower atmosphere.

This informaYon was given to me from a French student: Théo Rouyer. He is 13 years old

TORNADOS

From Gabriele to Théo

WHAT IS A TORNADO????? a tornado is a powerful whirlwind.

•  •  They are everywhere in Lorraine but especially in the center. There are almost no tornadoes in the cold period (in November in April). There are peaks in May, June and September. it never has it at night between midnights and seven hours.

WHAT CAN YOU DO WHEN YOU KNOW THAT A TORNADO IS COMING? The Met makes prevention maps everyday. When there is a danger, the Environment Ministry decides to make an alert (red prevention). The alert is given to radios and televisions to warn people. If there is a tornado warning, you have to:

-stay home -unplug electrical machines -stay in contact with your neighbours -listen to the radio -You must not approach rivers, trees or electricity

A SPECIAL THANKS GOES TOâ&#x20AC;Ś.. The French students who helped us with the Information about tornadoes. Thank you again, we love you. Made by Angelo, Viannaci and Giovanna

Tornados A tornado is a violent rota.ng column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. The most violent tornadoes are capable of tremendous destruc.on with wind speeds of up to 300 mph. They can destroy large buildings, uproot trees and hurl vehicles hundreds of yards. They can also drive straw into trees. Damage paths can be in excess of one mile wide to 50 miles long. In an average year, 1000 tornadoes are reported na.onwide.

How do tornadoes form? Most tornadoes form from thunderstorms. You need warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico and cool, dry air from Canada. When these two air masses meet, they create instability in the atmosphere. A change in wind direc.on and an increase in wind speed with increasing height creates an invisible, horizontal spinning eﬀect in the lower atmosphere. Rising air within the updraK .lts the rota.ng air from horizontal to ver.cal. An area of rota.on, 2-6 miles wide, now extends through much of the storm. Most strong and violent tornadoes form within this area of strong rota.on.

What are some other factors for tornadoes to form? What are some other factors for tornadoes to form? Several condi.ons are required for the development of tornadoes and the thunderstorm clouds with which most tornadoes are associated. Abundant low level moisture is necessary to contribute to the development of a thunderstorm, and a “trigger” (perhaps a cold front or other low level zone of converging winds) is needed to liK the moist air aloK. Once the air begins to rise and becomes saturated, it will con.nue rising to great heights to produce a thunderstorm cloud, if the atmosphere is unstable. An unstable atmosphere is one where the temperature decreases rapidly with height. Atmospheric instability can also occur when dry air overlays moist air near the earth’s surface. Finally, tornadoes usually form in areas where winds at all levels of the atmosphere are not only strong, but also turn with height in a clockwise or veering direc.on.

Can more than one tornado form at a 5me?

Yes, one way that twin tornadoes can occur is through a processes called occlusion. This happens when one tornado starts to dissipate as cool, moist air wraps around the tornado while another tornado begins to form in a more favorable part of the thunderstorm. Another term for this is cycling and that process is fairly common in very strong thunderstorms. The overlap .me for both tornadoes to be on the ground concurrently is a very short .me. Another way two tornadoes can form is from a mul.ple-vortex tornado. This occurs when much smaller, rapidly spinning whirls rotate inside a larger tornado – also termed “suc.on vor.ces”. These “suc.on vor.ces” inside of a larger tornado are usually responsible for some of the most intense damage in a tornadoes path. This is because of smaller tornadoes inside the larger tornado have stronger winds and are spinning much faster than the larger tornado. The last way that twin tornadoes can occur is by satellite tornadoes. This occurs when a second tornado develops independently of the primary tornado. The satellite tornado orbits the primary tornado but is located inside the same mesocyclone – this means there are two separate areas of rota.on occurring at the same .me in the atmosphere.

Where do tornadoes occur? Tornadoes occur in many parts of the world, including Australia, Europe, Africa, Asia, and South America. Even New Zealand reports about 20 tornadoes each year. Two of the highest concentra.ons of tornadoes outside the U.S. are Argen.na and Bangladesh.

How long is a tornado usually on the ground?

Detailed sta.s.cs about the .me a tornado is on the ground are not available. This .me can range from an instant to several hours. The average is about ﬁve minutes.

Can tornadoes be stopped? You have to consider that the tornado is part of something bigger: the supercell thunderstorm. Unless you disrupt the supercell thunderstorm itself, you would likely have another tornado, even if you were able to destroy the ﬁrst. The thunderstorm’s energy is much greater than the tornado. No one has tried to disrupt the tornado because the methods to do so could likely cause even more damage than the tornado. Detona.ng a nuclear bomb, for example, to disrupt a tornado would be even more deadly and destruc.ve than the tornado itself. Lesser things (like huge piles of dry ice or smaller conven.onal weaponry) would be too hard to deploy in the right place fast enough, and would likely not have enough impact to aﬀect the tornado much anyway.

Safety .ps for tornadoes. In home: - keep away from windows and walls that connect with the outside -Speak into a room as central as possible in the house, in a central hallway without windows or If possible in a basement / basement; Lying down to the ground face-down covering his head with the hands -If you can not bring in a room as specified above, get yourself in the bathtub Covering with blankets and pillows or in a wardrobe, if possible away from the walls connected with outdoors -To not waste .me closing the windows, the tornado will destroy them anyway. By car: - Try to overcome the tornado in speed: these can change direc.on quickly and Increase diameter without no.ce - abandon the car and take refuge in a sloping land crouching and offering Less surface than your own body, holding your head between your legs and covering it with your hands - you can not leave the car, keep the belt loose, lower your head and hold it Away from the windows, cover it with your hands and if possible with soK vests or soK .ssues gender - to take refuge under the overpass or the bridges: the wind waves beneath and increases in intensity. In any case, never challenge the tornado, do not try to get closer to your car or to chase. A video or photo is not worth your life. Keep in mind that what can kill and / or injure in a tornado is not just the force of the wind, but Also and above all the debris flying around and in the whirlpool. Even small objects can Be transformed into bullets.

WHAT CAN YOU DO WHEN YOU KNOW THAT A TORNADO IS COMING? When there is a danger, the Environment Ministry decides to make an alert (red prevention). The alert is given to radios and televisions to warn people. If there is a tornado warning, you have to:   stay home   unplug electrical machines   stay in contact with your neighbours   listen to the radio   You must not approach rivers, trees or electricity.

WHAT IS A TORNADO? A tornado is a powerful whirlwind.

A SPECIAL THANKS GOES TO… …THE FRENCH STUDENTS!

Paula Sotos

Young Reporters of natural risks:

TORNADOS

Consequences

The force of the wind causes the windows to open, crystals are broken, trees are torn from the roots, and cars, trains are thrown into the air.

Can break up skyscrapers.

SP 1-1/FR 1-1 Paula Sotos Mariona Lara Ariรกn Mรกrquez

Ariรกn

Description

A tornado begins with a severe storm called a supercell. A supercell can last longer than a common storm. The same property that keeps a storm active, also gives origin to most tornadoes. The wind that joins the storm begins to swirl and forms a funnel. The air inside the funnel rotates more and more rapidly and generates an area of very low pressure, which sucks more air (and possibly objects) into itself.

Mariona Lara

Prevention

If there is a tornado, you have to:

Stay at home Unplug electrical machines

Stay in contact with your neighbours Listen to the radio.

You must not approach rivers, trees or electricity.

Conclusion

YOUNG REPORTERS OF NATURAL RISKS: TORNADOS

Thanks to this project we learned a little more about the Tornadoes, and we really enjoyed working with our partners of France.

Ruth Picón, Emma Pérez and Pol Mourín

Thanks for your attention!

DEFINITION A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that spins while in contact with both the surface of the Earth. A tornado form when the warm air of the low altitudes meets the cold air of the high altitudes.

DESCRIPTION

YOUNG REPORTERS OF NATURAL RISKS

A tornado is a wind represented like a spiral or a funnel; a synonym is “huracane”. Is a very dangerous rotating column thet is formated of cold air, hot air and garbage.

Sp 1-6 asks questions to Fr 3-1 TORNADOS Sp. 1-6 Mireia Viñas Laia Vidal Jiahao Wang Mònica Reboll

SUMMARY ❖ Description ❖ Consequences ❖ Prevention

This atmospheric phenomenum is always in contact with the land and a cloud. It can arrive to 408km /hour and an extesion f more than 1.5 km.

One of the most impactant tornados in all the History is the so called “Tri-State tornado” of 1925 that killed more than 1000 people in the USA

CONSEQUENCES Tornados can be local, but the worrying thing is the speed that goes attacking to the people. The damage of a tornado consts of different aspects: -The strongness of the wind. -The coldness of the air in the inside of the tornado. -The dangerous impacts of the cities. There’s a scale for measuring the intensity of tornados, is called Fujita-Pearson scale. The order of the levels are from F0 (preatty low) to F6 (damages quite irreparable) Mainly the houses get distroyed and the trees fall down.

PREVENTION First of all, you have to recollect water, food, lanterns and other essencial things. If you are in your house, you have to go to the lowest place in the house, cover yourself with a big peace of furniture and try to evitate the windows. You must unplug electrical machines, stay in contact with your neighbuors and listen to the radio. You mustnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t aproach rivers or trees because in there the elctricity You must not approach rivers, trees or electricity. Before tornado, you have to attach everything outside.

Young reporters of the natural risks Describe Tornados A tornado is a whirlwind violent to develop under a base of storm cloud. A tordano is originated with a cloud and the storm. Tornados are more frequent in Lorraine, more frequent are around Nancy. Describe Effects of Tornados he main effects of tornados are : - to cause damage on a ground; - they are noisy. Here are some tornadoes and their consequences, the most recent and the biggest:

Department

Meurthe et Moselle

Vosges

Moselle

Town

Baroches

Gerbepal

Boulay

Azoudange

Date

May 10th 2016

May 13th 2015

October 26th 1824

September

Hour

5 :50 pm

7 :55 pm

4 pm

Force

EF0

EF2

EF1

EF3

Speed

105 a 135 km/h

175 a 220 km/h

135 a 175 km/h

220 a 270 km/h

Where?

THANKS FOR LISTENING!

When?

How?

On men

1 injured Walls down

On houses Consequences

1st 1857

Roof damages

Roof

Houses down Roof destroyed

destroyed On streets On nature

Electric poles down Trees down

Trees down

Prevention plans for Tornados he Met makes prevention maps each day. When there is a danger, the Environment Ministry decides to make an alert (prevention red). The alert is given to radios and televisions to warn people. If there is a tornado warning, you have to: 路

stay home

路

unplug electrical machines

路

stay in contact with your neighbours

路

listen to the radio

You must not approach rivers, trees or electricity. Bye from Italy, MAURIZIO, GIULIANO, ROSY

CHAPTER 5

SNOWDRIFTS YOUNG REPORTERS OF NATURAL RISKS SNOW DRIFTS SP2-1 / UKU2-1 Xavier Carretero, Jan Roig and Quim Giralt

DESCRIPTION

INDEX 1.DESCRIPTION (Quim)

1.CONSEQUENCES (Xavi) 1.PREVENTION (Jan)

DESCRIPTION SPECIFICALLY WE SAY IT IS A SNOW STORM. it is white (snow)and it forms snow dunes.

A snow drift is a deposit of snow sculpted by wind into a mound during a snowstorm. Snow drifts resemble sand dunes and are formed in a similar manner.

CONSEQUENCES Snow drifts are obstacles for the transit in the tunels because sometimes the snow falls into them covers the floor and the cars slippery

FARMS PREVENTION

CONSEQUENCES Winter storms brings snow,ice and cold temperatures are dangerous for drive to the roads in the United States.

PREVENTION SNOW FENCES Temporary snow fences are usually one of two varieties: perforated orange plastic sheeting attached to stakes at regular intervals. Snow fences work by causing turbulence in the wind, such that it drops much of its snow load on the lee side of the fence.

Anticipating and planning for winters can save farmers and ranchers money with proper snow management and windbreaks. Preventing snowdrifts on roads, around buildings, corrals, or inside livestock shelters. Snow fences or shelterbelts are the most common methods. Buildings and shelters can be planned and located to avoid drifts in critical locations.

**Snow normally crests and slopes off toward the surface on the windward side of a large object

YOUNG REPORTERS OF NATURAL RISKS

A snow drift is a deposit of snow sculpted by wind into a mound during a snowstorm.

* Snowdrifts resemble sand dunes and are formed in a similar manner

BY: Natalia Zorita, Abril Alcázar and Paula Giròn SP 1-3/UKu 1-3

The impact of snowdrifts on transportation can be more significant than the snowfall *

description paula girón LANAU

prevention natalia zorita fontanet

If the storm gets you out of the house stay in your car or in a store, stay warm and dry and drink water. Think what to do when the snow drift is over.

If you stay at home stay as much as possible and have heating. Drink and eat. Also removes snow from the roof.

Snowri's

You can know if there will be a snow drift watching the news and make sure you have enough supplies to weather this.

How do blizzards form? A blizzard is a long-las/ng snowstorm with very strong winds and intense snowfall. You need three things to have a blizzard; cold air at the surface, lots of moisture, and li>. Warm air must rise over cold air.

How is snow formed? Snow is commonly formed when water vapor undergoes deposition, which is when water vapor changes directly to ice without first becoming a liquid, high in the atmosphere at a temperature of less than 32Â°F and then falls to the ground

Snowflakes are made of ice crystals. Each snowflake is six-sided and made of as many as 200 ice crystals. Snowflakes form in clouds wherSnowflakes are made of ice crystals. Each snowflake is six-sided and made of as many as 200 ice crystals. Snowflakes form in clouds where the temperature is below freezing. The ice crystals form around tiny bits of dirt that has been carried up into the atmosphere by the wind. As the snow crystals grow, they become heavier and fall toward the ground.e the temperature is below freezing. The ice crystals form around tiny bits of dirt that has been carried up into the atmosphere by the wind. As the snow crystals grow, they become heavier and fall toward the ground.

SNOW DRIFTS UKU 2-6 WITH SP 2-6

DESCRIPTO N â&#x20AC;˘ A snow drift is a

deposit of snow sculped by wind into a mound during a snowstorm. Snowdrifts resemble sand dunes and are formed by wind moving light snow Oriol and depositing it Rafel when the wind has

CONSEQUENCES • The victim can

suffer a little trauma like a fracture. • It can suffer a asphyxia or a hypothermia too. • It can destruct a house and it can kill a person. Arlet Arànega

Mesh cable for prevention of avalanches

This preventios is in mountains whith 30-40 grades of inclination. This have a mesh to retain the snow and metal stick to suppourt the snow

Metal vertical fence This barriers made if metal are like grills and are made for mountains with 40-50 grades of inclination. This support 2000kg of snow.

Martí Molina

France 3-3 SNOW-RIFTS by Fr3-3

1) Presentation of your Partner 1

Where do you come from ? I'm from Ukraine Where do you live ? I live in don't small town.I'm Ukrainian What are your nationality ? I'm from Ukraine

3.what is the name of your school? The name of our shool is "Intelekt"

SNOW-DRIFTS by Fr4-3

4.How old are your? Нам 13 и 14 лет 5.have you got a pets?

так, have pets 6.How many pupils are there in your class? There are 24 pupils in our class

. 0/ Presentation of your Partner

1.what are your names? Хеллоу, our names are Лера, Лиза, Дима и Лиза. 2.where du you live? We live in the south-east of Ukraine. In a small town Bylmak

1.Description of the disaster

Itn2-5 Edit page DESCRIPTION OF SNOWDRIFT A snow drift is a deposit of snow sculpted by wind into a mound during a snowstorm. Snowdrifts resemble sand dunes and are formed in a similar manner EFFECTS OF SNOWDRIFT The risk of avalanche is one of the constant worries PREVENTION OF SNOWDRIFT Equip yourself with an ARVA (Search Equipment for Avalanche Victims) and obviously learn how to use it well and practise using it regularly. Do not ever ski alone and avoid groups that are too large.

BYE FROM FRANCESCO, FRANCESCA AND DARIO

CHAPTER 6

DROUGHTS

What is it? Drought is a feature of climate that is defined as a period of below-average rainfall sufficiently long and intense to result in serious environmental and socioeconomic stresses, such as crop failures and water shortages, in the affected area.

What is it caused?

Drought is caused by of air in a high-pressure cell, which results in decreasing humidity. Droughts occur only when it doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t rain for a long time.

Types of drought The effects of drought on environment, economy, and society are manifold. In order of the increasing severity and scope of their impacts, four types of drought are commonly distinguished: A meteorological drought manifests it self in a shortfall of precipitation or changes in precipitation intensity and timing, possibly aggravated by other climatic factors, such as high temperatures and winds

Socioeconomic drought

Occurs when the supply of economic goods and services, including water, forage, food, and hydroelectric power, can no longer be met for droughtrelated causes.

Major drought events -China -Soviet Union -United States -West Africa -Ethiopia -Australia

Young reporters of the natural risks DROUGHTS by Fr3-1 1. Consequences

How many poeple die because of drought? In our country there aren't many deaths because of a drought, but in East and South Africa there are cities that are dead by a drought. How many are injured or ill?

This information was given by Spanish students. My name is Denise

In Africa are more than thousens of people with illnesses What consequences on nature? The plants die the land becomes very dry so cracks are formded. Also the rivers disappear Are there other consequences? Sometimes there's malnutrition, deshydration and relacionated diseases. 2. Prevention plans

Insérer une image pour illustrer la catastrophe (avec l’adresse de la page internet)

How to prevent people there is a danger?

Step 0 : presentation of your partners

If you mean how to warn people there is a drought, we say it throught all the TV, radio or How to behave during the drought ? When there is a grought, the poor countries sometimes they emigrate.But in our country, we have to save water showering instead of having a bath or closing the sink when isn't necessary What to avoid during drought ? We use the dams to avoid the droughts, we save the maximum water and use desalination plants. How and who predicts a drought? The ones who predict the droughts are weather specialists trought media devices. .

Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse. Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer la ville partenaire (avec l’adresse de la page internet) Ilona Step 1 : description of the natural disaster

Vous trouverez dans les pages suivantes les questions que vous avez posées sur le forum et les réponses de votre partenaire. Voici le travail que chacun aura à effectuer :

Step 2 : consequences of the disaster Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse. Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer les conséquences de la catastrophe (avec l’adresse de la page internet) Ferhan Step 3 : prevention plan

DROUGHTS by Fr3-1 1. Presentation of your Partner

Présentation de la page : Les premiers à avoir fini le

Lucie

Effacer tout ce qui est inutile. Placer ensemble chaque question avec sa réponse. Mettez en page suivant les règles indiquées. Insérer une image pour illustrer les plans de prévention mis en place (avec l’adresse de la page internet)

DROUGHTS by Fr3-1

Faire le titre de la page Ecrire les prénoms des élèves du groupe

reste…

Amandine

Âˇ Amandine Roemer - 25.11.2016 10:50 Hello!

Âˇ Marta Hernando - 09.03.2017 09:49

-Where is your school?

- How drought is formed ?

Our school is in Barcelona, in a neighborhood called Sant Andreu

A drought is formed when in a place doesn't rain for a long time.

-How many peopols are you in

- Or the dryness happened ?

your class?

We don't understand this question.

In our class we are 32 students, and in all the grade we are about 100 students. -Where do you live?

-When it happened last time ?

We don't live in a town, we live in a neighborhood as we said before. - What is the name of your

The last drought in Catalonta was from April 2007 to January 2009. -At which season does drought happen? Normally it happens in summer, because is very hot.

town?, -How old are you?

-At what temperature can you speak of drought?

I'm Marta, I'm 12 years old and I love Nutella. I'm Mar, I'm 12 years old and I like cooking. I'm Sofia, I'm 12 years old and I like go shopping. My name is Laia I'm 11 years old and I like dancing. I'm Mireia, I'm 12 years old and I like drawing. And my name is Monica, I'm 12 years old I love dancing like Laia and baking.

When we speakof droughts we usually talk about 38 degrees.

1. Description of the disaster

-What is the highest temperature you have esperienced? Probably would be a summer that we were at 40 degrees -From what length of time? About a day an a half.

•Waht

is you national hymn?

•The hymn of Spain is Marcha Real and the hymn of Catalonia is Els Segadors

1/Description •At which period of the year does drought happen? •Usually in the summer but also in spring and autumn

how many fires are due to it in a year? are there other problems due to it? How survive the vegetation from droughts? Mediterranean vegetation presents several strategies to overcome these situations. For instance, plants leafs are small to avoid losing too much water How many people die because of it in a year? Currently most drought victims are in Africa. We have seen in a webpage that number of people who has died as a consequence of droughts are 11400000 people between 1900 until 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/267695/number-of-deaths-worldwide-due-to-drought/ How many fields are destroyed in a year? Depend on the region and the crop. In the last drought we have had in Catalonia half olive trees are affected and 30 % of vineyards How many fires are due to it in a year? Droughts make fire forest worse but it’s difficult to know what it’s the final cause of a fire forest

•how many droughts is there in your country?

Are there other problems due to it? Crops don’t grow and if the drought is severe it can mean less water for people’s life

•There is no drought right now but the last major drought happened between April 2007 until

4. Prevention plans Can you predict a drought?

•Have you many droughts? •Yes, Spain suffers droughts very often 3. Consequences how many poeple die because of it in a year?

Are there many levels of prevention? How people are alerted of the danger? How do you behave during a drought?

how many fields are destroyed in a year?

What have you to avoid during a drought? Many droughts can be predicted up to a month in advance, and in rare cases it may be possible to predict drought conditions more than a year in advance. Yes, there are 4 levels of prevention: Primordial prevention, Primary prevention,Secondary prevention and Tertiary prevention. How people are alerted of the danger? Through the news and awareness campaings lead by the government How do you behave during a drought?/What have you to avoid during a drought?

Young reporters of the natural risks Basically by saving water. For example, take a shower instead of take a bath or don't let open the tap if you don't need water at that moment.

DESCRIBE DROUGHT What is a drought? it is the absence of water for a long period of time Where droughts are more frequent? In Spain the driest region is called Almeria, in the south. In the world the driest places are the sahara, the atacama in chile and the gobi in mangolia and in the tabernas in Almeria EFFECTS OF DROUGHT What are damages caused by droughts? The plants can't live,and it's so difficult to eat healthy food Is drought dangerous for people and animals? Yes,because if it doesn't rain and it's dry crops won't grow and farm animals will die. Then people will be hungry as in some parts of Africa BYE BYE FROM LUCA AND RAFFAELE

and our environment in many different ways.

Itn2-1 Drought is a protracted period of e deficient precipitation resulting in extensive damage to crops, resulting in loss of yield. In the most general sense, drought originates from a deficiency of

precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more, resulting in a water

shortage for some activity, group or environmental sector.

Its

impacts

result

from

the

interplay

between the natural events. Often human activities

can directly trigger exacerbating factors such an over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation, and erosion adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and held water. In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind. Draught can also reduce water quality because

lower water flows reduce dilution of pollutants and

Chiara, Biagio,

Francesco

precipitation over an extended period of time, usually a season or more, resulting in a water

shortage for some activity, group or environmental sector.

Its

impacts

result

from

the

interplay

between the natural events. Often human activities

can directly trigger exacerbating factors such an over farming, excessive irrigation, deforestation, and erosion adversely impact the ability of the land to capture and held water.

In arid climates, the main source of erosion is wind.

increase contamination of remaining water sources.

Draught can also reduce water quality because

“mitigation”, that means taking actions before

increase contamination of remaining water sources.

For

the

prevention

drought

there

the

drought to help reduce its effects. Also the creation of conserving water building structures that help us to store water can be helpful.

lower water flows reduce dilution of pollutants and For

the

prevention

drought

there

the

“mitigation”, that means taking actions before

drought to help reduce its effects. Also the creation of conserving water building structures that help us to store water can be helpful.

loosing the crops

Is drought dangerous and Why? -When we have a drought, it can affect our communities and our environment in many different ways.

Chiara, Biagio,

Francesco

DESCRIPTION What is a drought? -It is the absence of water for a long period of time What are the main causes of droughts? -A drought is caused when there isn't rain in a few months. What are the main effects of droughts? -There is no enough water to keep the animals, plants or humans alive. Where is the drought more frequent? -The more affected countries are Etiopia, Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, Afganistan, China, India, Iran, Marruecos-

EFFECTS What are its effects on nature? -The decrase of the agricultural production, famine due to

Young reporters of the natural risks DESCRIBE DROUGHT What is a drought? it is the absence of water for a long period of time Where droughts are more frequent? In Spain the driest region is called Almeria, in the south. In the world the driest places are the sahara, the atacama in chile and the gobi in mangolia and in the tabernas in Almeria EFFECTS OF DROUGHT What are damages caused by droughts? The plants can't live,and it's so difficult to eat healthy food Is drought dangerous for people and animals? Yes,because if it doesn't rain and it's dry crops won't grow and farm animals will die. Then people will be hungry as in some parts of Africa BYE BYE FROM LUCA AND RAFFAELE

DEDICATION The Reporters of the Natural Risks students and their teachers would like to thank each other for this great experience and we hope that none of us will never experience any of these disasters.

lxxxvii