Innovations and Inventions Class 4-2 by llounsbury

Innovations & Inventions A History of Bright Ideas

Class 4-2

April , 2017

THE CLEANING MACHINE By: Angelina Long ago, way before I was born, people used rocks, sand, lakes and rivers to wash their clothes. Unlike now, we have washing machines where you put the dirty clothes into the machine, turn the the dial to a desired setting and press the start button.The way we wash our clothes today is a lot less work than the way people washed their clothes before machines were invented.

Cycle 1 - History Before the electric washing machines were invented, people used to clean their clothes by hand. This was done by pounding the cloths on hard rocks or scrubbing them with rough sands and wash the dirt away in rivers or lakes. People used to wash their clothes with a scrub board that was invented in 1797. There is no real answer to who invented the first scrub board, but evidence was found that in 1833, Stephen Rust patented the first metal scrub board. Nobody knows why he invented the metal scrub board but, I guess he invented it because metal last longer than wood.This is because wood rots before metal. In 1860, Thomas Bradford built the first ‘’machine’’ that had an octagonal drum that was inside a larger wooden box to wash clothes. A crank was used to turn the inner drum.

In the old days, and even today, washboards were made with zinc, brass, glass, and wood. Although it is used for washing clothes Cajun bands have used it as an instrument.

Cycle 2 - Improvements From a scrub board to the first washing machine to use a drum to the electric washing machines we have today, washing machines have gone through many innovations. People long ago used scrub boards to wash their clothes. They were made out of wood or metal, had two wooden legs with a wooden frame around it and had metal or wooden ridges in the middle of the frame. The wooden scrub board was invented in 1797, and the metal scrub board was invented in 1833 by Stephen Rust. A little while later in 1851, James King invented the first washing machine to use a drum, but the machine was still hand powered. It had four metal legs with the motor under a metal frame that holds two rollers that the clothes go through to wash them. It also has an electric wire on the bottom. In 1860, the crank washing ‘’ machine’’ was invented by Thomas Bradford. It was an octagonal drum that was inside a larger wooden box. The crank was used to turn the inner drum. A short time later in 1908, Alva J. Fisher invented the washing machine we have in our homes today. The washing machine we have today is a large box that opens from the top and you insert the clothes through the top of the machine. Since 1908, there had been many advancements to the washing machine. For example, now we have front load washing machines in our homes. Also machines are automated, which allows people to select different wash cycles. Machines today also use less water making them more efficient to uses.

Cycle 4 - Future The first electric clothes washer that used a motor to rotate the tub was not well insulated. The motor did not have protection under it and water leaked into it causing it to short circuit and users would get jolting shocks from the washing machine.

Cycle 3 - Impact Our society is really lucky to have the invention of the washing machine. One impact is on the environment. Today’s washing machine are more environmentally friendly than the past. For example years ago people use to wash their clothes in a river or a lake and polluted the river or lake with dirt and soap when washing their clothes. But today washing machines utilize less water and detergents and doesn’t release used water into public water. Another impact is on the economy. The invention of the washing machine helped create jobs for people. Jobs were created in manufacturing (building the machines), retail (selling the machines) and repair (fixing the machines). Last is efficiency. Today’s washing machines use less water, soap and electricity and therefore are better for the environment and are more efficient.

The hand crank used a drum but, didn't give users a jolting shock. Unlike the first electric clothes washing machine.

In the future, your favorite chore will be doing the laundry. The future washing machines will wash, dry and perfectly fold your clothes for you. Also, the machine will be able to recognize the type of laundry that needs to get washed. By having a machine that does these steps for you, this will allow more time to do your other chores, or you have time to rest because you don't have to put the wet clothes into the dryer, take the dry clothes out of the dryer and then fold all of the clothes. So if you don't enjoy doing laundry, you should be looking forward to the future when the washing machine of your dreams comes and does this chore that you dread!

Front load Washing machines are more efficient and clean better than top load washing machines.

Cycle 5 - Conclusion As one can clearly see, the invention of the washing machine is really great. It is a lot less work putting clothes into a machine then washing the clothes in a river or lake. Compared to back then the washing machines are time savers. I hope this article makes you realize that we are lucky to have invention of the washing machine.

Pressing Its Way Into History By:Tricia

When you print out a long letter to give to someone do you ever think, before the printing press I would have had to hand write this? You probably don’t, but just imagine having to!

The Precious Printing Press Imagine having to wait a week just to read the next page of the Bible. Well, if you don’t like that idea, then you can thank German inventor Johannes Gutenberg for the printing press. Having to print books by hand meant a higher expense which led to less and less people having books. Less and less people having books led to less people being fully educated. Do you have a dozen or more books or the Bible? If you do, then before the printing press you would have been considered rich. In the 1400s Johannes Gutenberg decided to create a machine that printed things quicker and easier. The printing press! Using blocks that had letters on them called “type” and a special ink that Gutenberg made himself, he created the first printing press along with the 42 line bible. The more you cranked the lever the harder it got to do so. Type was a big part in the printing process.

Making The Picture Perfect Printing Press Put the type together. Crank! Take the type apart. There were many improvements made since the printing press was first made in the 14th century. Having to put the type together instead of having a machine do it for you was a hassle. Also, you had to spell the words backwards. Then, you needed to take it apart to spell your next word. If you think putting the type together and taking it apart is hard, then this will be worse. Cranking! Once you had the type in place and together you needed to crank it, so the inked type could meet the page. The printing press was also big and probably didn’t fit in your house, nobody really uses printing presses today. The printing press or the printer has been innovated over the years. Now people have a printer in their homes. The printer can be easily moved into your house. The inventor was Chester Charleston and he started working on it in 1938 and finished in 1953. You can also use a 3D printer now to print statues and even hands! The inventor of that invention is Chuck Hull who made the first 3D printer in 1983, just a few years after the inventor of the printer finished his invention. It’s amazing how one invention can turn into many other innovations.

The first book printed using the printing press was the 42 line Bible or the Gutenberg Bible. There are only 48 original copies that survived

through all these years.

Changing Society One Press At A Time If it weren’t for the printing press, many people would be uneducated and we would still probably write books and notes by hand. The printing press impacted the world so much it’s surprising Johannes Gutenberg didn’t become rich. More people learning to read was amazing! Books were also more affordable since people weren’t hand-writing them anymore. So more people could afford to buy books. The printing press evolved into the printer. The printer connects to your computer so, if you see any mistakes last minute you can cancel the printing , fix it then print it again. That saves so much paper. The impact on society from the printing press was huge and still is.

the future, many doctors are hoping that the 3D printer will make real organs for the human body. With that, instead of letting the 78,837 people in the United States that need organ transplants go up they will go down. Also, scientists are experimenting with artificial bones made from the 3D printer. The bone will probably be made out of hyperelastic and an “ink” made out of natural calcium that can be found in the human bone. The 3D printer has a big future awaiting for it.

Engineers are trying to make 3D printers that can print more and more.

The printers we have today can copy, fax , print and do many other amazing things.

Changing The Medical Field It looks like the future of the printer lies in the hands of the 3D printer. There are many places in the medical field that the 3D printer fits into. For example, in

From, cranking to pushing a button. From, big to small. The printing press is an amazing invention and should be remembered by millions but, unfortunately is not.

Legendary Lasers By: Daniel H.

Behold the mighty laser. It is used to do ordinary things like cutting metal, playing DVDs and even has been used as a cat pointer! Bright? Complicated? Has a ruby rod? Usually in science fiction? Well, there is more to the laser than meets eye.

History of the Laser Laser means light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The inventor of the laser was Harold Maiman. One of maiman's colleagues at his lab, Charles H. Townes had recently made the “maser”. He found that if he could run radio waves from outer space, he could produce light! In 1960, he constructed a flash tube surrounding a piece of ruby that light could be produced. He called it the laser. The laser was born.

This is Charles H.townes with his “maser” ,it was stimulated by microwave radiation.

The laser used by police and military to make their training simulators more realistic.

Laser Moving Through Time The laser has gone through many

innovations through the years. The first laser in 1960’s was called the maser.It used microwave radiation. In 1961, this laser is using laser ended mirrors to power this light beam. The laser shot the laser at each mirror then goes through the flash tube and BOOM! That light beam comes out of the flash tube and does what you need it to. One year later, they made the “GaAsP” or dioxide laser. The inventor of this type of laser was Nick Hovan Jr. This laser can play cds and DVDs. Now there are today's lasers that are attached to robots in factories. These lasers aren't just big but they are BULKY!! And they are all over the world.

Lasers Impact on Society Lasers Do More Than Light!

The impact the laser had on the

society did good. One laser that helps the society was the ultrafast laser.this laser is being used in surgeries. It makes clean and smooth cut. The laser will cut precise cuts so it won't damage nearby tissue. This laser will be perfect for surgerys. Lasers can also be used in weaponry for army and policemen training. The laser will make the training more realistic. Army and police men can complete their duties more effectively and be able to further more protect the society. Lasers can also help our environment! The scientists working at NASA have used lasers to exam our atmosphere. The scientists are trying to find a way to study the the ozone layer of the atmosphere.

The future of the laser is “bright. It is “bright” because the laser is very high tech and can be “upgraded”. Lasers can find gold in your backyard! It does this by reflecting light off of pools of tar and oil, rocks and even ocean water. You could find diamonds,oil or maybe even gold. YOU might BE RICH! And now lasers are using Nanotechnology. Scientists are using tiny robots to travel through the human body and zap any trouble stone blood clots with laser light and then dissolve into small,harmless pieces. Lasers will have a great future in the future.

But there is one disadvantage the green laser pointer this laser will cause eye damage… BLINDNESS! To wrap it all up, they will keep trying to make lasers better for the society.

A holographic “flot”. This is projected by laser light.

A very high tech laser security system directed by laser light if touched, an alarm or a type of sensor will go off.

As one can see, it is important that the laser was invented. It is hard to imagine cutting metal without laser technology. There is definitely more to the LASER than meets the eye.

TALKING TELEPHONE

By: Lara

These days when people hear the word telephone they think. What? Who cares, we all have cellphones. Well, there’s more to the telephone than meets the eye. I think the telephone made communication a whole lot easier. alling Thru Time C In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell invented the first the telephone. Alexander invented the telephone because he was a teacher for deaf people, like his mother and wife. They inspired him to invent the telephone which was invented with wires and sound waves. The telephone was used for immediate contact with people all around the world!!!

Alexander Graham Bell talking into the very first telephone!

In about 1963, AT&T introduced the Push Button or what they call it the Touch--Tone. It was used with a keypad. So you pretty much just dial the number. A few years later, the answering machine came out. The answering machine is a telephone that allowed people to leave a message if no one picked up. It’s sort of like our voicemail today. In the 1980’s, the first portable or cordless telephone came out. That means you could talk anywhere around the house even the world. I think that may have been the start of the cell phone. A few years later, the first successful flip phone was invented, by Motorola StarTAC. It works by opening the phone and calling the person you want to call. In 2003, Sanyo SCP–5300 had a camera that sort of replaced a digital camera. They are now in almost all phones today. It seems phones may soon replace cameras!

Calling Forward Over the years the telephone has changed a plethora of times. In 1890 to 1930, the most popular telephone was the candlestick phone. It had a mouth piece to talk into and a receiver to hear the person who is talking to you. A few years later, the rotary came out. It worked by turning a dial to get the number you want then just like that let go!

The telephone has changed over the years since Alexander Graham Bell invented it.

time to write it and now all you have to do is type the words you want to say. People can get into a bad habit of using their phones while they are driving and it can be dangerous to other people on the road.

Good and Bad Telephone The telephone has had some good and bad effects on the world. There are a plethora of good things about the telephone. For example, it makes communication faster and easier. In addition, before the telephone was invented people needed to talk to each other if they wanted to invite someone to there wedding, birthday party, funeral, but back then they needed to go to that person’s house and tell them in human form, now we can easily send texts or calls on our telephones. Another example is, natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, snow storms, flooding, tornadoes… g et help faster. F inally, with

the cell phone it's like you have an entire library at your fingertips. There may be a few good things about the telephone, but there are also a few bad things about the telephone. For example, the telephone can invade private information. Like your address, phone number, birth date, contacts… Also, it takes the heart touching feeling out of letters. That happens because, with letters you took

Texting into the Future The future of the cell phone is going to be so cool you won’t believe it will exist! For example, there will be a transparent cell phone! It will look like you are just holding all the apps in your hand. “ How awesome is that !” Also, there will be a holographic phone. It is called a holographic phone because when you call someone they just “appear “ right infront of your face in holographic style! That means 3D image. I think that the holographic phone will replace playdates. People are not sure when the transparent cell phone will come out, but when it does it will most likely be a hit.

As you can see, the telephone has a lot of ups and downs. Don’t you think there is more to the telephone than the cell phone! “I think so”. I hope I inspired you to learn more about the telephone!

Fun Facts!

Ahoy was the original greeting. It was Thomas Edison who suggested “Hello”, which had previously been spelt ‘hallo’ or ‘hullo’.

Pump It Up for Diabetes By: Michael N.

There is a lot more to the insulin pump than you think. An insulin pump is a medical device used for diabetic treatment. It was probably a bad idea at first but it was worth it once it finally worked. The insulin pump was a great idea that helped save lives. It tells you what amount of carbs you have and it has a pump that goes into the stomach.

This is a insulin pump giving how many carbs the guy has.the pump is connected into something that goes in the body that delivers all that insulin

Pumping Through Time The person who created the insulin pump is Dr. Arnold Kadish. It was invented to help diabetic people. The insulin pump is a pump and a computer. The computer tells you how many carbs you have. It also has a pump which goes into your stomach. It gives insulin into you. It was invented in 1963 California. It was invented to save diabetic people.

It Just Keeps Getting Better The insulin pump has changed by

the years. In the 1970’s, the first insulin pump was almost the size of a microwave oven. The patient had to wear it like a backpack. The insulin went from the pump to the vein through a tube. Years later in 1983, a smaller pump was released. It weighed over a pound and was the size of a soda can . It delivered insulin at a constant rate and the patient was able to add insulin if they needed. The older pumps needed a lot of batteries and they did not last long. In 2013, a new and better,smaller device came out and was called Minimed 530g, the first approved artificial pancreas device that was the size of small Ipod. This new pump can stop the insulin delivery when needed. I really don't like it you need a really bad disease of diabetes.hope you don't need it, but still it is really cool.

An old insulin pump compared to the one we have now.

The insulin pump inhaler is pretty small as you can see. It will be available soon.

How Do Pumps Perform? The impact of the insulin pump

has changed a society in good ways.insulin pumps have many advantages over insulin shots.sometimes shots everyday can be painful or a pain in the “leg”... the insulin pumps are better because they deliver insulin more accurately than shots.with the insulin pump you don't have to remember to take shots at a specific timing...they can deliver insulin when your a sleep . Also, they allow people to be flexible about when and what they eat. insulin pumps allow people to exercise without having to eat large amounts of carbohydrates. In conclusion, insulin pumps have made life easier for people with diabetes.

Major Modifications The insulin pump is going to be AWESOME in the future! Instead of having to put a pump into your body you might be able to use the inhaler. All you do is take one simple inhale and you’re done instead of having to put a pump into your body. Patients place the powered insulin medicine into the inhalers carriage to breathe it in. It's definitely better than the models they have now in my opinion.

In conclusion, there is more to the insulin pump then meets the eye. Dr Arnold Kadish did a good job making the insulin pump to save lives. The inhaler is WAY easier than the pump. I'll be excited for diabetic people when they get a chance to use this new invention.

Did You Know Facts About Diabetes… 1. About one third of all people with diabetes do not know they have the disease. 2. Type 2 diabetes often does not have any symptoms 3. Diabetes is the leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. 4. People with diabetes are twice as likely to develop heart disease than someone without diabetes. 5. Diabetes costs $174 billion annually, including $116 billion in direct medical expenses.

Keeping It Cool By: Sam M.

Spoiled food, warm drinks, people sick constantly, it was tragic, rapidly people were dying, people starved. Well, that was life before the refrigerator. People say the refrigerator saved more lives than doctors and nurses.

William Cullen's Idea The refrigerator used to be a big old hunk of wood. It all started of with the ice box. The purpose of it was to keep food or drinks cool. Back then all food was spoiled and drinks in the winter were cool but in the summer either you are drinking warm that was 52 or 51 degrees or going to the store to get water. People say the refrigerator saved more lives than doctors and nurses. the first refrigerator was made by William Cullan in 1748. â&#x20AC;&#x2039;The refrigerator has changed many times and many â&#x20AC;&#x2039;inventors took a chance to make a better model than the original refrigerator.

William Cullan was born in 1694 and died in 1763.

It was not a hit in the 1940s but soon caught on.

Cooling Through Time The refrigerator has changed over the course of time. Many inventors took a chance to create a better refrigerator than the original. In 1748, after William Cullan invented the first refrigerator US inventor Oliver Evans invented the first refrigerator that doesn't use liquid to cool in 1846. It was a great invention no doubt about it, but know one bought it. The 1940s brought the refrigerator we know today. In fact, most of us have it but in a more advanced form. In 2014, samsung released the chef collection.it has digital temperature control, multiple temperate zones, Powerchill, power freeze and wifi and connectivity. You're probably wondering what all that is. Powerchill means it can super freeze items. Multiple temperate and digital temperate zones are the same thing. They both have controls so your food is frozen. Here is already Wifi and connectivity alerts on your phone that link to your fridge that say low on food.

Saving Lives The refrigerator has done so much for people and we don't even know. Before we had refrigerators and iceboxes people had spoiled food and it was horrific but that was back then. People could get very sick from this. Today people are using a phone to keep track of their food. Food stays fresher longer. â&#x20AC;&#x2039;The refrigerator made life much easier for anyone who is in charge of feeding themselves or their family. Being able to have various kinds of food right there in your kitchen all the time (not having to go to the store so often) was and is so convenient. â&#x20AC;&#x2039;There was less food waste because spoilage was under better control because of refrigerators. They also kept food from tasting old. Now our food tastes fresh most of the time because of refrigerators.

Zero-energy Bio Refrigerator. It is a refrigerator that uses gel to cool. It was made in russia by Yuriy Dmitriev. Another refrigerator of the future is the Samsung Family Hub. The Samsung Family Hub Refrigerator is the best-looking and most fully featured fridge . The touchscreen and its assortment of apps are a cinch to use, and the refrigerator's camera feed is surprisingly useful thanks to clever drag-and-drop expiration trackers.

Although you might think the zero energy refrigerator is amazing the gel is toxic to consume.

The Samsung family hub tells you when food is spoiled

The Refrigerator Lives on Cooling is a hugely important process in today's world. The refrigerators of the future will be very unique . First, we have the

From a box of ice to self ordering Samsung refrigerator, we use this invention every day. If we didn't have a refrigerator, we would be in big trouble.The refrigerator saved so many lives and we had no clue.

The Gun that Changed the World! By:Jack P. Imagine being in a battle but your gun can only shoot once. Then you have to reload and empty out the empty shell and put more gun powder in. By the time you finish, you could be dead. Now imagine you have the Colt Revolver, which can be shot six times without having to reload. Which one would you rather have? The colt revolver was a lifesaver and changed the way wars are fought today.

Colts Brilliant Idea! The colt revolver was one of the most important inventions in US history. It was invented in 1838 by Samuel Colt in Hartford Connecticut. Colt was fascinated by the ship's wheel , mostly the way it could spin or look in a fixed position or spin through the use of a clutch. Colt gained in all things mechanical. He would often dismantle objects including his father's firearms to discover how they worked. The colt revolver allowed western expansion and could hold of multiple attackers. Easier than muskets and rifles. The colt revolver was so powerful that it could easily defeat the Mexican and Native American army because they were so powerful. The colt revolver was so famous Teddy Roosevelt (the 26th president of the United States of America) owned one.

The Colt Peacemaker was very popular in the American West.

The Colt Revolver Improves! The Colt Revolver has improved over time to become what we know it as today. Over the years colt designed a variety of different types of revolvers. The colt peacemaker was very popular in the American west. The colt peacemaker had the same look, feel, and similar functional feathers as the Colt 45. and wood style grip. The colt peacemaker is 140 years old. It was designed in 1872. the gun is still being made and sold today. â&#x20AC;&#x2039;In 1892, the first automatic pistol was an

innovation to the colt revolver. It had a polymer frame. A polymer frame is a substance that that has a molecular structure entirely of a large number of similar units bound together. Many synthetic organic materials used as plastic and resins. The automatic pistol is a type of pistol that throws out the empty shell, puts in a new one and prepares the pistol to fired again, making it faster than the colt revolver, muskets and rifles that you have to reload by hand. Over time, changes have been made to the barrel and the magazine making the gun more accurate and lethal.

How The West Was WON! The ship's wheel is what got Samuel Colt interested in inventing the Colt revolverâ&#x20AC;&#x2039;.

Society has been impacted by the invention of the Colt Revolver. The colt

revolvers two most important impacts are allowing westward expansion and allowing Americans to hold off multiple attacks including attacks from Native Americans and the Mexican Army. It was easier than when we used muskets and rifles. The colt revolver affected the way wars were fought today. They were now fought with more advanced guns. They also changed the way wars were lost or won. The colt revolver introduced America to wars of attrition. Wars of attrition are when wars are decided by who killed the most people. They used to decide who won wars by who had the most powerful army. To sum it all up the colt revolver changed America.

The Colt Revolvers most famous nickname was the six shooter.

After researching, I have learned that the Colt Revolver is more than just a gun. It changed the way wars are fought today. It allowed western expansion and was so much faster than muskets and rifles. People should be so glad Samuel Colt invented the Colt Revolver.

Revolving Its Way Into The Future In the future, the colt revolver won't change that much. Developed with Defense Research and Development and with more and more technology, the colt revolver will continue to be more powerful, made of different materials, still can’t be picked up by a metal detector, more accurate (laser scope), and more lethal. Also, with more and more technology, the Colt revolver has become much better. The machine gun and the handgun are improvements of the Colt revolver.

The Smart Gun has been in development since 2009.

Fun Facts ● ●

●

Samuel Colt lived in Hartford, Connecticut all his life

Samuel Colt had ideas about the colt revolver when he was 16 years old. The most famous colt revolver (the Colt 45) was created 11 years after Samuel Colt died. The Houston Astros were first called the Houston Colt .45s and played at Colt Stadium. The name was changed 3 years later to reflect the city's role in the space program.

Bring, Bring By: Zackary

The old telephones were helpful devices. It was a big machine that calls people. Telephones are used for many different reasons.The telephone has helped people in different situations. Telephones of the past are much different from today.

Bell’s Success During the 1870’s Alexander Graham Bell and Mr.Watson independently designed a device that could translate sound through cables. The telephone and the telegraph were alike in concept. The telegraph was a success 30 years before the telephone even existed! The first telephone had to have an operator to place a call.

The telephones history is amazing just like the telephone.

The Telephone Gets A Makeover The telephone has changed over the course of time to become what we know it as today. Before the telephone you had to walk to the person's house to speak or you had to write a letter delivered by horse or

stagecoach. In the 1800’s, the first telephone was made.It was a big box called (called get it,funny right) the candlestick. In the 1930’s, the first dial was made.It made things a lot easier for most people.They didn’t have to get an operator or electrician.They can do it themself. Next in the 1960’s, the push button dial was made.It made it a whole lot easier.If you mess up you can just delete it, instead of having to do it again. Then came the flip phone in the 1980’s. You could walk all around without wires stuck to the phone and you stuck in one spot as you talk. Text message was first invented in 1993. Instead of having to call or send a letter, you could text. The Europeans came up with texting. The first smartphone was made in 2002. That greatly changed the world. You can play games on it. You can call, text,and it did not have any wires. That same year the smartphone camera was invented. In 2007, the iphone was invented. You can play games on it as well. You can call, text, go on google and safari to do research. I think the telephone helped many people and that the telephone greatly changed over time.

All the telephones in the timeline have changed many times throughout the years.

Telephones Changed the World The telephone has had a huge impact on society. Although most of the impacts are positive, some are negative. First let's start with the positives. First it improves the speed of communication. If you need aid quickly you can get it. It also made the growth of many companies happen. Just as the computer in our library at our fingertips, the first telephone was just as magical and exciting. Now to the negative impacts. Some people said that the telephone has ruined the rights of privacy.It has lead to the creation and destruction of many jobs.The telephone is both a conqueror and a maker of crime.

that you wanted to buy, you could do it on your phone. It would also make movies that you watch on your phone more interesting because you would actually be able to smell what is in the movie. Transportation would be available on limited edition phones that cost a lot of money. These phones would have the ability to actually transport items through the phone with the 4D option. The items would appear from the phone and you could take them. My mom tells me about the cell phones she had when she was a teen, and I can tell that technology has come a long way in a short amount of time. I cannot wait to see what the future holds for phone technology.

Telephones Ringing In The Future â&#x20AC;&#x2039; hones of the future will have many P more options than the phones we have today. I do not think that home phones will exist anymore. Instead everyone will have cell phones. Cell phones will be used for much more than a small computer, a camera and a notepad as it is today. The flexible phone is one of the futuristic phones. It can bend to fit somewhere. It can bend to play games that will become 4D. The phone will have the ability to fit into your pocket, or to simply fold up and fit in your wallet. The flexible phone has many more options than a phone from today because you wouldn't have to worry very much about it breaking. Phones will have the ability to produce smells. If you wanted to smell something

The telephones of the future will be able to be in 4D.

â&#x20AC;&#x2039;As you can see, from wired phones to

non wired phones, from heavy to light, from boxy to bendy, from big to small, from old to new, the telephones has changed dramatically over the years. I hope this article gave you lots of interesting facts on the telephone.

The flexible phone of the future will be hard to break in your pocket!

Bright Ideas Lighten Up the World! By: Skylar

Turn the lights on. The light bulb has made

us see clearly around the world! Right now you might look around and see light bulbs on wherever you are. The light bulb is very important and they keep getting better and better through the years.

Humphrey, the hero who saved our day with light problems, knew candle sticks were an issue, and made his own source of brightness… light bulbs!

Lighting Up our Days Pow! Out of nowhere John Swan invented the lightbulb for society! It took a very long time to make, but it was worth it. He wanted everyone to see clearly instead of using hazardous candlesticks. A light bulb is an electricity powered source inside of houses, buildings, rooms and more. In 1860, (England) the light bulb was completed.

The Start of the Bulbs The candlestick was a problem in society. Luckily, the lightbulb settled that in 1800, England. Some people probably wondered, “What to do when I can't see at night?” or, “My candlestick is lighting everything on fire!” Well, these inventors was their hero. Light bulbs eliminated all of the burning candles and replaced them with a non-burning light source. The candlestick needed to be lit with fire (which can burn things), now it is as simple as a flick of a switch. The first light bulb was the size of a medium sized human hand and it used

carbonized paper filaments inside a glass tube. In 1800, Humphry Davy created the very first light bulb, but there were more disadvantages than advantages. They only were useful for a few months, and they didn’t work very well. It also was very expensive. The bulbs were also very small. At least they had light bulbs!

Humphrey Davy's idea of a light bulb doesn’t look like normal bulbs now, but they still expectedly worked back then. They lasted only for a few months, and they had to sometimes be carried.

Soon, an inventor named James Bowman created a light bulb that contained a electrical charge inside the bulb. These light bulbs didn't last as long, but they were very bright, since the electrical charge was inside the bulb. The charge bulbs weren't as small as the first bulbs. They were about the size of a large toilet paper roll! About two decades later, Heinrich Geissler tried to build off the idea of having an electrical charge inside a tube, and he made it much better! It used electricity (duh!), and it also created a way for neon and other light bulb designs. Naturally, you would think these are not safe, only when you touch them. John Swan made a well working light bulb that came out by 1860. Well, it is the well working one in my opinion! This light bulb was useful for at least 20 years and they were very helpful at worked very well. They night! Next in 1879 to 1880, Thomas Edison patented a lamp in 1879 and made a

16-watt bulb in 1880. They were about the size of our normal light bulbs now. In 1910, George Claude designed the first neon-lighting bulb. He demonstrated how it worked at the Paris Motor Show. Later on, a man named Shuji Nakamura created a new type of lighting in 1995. It is called LED light bulbs. LED stands for light emitting diode that is usually used for christmas lights on your house and other. They are shaped like a flame on a candlestick, but solid. Soon, in 2012, more than 49 million LED bulbs were bought and used all around the world! Light bulbs are very important to society.

As the years pass by, the light bulb’s evolution changes in different shapes and sizes! From 1800 to now, everything has changed with a light bulb. Like its features, brightness and power!

Saving Or Wasting Energy? The light bulb affected our society in helpful and important ways. They made everything brighter, but when the power goes out, they are completely useless! They also gave workers light to work late at night, and security lights around houses for safety. But, there are very bad problems of looking at lightbulbs. When you look at lights for too long, it could cause eye pains or damage to eyesights, and this is not good for eyesight!!! These bulbs allow people to come and go safely after dark. But, some light bulbs can blow out, or have a mini - “ explosion “. This is because either too much electricity is on, or faulty wiring. The light bulb is very helpful, but sometimes it is very dangerous.

The Future Looks Bright As soon as we know it, we will have brand new light bulbs out and they will be more improved than now. Bulbs called LIFX can change color or brightness, just by an app on a certain electronic!

“Magically “, new light bulbs called LIFX will automatically change color and brightness by an app on your electronic.

They will also have potential to be much more energy efficient than the old light bulbs. The old ones can go up to 3 percent, while the new ones will soon reach up as high as 40 percent efficiencies! That means they are twice of the most advanced LED bulbs! Soon coming up, bulbs coming out are called the Philips Hue. These bulbs will provide 22 years of lasting, and they will be more safer than other bulbs. Why you ask? Well, these bulbs will not contain mercury, and they will generate less heat. Light bulbs keep on getting better and better!!

Our bulbs now will be nothing like the light bulbs in as few years, or even a few months! Size, and features will change.

Quite possibly, we still could be using hazardous candle sticks if it wasn't for the light bulb. And from this day on, light bulbs are still very convenient and billions of people still use them around the world. From flame to technology, bulbs changed society in a important way.

Clicking Like Crazy By:Alexis

Imagine having to draw your picture or a portrait of a famous person by hand. This would take many hours to do. That's what they had to do back then. But, with today’s camera you just have to press a button to get an instant picture of yourself or anything else. The camera has made life easier for many people in many ways.

The Cameras Beginning

It’s not very clear who invented the first camera. But, earliest records say that a frenchman named Louis Daguerre found a way to record images made by a camera obscura onto a metal plate. These were called Daguerreotypes. (Thats a long name!) Around that time,another man, an Englishman, named William Henry Fox Talbot used a similar box to record those images on paper instead of plates. These two men had just created the first modern cameras. Then later in the late 1800’s a U.S inventor George Eastman made another camera that brought photography to the general public. The camera was made to create an image of a scene that would last forever. In 1884 William Talbot published the Pencil of Nature. It was the first book illustrated with photos.

Years of Remodeling From a large,heavy,and complicated box to a small, easy, life changing invention the camera has changed over many years. The first camera wasn’t even used to take pictures! Long ago, the camera obscura was used to view eclipses of the sun. It was a big wooden box. It could not fit in your pocket because it was very big. It had a small hole in the front of it to let light in. Long after the invention of the camera obscura, in 1888 George Eastman

invented the Kodak roll-film camera. His first Kodak box camera was simple to use and very cheap. It was a rectangular box as big as a shoe box. Not many years later, in 1900 the first mass produced camera was introduced by Eastman.It was called the brownie. It was still a large rectangular box. But, it had a handle. Only 13 years later in 1913 the first 35mm was invented. It was invented by Oskar Barnack. Later it became the standard for all film cameras. Then in 1948 Edwin Land invented the Polaroid camera. This camera could snap a picture and print it out in about a minute. In 1978 Konica introduced the first point and shoot autofocus camera. It looks similar to today’s camera but not as small. Afterwards, in 1991 Kodak released the first professional digital camera system. Which came in great use for photo journalists. A few years later in 1994 the first digital cameras for consumer level market were designed for people. These cameras were made to work with home computers. A decade later in 2005 Canon launched the first consumer priced,full frame SLR meaning single lens reflex camera. That same year people were enjoying having cameras built into their cellphones. So,all the companies started racing to make the best and smallest camera. The past several years action cameras have been the newest trend. People love them because they could wear them on their heads. Also, They are pocket size. Through the years cameras have changed for the better . Making them smaller and easier to use. Photographer Matt Brady used wet plate cameras to take photos of civil war

battlefields.

Picture Perfect Changes The camera has affected society in a positive way. Cameras play an important part in history by providing a record of actual events at that very moment in time. Photos are used for remembering memories. For people with memory disabilities they have the ability to look back and remember loved ones who may have passed or to look back at enjoyable memories with friends and family. With the camera, photography also meant new employment opportunities as photo reporters and editors, and in photographic agencies and libraries. Cameras became a great tool for scientific research, documented newly discovered species. A tool of document evidence from scientific field trips, was able to capture the people of remote tribes. Cameras led to the innovation of brain scanning and assessing human anatomy. Cameras and photography has became a hobby for some people today. It is for people who are interested in and enjoy capturing a picture to love and remember. People also love creating something amazing out of the ordinary. It is estimated that the Earth’s population has taken over 3,8 trillion photos.

Focusing on the Future The future of the camera looks pretty amazing. Imagine not having to charge your camera. I mean Unlimited Battery Power. How awesome is that? Today's

rechargeable batteries in digital cameras are more powerful than ever. It allows at the least a few hundred photos per charge. But imagine your camera being able to charge itself automatically while you are using it without needing to be plugged into an outlet. The camera of the future could incorporate some sort of solar energy cell allowing the battery to operate only from solar power. But some questions would have to be asked first. Such as how much size would the solar cell add to the camera? Still wouldn’t it be nice to have a built in solution to prevent the problem of a dead battery. Something else amazing that may be possible in the future of the camera is Smell-graphy. Photography is a visual medium. But, the camera of the future may add the sense of smell to photos. Adding the ability to have a scent to a photo other than vision would be a pretty interesting idea. So a photographer could tell the camera to record the smell of the scene along with the visual image that is captured. The ability to do this would need to be optional. Although adding the smell to a photo of flowers or a sweet smelling fruit would be nice, adding the smell of the animals at the zoo might not be such a great idea. From heavy to light, big to small, and complicated to easy the camera has changed life for many people in helpful ways. People used to have to draw their pictures by hand. All you have to do now is press a button. That’s a big difference! Also, you don’t have to do anything to delete it besides press a button as well. Cameras have changed life for many people in positive ways!

TURN THE MUSIC UP By: Eva

The radio is a very interesting invention. So many things have happened to the radio to make it the radio as we know it today. There are probably a lot interesting things about the radio that you never knew. Some people might think that radios are out of style because now we have all kinds phones that can do everything that radios can do like providing communication, and entertainment, BUT there is more to the radio than meets the eye.

Virtually everyone has used some type of two-way radio in their lifetime. The types of devices that classify as two-way radios range from simple "walkie-talkies" or even baby monitors.

Changing By The Minute

This radio is preprogrammed with five soothing nature sounds

It All Begins Here The history of the radio is fascinating. It changed how the world communicated from large and short distances. The early years of radio technology began in the early 1800s. Many people contributed to the invention of the radio, but the first major breakthrough in radio technology was in 1895 when the first patent for the radio was given to Guglielmo Marconi. The radio was once known as wireless telegraphy. The actual devices that made technology possible was not available until 1901. In 1906 during World War One, the first radio frequency was used, the AM frequency.The radio was invented to give people faster communication and entertainment and it sure has.

The radio has improved a lot over the course of time to become what we know it as today. During the golden age, the radio went from a device in a bulky box to a complex piece of equipment housed in beautiful wooden cabinets. If you ask me that is a big change. In 1948, the transistor radio was invented and successfully demonstrated. The transistor allowed the radio to become compact, with the smallest ones able to fit in a shirt pocket. Years later, Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce were given the first patent for the integrated circuit. The space program of the 1960s more changes to the integrated circuit. Now radios could fit in the frame of eyeglasses. Today the frequency dial printed cabinet has been replaced with diodes or liquid crystal displays that give off light. Also today's radios have an antenna, printed circuit board , resistors. Capacitors, coils, transformers, transistors, an integrated circuit, and a speaker unlike the radios of the past.

What Does The Future Hold This radio has a four barrel carburetor with a vacuum-controlled secondary draft system.

The Radio Changed Everything

The radio has a very exciting future! Radios are going to be combined with computers to the internet by satellites. Also, eventually radios will change from analog to digital broadcasting. Analog signals are subject to fade and interference, digital signals are not! They can produce high quality sounds that can be found on a CD. Digital radios can be programmed for specific stations like types of music, news,and etc. Eventually, radios wilI have minicomputers built in to process sounds. This will allow listeners to program their radios for favorite radio stations, music type,stock quotes,traffic information, and much more! I think radios are going to be even more popular in the future.

The radio has impacted society in so many ways and changed the world for the better. The radio has allowed people to have instant communication and news instantly to many places at the same time. Radios also allow people to have entertainment such as music or regular broadcasts of news.In addition, there is constant communication on politics, sports, businesses, and weather that keeps society informed. Before the radio was invented, families would have to go to live concerts to enjoy music.The radio not only lead to the great appreciation of music, but created stars. Now singers like Frank Sinatra or modern day singers, could be heard all over the country. Also, the results from elections, accidents, weather or anything news related could be heard as they happened for the first time. People no longer had to wait for the paper. The introduction of the radio allowed people to experience history and music in live time making the radio important in society.

Sâ&#x20AC;&#x2039;omething designed

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like this would be very popular with the younger generation since they are in o the touch screen phones and things like that.

After reading this article, I hope you have learned that the radio is not just a back up for if you don't have your phone the radio has so much more to offer. All in all the radio has changed society and I don't know what we would do without it.

Start Your Engines By: Gabrielle Z.

The first car was a Model-t Ford, a car that you may have not known about. The Model-t car was given the nickname of ‘Tin Lizzie’. It was built by the Ford Motor Company from 1908-1927. This car paved the way of transportation forever changing how we would travel, making it easier and faster.

Start Going Henry Ford was the first man to make the first Model-T. For thousands of years, we've been using animals as a source of transportation. That is why Henry Ford made the first Model-T . During 1908-1927 the Model-T was built by the Ford Motor Company.

Born july 30 1863 and sadly past away in april 7 1947

the back tires turn. On June 4, 1895, the first tire operated by air pressure and filled with compressed air was made.The first Model-T cars were produced October 1, 1908. The Model-T automobiles were first produced at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan.on 1913 the first moving assembly line was invented.on may 30 2005. The Bugatti veyron 16.4 became the fastest commercial production car. And it could also go up to travel speed at 431 km/h Model-T car was flexible in the type of fuel that had to be used to run the car, these include gasoline, kerosene, and ethanol. The Model-T car was originally built as a touring car, but over time their styles were created. There are a total of nine different body styles of the Model-T, some including a five-seat touring car, a two-seat turnabout, and a seven-seat town car.

Getting a New Car The Model-T Ford has gone through many changes through the years. The Model-T was made from vanadiums steel, which was the strongest steel available back then. Also, it could go up to speeds of 40-45 miles per hour it was a rear, wheel drive vehicle, meaning only

The Ford Motor Company wa built in June 16,1903.

Good vs Bad

The car has had a huge impact on society. Henry Ford’s Model-T car was

affordable for most Americans and not just for the rich people. The Model -T was affordable to most Americans because of the assembly line. The assembly line made many jobs available to Americans, which increased the number of cars that were created. This lowered the price of the Model-T. However, there was one problem with the Model-T. The Model-T car did not have seat belts so that was not so good because if you get into a accident you would get seriously injured. If you had seat belts you would get injured but not as bad. This is how society has changed by this invention.

Driving into the Future Cars in the future will greatly change from the original Model-T car. Cars that drive on there own save lives by obeying traffic rules which helps prevent accidents.Self driving cars are controlled by computers, which would never become tired or distracted from the road. But there are still being tested for safety. In the future cars will be smaller,more fuel cars efficient and emit less fumes than the cars we are currently driving.Smaller cars are more fuel efficient, which helps the environment by reducing the amount of nonrenewable fuel that is burned to drive them.They are also cheaper to fill up at the gas station. Also cars of today run on gasoline which is a natural resource that responsible for climate change and for polluting the air we breath,which damages the

environment. In the future cars will be powered by eco-friendly fuel sources,like solar power,electricity, biodiesel, band hydrogen.

To conclude, transportation is forever changing to make it easier and faster to travel. Henry Ford started this all since he was the first man to make the Model-T car. The Model-T was important to people in Henry Fordâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s day because it was an easy form of transportation. If it wasn't for Henry Ford we would not be where we are now.

Look how far we have come. Imagine if we were driving the Model-T today.

Pedaling Through History By Adriana

I remember my dad saying “You need to learn to ride your bike ,you can do it!” I never thought that bicycles started off as a protest to something. Bikes have pretty interesting history and they have changed over the years. Riding into History The bike was invented in 1817 by a man named Baron Karl Von Drais in Germany. He invented it because he thought it would be easier,and cheaper instead of having to take care of the horse. Back then instead of calling it a bicycle, they called it the “Hobby Horse”. Baron’s bike design was much better than horses for many people.

like a scooter without pedals. In 1839, Kirkpatrick MacMillan put cranks and treadmills at the end of the bike. This made it easier to move. Then 1858, the velocipede was invented. They improved the original by adding pedals in front of the bike to make it much easier to ride. They continued to make improvements over years by using rubber tires and by 1869, they called it the bicycle. In 1869, french inventor Eugene Meyer created the high bike. The high bike had a very large front wheel, and a very small back wheel. In 1981, mountain bikes were invented. They were called the specialized stump-jumpers. It made mountain biking a popular thought. In 1987, bicycles became lighter. A carbon fiber bike was made. It was lighter and faster than other bikes. Bikes have changed a lot through the years!

The High wheel was made in the late 1800’s in Britain.

Pedaling Through Changes The bike has changed at least 15 times over the years. In 1817, Baron Karl Von Drais invented the bike. The bike was big heavy wooden,and bulky. It was more

Bron Karl Von Drais, the inventor of the first bike.

Cycling Farther

The solar bike is a very fast bike. An inventor started to create the solar bike April 13,2015.

Brilliant Bicycles The bicycle has a positive Impact on society.Bicycles are better for the environment. Riding bikes places can cut down on pollution. Bikes reduce Traffic. Bikes are 50% faster than cars. Bicycles can also help save forests. Less rubber is used in making bikes and the tires,which helps prevent the clearing of forests for rubber plantation. Riding bikes can make you healthier by exercising your legs. They are also good for economy. Bikes create major jobs in hardware shops,stores,and factories. Bikes can have a positive impact on both our environment and our health.

In the future, there will be solar powered bikes. They will have circular solar panels on the wheels. They will be faster and greener, better for our environment. The solar panels are there to charge the battery. Another bike will be the Artikar made by Ben Wilson. This type of bike has four wheels instead of two wheels. It has this weirdly shaped halo around it. The seats on the Artikar are plastic and it has a back rest and you have to stretch your legs out to reach the pedals. It’s like you're laying down while riding around.This bike has a high speed. In my opinion, I think both theses bikes are amazing and maybe I will even own one in the future! I think the bikes are awesome from wooden to aluminum,from old to new. If they were not invented, we would hardly have anything to do on hot days!

Leave A Message After The Beep By Daniel P.

“You're getting a phone.” For most people, those are the best words they have ever heard. You can text, call and play games but some people think cell phones can only call but most people don’t think about how much easier cell phones made communication.

Bell’s Beautiful Idea Cell Phones were invented for one reason: To help people communicate faster. The first phone that was invented was around 1860. Phones were made out of metal and wood at that time. A long time ago, people sent letters, but they took too long to send. Alexander Graham Bell thought of an idea to make a phone to speed things up.. The first words into it were “Mr. Watson come here. I want to see you.“ His partner heard every word.

The first words into a phone were “Mr. Watson come here. I want to see you”. His partner heard every word.

Different Ways To Call From writing letters to talking to

someone at home the cellphone has changed over the years. First, there was the Early

Candlestick Phone which as you can tell it looked like a tall stick. It was made around the 1890’s. It was made with two parts the part you speak into which was at the top of the phone and looks like a sphere. The second part the part you hear the person talking to you and looked like a tube and had it’s own handle to hold it. A little while later Candlestick phone was made and looked a lot like the Early Candlestick Phone but you speak into the same part you listen to. Next, there was the Rotary Phone made in 1919. It looked like a box with a cycle on one of the sides and on the cycle it had numbers one through ten. The part you speak into looked like the one on the Later Candlestick Phone. Next, there was the Push Button Phone made in 1963. It looked like a box but on the front it had a slant and on the slant it had numbers one through ten. The part you speak into looks like the one on the Rotary Phone and had a wire connected from the box to the part you speak into. A little while later they made the Cordless Phone but it looked like the Push Button Phone just without the wire Next there was the Cellphone made around the 1970’s. It looked like a rectangle and almost as thick as a keyboard. It has a little screen at the top and the rest is the buttons with numbers one through ten. Finally, there is the Smart Phone made in 2007. It is very thin and is the shape of a rectangle. It is made out of metal and glass and comes in different colors. People are still using Smart and

are updating every year. As you can see, innovation has changed the Cell Phone for the better.

Did you know the cost of the first mobile was $4000 in the USA.

Making Communication Easier Society has been impacted in many ways by the invention of the cell phone. Cell phones have positives and negative effects on society. It made communication faster and you can call at any time. It also helps if there is a natural disaster like an earthquake, you can get help faster. Cell Phones are like libraries at your fingertips. It also made many businesses. Even Though there are many good things about the phone there are also many bad things about the Cell phone. Cell phones threaten privacy. Cell phones harm the habit of writing letters. Cell phones have destroyed jobs. Phones actually promote crime. Many car accidents are made by phones. People get distracted by phones and weaken your skills. As you can see phones have many positive effects on society and negative effects on society.

Calling Through Time In the future many things are going to updated including the cell phone. In the

future they are going to make a phone that will be bendable so you can roll it up and put in your packet and it will if you have small pockets. Unfortunately, the bendable phone didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get to the iphone six or seven and it probably is not going to be in the iphone eight and wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t be available any time soon. In the future, people will use phones more often. Also, in the future there will be a see through phone, transparent, where you can see right through the phone. It will not come out in the iphone eight. In many years, phones are going to control our whole lives.The see through phone will have no color and will be in in black and white.As you can see there are going to be some big changes in the future.

Many different phone companies are talking about making a bendable phone.

All in all, letters have transformed into cell phone for the better and made communication faster and easier. From a big box plugged into a wall to bending your phone into two. If Alexander Graham Bell saw the new phones he would never believe his eyes.

Looking Through A Better Eye By:Jack M

Contact lenses… these hard to put in things are clear, can be easily lost and they sometimes hurt. But there's more to contact lenses than meets the “eye”. Leonardo's Great Idea Over 500 years ago, Leonardo da Vinci drew the first sketches of contact lenses. Believe it or not he got the idea from a bowl of water. He filled a bowl with water and put a man's face into it . The man said for the first time he was able to see clearly.This gave da Vinci the idea to invent contact lenses. Today contact lenses are used to correct farsightedness and nearsightedness.

Leonardo da vinci was the first person to sketch contact lenses he was born on April 15,1452.

Looking Through Time From a big glass that covered your whole eye to a small plastic piece that could change your eye color, contact lenses have changed alot over the course of time. In 1887, contact lenses were made from glass, covered the whole eye and sometimes did not let enough air into your eye and started to hurt after a while.

Sixty year later, contacts only covered the middle of the eye. It's great they changed the contact lenses to be smaller because they let air into your eye and it didn’t hurt after a while. In 1971, Wichterle and Lims made soft contact lenses. Some soft contact lenses are used to treat diseases .They contain medicine that is constantly given to the eye. So, besides helping people see clearly, it could help the eye when it was “sick”. As you can see, contact lenses have changed seeing for the better.

The very first contact lenses made by German glassblower F.A Muller.

Seeing Clearly Contact lenses has been impacted by society in a positive way.Some people wear contact lenses instead of glasses to look better and be more confident. Athletes wear contact lenses because they don't get in there way of the sport they're playing. Another good thing is they don't fog up in weather but glasses do. As you can see, contact lenses have made a big and positive impact on the way of the sport they're playing.

Looking To The Future The future of contact lenses is inspired by a fisheye. Imagine a contact lenses that autofocuses in thousands of seconds. It could change life for older people that have trouble focusing on close objects. There is another change to contact lenses in the future, they will install electronics into contacts to detect eye pressure and may be able to dispense medicine drops from the contacts. To sum it up, contact lenses will change a lot in the future and it will be better for the people who have to wear them to see.

s you can SEE, contact lenses have a A lot more to them then you think. They went from a big glass thing that covers your whole eye to a small plastic piece. They have changed a lot and I can't wait to see what they become in the future.

Thanks to advances in contact lenses tecnology in recent years anyone can now wear contact lenses.

Fun Facts

There are now contact lenses that can change the color of your eyes.

You can Start wearing contacts at age eight.. More than thirty million people in the US wear contact lenses. Two-Thirds of contact wearers are female. Ten percent of contact wearers are under 18. Eighty percent of contact wearers wear soft contact lenses.

The Oversized Pen By: Matthew B.

Do epipenis hurt? This is a question you would probably want to know if you needed to use an epipen. Epipens are an injection containing epinephrine, a chemical that narrows blood vessels and opens airways in the lungs. The answer to the question do epipenis hurt is, yes. At least that is what I think. You have to inject the epipen into your thigh really hard for ten seconds. Epipens most likely hurt a lot, but it would be worth it if you had to use it. The combopen was made in the nine-teen seventies and was made by Sheldon Kaplan. It said unicompo on it.

chemicals, they could just inject the combopen into their thigh to save their life. Sheldon was a biomechanical engineer. Doctors studied how adrenaline worked in heart and lung problems. The combopen was invented at Survival Technology in Bethesda, Maryland. The combopen was first approved for marketing by the FDA in nine-teen seventy. Soon after Sheldon Kaplan and others discovered the combopen they realized that it could be used to give emergency epinephrine to the people with allergies. Jokichi Takamine discovered epinephrine or adrenaline in large amounts. He was born in eighteen fifty-four and died in nine-teen twenty-two.

Epipens Evolve Through Time The Earliest Epipen Made By Two People Sheldon Kaplan made the combopen and the epipen. He was born in nine-teen thirty-nine and died in two-thousand, nine.

The epipen was created by two people Jokichi Takamine and Sheldon Kaplan, but they both only did half of the job. Jokichi discovered how to create adrenaline or epinephrine in large amounts. He was born in eighteen fifty-four and died in nine-teen fifty-two. Sheldon Kaplan learned how to get the epinephrine into the epipen needle. He was born in nine-teen thirty-nine and died in two-thousand, nine. The first epipen he made was called the combopen unknowingly in the nine-teen seventies. Kaplan invented the combopen for the military, so if the soldiers got hit by

The epipen changed in three ways for the better in the world. The first epipen is called the combopen. The combopen was invented in the nine-teen seventies by Sheldon Kaplan. The combopen looked like a pen and it said unicompo on it. The second epipen is called t he epipen. The epipen was made in the mid nine-teen seventies. The epipen got its name from epinephrine. The word epinephrine has the word epi in it. The third and last epipen was called the Auvi-Q. The Auvi-Q is smaller than an the epipen and about the size of a credit card. The Auvi-Q was made in two-thousand, nine by Eric and Evan Edwards. The Auvi-Q instructed people on how to use it. Also, the person using the Auvi-Q would only have to inject it into their thigh for five seconds not ten! The Auvi-Q got recalled because it didn’t inject into a person's thigh correctly. The Auvi-Q is going back on the market this

year in two-thousand seventeen. Don’t worry the The Auvi-Q will work, it got fixed up by Evan and Eric Edwards.

Twins, Evan and Eric Edwards, created the Auvi-Q. They grew up with some serious food allergies that are extremely severe.

Effective Epipens In Good And Bad Ways The epipen has had some disadvantages as well as, advantages on society. The disadvantages of the epipen is that epipens are sometimes overpriced making it expensive for some people who need it. The price can sometimes be three-hundred dollars! People have no idea when other people are going to react to an allergic reaction. That is why having an epipen at hand is useful and should be affordable to all people. The advantages of the epipen is that epipens are saving hundreds of lives. Some people are not lucky and either don’t get an epipen out of a bag where the person keeps it and carries it around or, the person can’t afford an epipen. The good part on the epipen is that people who have insurance plans can get an epipen for free. The epipen probably has the best advantages ever!

The Auvi-Q is about the size of a credit card. The Auvi-Q got recalled in two-thousand, fifteen because it didn’t inject into thighs correctly anymore.

The Epipen Exists Excellently In The Future Imagine, two tiny epipens that are about as small as one pencil gripper and a half in a tiny carrying case. The future of the epipen is awesome, great, and exciting. This epipen will cost four-million, five-hundred thousand, dollars! A millionaire would be able to afford that! Hopefully in the future, after it goes on the market it’s price will lower. I have peanut and tree nut allergies and I want this epipen badly but, I can’t afford this. I wonder if the epipen will hurt less? That is a question you would probably want to know if you needed to use that epipen in the future. Unfortunately, I can’t answer that question because the future of the epipen is not completely made yet and I have not had to use an epipen since I was three, I am ten. The epipen of the future can not come soon enough. So in the meantime I’ll just wait.

The future of the epipen will be about as small as one pencil gripper and a half! It will be four-million five-hundred thousand dollars!

As you can clearly see, epipens are

important.They have helped save hundreds of lives. I think it’s great that the epipens price lowered and if you have insurance plans, you get an epipen for free. Remember using an epipen can save a life. If you used it, it would be worth it.

Big or Small, Bikes For All By: Angelo

Behold the humble bicycle.The bike can save the environment and is an easier form of transportation.The bike has a very interesting history. The bike has also changed a lot over the years. It Is an easier form of transportation and is helpful to the environment. Pedaling Back To The Past It all started in the 16th century, with the discovery of Leonardo Da Vinci’s sketches, which included simple designs for the bicycle. The first transport that resembled the modern bicycle was the “running machine”. It was invented in 1817 and patented by Karl Von Drais, a German Baron. The modern history of the bicycle begins just after the Napoleonic wars with the “velocipede”a wooden frame fitted with two wheels powered by the rider pushing with their feet along the ground.Karl Von Drais invented the first bicycle. He wanted to provide a less expensive and low maintenance form of transportation. Drais did this as a way to challenge the mistreatment of horses in the early 1800s. The bicycle definitely has a interesting history. The bicycle has changed since the original design known as the Running Machine.

The Penny Farthing was the first machine to be called a bicycle. Its name came from its large front wheel and smaller back wheel, which resembled the largest and smallest coins of the time.

Bikes have impacted society by producing no pollution and has become more popular to save the environment.

Spinning through Time There have been many changes to the bicycle over the years. In 1861, Ernest Michaux, a french carriage maker has improved on Karl Von Drais design. His bike featured pedals and gears. Also the bike was propelled by the rider’s feet. In 1884, the rover safety bike has been improved from 1861. This bike included a chain driven rear wheel. It also included pneumatic tires and improved rim brakes. It also included a step through frame for women. In 1898, Mikael Pedersen invented the Tandem bike.This bike is built for two riders. It includes two sets of handlebars and pedals. This bike could be difficult to rider if riders don't cooperate. The captain should always get on first.The stoker always gets on last. In 1969, Tom Karen created the Raleigh Chopper bike. This bike included a long seat and high handlebars. In the 70s the Raleigh Chopper became a must have for kids. In 2014, the Fliz became different from other bikes. This was a seatless and pedal less bike. This I think is the bike that you could get more exercise on. This bike is still to become

popular. The Fliz combines walking and cycling.

Ernest Lawrence was the inventor of the cyclotron bike. He was born August 8, 1901, and died in August 27, 1958.

Going Green With Bikes Society has been impacted by the bicycle in positive ways. Bikes have provided different transportation. Bikes make people healthier.Just like any other physical activity is good for you, because you are exercising your body. They are good for the economy because they provide jobs in repair shops, stores, and factories. Cycling doesn't have to be a sport you do every few weeks, you can make it part of your daily routine, it's even more powerful as a tool to achieve better health. Susan B.Anthony once said “I think bicycling gives women a feel for freedom”. If a girl has a bike in Africa, she can travel to get an education! Bicycles are better for the environment. Cars can produce a lot of pollution into the environment, but bikes produce none. Society has been impacted a lot by the bicycle.

Bike Makeovers For Future The future of the bicycle will have a lot of different designs that look very different than the bicycles that we know today.Is it a car or a bike?...It is BOTH. It is a part car, part bike vehicle! What, yeah you might not believe me but trust

it will happen. Ben Wilson’s Arkitar is a four wheeled flat bicycle. Imagine a bike with computer-like technology. This bike can use a solar-powered motor when you get tired. It can also play music and count calories while you ride. How about a bike that doesn't have a rear hub? A rear hub must hold the wheel firmly to the bike and let the wheel turn. Designs like this will be used to carry luggage where the hub used to be. By storing things below the bike’s center, it makes it a much safer and steadier day. You can use a solar-powered motor when you get tired. It can also play music and count calories while you ride. Also, don’t forget the future bike that is the world’s most advanced smart bike ever, called the Cyclotron bike. The bike is powered by an IPhone or Android app called the Cyclo-App. The bicycle has a lot of new and unique designs for the future.

The cyclotron bike is powered powered by an IPhone or Android app.

As you can see, the bike has saved the the environment and has become a better form of transportation.Also, the appearance has also changed. The bike has been very helpful to the environment. I hope this piece of information makes you feel like you want to get a bike yourself.

Charging Up By: Gabriella G.

Imagine life before the smartphone. It was tragic and hard. I can't imagine life without a phone. Well, our parents had to live without a smartphone. They must have had a hard life. Smartphones make communicating with friends and family easier and faster as well as putting information at your fingertips in an instant!

Bell's Best Invention â&#x20AC;&#x2039; For anyone who is not old enough

to remember life before smartphones, it was pretty hard . The first telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell and it came out on June 2, 1875. Alexander Graham Bell first became interested in science because his mother and wife were deaf. In 1875, Graham Bell met Thomas Watson. They worked on his experiments and ideas together. This was where cell phones all started with Bell and his idea for a phone.

A short time later in 1919, the rotary phone was introduced. To make a call you would have to put your finger in the hole over the letter and number you would like. Much later in 1992, the 1 touch screen came out. Also it was wireless, as well as it was easier to transport and easier to call friends and family. Years later in 2000, they came out with a smartphone. This was first mobile and working phone and it was wireless and easier to transport. In 2015, the smartphone got smarter by becoming push button and wireless . Early phones were not used for playing video games but they were used for an easier and faster way to connect with people.

Look how the phone impacted society. Back then people read the paper but now they are on their phone.

The New Look Of Phones Over the years the phone has changed in many ways. In the beginning, you would have to plug the phone into the wall and not move. Luckily the phone changed. Also it was so big and hard to transport.

Smartphone Changes The World Smartphones have had an effect on society. Although there are just a few good things, there are a plethora of bad effects that it's had on society.

To start with, the smartphone has had a positive effect. It made communication faster. For example, if tornados, earthquakes, or flooding happens we could get quick help faster and easier. Also, smartphones let us now have information at our fingertips The first smartphone was just as magical and exciting. Smartphones impact the society in many ways for the worse. For example, it has polluted the Earth because people want to get a new phone every year. People throw out their old phones. Also, many car accidents have happened while people are texting while driving. Smartphones have had positive and negative effects on society this are just a few impact that the society had

How cool would it be if you able to have touch free technology on a smartphone.also as the name suggests the holofex is both holographic and flexible allowing users to bend the handset to view the 3d display.

After researching i have learned that phone are not that bad.Wans you know what you are in for you will never get off your Electronics.All And all phone changed for the better. By Recycling your old electronics gear does take a lot of effort and it does a world of good.

The future phones looks pretty cool. It is going to be flexible.

Talking In The Future Imagine an bendable phone.well that what the future look like for the phone.concept phone are a great way of getting a glimpse at how phone are going to be in the future.

This candlestick phone and it came out in 1890 also it was very hard to call people

A Carpet’s Best Friend By: Emily When you turn on the vacuum cleaner wouldn’t you be thinking “Man, that’s loud”. Every time I would be asked to use the vacuum cleaner I would be saying… Why? No! I don’t want to! Well actually, now I realized that vacuum cleaners have made our lives easier.

Inventor Ives After the 19th century, Ives W. McGaffey had thought of an amazing invention which was a vacuum cleaner. He used a bag to suck the dirt up. Inside was a suction fan, which created a partial vacuum within the machine. He called it the “Whirlwind”. Ives W. Mcgaffey made it where he lived, which was in Chicago, Illinois. It has made peoples cleaning easier and faster.

Booth’s vacuum cleaner was so big that it could not enter the buildings that it cleaned and was so large that it had to be travelled on a wagon that stayed outside the house, while the homeowner paid for the cleaning service.

Another One Fights the Dust From a hand operated vacuum to a robot that can do it for you, vacuum cleaners has improved over the course of time to become what it is today. In 1869, the first vacuum cleaner was invented by Ives W. McGaffey which was a “sweeping machine”. When you used it, you had to hand crank it, so it was very difficult to use. That’s why, after a few years, Melville Bissell had made one that was better! His vacuum cleaner was the most successful carpet sweeper. It had a long handle and was pushed on wheels. Since Melville added wheels, it went faster than Ives. After a while, in 1880, Nikola Tesla had made an electric motor. It was used, for various applications of electric to household technologies, like different vacuum cleaners. In 1901, H. Cicil Booth had made the first successful suction vacuum sweeper. He had made it better , by making it without brushes since the other vacuum cleaners did. In 2002, the robotic vacuum was invented. These small vacuum cleaners are able to set on the floor and roam around freely while sucking up dirt. They also avoid bumping into things. The most popular model is the Roomba. I wonder how all of the devices are built inside of of small looking robot! Every single inventor had tried to make it much better and more successful by trying new things.

Living in the Easier World One popular 1913 vacuum came in six different models and had attachments for bare floors, walls, upholstery and crevices. It even could be used as a blower for drying hair.

Sucking Up the Dirt in Society The vacuum cleaner affected and helped society. However, it had some advantages and some disadvantages. The vacuum cleaner actually has a plethora of advantages. For example, the inventor, Bissell was motivated by an allergy to dust and Spangler, another vacuum cleaner inventor, was suffering from asthma. So, having to pay for the carpet sweeper, and especially the electric vacuum, not only had made house cleaning more easier and faster but, also led to a healthier home. Also, sweeping with a broom tended only to move dust to a different location, but the carpet sweeper and the electric vacuum cleaner removed the dirt from the house. The vacuum cleaner has a few disadvantages, too. Certain vacuum cleaners spit fine dust and bacteria back into the air, where they can spread infections and trigger allergies. The ones that usually do that, are the Dyson Electrolux, Hoover, iRobot, and Sanyo. Vacuum cleaners do have a good side and a bad side.

In the future, the vacuum cleaners will look unique and most of them will have robotic designs. For instance, your vacuum cleaner might be shaped in a different way like a ball! This ball may look like a hamster-ball to you. Unlike today's vacuum cleaners, the dust ball includes inertial (self motion) motor which works both as the driving and suction unit. It rotates in two axes to force the ball into movement. There is another vacuum cleaner you might have in the future. You will have to train it like a pet. For example, when you walk, the cleaner moves. When you tap your feet, it quickly goes to the dirt and cleans. When you tap twice or more, it cancels the order. I really wish I could go into the future so I can try out these two, and maybe other ones I don’t know. As you can clearly see, vacuum cleaners have changed from booths big vacuum cleaners to small ones. Think about it, if we didn't have vacuum cleaners we would still be hitting our carpets and rugs against the trees outside, like people used to do. Would you like that? This vacuum cleaner is made from recycled wrinkled cardboard commonly used in packaging, the goal was to make it create a sustainable and green product that will drastically reduce plastic waste that’s a big threat to our oceans.

Bring! Bring! By Ben

Some people think that telephones are useless, especially now that we have smart phones that can help us do a lot of things. But there is more to the telephone than you think. Alexander's Big Invention The telephone has been around since the 1800s. One of the first telephones was invented by a man named Johann Reis. His phone sent electricity through a wire, but you could only hear sound, not a human voice. The first telephone that worked with the human voice, was invented by Alexander Graham Bell with help from Mr. Watson, a hired electrician. It had no buttons, but you could ask an operator to call someone for you. The very first phone call ever made was Alexander Graham Bell saying, “Watson come here, I need you!” They were in different rooms of the same house! Bell’s invention became really popular, and within one year lots of people had telephones. Before the telephone was invented, people had to walk to their friends house, ride a horse or travel in a stagecoach. People also wrote letters to people who lived far away, but it cost a lot of money to send letters and the mail traveled very slowly in the 1800’s. Alexander Graham Bell made the very first telephone with his help from hired electrician, Mr. Watson.

Phones Get Smarter This invention changed through many years. It started with the invention of the

telegraph. This sent codes of dots and dashes that people had to translate. It was made out of wood. Bell tried to make the telegraph better and ended up inventing the first telephone. The telephone that we use today originally started without buttons, then later had a dial, you had to spin the dial and press the button where your finger is touching. A couple years later, it did have buttons. You had to attach it to the wall in your house but it had a wire so you had to stay close where the phone was. This phone was made of wood. Then in 1989, came the cell phone! It had a top part to it and you had to flip up the top part and press the buttons you want to press and then press call to call the person you want to call. It was usually made of plastic or metal they had rechargeable batteries too. But it took ten hours for a cell phone to charge. Also, it did not need wires or cords, so you can take it anywhere you want. Next 13 years later in 2002, came the smartphone. It could send and receive emails and messages but, it had no speaker or microphone. It needed a headset to work. Finally in 2007, came the iphone! It had a touch screen and can do anything a computer can do. It basically changed the way we lived.

The dialing phone took a while when you wanted to call someone because you had to spin it back and forth.

Communication Is Easier The telephone has impacted society in good ways and bad ways. Before the telephone was invented people had to write letters. This was hard for people that weren’t good at writing. If you couldn’t read, getting a letter wasn’t helpful either. The telephone made it easier for people who couldn’t read or write and helped people become better at listening. At the same time many people today do not know how to write good because they are so use to using their phone. If you wanted to make plans with someone, sometimes by the time a letter was received with the invitation, the date passed or the plan changed. For example, you can send a note to someone and you wanted to meet him or her at 2:00 and right when we get the letter the time probably passed. But today, we can call people and invite them right away or even text and not have to wait for mail. The telephone made communicating with others much faster and people have become used to getting information so quickly. Now people do not like to wait for anything! In some ways the telephone also can keep things more private because there isn’t any written words that can be found, but if you text or email through your phone, then the opposite is true. Your information may be less private which is not a good thing. The telephone also helped people from far away keep in touch with each other more easily and it also helped businesses get their jobs done faster and better. Business people can communicate with employees and other companies through the telephone rather than having to travel and because of the telephone more people could get jobs in offices and city centers. Businesses also benefit from making conference calls and being able to talk to many people all at one time, like having a meeting but over the

phone. The telephone also helps people feel safer since you can call 911, which is the police, fire department and ambulance. People in a national disaster will get quicker help. Some people even have alarm systems that work through their phones which gives them security. On the other hand, some cellular telephones help criminals reach our houses through getting information through smartphones. Cell Phones today are used for entertainment and research and can get you information much quicker than reading an entire book for the information. I especially liked researching the telephone on my moms phone! Future Phones It may be possible that the phones in our pockets today may be very different than the phones of the future. Someday phones could be see through, or even as flexible as rubber! Everyday people might have phones in their jewelry or even hidden under their skin! Phones may even be able to produce holographic images! These phones will have more computing power and storage capability. The storage power could be so much that it could video record a user's entire life! Keep in mind... these phones could cost thousands of dollars!

The phones of the future is gonna take a while to come out, but here is a sneak-peek at one!

As you can see, the telephone has helped in lots of ways and was really helpful and they went from, wooden to plastic and glass, the phone really did change a lot. I think this was a helpful invention that Alexander Graham Bell made ever!

“Eeee”mazing Email By: Olivia E.

If you think regular mail is easier than email you are totally wrong. There is more about email that you don’t know. You will be in complete surprise when you learn more about email and you will know how email and snail mail work. Email is much easier than regular mail because it’s quick and easy.

Email Through Time Ray Tomlinson was the first person to make Email in 1972. Email stands for electronic mail. He created the @symbol so that now mail can be sent from one computer to another. He was given a task at his job which was an engineering firm. His job was to come up with something interesting with computers and humans. Tomlinson said,” We were working on ways in which humans and computers could interact. Tomlinson noticed that his colleagues barley answered their phones. So he decided to create a system where you could send messages from one computer to the other. He practiced this invention with keyboards that were 10 feet apart. He would type a message and press send. Then, he would wheel his chair to the other end to receive the message and then send another. Finally, computers and humans could have interaction in a matter of seconds. Snail mail was the first mail created.It was very slow and rough.

Email Evolves Email has improved in many ways.In 1965,the first email system developed. The first mail that was put in a special place called a directory. When a person logged onto their computer, they went to their directory to get their messages. Email could only be sent to users of the same computer. Ray Tomlinson invented email in 1972 he was asked to create communication between humans and technology. He improved email by sending messages from one computer to another from different internet host names like aol, optonline. He chose the @ symbol to know what the computer host the mail is going to. In the 1980, it becomes more popular. College students are provided with an email account. Email hosting sites began to pop up and become more popular. As we moved into the 1990, email continued to advance. In 1991, the space shuttle Atlantis used a Macintosh portable computer to send the first email from space. In 2004, email had an important standard. The important standard was called SMTP or simple message transfer protocol. This protocol was used to send as well a receive messages. It was important the mail was sent to the correct server as well as how many emails could be sent out at a time.

Emails Pros vs.Cons Email has made an impact on society in many different ways. In today’s busy world, email provides a fast way to communicate with others. You can email not only from your computer, but also from your phone which means that you can email anywhere and anytime. Another good reason for using email is you can type whenever you have time,and the other person can have time to respond to your message. There is a folder that can save all of your messages. You can easily keep in touch with others. There are numerous positive impacts on society, but there are a couple of negative things about email as well. One negative thing about email is if you are waiting for a message to reply on the computer you always have to check to see if there is a reply. Also, people can hack your information and account. People are receiving junk mail,which means people get mail they don’t need or want. To sum it up,there are a lot of positives and negatives for email on society.

email. Important documents, invoices, and information is more secure than a text message. Also, every text message you send, you have to pay for. Email there is no charge for every message you send. Also with email, messages can be saved and you have proof of the message that was sent. However, with texting, messages can be deleted. I strongly feel that email is here to stay for generations to come!

Ray Tomlinson was the first person to create email in 1972.The first thing Ray Tomlinson typed was the @ symbol.

As you can see, you don’t have to spend time writing a letter to someone.Instead you can type a letter to someone on the computer. ”Are you surprised now”,3.7 billion people enjoy email a lot better than snail mail. Email is much quicker and easier than snail mail, start typing.

Send it to the Future Email has changed dramatically over the years in many different ways. I think email will continue to grow in popularity as a way of communicating. I know that texting has become very popular, but having a father that communicates daily through both email and texting, he prefers the communication through

In 2017, 269 billion emails are sent in a day.

Driving Through History By:James

Ready to Roll

When you hear the word automobile,

you think what is that? We usually call them cars. You can also think automobiles when they were first invented were trash, but they were not. They did not go as fast as the cars we have today. Many didn’t have brakes and they were hard to drive. Although there is not a lot of automobiles left from the time of the first innovation of the automobile there are some. Cars are now modern day version of the original automobile, which is one of the greatest inventions of all time and changed the course of history, but it took a long time to perfect them. Benz first automobile the “Velo”is the first ever official automobiles to be a true automobile.

One of the 19th Century biggest and

most important inventions was the automobile. Think about how life was before it was invented and how different life would be today if we did not have cars. The first type of transportation was the horse and carriage. That was in the early 1800’s. In late 1800’s, steam engines were powering automobiles by steam. In 1894, Karl Benz led the world in car making history, by introducing the Benz “Velo” the first automobile with an internal combustion engine. He was from Germany.

In the meantime, Henry Ford was growing up here in the United States, right outside Detroit, Michigan, which eventually became the car making capital of the United States. His dad took him to the city of Detroit when he was 12 and he became amazed by a steam powered go Kart. From then on Henry Ford became obsessed with machines and would not give up his passion for building things. He eventually built a gasoline engine and was responsible for creating the assembly line for mass production of cars, so that many people could buy them. He was responsible for a huge boom in the automobile industry creating many jobs and booming economy. Many people believe Henry Ford was the first inventor of the automobile, but there were many models before he came along he just perfected the automobile and its production, which helped us get to where they are today.

Improvements of the Automobile The automobile has changed in many ways... its shape, material, wheels, compatibleness, steering wheel, and lots more have changed about the automobile Even the name changed about the automobile. It went from automobile to car. A car is faster, easier to use, more comfortable and much better. Automobiles have improved in many ways. The car continued to improve. May 14, 1886 the first motor car was invented by Carl Benz in Germany. He called it the Benz-Patent Motor wagon. This was huge in changing the way an automobile was driven. It was faster and powered by gasoline, making a brand new industry in gas stations and creating more jobs and boosting economy. It was made out of wood, a bit of leather, and metal. The cars we have now are made of titanium, rubber and, leather. It was three wheels and a two seater with no roof and an engine. In November of 1908 Henry Ford introduced the Model T, a car that had more space and four wheels. It was considered the first affordable automobile. The first year he sold more than 10,000. This also made for booming sales and more jobs, which lead to Henry Ford creating the first moving assembly line in 1913. Just imagine how many cars can be sold. The production rate skyrocketed, again, leading to more jobs. Ford could afford to pay his workers $5.00 a day, which was twice the average wage at other automobile

manufacturers. Ford began to offer free classes to help these workers learn to write, speak and read English, which was good for immigrants. So many changes in automobiles since back then. In 1936, passenger cars were introduced. In 1958 safety things like seatbelts were installed and in 1974 Airbags to help cause less deaths or injuries in accidents and the auto industry began a commitment to safety for drivers and passengers.

Ford’s most popular car, “The Model T”. It was so popular because he made it the least expensive so everyone could have one and was created on an assembly line.

The Car Changes The automobile has a huge impact on society. The automobile has some advantages but is also has some disadvantages. The automobile is useful in many ways. It's faster, less work, and easier to use. The automobile also has some disadvantages as well. For example,car crashes, gas, pollution, speeding, car chases, and more. The automobile has changed to way we travel despite its disadvantages. The automobile has a huge impact on society. The automobile has some advantages but is also has some disadvantages. The automobile is

useful in many ways. It's faster, less work, and easier to use. Vrooming Through Time The car will change in many

ways, the doors, shape, wheels and it even might hover and maybe fly around. Cars can even drive themselves maybe one day. Anything is possible, but I think that cars that are powered by electricity is very important to save the planet from pollution and saves people money on gas. Some cars have cruise control now and possibly can have auto pilot in the future and with voice technology maybe you can just jump in say take me to Florida and it will drive you there. The most interesting future that I have researched are the cars that are powered by solar energy. They are totally free to drive!! They are really cool looking with solar panels all over them, not noisy and don’t create greenhouse gases and destroy the environment. I think they look really cool and I saw one expert say that by 2030 gasoline cars may be obsolete. While EVs are already cleaner to drive than conventional vehicles -- even taking into account the pollution from the electricity used to power them -- EVs fueled by solar power are even cleaner. Ten environmentalists. A 2012 survey found that more than a third of plug-in drivers in California have solar panels on the roofs of their houses. In an article in a blog in SolarChargedDriving.com,

shows how EV+PV works and why it's so appealing. In fact, later this month Ford and SunPower will announce a newer, less expensive version of their “Green for Live Solar EV charging system that works for today's EVs and house roofs.

In about 2030, we will have solar powered cars like this one,our cars will no longer hurt living things

Out of Gas

Today automobiles are not only one of the most important inventions, most people can’t even live without one! The automobile was such a great invention. To sum it all up, the automobile helped so much in past and it still helps today, but even more and more improvements keep coming. I can’t wait to see when I grow up what type of car I will drive. I really like to help the environment, so I think I will drive whatever is energy efficient.

Cell Cool By: Rebecca

Small. Fits in your pocket. Rings. Has numbers to dial. That’s the cell phone for you! There's more to the cell phone than just that, though. But one thing we know is that the cell phone is one of the greatest inventions in a long time.

The Beginning of the Cell Phone Martin Cooper made the first cell phone and he didn’t even know that he would change the world when he created it. He introduced the cell phone on April 3,1973. AT&T was working to develop a cell phone and Motorola, the company Cooper worked for, wanted to create a cell phone before AT&T. They chose Cooper for the job. You only had 35 minutes to talk on the phone back then. Cooper had a vision that people would bring their phones to work and in the car or even on a walk. Once Cooper made the first cell phone he made it his mission to make more mobile devices. He had a hand in changing how we communicate today. The picture above show’s Martin Cooper calling Joel Engel making the first cell phone call with his new invention.

Cell phones Old and New Over the years, phones have changed at least four times. The first phone was called the candlestick, a phone that people could not bring anywhere and use it because Alexander Graham Bell invented it to be attached on a wall. It had no dials or numbers and when you picked up the phone an operator would have to help you get to the person you needed to talk to.

The 1876 invention of the candlestick required the caller to hold an earpiece to their ear and speak into a separate mouthpiece.

In 1904, the telephone was introduced, which was still plugged into a wall. This meant you still could not bring it anywhere. Now this one was a little smaller and had a dial, in fact you needed to bring the dial to the number you wanted on the box part of the phone, let go, and then do it again and again until you got the full number you

wanted. Since you could dial the number you did not need an operator any more. In 1973, the mobile phone came out and it was quite different from the first two phones. The mobile phone was the first phone you could bring anywhere. Unfortunately, it would take 10 hours for the mobile phone to fully charge and you only got 35 minutes to talk on it. About a decade later, the cell phone was invented, which is the kind of phone a lot of people have today. The cell phone has a screen that has apps and if you press on them you can do an activity, call or text someone. But no one will know exactly how the inventors got these ideas but they are great.

Calling for Change The cell phone has changed society, but not all the changes are good. For example, people said that when the telephone is around it was threatening the privacy rights and others said the use of it would hurt the valuable nature of writing letters. Another reason the cell phone is bad is that it has distracted people from doing their jobs. Now that we got the bad news out of the way we can move on to the good news. For example, people can have a quick conversation that way you don’t have to wait a month to get a reply, also the impact of national disasters, like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, flooding, tornadoes, and snowstorms would be put to a stop quickly and aid to be brought to those areas faster. The cell phone was just as magical as the computer and the cell phone made companies grow over the years. As you can see, the cell phone has impacted society, not all the ways are

good but one thing for sure is that we can always rely on the cell phone.

Martin Cooper could never have imagined how far his invention would go and the different ways people use their cell phones today.

Future Phones: What's in Store For Us The future of the cell phone will be very different from now. For example, its screen will be clear with the apps black or different colors. Also, people will be able to bend their phones that way the screens don’t break. Another futuristic phone will have holographic screens in which you could see the person you are talking to in 3D. Some phones might even be holographic and bendable that way you can do both things. The last futuristic phone is like the bendable phone but you can fold it all the way so it takes up half the space. The phone actually is like the flip phone because it can fold back and forth but what makes it a cell phone is that it has the characteristics of the cell phone. As you can see, the cell phone will change a lot in the future and maybe the ones in the future will help us more that the ones we have today.

Some cell phones in the future will be remote controlled and clear like the one above.

As you can see the cell phone is the greatest invention since daylight savings. In my opinion people will always love the cell phone no matter what it looks like. I hope that you have learned something new from reading this article about cell phones. Now that you got all the information you need about the cell phone you can get a new phone!

Greatest engineering of all time? You decide!

Fun Facts!

Mobile phones have 18 times more bacteria than toilet handles. In Japan, 90% of mobile phones are waterproof because youngsters use them even in the shower. Mobile Phone Radiation can cause Insomnia, headaches and confusion. The first mobile phone call was made in 1973 by Martin Cooper, a former Motorola inventor. Your mobile phone has more computing power than the computers used for the Apollo 11 moon landing. In 1983, the first mobile phones went on sale in the U.S. at almost $4,000 each. Apple sold 340,000 iPhones per day in 2012. Nokia 1100 was the bestselling electrical invention in history with more than 250 million pieces sold.

Diapers Dancing Along By:Julia Dirty. Disgusting. Smelly. Nasty and anything else you could possibly imagine about a disposable diaper. But, here is something that doesn’t come to mind : environmental hazard. You’re a mom, you're thinking, what am I doing? Why do I have to change this dirty disposable diaper? It’s not so good for the environment any way. This is torture. Like everything else that we don’t use, disposable diapers get put out into the environment to sit there. What happens to them? Every year each baby creates about 2,000 piles of trash that take 500 years to decompose and over those 500 years the disposable diapers damage our environment.

Donovan’s Creation It all started with a sewing machine

and a shower curtain because her kids cloth diapers used up their clothing and sheets. An American housewife and a mother of two, Marion Donovan, frustrated by changing her kids cloth diapers created the disposable diaper. Being a World War II housewife and after many attempts in 1951, she made a full disposable diaper. Even though it took her ten years to sell them still today disposable diapers are a success.

. Marion Donovan was the inventor of the disposable diaper we know today. In 1961 a man named victor Mills took in donovan’s design and created the amazing pampers!

Developing Devine Diapers Over the years the diaper has changed at least five times . Disposable diapers have improved in a plethora of ways. At first, diapers were just cloth. They weren’t disposable and moms had to wash them. Cloth diapers were annoying because if your baby went to the bathroom you would feel it because it could leak. Cloth diapers weren’t very absorbent as the diaper we have today. Over the years the next “diaper’ was invented. Even though the next diaper wasn’t really a “diaper”. The next “diaper” was really rubber baby pants. The rubber baby pants caused problems. They pinched the child’s skin and caused diaper rashes. During World War II, the rubber baby pants improved and became the waterproof diaper cover which was made from a sewing machine and a shower curtain. The waterproof diaper cover was invented because the rubber

baby pants were a pain. The waterproof diaper cover helped the cloth diaper hold better. From the cloth diaper to the rubber baby pants to a waterproof diaper cover. The diaper has gone through many improvements before the invention of a disposable diaper.The disposable diaper was invented in 1951 by Marion Donovan. The disposable diaper was a big improvement from the past diapers. The disposable diaper is held on by comforting straps instead of pins that could poke.

Disposable diapers use 20 more times natural resources in the making of the diapers compared to cloth diapers. Disposable diapers take hundreds of years to decompose because of the plastic. The plastic is contaminating our groundwater. During the decomposition of the diapers, the diapers release swamp gas or methane into the air. Methane is a very dangerous chemical to breathe in. Methane replaces oxygen. In the making of disposable diapers over 200,000 trees have been lost. Every year it takes 3.4 billion gallons of fuel to make diapers. Ever since disposable diapers were invented they have helped thousands of people, but there is one thing that they haven’t been helping... our environment!

Out With The Old In With The New The cloth diaper ( bottom right ), the disposable diaper ( bottom left ), the waterproof diaper cover ( top left ), The rubber baby pants ( top right ) are all improvements of the diaper

Environmental Hazard

Disposable diapers have had an enormous impact on society and not all are positive effects. Besides all the positives on disposable diapers there are many more negatives than you may know about!

cientists today are trying to S introduce diapers to technology. Maybe when you’re a parent, your kids will be wearing the future. In the future, there just may be disposable diapers with different kinds of nonwoven fabric. There may be disposable diapers with nonwoven fabric that are breathable only when dry, or maybe there will be nonwoven fabric only when hot. Also, there could be a backsheet without laminated film which will make the

diapers extra soft. There may even be elastic units to improve diaper fit. One day diapers might have some sort of technology that will connect to your phone when your baby will go to the bathroom. You would probably have to download an app just to hear alert, alert your baby has gone to the bathroom! Which diaper would you rather have?

Zip. Zap. Wah lah the diaper is finished a diaper that tells you when your baby has gone to the bathroom. Weird that a diaper can have technology in it but amazing!

Fun Facts!

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Did you know that 18 billion disposable diapers are added to the U.S landfills each year.

I honestly feel bad for the garbage men. I wonder how many diapers do they collect in one year? Especially because disposable diapers aren’t really good for the dump. All in all’ disposable diapers are never really good for the environment. Obviously parents love them even though they sometimes stink up the house, but they’re probably Mother Nature's worst nightmare.

1948 ) Johnson & Johnson introduces first mass-marketed disposable diaper in the U.S. ( 1980 ) American babies wear 1.93 million tons of disposables. ( 1984 ) Cabbage Patch Kids appear on the first designer diaper. ( 1999 ) Pampers-funded pediatrician T. berry Brazelton tells parents not to rush with toilet training. ( 2007 ) Pampers introduces diapers for kids weighing more than 41 pounds (typical for age five).