January 2025 DEI Newsletter by Loma Linda University Health

THEPERSPECTIVE

HUMANITY ON THE MARGINS

Directed by Marina AlNaser (‘25)

LOMA LINDA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE

Dexter Frederick Associate Dean for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

Happy New Year, Everyone!

I’m excited to kick off the year by diving into two vital topics—human trafficking and poverty. In this issue, we cover a range of important subjects, including Operation Liberterra II for human trafficking and the profound impact of poverty on children’s mental and physical health.

Our goal is to provide valuable insights that can help you better support and understand patients facing these challenges. We hope this edition serves as a resource to strengthen your awareness and approach moving forward. Wishing you all a fantastic month ahead! Don’t forget to check out our on-campus talent showcase – you won’t want to miss it!

Marina AlNaser ('25)

Chief Editor

In This Month's Issue:

Exploring the Impact of Poverty on Children's Development - By Jayde Frederick and Marina Alnaser

Reining In Artificial Intelligence - By Miguel Rodriguez, MD

Behind the Scenes; Financial Realities of International Students - By Mina Botros

Till the Last Breath: A Patient Story - By Marina Alnaser

Modern-day Slavery - By Yeji Kim

Finitude - By Micheal Lee

Exploring Talent on Campus - By Marina Alnaser

Unmasking Global Human Trafficking Networks - By Brianna Egan

Christmas in January - By Kirulus Amin

Equity in Curriculum Survey Link

References

If you would like to get involved in the DEI Newsletter, please contact: Marina AlNaser - malnaser@students.llu.edu

Erica Levy-Licorish - elevylicorish@students.llu.edu

Dr.

Exploring the Impact of Poverty on Children's Development

By Jayde Fredrick (MS3) and Marina Alnaser (MS4)

In General

Have you ever thought how poverty can impact children’s mental and physical health? Yes? Well, you are not the only one. Psychologists and researchers have conducted multiple studies to investigate this area. Here is what you need to know to help you in your practice in the future. Children raised in low-income households face a higher risk of various health problems, including issues with executive functioning, behavioral disorders, malnutrition, and respiratory conditions. Accordingtorecentstudies,16%ofchildrenintheU.S.livebelowthepovertyline;thisisdownfrom 23%in2012.Despitetheimprovement,thepercentageremainshigh.Thelong-termeffectsofthisare profound, particularly when considering the intersection of race, gender, and poverty. According to the Harvard Gazette, "The greater the extent to which poor Black male children were exposed to harshenvironments,thehighertheirchancesofbeingincarceratedinadulthoodandthelowertheir adultincomes,measuredintheir30s.Asimilarincomepatternalsoemergedforwhites."

Overall

The impact of poverty on children is heartbreaking, but knowledge is useless without action. We should not stand by idly, as there are many ways to ignite change. Volunteering with organizations that provide resources and support to low-income families is always needed. Additionally, donating money,food,andschoolsuppliestocharities,homelessshelters,andschoolsinunderservedareasis vital. Finally, advocating for programs and policies that increase resources for public education and promoteresearchonpovertyanditsrelationshiptohealthandwellnessisessential.

REINING IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

As artificial intelligence (AI) penetrates our everyday lives, organizations worldwide are creating safety guidelines for its use. Consider the social credit system in China, where government run AI scores your loyalty to the government and then gives you preferential treatment based on your social score in activities ranging from getting a loan to leniency in the justice system.

Safeguarding the Progress of AI

By Miguel Rodrigez, MD

To combat these unsafe applications, the French based Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development adopted value-based principles for AI in 2019: Inclusivity, Human Rights, Transparency, Accountability, and Safety. In August 2024, the European Union AI Act created a law of unacceptable uses of AI (behavior modification, social scoring, categorization of individuals), high risk uses (critical infrastructure, education, border control, law enforcement), and then everything else was grouped into “other category.”

Closer to home, The White House passed an AI Bill of Rights in 2022 with 5 key tenets: Safe and Effective Systems, Combatting Algorithmic Discrimination, Upholding Data Privacy, Providing Notice and Explanation, and Prioritizing Human Alternatives and Fallbacks. These guidelines bring to mind old movies and arguments of robots vs. humans and show governmental efforts to grapple with the untapped power of AI and its potential threat to humans. In medicine, an example of AI is Dax, a program that can record a patient-provider conversation, interpret it, and then write a SOAP note based on the conversation. This program could replace scribes and other supportive personnel, while also changing the skill set needed by medical providers.

Efforts for regulation are happening at the state level as well. As of September 2024, 31 states/ territories have passed legislation on AI, and 45 states have introduced bills. For example in Hawaii, the state requires AI use in wildfire forecasting, and in New Hampshire fraudulent use of deepfakes from AI is a crime. In California, where many AI companies are based, Governor Newsom recently vetoed SB1047 requesting more detailed application of safety standards for AI use and reports his administration is making efforts to combat AI generated misinformation and Deep Fakes by requiring AI watermarks.

While AI attempts to make tasks much easier for us to complete, it is important to keep in mind that it was created to advance the goals of its inventors [take a second to think who is at the table of invention]. If unchecked, AI could perpetuate established structures of discrimination and marginalization, consolidate power and create vacuums of responsibility. Let us hope that we may have the regulation necessary for this new frontier.

BEHIND THE SCENES

The Financial Realities of International Students

By Mina Botros, MS3

For international students pursuing higher education in the U.S., the path is often marked by challenges that extend far beyond academics. Among these hurdles, financial difficulty is one of the most significant, requiring perseverance, resourcefulness, and a strong support system. A few of our LLU international medical students from various countries, who have asked to remain anonymous, graciously agreed to share their experiences to shed light on these challenges and offer guidance for thosewhofollowintheirfootsteps.

These students expressed deep connections to their respective mother country'scultureandvalues;however, somewhere along the way, they were drawn toward opportunities that eventually made them seek higher education abroad. After graduating high school, one of our students came totheU.S.forundergraduatestudiesat a liberal arts college. The flexibility of the American educational system allowed him to explore academic interests beyond pre-medical requirements, including French and history. This opportunity might not have been possible in a country that utilizesamore linear approach, often

creating a pipeline from high school to graduate school. Thus, the freedom to utilizes a more linear approach, often creating a pipeline from high school to graduate school. Thus, the freedom to grow and explore other passions was a bigmotivatorforstudyingintheU.S.

However, the journey is not without its obstacles. International students have unique financial burdens, such as visa requirements and the inability to utilize government-backed loans. Access to loans is also highly institution-specific, making it vital to research financial options before applying. These interviews have underlined how early outreach to organizations like the International Student and Scholar Services (ISSS) is crucial to surmount these challenges, especially at the early visaapplicationstage,whilepursuingas many avenues as possible for financial aid, such as scholarships and private loans.

The financial demands don’t stop at tuition. Managing daily expenses requires strategic planning. Our students emphasized the importance of utilizing campus resources, such as the alumni association the beloved “Little White House," and advice from

upperclassmen. These practical strategies highlight the importance of community and resourcefulness for international students trying to stay afloat. Their stories are emblematic of broadertrendshighlightedinresearch. According to a study by Bound et al. (2016), the influx of international students at U.S. universities is not merely a result of increased global demand but also reflects how some universities respond to state budget cuts by admitting more high-paying foreign students. While these students bring valuable revenue to institutions, the challenges discussed can hinder their ability to fully integrate into universitylife.

Investing in international students pays dividends for the U.S. These students enrich campuses with their unique perspectives, contribute to innovation, and often remain in the country, strengthening its workforce. Their stories embody the promise of the American Dream, showcasing how education can be a transformative force. By supporting international students through equitable financial policies and compassionate resources, wenotonlyhelpthemsucceedbutalso strengthenthefabricofoursociety.

Content Warning: This article contains discussions of sexual assault and gun violence, which may be distressing to some readers.

Till the Last Breath:

Shauntanay’s Amazing Story of Defying the Grave

Interviewee:ShauntanayDavis

Interviewer:MarinaAlnaser,MS4

the face of challenges. I hope you enjoy the interview.

Can you tell us a little about your story?

Well, my story is a long one and I do not hide it anymore. There is nothing to be ashamed of. When I was a teenager (18), my heart was broken by a man. I turned to the wrong person who put me out in the street. I was feeling very insecure at the time, so I started dating an older man. He introduced me to the street business. After less than 72 hours of being in the streets, I decided to stop. I called my mom and asked her if she could pick me up. I was planning on going into hiding. The following morning of my last night, I had an eerie feeling that something bad was going to happen to me. While I was working that night, I ran into F. H., a complete stranger whom I refer to now as the devil in disguise. He paid me, and when I turned around from getting dressed, he had a gun pointed at me. He made me get undressed, and he put the gun to my head and raped me. When he was done, he asked for my money, said I could get dressed, and when I was getting out of his van, he put the barrel against my neck and shot me.

When I woke up, I tried to get up. I then realized I was shot in my neck and paralyzed. I told him, “Don’t let me die, I have a daughter.” He said, “I’m not going to let you die; I’m going to take you to St. Francis Hospital.” But he pulls into a vacant lot with bright lights and shoots me again in my mouth. I still didn’t die. He heard me breathing and spitting out my blood and broken teeth and said to me, “Bleep won’t you die.” He stops the van again and drags me, puts me in a headstand with my back against the back passenger seat and wraps the seat belt around my neck. I then felt myself dying. I asked for forgiveness and my eyes closed. I woke up again with my head dangling from the van. I believe he was in the process of dumping me. I remember closing my eyes frantically. When I woke up again, I was lying in an alley. I knew I was in an alley because I heard a party above me and dogs on the left side of me behind a fence barking. These dogs barked all night until their owner found me around 6 to 7 in the morning. I was rushed to the hospital. Before they could work on me, they had to vacuum ants off me and clean blood on me. I woke up after surgery and smiled at my family and flatlined. My family was told that I experienced too much trauma and wasn’t going to wake up. I woke up 3-4 days later. Ever since I have experienced many health complications in my life. But I still keep going.

You’ve been through so much and faced death multiple times. What kept you going?

Two things have been my anchors: my family, especially my daughter, and my faith. My daughter is in eighth grade now, and today is her graduation. I wanted to be there, but I’m stuck here. My sister will FaceTime me at the ceremony. The second anchor is my faith. As a Christian, my faith has deepened through all of this. I trusted God, and He guided me through these challenges. I’ve shared my story in various churches because I love life and refuse to give up. Therapy helped me come to terms with what happened, and I’m incredibly grateful for my supportive family and the opportunity to raise my daughter. My family fought for me in the hospital, and I fought for my life afterward. I pray to God every day.

You’ve probably been in the hospital multiple times. What can you tell us about the healthcare system and your experiences, both good and bad?

First of all, I want to express my gratitude to Loma Linda Hospital. The physicians here are exceptional, and the staff are always respectful. That’s why I chose to come here, despite the distance. In contrast, my experiences at other hospitals were less positive. For example, I remember a time when a couple of nurses at the nursing station were discussing me behind my back, talking about my past in a judgmental manner. I could hear them making complaints and jokes about other patients as well. It was both unprofessional and disrespectful. After that incident, I decided not to return to that hospital.

What made you pursue a degree in psychology?

I’m working on my psychology degree. My goal is to become a child psychologist. I was just listening to a lecture on this topic. I want to specialize in child therapy because I believe that family and environment play crucial roles in shaping a person’s behavior. For instance, I think the upbringing of the person who shot me significantly influenced who he became. Do you know I forgave him the moment he was sentenced to prison. He had committed a similar crime against another girl, who tragically died. After his sentence, I visited him at prison and told him that I had forgiven him.

Modern-day Slavery Modern-day Slavery

By Yeji Kim (MS4)

Human trafficking is often described as “modern-day slavery” and involves the exploitation of labor (including commercial sex) via force, fraud, or coercion. Since its establishment in 2007, the National Human Trafficking Hotline has identified 197,000 victims of human trafficking to date. During the year 2023 alone in the U.S., 30,162 cases were reported to the hotline involving 16,999 victims — both adults and children. Of the total cases reported to the hotline in 2023, the state of California had the highest number of cases, amounting to 11.73 percent. Victims can be of any age, ethnicity, sex, nationality, or immigration status; however, traffickers often target those who experience compounding forms of discrimination such as and not limited to disability, domestic violence, poverty, those who identify as LGBTQI+, those who are in the criminal justice system, runaway or homeless youth, undocumented workers, and individuals seeking asylum. Individuals who are smuggled across the U.S. border to evade immigration laws are also vulnerable to becoming victims of human trafficking. Globally, the “3P” paradigm focused on “Prevention”, “Prosecution” and “Protection” under the Trafficking in Persons Protocol (2000) is used as an international framework to combat human trafficking. “Prevention” aspect includes advocacy and actions that raise awareness to prevent trafficking and re-trafficking of victims. “Prosecution” involves access to legal advice, representation, and justice. “Protection” includes providing humanitarian assistance including shelter, counseling, education, medical care for victim safety and psychosocial support. The U.S. also follows this protocol in the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 and in the Palermo Protocol of 2004. A fourth “P” for “Partnership” was added in the U.S. model to hold accountable all aspects of our society to fight against human trafficking.

According to the U.S. 2024 Trafficking in Persons Report, the U.S. government fully met standards for the purpose of eliminating human trafficking. These efforts included increasing funding for service provision, increasing the number of nonimmigrant status approvals (which allows human trafficking victims to remain in the U.S. temporarily for up to 4 years), increasing the number of federal human trafficking prosecutions, and increasing enforcement of prohibition of imports made by forced labor.

Although these efforts are getting us further to eliminate human trafficking, there is still more work to be done. In some cases, victims were arrested for unlawful acts committed as a direct result of being trafficked, and some victims did not receive necessary protection during trials. Funding for specialized victim services and provisions for safe, affordable housing for survivors remains a need for improvement. The U.S. Trafficking in Persons Report includes a summary of specific recommendations for prioritized actions.

As healthcare providers, we are often privileged to work with vulnerable populations. We have a role to raise awareness for ourselves and for our community to aid in the fight against human trafficking. If you would like to learn more, the National Human Trafficking Hotline has a free course you can access here: https://polarisproject.org/training/.

Finitude

By Micheal Lee, MS4

The sunset sets sweetly, silently; Cloud-clad fire opal meets still, dark waves. Sunrise!-- day’s light rejoinder springs eastly From stars-flung space.

Glorious radiance! Each God-bless’d creature Sings its unflawed self Save one.

Failure’s grace to mankind alone is given. All hail the imperfection of the human.

Exploring Talent on Campus

Finitude:

a poem by Micheal Lee, MS4

Interview by Marina Alnaser, MS4

How did you start writing? What type of writing do you do?

I’ve been writing since I was a late teenager. For me, writing is a way for me to process and make meaning from my experiences, and also to better understand the world and my place in it, with all its diversity. To this end I journal and write short stories and poetry.

Can you tell us about “Finitude” and the meaning behind it? What inspired you to write it?

“Finitude” is about the limitations which are intrinsic to our humanity. Part of my own journey has been to accept that as a finite creature, it is impossible for me to be good at everything – and even in the arenas in which I consider myself talented, perfection will always at best be “the asymptote towards which I strive” (as Paul Kalanithi puts it in his book When Breath Becomes Air), never a truly realized outcome. Learning to recognize this for what it is – as both burden and grace, the gift and glorious cost of our mortal condition – has been a continual journey for me. For me, the writing of “Finitude” was a stepping-stone along the course of this journey. As far as artistic influences are concerned, I drew inspiration primarily from Gerard Manley Hopkins (“As Kingfishers Catch Fire”, “Pied Beauty”) and Christian Wiman (“Every Riven Thing”, My Bright Abyss). There are also resonances with Scott Aaronson’s prose-poem “We Are the God of the Gaps”.

I know that you are passionate about ethics and religion; how do you see this adding to your career in the future?

On his podcast “For the Life of the World”, the Christian theologian Miroslav Volf asks the question “What is a life worthy of our humanity?”. I have concluded (as I think he does) that one of the reasons we exist, self-referential as it may seem, is to promote one another’s flourishing. But the paradigm of flourishing transcends physical wellbeing; as an ideal, it also invokes a healthy connection to the transcendent. My religious commitments give me a paradigm for articulating my own aspirations for flourishing, and also cultivate my imagination to creatively envision how I can promote the flourishing of others.

What are your goals with writing?

There are several. I write to understand myself; I write to understand the world; I occasionally write to help others understand me and the world; and I write for the sheer joy of it. What other reasons could suffice?

Unmasking Global Human Trafficking Networks

OPERATION LIBERTERRA

By Brianna Egan, MS3

The intergovernmental police organization, Interpol, carried out a five-day operation on global human trafficking called Liberterra II from September 29 to October 4, 2024. The operation led to the rescue of 3,222 victims of human trafficking and the arrest of 2,517 individuals. At least 850 of the arrests were on human trafficking or migrant smuggling charges. This large-scale operation revealed the wide reach of human exploitation across the globe and uncovered the connections between organized crime dealing in people movement and drug and weapons trafficking.

To carry out this operation, Interpol, the International Criminal Police Organization, monitored 24,000 flights, performed 8 million checks against databases, and sent officers to known smuggling hotspots around the world. Interpol is composed of 196 member countries which share police data, forensics, criminal analysis, and assistance. The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) assisted in this international effort.

As part of the operation, authorities arrested: seven suspects in Algeria charged with money laundering and migrant smuggling, 11 members of a group in Montenegro accused of smuggling 350 migrants from Asia to the European Union, 25 people in Iraq operating a forced begging trafficking ring, and a group of doctors in Syria suspected of organ trafficking. They raided a warehouse in the Philippines where 250 people were engaged in romance scams on a large scale and are working to differentiate victims from perpetrators. They rescued 1,500 migrants (and arrested 94 suspected smugglers) in Turkey, and identified a growing number of Asian migrants, specifically Vietnamese, in the Americas. A team in Cameroon rescued 10 women from Vietnam and 4 women from China who were forced into prostitution.

The Interpol Director of Organized and Emerging Crime, Richard Chambers, described the operation as a long-term one that will require sustained vigilance and resources. In an interview with The National, he said: “Liberterra allowed us to really shine a spotlight on what can be achieved in one week, and those results were more than what I was expecting but I think it points to the significance of the problem. So what about 51 other weeks of the year?”

Chambers described how these organized crime groups are sophisticated, and that making arrests is not the end of the story. “The reality is that organized crime groups operate a business model. You can take out some players, but you've got to keep out taking the players that then fill those gaps. When countries make arrests it often leads to the next thing. Through those investigations, we find another group operating,” he said. “Our role is to keep to pace with it.”

The scale and insidious nature of organized human trafficking cannot be understated: the UNODC estimates 2.4 million people globally are forced into labor, generating illicit profits of $32 billion, and affecting every country in the world. Sexual exploitation is the most commonly identified manner of trafficking at 79%, followed by forced labor at 18%, with women comprising two-thirds of reported victims.

II

Christmas in January... Was Jesus Born Twice?

By Kirulus Amin, MS2

Have you ever wondered why Christmas is celebrated on different dates? For a little less than five centuries ChristmashasbeencelebratedonDecember25thandJanuary7th.However,itwasnotalwaysthisway.

History of the Early Christmas Celebrations

As of today, December 25th is the date chosen by most Christians around the world while January 7th is chosen by the majority of the Orthodox Christian Churches, which include the Coptic, Syrian, Russian, Indian, Ethiopian, and theEritreanOrthodoxChurchestonamesomeoftheChurches.Iwouldliketoexplainwhythedifferenceexists,and it is simply because of utilizing different calendars since 1582, which was the last year all Christians celebrated Christmas together. Since the 4th century, December 25th was agreed upon to be Christmas day according to the JulianCalendar,asitusedtobethewintersolsticebackthen.ThewintersolsticewaschosentobeChristmasdayto signifythatwiththebirthofChristthedaybecomeslongerwhilethenightshorter.

Celebrating Christmas in Today’s World

Fast forward to 1582, a mistake was found in the Julian Calendar that made every year end 8-9 minutes earlier, accounting for a deficit of 10 days by 1582. Thus, Pope Gregory XIII introduced the Gregorian calendar, which accounted for this deficit by jumping from October 5th to October 15th along with the removal of 3 days every 400 years to keep accounting for this deficit. Therefore, between 1582 and the present time the difference between the JulianandGregorianCalendarsbecome13days,andthatishowwearriveatthedateofJanuary7th.

Celebrating Christmas: A lens on Celebrating Christmas in Egypt

FortheCopticOrthodoxChurch,whichisbasedintheancientlandofEgypt,thereisalsotheancientCopticCalendar thatisstillbeingused,andthedateofChristmasaccordingtothiscalendarthatmatchedtheOriginalDecember25th is Kyiahk 29th, so the Coptic church till this day has mainly also been following the Coptic Calendar. Lastly, I would like to share my experience with celebrating Christmas as a Coptic Orthodox. We start preparing for the feast of Nativity with the Nativity fast that starts 43 days before the feast. On the eve of the feast, the Coptic Church celebrates the feast with a liturgy. After liturgy, we would gather at my grandmother’s house to celebrate together andwelcomeChristtoourheartsasconstantreminderofChristbeingthecenterofourlife.

Equity in Curriculum Survey

The Equity in Curriculum survey is a platform that the School of Medicine provides for students to be able to share their thoughts on any aspect of the curriculum or learning environment they think does not currently promote wholeness or belonging. This can be in response to a specific incident or a broader concern.

The process of what happens with the responses to this survey is as follows: If you choose to utilize the Equity in Curriculum survey, please be as specific as you can be in your responses (i.e. time, place, student-professor dynamics) as only then will the committee be able to properly respond to the concern. This is not a survey to complain or “get faculty/students in trouble,” but rather a way to identify where we can improve in promoting equity in our curriculum and on our campus. It was created to respond to students' perspectives in real-time, so please make use of it if there is something you'd like to express!

Only Dr. Hayton (Associate Dean of Physician Formation & Wholeness, School of Medicine) and Dr. Frederick (Associate Dean for Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion, School of Medicine) have access to the responses, which are reviewed regularly. Any specific comment is forwarded to the dean who oversees the course or area of curriculum it is referring to. The dean who receives the forward is asked to report back to Dr. Hayton and Dr. Frederick when feedback is given or what action has been taken. The summary of the comment and the action taken is reported to the DEI and SECEC committee quarterly. Students on those committees are asked to disseminate any relevant comments to classmates as needed.

Please use the following link to access the survey.

https://llu.co1.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_78PDMfde4h44DH0

References

Cover Page

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www.apa.org/topics/socioeconomic status/poverty-hunger-homelessness-children https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6348127/ https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2019/05/harvard-study-shows-exactly-how-poverty-impactschildrens-success/

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(1) https://www.technologyreview.com/2022/11/22/1063605/china-announced-a-new-social-credit-law-whatdoes-it-mean/

(2) https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles

(3) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-onartificial-intelligence

(4) https://www.splunk.com/en_us/blog/learn/ai-bill-ofrights.html#:~:text=What%20is%20The%20AI%20Bill,law%20enforcement%20and%20human%20rights.

(5) https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/ai-bill-of-rights/

(6) https://www.ncsl.org/technology-and-communication/artificial-intelligence-2024-legislation (7) https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/09/29/governor-newsom-announces-new-initiatives-to-advance-safe-andresponsible-ai-protect-californians/

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http://www.nber.org/papers/w22981

Page 5 & 6

Page 7 & 8

https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/human-trafficking-data-collection-activities-2024 https://combathumantrafficking.org/about-human-trafficking/? gad_source=1&gclid=CjwKCAiA9vS6BhA9EiwAJpnXw39UXR2qN6Mt4qH8rofTn-qEXdclLCHfLBauGQe3mtd5feM4igv5xoCQlYQAvD_BwE https://humantraffickinghotline.org/en/statistics Polaris Project. (n.d.). Human Trafficking Training. https://polarisproject.org/training/

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/25. (2000, November 15). Protocol to Prevent, https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-prevent-suppress-and-punishtrafficking-persons

https://www.unodc.org/pdf/human_trafficking/Brochure/UNVTF_Introductory_Brochure_Web.pdf https://www.unodc.org/documents/treaties/UNTOC/Publications/TOC%20Convention/TOCebook-e.pdf

https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/victims-of-human-trafficking-t-nonimmigrantstatus#:~:text=T%20nonimmigrant%20status%20enables%20certain,is%20a%20temporary%20immigration %20benefit

https://ctip.defense.gov/CTIP-Resources/Glossary/ https://www.acf.hhs.gov/otip/fact-sheet/resource/fshumantrafficking

https://www.state.gov/humantrafficking-about-human-trafficking/ https://www.aha.org/identifying-and-assisting-victims-human-trafficking

References

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https://www.thenationalnews.com/news/uk/2024/11/06/interpols-largest-human-trafficking-and-migrantsmuggling-operation-saves-thousands/ https://www.interpol.int/Who-we-are/What-is-INTERPOL

https://www.iom.int/news/saving-lives-and-protecting-migrants-operation-liberterra-ii https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/news/2024/November/global-raids-rescue-3-200-potential-victims-ofhuman-trafficking-and-identify-17-800-irregular-migrants.html

https://www.unodc.org/documents/human-trafficking/UNVTF_fs_HT_EN.pdf

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