Our nation’s government is operating within a new reality of fiscal uncertainty. The combination of reduced tax receipts and sharply higher spending has led to a growing deficit and a budget crisis that will be difficult to resolve. The foreseeable future holds much of the same, as a slow economic recovery is coupled with the projected rapid increases in entitlement spending associated with the Baby Boom generation entering retirement. The problems of government management are tougher and more complex than ever before. Finding the right solutions will depend on our ability to clearly identify the desired outcomes and understand how changes in processes and resources will affect those outcomes.