RWU Arch 515b Graduate Design Studio Booklet

Page 1

Basel Pavilion of Culture

Michael Loffredo Roger Williams University School of Art, Architecture, & Historic Preservation ARCH 515 Summer 2018 Prof. Roberto Viola Ochoa

Site Research

Site Intentions Spatial Intentions Building Design Building Envelope Future Adjustments / Changes

Section 3

Context Research

Section 2

Section 1

Table of Contents

B&W Formatted Set All Assignments Bibliography

1.1 Context Research

%DVHO 3DYLOLRQ RI &XOWXUH Introduction 6ZLW]HUODQG KDV IRUJHG RYHU WKH FHQWXULHV JUHDW DUWLVWLF WUDGLWLRQV ZKLFK FRPELQHG ZLWK VHHPLQJO\ SHUPDQHQW ¿ QDQFLDO VWDELOLW\ KDV UHVXOWHG LQ WKH À RXULVKLQJ RI WKH DUWV $V D UHVXOW %DVHO KDV QXPHURXV PXVHXPV FXOWXUDO LQVWLWXWLRQV DQG SULYDWH FROOHFWLRQV 2YHU WKH \HDUV PDQ\ RI WKHVH SULYDWH FROOHFWLRQV KDYH EHHQ RSHQ WR WKH SXEOLF PDNLQJ %DVHO RQH RI WKH FLWLHV ZLWK WKH KLJKHVW GHQVLW\ RI PXVHXPV LQ WKH ZRUOG 7KLV DWWUDFWV D YHU\ VSHFL¿ F W\SH RI WRXULVW WKDW LV ORRNLQJ IRU YHU\ VSHFL¿ F H[SHULHQFHV &XUUHQWO\ WKH FLW\ ODFNV D FHQWUDOL]HG VSDFH LQ ZKLFK WKHVH YLVLWRUV FDQ REWDLQ LQIRUPDWLRQ DQG EH JXLGHG WR WKH YDULRXV JDOOHULHV DQG PXVHXPV )RU WKLV UHDVRQ WKH FRQVRUWLXP RI PXVHXPV LV FRQVLGHULQJ ¿ QDQFLQJ WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI VXFK VSDFH DV D IRUP RI XUEDQ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH HOHPHQW WKDW FRXOG SURYLGH JXLGDQFH DQG DGGLWLRQDO QHFHVVDU\ VHUYLFHV 7KLV VWXGLR ZLOO GHWHUPLQH ZKHWKHU WKLV JHQHULF SURJUDP FDQ ULVH WR WKH OHYHO RI DUFKLWHFWXUH ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR ZD\ ¿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

ASSIGNMENT 1: BASEL Basel Characteristics Basel is located in northern Switzerland on the Rhine River, nestled between Germany and France. The Rhine begins its journey in southeastern Switzerland in WKH $OSV DQG ÀRZV LQWR WKH 1RUWK 6HD 7KH ULYHU KDV EHHQ historically used for trade purposes allowing for the importation of goods inland, from all over the world. Basel, a port city on the Rhine, experienced dramatic growth culturally, economically, and physically as a result of this trade. Situated directly on these borders leads to unique cosmopolitan opportunities in that, in one day, three countries can be visited. Furthermore, there is an abundance of cultural landmarks within the city of Basel. The city’s diverse history has resulted in Roman ruins, a series of parks, gardens, museums and private art collections. Within half an hour of the city center, there are nearly forty museums, and even more outside the of this radius. Basel is a cultural center because of the vast amount of art collections, events and fairs that occur within the city. The major trade route of the Rhine introduced Basel to numerous exotic plants, herbs, and medicines. 7RGD\ 6ZLW]HUODQG LV KRPH WR VL[W\ ¿YH SKDUPDFHXWLFDO companies and 338 biotechnology companies. Ultimately, ZLWK PHGLFLQH EHLQJ D VLJQL¿FDQW LQGXVWU\ LQ %DVHO WKH city has become a center for pharmaceuticals around the world supported with 120 life science companies. As a result of Basel’s thriving pharmaceutical industry, the city is able to fund its museums’ art collections, public art works, events and fairs. ,Q %DVHO RSHQHG LWV ¿UVW SDSHU PLOOV DQG today Basel is a major publishing center, serving much of Europe. The city is home to the University of Basel (1460), Switzerland’s oldest university . In the twentieth century, Switzerland preserved its historic architecture and art collections by remaining neutral during WWI and WWII. During the wars, Switzerland became a hub of healing and protection leading to the development of the Red Cross. Despite this preservation of its architectural history, Switzerland continues building contemporary architecture designed by famous architects, including Frank Gehry, Mario Botta, and Herzog & de Meuron. Basel is constantly experimenting with architecture while maintaining high standards. The European view of transportation emphasizes infrastructure development, encouraging mass transit, and Switzerland is no different. Where as Basel does KDYH DQ DLUSRUW LWœV PRVWO\ XVHG IRU VKLSSLQJ 0RVW ÀLJKWV into Switzerland land in Zurich, from which people take WKH WUDLQ WUROOH\ RU EXV WR WKHLU ¿QDO GHVWLQDWLRQ ,W ZRXOG take twice as long to arrive at a destination by driving as it would to take public transportation. Switzerland also has

a large amount of foreigners, 35.5% of the Swiss population are from other countries, including Germany, Italy, France and Turkey, and even people from India, Serbia, Spain and Portugal.

History of Switzerland On August 1st, 1291, three small cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden decided to join together and unite against the surrounding aggressors. A citizen from each Canton meet on the mountain Rutli and swears “We will be a one and only nation of brothers‌â€? which lead to the terms “Eidgenossenschaftâ€? or “Confederationâ€?. In 1332 the Canton of Luzern joins the Confederation, and in 1351 Zurich joins in as well. In 1352, Glarus and Zug join in, and one year later Bern joins as well, forming the, “acht alten Orteâ€? or the, “Eight Old Placesâ€?. In 1481 Fribourg and Solothurn join the Swiss Confederation and in 1501, Basel and Schaffhausen do as well. A few years later, in 1513, Appenzell joins in. In 1648 at the end of the 30-year war Switzerland breaks off of Germany and Declares its Independence. In 1803 Sankt Gallen, Graubunden, Thurgau, Ticino, Aargau, and Vaud joins the Swiss FederaWLRQ $QG LQ 9DODLV 1HXFKDWHO DQG *HQHYH MRLQ WKH )HGHUDWLRQ DQG 6ZLW]HUODQG JHWV LWV ÂżQDO ERUGHUV ,Q Jura breaks off from Bern and becomes a new Canton of 6ZLW]HUODQG WKH WK DQG ÂżQDO &DQWRQ

5 Regions In Switzerland, there are a total of 5 types of region, Jura, Central Plateau, Prealps, Alps and Southern Alps. The Jura makes up about 12% of the northwestern region of Switzerland. Image 1 is the Jura mountain landscape. It mostly consists of mountains and forest. The KLJKHVW SRLQW LV IHHW 7KH &HQWUDO 3ODWHDX PDNHV XS about 30% northern region of Switzerland. Image 2 is the city of Zug located in the Central Plateau. This region is WKH IDLUO\ ÀDW DQG KLOO\ LQ 6ZLW]HUODQG 7KH KLJKHVW SRLQW LV about 2,300 feet. This area is mostly used for transportation. The Prealps makes up about 14% of the north and eastern region of Switzerland. Image 3 is Interlaken landscape, showing the mountains and forested area. The Alps makes up a total of 35% of Switzerland. Image 4 is the village of Vals; the landscape shows the steep mountains and valley. Most the Alps are glaciers. The highest point is 13,000 feet. The lowest point is 8,200 feet. The Southern Alps makes up about 9% of Switzerland. Image 5 is the town of Biasca. The own is located in the valley, ZKHUH LWœV WKH ÀDWWHVW DUHD DQG VXUURXQGHG E\ PRXQWDLQV The highest point is 988 feet.

Languages In Switzerland, the main 4 language used are German, French, Italian, Romansh and others. The rich KLVWRU\ DQG QHLJKERU FRXQWULHV KDV PXFK LQĂ€XHQFH RQ WKH Swiss choice of language. In Basel, the main language that is Swiss-German or German. Image 1 - Zura - Zura Landscape

Image 2 - Central Plateau - City of Zug

Image 3 - Prealps - Internlaken Village

Image 3 - Alps - Village of Vals

Image 3 - Southern Alps - Biasca

History of Basel ,Q %& WKH ÂżUVW IRXQGDWLRQV RI D 5RPDQ VHWWOHment appeared on the banks of the Rhine after the Celtic Rauraci tribe defeated. After 58 AD, the Romans built a IRUWLÂżHG EDVH RQ WKH 0 QVWHU KLOO ZKLFK UHFHLYHG LWV QDPH from the cathedral built on the hill several centuries later. In 260 AD, Roman troops left Switzerland to protect other borders, leaving Switzerland to be raided and sacked by the Alemanni, a Germanic tribe . The Romans never fully recovered the land they left unprotected, many towns were abandoned and some were taken apart and the material used to fortify Basel and Geneva. In 401 AD, the Romans completely withdrew from Switzerland, leaving the territory to the Burgundians, who were placed there to protect against the Huns, and the Alamanni. The Burgundians spoke French and thee Alamanni spoke German, which is why the most common languages spoken in Switzerland are French and German. German in the north and central areas and French in the west. ,Q WKH WK FHQWXU\ WKH VHDW RI WKH %LVKRSV ZDV moved from August to Basel and this began the religious UXOH LQ %DVHO ,Q +XQJDULDQV DWWDFNHG WKH FLW\ GHstroying Basel and killing Bishop Rudolph. In 1006, Emperor Henry II, King of Germany, established the civil power of the Bishop in Basel, to rule the small town with a population of 2,000. This mandate granted Bishop Adalbert II all the political and religious power in Basel; Bishop Adalbert II consecrated the Basel Cathedral in 1019 with Holy Roman Emperor Henry II in attendance. The Bishops continued to rule over Basel until 1392. Basel continued to grow under the control of %LVKRS %XUFKDUG YRQ )HQLV ZKR FRPPLVVLRQHG WKH ÂżUVW WRZQ ZDOO DQG PRQDVWHU\ LQ 7KH FLW\ EHJDQ WR Ă€RXUish after the monks from Cluny funded the canals. These encouraged industry to develop, leading to paper mills on WKH 5KLQH ,Q D JUHDW ÂżUH EXUQHG GRZQ WKH FLW\ OHDYing only a small portion of the original wall remains. ,Q WKH ÂżUVW ZRRGHQ EULGJH ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG under Bishop Henry of Thoune, spanning the Rhine and opening up development in what is now called Kleinbasel. Around this time, the population had grown to about 8,000. The bridge was later rebuilt in stone between 1903 and 1906, and is now known as Middle Bridge or Mittlere Rheinbrucke. The population of Basel dramatically declined during the 1348 - 49 “Black Deathâ€?. The Jewish inhabitants of basel were blamed for the plague and accused of poisoning the wells because they were not as affected by the plague. Such anti-semitism led to the “Black Massacreâ€? of January 9th, 1349, in which six hundred Jewish

residents were shackled inside a wooden barn on an island on the Rhine, and set ablaze. A few orphans survived and were forced to convert to Christianity. But the tragedies of the decade did not stop there. On October 18th 1356, the largest earthquake in Central Europe in recorded history devastated Basel. The earthquake occured late LQ WKH HYHQLQJ DQG OHG WR XQFRQWUROOHG ¿UHV WKURXJKRXW WKH city. Almost everything in a 19 mile radius of Basel was destroyed including an estimated three hundred souls. 7KH TXDNH DQ HVWLPDWHG WR EH D WR D UDQJLQJ RYHU many different scales over time) was felt as far away as Zurich. Due to the plague and the earthquake the Bishops started to lose power over Basel in 1356. The Bishops had stopped living in Basel in the 1330’s, about the same time that the Council formed, which was made up of guilds, noblemen and upper class families. Due to economic problems the Bishops were forced to sell their rights to the city, to the Council bit by bit. In 1362 construction began on the outer walls of the town, but due to power struggles between the Bishops and the Council, WKH\ ZHUH QRW FRPSOHWHG XQWLO ,Q WKH %LVKRS ¿OHG IRU EDQNUXSWF\ LQ WKH &RXQFLO SXUFKDVHG WKH status of Free Imperial City, and in 1392 the City bought Kleinbasel from the Bishop. This resulted in a complete loss of power amongst the Bishops, their only remaining roles within the city ceremonial ones. Industry began to thrive with the opening of paper mills in 1433 along the Rhine and its canals. Basel University,the oldest in Switzerland, began its construction in 1460. In 1501 Basel accepts the offer to join the Swiss Confederation. This ultimately served as a means of proWHFWLQJ %DVHO DV LW EHFRPHV XQL¿HG ZLWK VLPLODUO\ VLWXDWHG cantons. The country of Switzerland is divided into state like structures called cantons. became independent from the German Empire as a result of the Peace Congress of Munster and Osnabruck in Westphalia which concluded WKH 7KLUW\ <HDU :DU LQ ,Q WKH %DVHO &RXQFLO and University join resources to purchase the Amerbach DUW FROOHFWLRQ FUHDWLQJ WKH ¿UVW SXEOLF DUW FROOHFWLRQ LQ WKH world. %\ WKH SRSXODWLRQ RI %DVHO UHDFKHG RYHU 7KH %DVHO 5HYROXWLRQ RI JUDQWHG WKH SRSXlation of Basel Country the same legal rights as the population of the town. And in 1833, the Canton of Basel separated into two half-cantons, that is why Basel is known as the Split-Canton; Basel City, or Stadt Basel, and Basel Land.

44 BC Romans defeat the Celtic Tribe Rauraci. 58 Romans build a fort on the hill that the cathedral stands today.

260

0

120-44 BC CELTIC SETTLEMENT

Roman troops left and Switzerland was attached leading to the languages that are now predominantly spoken today; French and German.

44 BC – 401 CE ROMAN SETTLEMENT

1647 30-Year war ends, Switzerland becomes an independent country.

1225 1080 First Town Wall built and the First Monastery.

First wooden bridge built to span the Rhine; opens up Klein Basel and was rebuilt with stone in 1903

Railway reaches Basel

1433 First paper mills open

1833

1914-45 Throughout the wars Switzerland declares neutral and develops the Red Cross.

Basel splits into 2; Klein Basel and Gross Basel

1185 A great ÂżUH EXUns down the city

917

1854

1349-56 Black Death plague, Black Massacre and larges earthquake in record history

Attacked by Hungarians Settlement destroyed.

1953

1460 University of Basel

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2018

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1501

1815

Growth of Basel Since its origins in 44 BC, Basel has continued to expand from its historic center and has developed into D VLJQL¿FDQW (XURSHDQ FLW\ $V D UHVXOW RI WKH FLW\œV ORcation on the Rhine, a major contributor to its economic success, Basel has grown radially outward from its natural center. In addition to the city expanding along the Rhine, Basel also grew along the Birsig. The Birsig river is much smaller than the Rhine and was heavily altered in shape to accommodate structures for housing and industry. Buildings were built directly against the river and FRQVWUDLQHG WKH ULYHUV ÀRZ DV LW WUDYHOHG WKURXJK %DVHO The Birsig continued to serve the city; however, it quickly became polluted with both industrial and human waste. The constant buildup of waste in the river led to a series RI ÀRRGV WKDW JUHDWO\ LPSDFWHG WKH LQIUDVWUXFWXUH RI WKH FLW\ 1RW RQO\ GLG WKH ULYHU SRVH HQRUPRXV LVVXHV WR WKH stability of surrounding buildings, but also introduced a series of epidemics including cholera and typhus fever. Ultimately, Basel’s government decided to cover the river where it entered the city to prevent further disasters. The ULYHU EHFDPH RI¿FLDOO\ FRYHUHG LQ WKH V Currently, the city is bordered by modern industrial facilities as well as the cities main cemeteries and public gardens. The heart of the city is primarily organized by residential, civic and cultural buildings. Any of these urban elements are located in the oldest parts of the Basel. Beyond the border of the city, the land primarily consists RI DJULFXOWXUDO ¿HOGV DQG VXEXUEDQ QHLJKERUKRRGV %DVHO has grown to become part of a network of cities that exist at the northern border of Switzerland, each within their own country. Basel is closely linked to Mulhouse, France to the northwest and Freiburg, Germany to the northeast. The distance between these cities allow for easy commuting for both work and leisure. When the railway system reached Basel in 1854, it had a major impact on the city’s economic and cultural development, connecting Basel to the rest of Switzerland and other European countries. ,Q WKH SRSXODWLRQ UHDFKHG DIWHU ZKLFK LW JURZV UDSLGO\ XQWLO LW SHDNHG LQ DW ,Q WKH &RQQHFW )HGHUDO +LJKZD\ ZDV EXLOW FUHDWLQJ a ten-lane highway over the Rhine. This development allows people to live outside the city and commute to work, causing the population of Basel to decrease til 2010 when LW UHDFKHG EXW DV RI LW KDV EHHQ RQ WKH ULVH WR

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Urban Framework Quarters: The city divided Unlike most cities, Basel is organized into quarters rather than standard districts. These divisions of the city are based on the use and history of the urban framework in the area.In total, Basel has nineteen quarters. The center of the City is divided into two quarters, one on each bank of the Rhine. These two areas are called Grossbasel and Kleinbasel. Grossbasel, which translates to Large Basel, and Kleinbasel, meaning Small Basel, are the oldest parts of the city. The edges of Grossbasel and Kleinbasel are delineated by the original city walls. The old city is much denser than the rest of Basel. Grossbasel developed inside of a city wall while also bordering two large rivers, the Birsig and the Rhine. As a result of the proximity of buildings to the Birsig, the current city blocks are very dense. When the river was covered, the central regions of the blocks that surrounded the river became open spaces accommodating the adjoining buildings. Aside from these few open spaces, the majority of Grossbasel contains little open space. As the city grew, it continued to expand radially. Therefore, the quarter adjacent to Grossbasel wraps around the original city and is referred to as Vorstädte. While vorstädte translates to “suburbs”, it doesn’t mean suburbs in the modern sense of the term, but as an area which was once beyond the old city walls and served as residences for the expanding city. Vorstädte still serves this function today, however, at D PXFK PRUH XUEDQ VFDOH 2WKHU TXDUWHUV FDQ EH GH¿QHG by their industrial or agricultural character. For example, south of Vorstädte is Bruderholz which is composed primarily of residential housing and apartment buildings that are much smaller and suburban in scale. The rest of this quarter is composed of agricultural land.

Development of Basel’s Infrastructure As one of the most environmentally conscious nations in the world, Switzerland’s extensive public transportation network encourages people to use the trains, buses, and cycling routes to get around the city. Switzerland has around 28,000 public transportation stops, approximately one stop for every half a mile. The longest tram line in Europe is located within Basel, with a record 15 mile track that runs from Dornach to Rodersdorf. Switzerland, also known for the fastest and longest rail tunnel in the world, has a total of 1,800 tunnels used within their railroad networks. These electric and hydro powered engines travel at a speed of 155 mph. Everyday a total of WUDLQV WUDYHUVH WKURXJK WKH *RWWKDUG WXQQHO WKH ¿UVW tunnel built in Switzerland). In addition to travelling by land, Basel also conWDLQV 6ZLW]HUODQGœV VHDSRUW ZKLFK ERDVWV ¿IWHHQ YHVVHOV that operate on inland waterways. On these river routes, LW LV QRW XQFRPPRQ WR VHH WKH /DNH 1DYLJDWLRQ &RPSDQ\ which uses – Europe’s largest self-propelled ships. The tri-national city in the making is composed of Basel,Switzerland, Ballon d’Alsace, France and Badischer Belchen, Germany. The Tri-national Agglomeration Basel (TAB) is the national and less of their political border to close off urban spaces. This border helps organize the city’s urban spaces; cemeteries, industrial areas, ports, community gardens and urban streets, that make it GLI¿FXOW WR HVWDEOLVKHG SXEOLF DUHDV +HU]RJ GH 0HXURQ and Zaugg, 1992). The form of the city was developed based on the overlapping of the various 3 various cities. In the diagram, it highlights the current conditions to future focuses of Basel. The transportation infrastructure also functions as a border crossing, encouraging economic growth for business including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, and chemical industries that are currently based in Basel.

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Green and open spaces in Basel History: As in many European cities, Basel historically has had many green open spaces around and inside the city walls. When the urban fabric started to expand, the agriculWXUDO ODQGV ZHUH WKH ¿UVW WR EH RFFXSLHG 7KH southern part of the city contained a large proportion of agricultural lands inside the ZDOO 7KH DPRXQW RI JUHHQ VSDFHV ZHUH HYHQ JUHDWHU WR WKH QRUWK 7KH DJULFXOWXUDO ODQGV DQG RSHQ JUHHQ VSDFHV DUH UHDGLO\ HYLGHQW LQ the aerial photos and maps.

Open space and parks today: Basel has a chain of open spaces including SDUNV JDUGHQV SOD\JURXQGV VSRUWV ¿HOGV and public areas.Connected to the green area’s chain, are three forests to the east and QRUWKHDVW RI %DVHO 7KHVH W\SHV RI VSDFHV are spread throughout the city, assuring that HYHU\ GLVWULFW KDV DFFHVV WR WKH QDWXUDO HQYLURQPHQW :DWHU HOHPHQWV IURP WKH 5KLQH WR VZLPPLQJ SRROV SOD\ D VLJQL¿FDQW UROH LQ Map 1 most of these open spaces. Many of these SDUNV DUH ORFDWHG LQ WKH SUHYLRXV DJULFXOWXUDO lands that surrounded the old city. 7KH GLႇHUHQW VW\OHV RI DUFKLWHFWXUH LQ %DVHO DUH UHÀHFWHG LQ KRZ WKHVH RSHQ VSDFHV ORRN 0RVW RI WKH SDUNV LQ %DVHO KDYH D XQLTXH GHVLJQ SURYLGLQJ GLႇHUHQW H[SHULHQFHV IRU YLVLWRUV )RU H[DPSOH (UOHQPDWW 3DUN LV designed in a contemporary style, the landscape sprinkled with benches, pergolas, and VOLGHV 7ZR PLOHV WR WKH HDVW KRZHYHU :HQ.HQ 3DUN KDV D PHGLHYDO VW\OHG YLOOD ZLWK D IUHQFK JDUGHQ 7KHVH GLႇHUHQFHV DUH PRUH GUDPDWLF ZKHQ REVHUYLQJ WKH RSHQ VSDFHV RQ WKH 5KLQH DV RSSRVHG WR WKH LQQHU FLW\ 7KH SURMHFW VLWH LV FHQWUDOO\ ORFDWHG DPRQJVW WKH SXEOLF DUHDV ,W LV MXVW D WHQ PLQXWH GULYH from all other open spaces in Basel.

Aerial

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PARKS AND OPEN SPACES IN BASEL 1-Kannenfeld Park 2-St. Johanns Park 3-Schützenmatt Park 4-Petersplatz 5- Basel zoo 6-Pruntrutermatte 7-Margarethen Park 8-Elisabethenanlage 9-Schwarz Park 10-Merian Garden 11-Park in Gruen 12-Solitude 13-Rosentalanlage 14-Claramatte 15-Erlenmatt Park 16-Tierpark Lange Erlen 17-Horburgpark 18-Wenken Park Open Public spaces Agricultural lands 6SRUWV ¿HOGV DQG VSDFHV

Parks and zoos

Forests

1-Kannenfeld Park

4- Flea Market

20

7-Margarethen

2-St. Johanns

5- Basel Zoo

8-Elisabethenanlage

3-SchĂźtzenmatt

6-Pruntrutermatte

9-Schwarz Park

10- Merian Garden

13-Rosentalanlage

16-Tierpark Lange

11-Park in Gruen

14- Claramate

17-Horburgpark

12-Solitude

15-Erlenmatt Park

18-Wenken Park

21

Architecture Just like many other cities in Europe, Basel also has the origins of roman settlement. However, not much RI WKH 5RPDQ LQĂ€XHQFH UHPDLQV LQ WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH PRVWly can be found in the undergrounds and outside of BaVHO ,QVWHDG WKHUH LV D KHDY\ JHUPDQ EXLOGLQJ LQĂ€XHQFHV around the buildings. This can be mainly seen by the roof and the window types that are used. Buildings are thin,and mostly attached to one another. The cathedrals, on the other hand, has mainly romanesque style, with gothic arFKLWHFWXUH LQĂ€XHQFHV 2YHUDOO VLQFH %DVHO LV D FLW\ WKDW LV still growing and developing,there are more contemporary buildings being built as well. This can especially can be seen on the other side of Rhein river, around Kleinbasel area and its surroundings.

Museums and Private Collectors Basel is a city that homes many museums and art galleries. The old city especially homes many of the important museums of the city. There are not just historical museums but there are also many art related museums. 7KH VLWH VSHFLÂżFDOO\ HVSHFLDOO\ LV VXUURXQGHG E\ PDQ\ of these museums. Kunstmuseum, History Museum, Cartoon Museum, Dollhouse, Music Museum, Basler Papiermuhle, AntikMuseum, Museum der Kulturen Basel, MuVHXP 7LQJXHO 0XVHXP .OHLQHVJHQWDO 1DWXUKLVWRULVFKHV Museum are the few of the many of the museums that can be found in the city. Switzerland is one of the countries that home art collectors. Among 200 worlds biggest collectors, 13 of them are in this country. Wealthy patrons, both individuals, and companies have contributed to the development of Swiss museums throughout the 20th century. Oskar Reinhart in, for instance, was given to the federal government. Geneva, Baden, Zurich, and Basel are the cities that have these collections. Emanuel Hoffman Foundations, Schaulager, Beyler Foundation and Art Basel Parcours are some of the private collectors that can be found in the city of Basel.There are many art galleries that present modern and contemporary artwork from around the world, with art shows and exhibitions, next to panels and discussions. There are also many occasions where they actually sell artwork as well. Majority of these arts are presented/sold by private collectors. The most popular one is “Art Baselâ€?, ZKLFK LV RZQHG E\ D QRQ SURÂżW SULYDWH RUJDQL]DWLRQ ,W ZDV IRXQG E\ (UQVW %H\HOHU LQ 7RGD\ LW LV DOVR SUHVHQWHG in Hong Kong and Miami. Just in Basel, they have 284 galleries from 33 countries and holds exhibitions for more than 4,000 artists.

Responsive Design Strategies Swiss Vernacular Architecture Buildings in the Swiss climate require considerations for heating strategies for the entire year. By using passive design strategies, active heating can be avoided in the summer, mitigated in the colder seasons, and active cooling can be avoided all together. The most effective passive design strategies in this climate include:

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Internal Heat Gain: This strategy uses the heat created by its inhabitants and mechanical systems (such as lighting) to heat the building. To achieve this strategy, a tight envelope and insulation is important. Low Mass Solar Gain: /RZ PDVV WLJKWO\ VHDOHG EXLOGLQJV ZLWK VXIÂżFLHQW LQVXODWLRQ rapidly store the radiation it is exposed to in the morning. The tight seal will also maximize internal heat gain and keep interior temperatures more uniform (especially important in the winter months when there is so little solar radiation). A compact building with less surface area exposed will also lose less heat in the cold environment, and be less susceptible to drafts. Passive Solar Heating: Orient windows and glass toward the South to maximize sun exposure in the winter and use overhangs/ shades in the summer. Insulating shades can also be used at night in the winter to prevent heat loss. Trees should not be planted in front of these windows.

PITCHED ROOFS

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Sun Shading of Windows: When the temperatures are warm, block the solar radiation from heating the building by shading the windows. Pitched Roofs: Pitched roofs are better at collecting radiation in the ZLQWHU DQG DUH JHQHUDOO\ FRROHU LQ WKH VXPPHU WKDQ ÀDW roofs. They can also be used to protect the building from wind conditions. Steep roofs are ideal for shedding precipitation. Green Roofs: If the roof is of an appropriate slope, Swiss law mandates that they be green roofs. The vegetation on the roof is ideal for the improvement of air quality, adding humidity as well as oxygen in to the air, as well as the mitigating effect it has on the various weather conditions. It moderates the teperature experienced, the thermal mass lowers the temperature within the building in the heat of summer, while acting as additional insulation, keeping the warmth inside the building during the winter. This moderation assists in the lowering of the consumption of energy by the building. Green roofs absorb precipitation, and WKURXJK LWV ¿OWUDWLRQ VORZV WKH ÀRZ RI ZDWHU WR WKH HDUWK This allows the water table to collect more water than it ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH ,W DOVR PLWLJDWHV SRWHQWLDO ÀRRGLQJ RI WKH streets.

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Responsive Design Strategies Swiss Vernacular Architecture Evaporative Cooling and Ventilation: This strategy is helpful in the warmer summer months when humidity is lower. The vegetation from green roofs also have an evaporative cooling effect. This strategy requires a breeze to carry the additional moisture. Opening windows to allow the breeze into the building helps cool the structure in the summer months. Wind Protection: When temperatures and humidity leave the comfort zone, the comfort of the outdoor space can be extended by protecting it from the wind. Wind protection is also EHQHÂżFLDO LQ ZLQWHU (QWU\ ZD\V VKRXOG EH SURWHFWHG WR avoid snow drifts. Ideally, the side of the building that recieves the most winter wind is used as storage space, providing an exra insulative layer between drafts and the occpied space.

1.2 Site Research

Why this Site? The site chosen to be the new cultural center in %DVHO KDV D GLYHUVH KLVWRU\ WKDW UHYHDOV WKH VLJQLÂżFDQFH of the location. Primarily, the site serves as a bridge between two of the city’s oldest Quarters. Located just outside Grossbasel, the new cultural center will be located in Vorstädte. Located in an open space between several museums, two churches, and a theater, the site has a diverse history in terms of what uses it served. 2ULJLQDOO\ WKH %LUVLJ ULYHU RSHQO\ Ă€RZHG WR WKH ZHVW RI the site. Where the Birsig met the original city wall there ZDV D ZDWHU JDWH WR DOORZ WKH ULYHU WR Ă€RZ WKURXJK %DVHO 7KH VLWH VHUYHG VSHFLÂżFDOO\ DV D ODQG JDWH WR HQWHU WKH city. Before the river was covered, it posed issues to the structures on the site in a similar fashion to the issues it FDXVHG WKH UHVW RI *URVVEDVHO 6SHFLÂżFDOO\ RQH RI WKH ÂżUVW recorded uses of the site after the city expanded was a monastery for reformed Basel prostitutes in 1230. This use quickly changed and the monastery served all of WKH FLW\ÂśV ZRPHQ 8OWLPDWHO\ WKH FRQVWDQW Ă€RRGLQJ RI WKH Birsig continuously damaged the structure. In addition, an intentional burning, and a partial collapse occurred during the monastery’s long history. After a widespread RXWEUHDN RI D SODJXH FDXVH E\ WKH ÂżOWK\ %LUVLJ PDQ\ RI the nuns passed away or left the convent in 1520. THis ultimately led to the abolishment of the monastery. The VWUXFWXUH VHUYHG EULHĂ€\ DV DQ RUSKDQDJH EHIRUH EHLQJ converted into a barracks for Basel’s soldiers. Between the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries the site served DV D FRXUWKRXVH D VFKRROKRXVH DQG ÂżQDOO\ D WKHDWHU 6,7( *(1(5$/ ,1)2 Basel Switzerland has mild, damp summers and cold, dry winters. From July to August the temperatures range from 65 to 82 degrees F. From January to February the temperatures are between 28 and 45 degrees F. In the spring and in the autumn, temperatures are between 46 and 59 degrees F. Our site gets the most sun around noon and generally more solar radiation in the summer. Over all the radiation is relatively low the majority of days. It is common to use oil to heat buildings in the colder weather of winter and to use natural ventilation and sunshades to cool buildings in the summer. Our site does not get a lot of wind. Even in the months with heaviest wind, the wind speed is only between 10-15 mph.

6,7( $57 $5&+,7(&785( $1' 086(806 This site has been home to Theater Basel since 1834. 7KH ¿UVW WKHDWHU KHOG VHDWV ZKLFK ZDV TXLWH ODUJH considering the city’s population of 26,000 people. In D ODUJHU WKHDWHU ZDV FRQVWUXFWHG EXW ZDV RQO\ HQMR\HG IRU WKLUW\ \HDUV ZKHQ LW EXUQHG GRZQ LQ D ¿UH RQ 2FWREHU WK 7KH FXUUHQW WKHDWHU EXLOW LQ LV WKH

fourth building that they have had. Once the new building was built, the old building was taken down. The new Theater Basel, designed by Black & Gutmann, features a large hall that seats 1,000 people, and a smaller hall that seats 320 people. The foyer also occasionally hosts performances. ,Q WKH 7LQJXHO\ )RXQWDLQ ZDV LQVWDOOHG QH[W WR RXU site. Tinguely placed his fountain on the site of the original city gate used to enter Grossbasel. Additionally, the pool VLJQLÂżHV WKH ORFDWLRQ RI WKH ROG FLW\ WKHDWHUÂśV VWDJH ,WÂśV D shallow pool, lined with black asphalt, with nine kinetic sculptures. The sculptures are constantly moving, like they are playing in the water and talking to each other, a nod to the past mimes, actors and performers that graced the stage. In June of 1992, Richard Serra craned in four 20 ton sheets of steel for his installation “Intersectionâ€? in the Theaterplatz plaza. While it was only intended to be there for the duration of the exhibit, the city purchased the installation for one million dollars and made it a permanent Âż[WXUH 1H[W WR RXU SURMHFW VLWH LV WKH .XQVWKDOOH %DVHO ZKLFK KDV been a major art museum of the city since it was opened LQ 2Q LWV RSHQLQJ QLJKW WKH PXVHXP 3UHVLGHQW Johann Jakob Im Hof, said the goal for the Kunsthalle LV ÂłWR SURYLGH D SODFH IRU WKH ÂżQH DUWV WKDW ZRXOG IRVWHU friendly relations between artists and art lovers and would stimulate, promote and spread artistic interest in its hometown.â€? Located between the Theater and the Concert hall, it served as the third point unifying the ÂżQH DUWV PXVLF DQG WKHDWHU $FFRUGLQJ WR WKH .XQVWKDOOH Basel’s mission statement, the museum “sees itself today as an interface between artists and art agents, a meeting place for local and international contemporary art and a hub for critical discourses about creating art and bringing it to a wider public.â€? The Kunsthalle is unlimited in its collection scope, serving as a connection to different styles and types of art.

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Site Transportation and Land Usage The diagrams on this page shows the land usage of the site and different types of transportation and their paths.

Site History Site was an original gate in Basel. It is on top of the the Birsig River. You can still see the convergence of the Birsig River and Rhine River.

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Site Arts, Architecture & Museums The site is currently located on the border of two of Basel’s lodgings. Directly north of the site is Grossbasel. The block of the theater is located in Vorstädte, the original suburban area outside of the city walls. Originally, these two lodgings were separated by the city wall which no longer exists there today. ,Q WKH 7LQJXHO\ )RXQWDLQ ZDV LQVWDOOHG QH[W to our site. The pool actually is where the stage was for the old city theater. It’s a shallow pool, lined with black asphalt, with nine kinetic sculptures in the pool. The sculptures are constantly moving, like they are playing in the water and talking to each other, sort of like a nod to the past mimes, actors and performers that graced the stage before. In June of 1992, Richard Serra craned in four 20 tons sheets of steel for his installation of “Intersectionâ€? in the plaza, Theaterplatz. It was only intended to be there for the exhibit then taken out, but he decided to sell it to %DVHO DV D SHUPDQHQW Âż[WXUH IRU PLOOLRQ GROODUV The site has been home to the Theater Basel VLQFH 7KH ÂżUVW WKHDWHU KHOG VHDWV ZKLFK was quite large large considering the city only had about SHRSOH ,Q D QHZ ELJJHU DQG EHWWHU WKHDWHU ZDV EXLOW XQWLO LW ZDV EXUQHG GRZQ LQ D ÂżUH RQ 2FWREHU WK 7KH WKHDWHU WKDW VWDQGV WKHUH WRGD\ LV WKH IRXUWK EXLOGLQJ WKDW WKH\ KDYH KDG DQG LW ZDV EXLOW LQ Once the new building was built, the old building was taken down. The new Theater Basel was designed by Black & Gutmann and holds 1,000 seats in the big hall, and a smaller hall for different types of performances holds 320 seats. The foyer could also be used for performances. 1H[W WR RXU VLWH LV WKH .XQVWKDOOH %DVHO ZKLFK LV a major art museum of the city since it was built in 1869 2Q LWV RSHQLQJ QLJKW WKH 3UHVLGHQW RI WKH PXVHXP Johann Jakob Im Hof said that the goals for the KunsWKDOOH LV ÂłWR SURYLGH D SODFH IRU WKH ÂżQH DUWV WKDW ZRXOG foster friendly relations between artists and art lovers and would stimulate, promote and spread artistic interest in its hometown.â€? Sited between the Theater and the Concert KDOO LW VHUYHG DV WKH WKLUG SRLQW XQLI\LQJ WKH ÂżQH DUWV PXsic and theater. “The Kunsthalle Basel sees itself today as an interface between artists and art agents, a meeting place for local and international contemporary art and a hub for critical discourses about creating art and bringing it to a wider public.â€? The Kunsthalle serves as a connection to the different styles and types of art, it does not limit itself to only one type.

ASSIGNMENT 1: Environmental Conditions of Basel, Switzerland

47°33’ 11â€?N, 7°35’ 23â€? E Presented by:

Shaikha Alhaqqan Hannah Bate Kellyn Biela Jacob Jessen

KĂśppen Climate Types of Europe

KĂśppen Climate Types of Switzerland

Switzerland is a European nation, nestled between France, Germany, Austria, and Italy. As LV GHSLFWHG E\ WKH .ऺSSHQ PDS LW LV DW WKH SRLQW of convergence point of several major European FOLPDWHV 7KH .ऺSSHQ FODVVLÂżFDWLRQ V\VWHP describes climatic and environmental conditions and their variations by categorizing the map ZLWK D FRORU DQG OHWWHULQJ V\VWHP 7KH ÂżUVW OHWWHU RI WKH V\VWHP GHÂżQHV WKH WHPSHUDWXUH FULWHULD “Aâ€? being the warmest and “Eâ€? the coldest. As the map illustrates, Switzerland settles in the three coldest categorizations. The second letter LQGLFDWHV ZKHQ WKH GU\ VHDVRQ LV Âł)´ VLJQLÂżHV there is no dry season. The third letter further indicates how warm the summer or cold the ZLQWHU LV )RU 'IF 'IE DQG &IE WKH IRXU ZDUPHVW months of the year are 50°- 71°F. Winters in the northern plateau of Switzerland experience mild, damp winters. The North Arctic areas bring dry cold air. The higher altitudes, however, have much harsher conditions and are categorized by KĂśppen as Tundra, Icecap, and Subarctic. These higher elevations experience precipitation mainly as snow. From the west, Switzerland receives mild and moist air masses IURP WKH 0LG $WODQWLF 'ULIW ZKLFK KDV D ZDUPLQJ HႇHFW LQ ZLQWHU DQG D FRROLQJ HႇHFW LQ WKH VXPPHU 7KH HDVWHUQ UHJLRQ LQĂ€XHQFHV WKH ZHDWKHU ZLWK dry cold air in the winter and warmer air in the summer. The Mediterranean climate strongly LQĂ€XHQFHV WKH VRXWK VLGH RI WKH $OSV FUHDWLQJ mild winters and warm, humid summers. Basel LV ORFDWHG LQ WKH 2FHDQLF UHJLRQ &IE 7KLV FODVVLÂżFDWLRQ V\VWHP GHVFULEHV WKLV FOLPDWH DV a temperate region without a dry season and a warm summer. Compared to the other climates in Switzerland, it is a slightly warmer region.

Psychometric Charts Comfort Analysis The Psychrometric Charts shown are one of the more advanced features available in Climate Consultant. Each dot on the chart represents the temperature and humidity of each of the 8760 hours within the year. The program uses this data to show how comfortable the conditions are. The default comfort condition is indicated by the blue box in the chart; any dots outside of this area are considered either to warm or too cold for comfort. The range of comfort can be expanded depending on WKH GLႇHUHQW GHVLJQ VWUDWHJLHV FKRVHQ 7KHVH VWUDWHJLHV are represented by colored zones on the psychrometric chart. The percentage of hours that fall into each of the GLႇHUHQW GHVLJQ VWUDWHJ\ ]RQHV JLYHV D UHODWLYH LGHD RI WKH PRVW HႇHFWLYH KHDWLQJ RU FRROLQJ VWUDWHJLHV 0RVW of the design strategies are passive techniques, however active cooling and heating are sometimes required to achieve 100% comfort. Climate Consultant analyzes the distribution of this psychrometric data in each design VWUDWHJ\ ]RQH LQ RUGHU WR FUHDWH D XQLTXH OLVW RI 'HVLJQ Guidelines for a particular location. )RXU GLႇHUHQW FRPIRUW PRGHOV KDYH EHHQ XVHG WR FRPSDUH WKH GDWD (DFK KDV D GLႇHUHQW GH¿QLWLRQ RI ZKDW FRPIRUW LV 7R XQGHUVWDQG WKHVH GH¿QLWLRQV WKH SV\FKURPHWULF FKDUWV here depict the weather data for Geneva, Switzerland with no additional strategies selected. The data for Geneva is used because it is readily available for analysis and it has similar environmental and climatic conditions as Basel. Geneva and Basel are both in the Upper Rhine Plains.

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1. California Energy Code Comfort Model (2013): For the purpose of sizing residential heating and cooling V\VWHPV WKH LQGRRU 'U\ %XOE 'HVLJQ &RQGLWLRQV VKRXOG EH EHWZHHQ ƒ) ƒ& WR ƒ) ƒ& 1R +XPLGLW\ OLPLWV DUH VSHFL¿HG LQ WKH &RGH VR 5HODWLYH +XPLGLW\ DQG ƒ) :HW %XOE LV XVHG IRU WKH XSSHU OLPLW DQG ƒ) 'HZ Point is used for the lower limit. This model states the climate as being comfortable only 7% of the time without the addition of heating or cooling strategies. 2. Adaptive Comfort Model: In naturally ventilated spaces where occupants can open and close windows, their thermal response will depend in part on the outdoor climate, and may have a wider range of comfort than in buildings with centralized HVAC systems. This model assumes occupants adapt their clothing to thermal conditions and are sedentary. Acceptable outdoor air temperatures range from 50°F to 92°F. There must be no mechanical cooling system, but his method does not apply if a mechanical heating V\VWHP LV LQ RSHUDWLRQ 7KLV FULWHULD LV DOVR GH¿QHG E\ $6+5$( 6WDQGDUG EXW LV GH¿QHG RQO\ LQ WHUPV RI =RQH DGDSWLYH FRPIRUW XVLQJ QDWXUDO YHQWLODWLRQ :LWK just this method, it is comfortable 7% of the time. This model would be feasible in this environment if it were only to be used part of the year. Otherwise it would need to be layered onto another comfort model.

Psychrometric Chart: Adaptive Comfort Only

3.ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal comfort is based on dry bulb temperature, clothing level, metabolic activity, air velocity, humidity, and mean radiant temperature. Indoors it is assumed that mean radiant temperature is close to dry bulb temperature. The zone in which most people are comfortable is FDOFXODWHG XVLQJ WKH 309 3UHGLFWHG 0HDQ 9RWH PRGHO In residential settings people adapt clothing to match the season and feel comfortable in higher air velocities and so have wider comfort range than in buildings with centralized HVAC systems. 4. ASHRAE standard 2005 This model is also adjusted for people changing their clothes to be weather appropriate. For people dressed in QRUPDO ZLQWHU FORWKHV (ႇHFWLYH 7HPSHUDWXUHV RI ƒ) WR ƒ) PHDVXUHG DW UHODWLYH KXPLGLW\ ZKLFK PHDQV the temperatures at which people are comfortable decrease slightly as humidity rises. Conversely, as the humidity decreases, people will be more comfortable at slightly higher temperatures. The upper humidity limit is ƒ) :HW %XOE DQG D ORZHU 'HZ 3RLQW RI ƒ) ,I SHRSOH are dressed in light weight summer clothes then this comfort zone shifts 5°F warmer. Of the comfort models, these parameters give the largest range of comfort.

Psychrometric Chart: ASHRAE Standard 55-2004

Psychometric Chart: ASHRAE Standard 2005

Weather Conditions

LOW TEMPERATURES IN WINTER

Located in the Rhine Valley, Basel is the warmest spot in Switzerland north of the Alps. The summer season marks Basel’s peak in temperatures, rainfall, and amounts of solar radiation. Otherwise, Basel has a relatively favorable climate with mild conditions. To further explore the climate of this Swiss region, we will investigate the temperature and humidity, wind conditions, solar radiation, and rainfall. In general, Basel is moderate region in terms of temperature and humidity. Throughout the year it ranges in temperature from the high 20°F to the high 80°F. It is not a very windy city. Typically, Basel has OLJKW EUHH]HV WKDW PD\ ÀXWWHU D ÀDJ RU PDNH D small tree rustle its leaves.

Windy Day on the Bridge

RELATIVELY LOW SOLAR RADIATION, EVEN IN SUMMER

Weather Conditions 'HVSLWH EHLQJ WKH ZDUPHVW PRQWKV RI WKH \HDU summer has relatively low solar radiation. While the days are warm and pleasant, the temperature drops in the evening to be below the comfort range. In the winter, the low radiation persists and is matched with cold temperatures.

RAINFALL IN BASEL

Temperature & Relative Humidity Annual & Seasonal Conditions The climate in Switzerland is moderate with no excessive heat, cold or humidity. Temperature DQG KXPLGLW\ DႇHFW WKH (DUWKœV ZHDWKHU KXPDQ health and human well-being. Air temperature FKDQJHV DႇHFW KRZ PXFK ZDWHU YDSRU WKH DLU FDQ hold. Values such as relative humidity and dew SRLQW KHOS GHVFULEH WKHVH HႇHFWV RQ ZHDWKHU Earth’s atmosphere contains water in the form of water vapor, ice crystals or precipitation. Relative humidity represents a percentage of water vapor in the air that changes when the air temperature changes. For example, a completely saturated parcel of air at constant pressure cannot hold any more water molecules, giving it a relative humidity of 100 percent. As air temperature increases, air can hold more water molecules, and its relative humidity decreases. When temperatures drop, relative humidity increases. High relative humidity of the air occurs when the air temperature approaches the dew point value. Temperature therefore directly relates to the amount of moisture the atmosphere can hold.

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From July to August the daytime temperature range is 65° - 82° F and from January to February the range is 28° - 45° F. In spring and autumn, the daytime temperature range is 46° - 59° F. The winters were formerly generally cold and snowy, but now freezing temperatures. This requires an active heating strategy. Which usually has been Oil-Based heating in the past mostly, currently, various other heating methods LQFOXGLQJ *DV KHDWLQJ (OHFWULF 5DGLDQW Ă€RRU ceiling heating, in addition to wood heating. Summer temperatures rise to 77 to 86°F, with temperatures exceeding the 86°F mark during hot summers.

Natural Ventilation and Sun shading are the most common methods for passively cooling buildings in the summer. $QQXDO 6HDVRQDO 7HPSHUDWXUH DQG +XPLGLW\ OHYHOV

Temperature & Relative Humidity 0RQWKO\ 'DLO\ &RQGLWLRQV

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Wind Annual Conditions Wind is used in many places around the world as a way of naturally cooling an environment with the use of air circulation. As the air circulates, it aids in the evaporation of sweat and changes the amount of humidity in the air, creating a cooler feeling environment. These charts use data taken from Geneva, Switzerland, as exact data for the city of Basel was not available and they are in similar climatic regions. This version of the psychrometric chart plots the wind speed as measured in miles per hour. The darkest blue dots show very low wind velocities, which are just barely noticeable. The annual psychrometric chart shows very low wind velocities occur during the larger half of the year. This condition is highly clustered in the higher humidity times of year. The red dots signify wind speeds that are 10-20 miles per hour. Such velocity would range from a gentle breeze that ZRXOG ÀXWWHU D ÀDJ WR D IUHVK EUHH]H WKDW ZRXOG cause small leafy trees to sway. These higher speeds are only achieved 14% of the year. Even through the use of the ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 comfort model, the use of natural ventilation, with the adaptation of the inhabitants, only covers 6.9% of comfortable conditions throughout the year, only reaching up to 9.1% when focused on the months between April DQG 'HFHPEHU 7KLV GDWD LV LQWHUSUHWHG ZLWK QR heating or cooling strategies other than passive ventilation. 7KH ¿UVW 3V\FKRPHWULF FKDUW VKRZQ KHUH GHSLFWV comfort levels on a yearly basis. The chart beneath it shows that between the months of $SULO DQG 'HFHPEHU WKH SHUFHQWDJH RI WLPH LQ comfort increases.

Wind Monthly Conditions 'XH WR WKH ORFDWLRQ RI %DVHO DQG LWV VXUURXQGLQJ mountain ranges, the city receives minimal wind exposure year round, even during monsoon VHDVRQV EHWZHHQ WKH PRQWKV RI 'HFHPEHU and April, where winds can reach speeds of around 10 to 15 mph, which feels like a gentle WR PRGHUDWH EUHH]H 'HVSLWH WKLV WKH DYHUDJH yearly wind velocity remains in the range of 2 to 9 mph, with a recorded high of 30 mph. The Beaufort Wind Scale diagrams the experience of the wind velocities. The monthly means range from a barely perceptible air circulation to a light breeze. As a result of this, much of the architecture and building design in the city is not built around utilizing the wind for cooling or comfort methods. Instead, the use of large windows is implemented, which are designed not to open and use wind as ventilation, but to serve as a way to gain large amounts of natural light and passive solar heating.

FACADE WINDOWS NOT FOR VENTILATION

FACADE WINDOWS NOT FOR VENTILATION

Wind 'DLO\ &RQGLWLRQV 'HVLJQ 6WUDWHJLHV The graph to the left illustrates the wind velocity’s monthly averages as the day progresses. Throughout the year there is a steady pattern of 5-10 mile per hour winds beginning shortly after sunrise and continuing throughout the day, which then stagnate after sunset. This is an unsurprising pattern considering that wind LV FUHDWHG E\ WHPSHUDWXUH GLႇHUHQWLDOV 7KH process of hot air rising and cold air sinking generates wind. This graph suggests that as the temperatures warm throughout the day due to solar radiation, the cold air is also warming and thus moving to higher elevations. 7KH XQXVXDO FRQGLWLRQV RI 'HFHPEHU DQG February can be explained by the change of VHDVRQ ,Q 'HFHPEHU WKH ZLQGV WDSHU EHFDXVH the days are short and the air is not warming much. Then, in late winter and spring the Bise phenomena occurs. This cold wind comes DQQXDOO\ IURP WKH 1RUWK 1RUWKHDVW GLUHFWLRQ

The winds that are present can be minimized LQ WKHLU HႇHFWV E\ ORFDWLQJ VWRUDJH DUHDV DQG garages on the side of the building facing the coldest winds. This will help to insulate the building. A pitched roof will aid in wind protection, and a tightly sealed building will help prevent drafts. Wind protected courtyards and outdoor spaces can extend the occupiable area in cold weather.

EVAPORATIVE COOLING OF THE RHINE

SUNNY WIND PROTECTED OUTDOOR AREA

PITCHED ROOFS PROTECT FROM WIND

Solar Radiation

BASEL, SWITZERLAND

Annual Conditions In the analysis of the conditions of light and solar radiation, the data used is from Geneva, Switzerland. While it is approximately 100 miles from Basel, the two cities have similar environmental and climatic conditions. The ASHRAE 2005 comfort model was chosen for this analysis because it has the largest range of comfort, allowing for the change of clothing layers with the change of season. This analysis is for a project catering to tourists, suggesting that the people using the pavilion will be there only for short amounts of time, and will be dressed to roam the city in clothing appropriate for outside conditions. Solar radiation is the energy emitted from the sun in the form of heat and light. How much of this energy is WUDQVIHUUHG WR D VXUIDFH LV LQÀXHQFHG E\ WKH EXLOGLQJ¶V geometry, the amount of sky coverage, shading from surrounding objects, as well as the material used. The analysis of this data allows design strategies to be chosen WKDW FUHDWH D FRPIRUWDEOH DQG HQHUJ\ HႈFLHQW EXLOGLQJ This psychometric chart is an annual chart that plots the DPRXQW RI GLUHFW DQG GLႇXVH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ RQ D KRUL]RQWDO surface in the preceding 60 minutes. This data is also plotted according to the temperature and relative humidity in the region. The amount of solar radiation correlates with the temperature. Generally, warmer days will have greater amounts of solar radiation and slightly less relative humidity, while colder days will have less radiation. 6XUIDFHV WKDW UHFHLYH OHVV WKDQ %WX IW2 per hour are considered to have low radiation. In these instances shading glazing is unnecessary. Surfaces that receive PRUH WKDQ %WX IW2 per hour, however, are considered to have high radiation. In these instances, shading an opaque surface is a good idea. According to the data, very few hours in this location receive high radiation. The days that have relatively more radiation correspond with warmer temperatures and less relative humidity. Only 10% of the year do horizontal surfaces receive more than %WX IW2 per hour. The majority of day-lit hours receive low radiation.

ANNUAL PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

Solar Radiation Annual Conditions The radiation range charts here indicate the annual DYHUDJHV RI GLႇHUHQW W\SHV RI UDGLDWLRQ 'LUHFW QRUPDO VRODU UDGLDWLRQ LV PHDVXUHG DV WKRXJK WKH sensor is pointed directly toward the sun. The theoretical maximum value for this type of radiation occurs in February, when the earth’s orbit is closest to the sun. This type of radiation is three times brighter at the horizon than at the zenith and is a potential source for glare. - The global horizontal radiation records the amount of energy that falls on a horizontal surface. Theoretically, it LV FRPSRVHG RI DOO RI WKH GLႇXVH UDGLDWLRQ LQ WKH VN\ DQG the direct radiation of the sun, multiplied by the cosine of the angle of incidence. This type of radiation peaks in the summer when the sun is highest in the sky and closest to perpendicular with horizontal surfaces. - The tilted surface radiation calculates the amount of energy received by surfaces that are not horizontal, but tilted at an angle. These radiation range charts compare WKH GLႇHUHQFHV EHWZHHQ DOO KRUL]RQWDO VXUIDFHV OLNH ÀDW URRIV DQG D VRXWK IDFLQJ ƒ WLOWHG VXUIDFH OLNH D SLWFKHG roof). $OWKRXJK WKH SHDN UDGLDWLRQ KLJK PD\ H[FHHG %WX IW2 per hour, the charts show the average highs for all types RI UDGLDWLRQ DUH OHVV WKDQ %WX IW2 per hour, further indicating that shading is not the primary concern for structures in this region. The mean of all day-lit hours, KRZHYHU LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ %WX IW2 per hour, suggesting that solar heat gain would be a helpful design strategy. When the roof is tilted, simulating a 60° pitched roof, the DPRXQW RI HQHUJ\ LW UHFHLYHV GLႇHUV OLWWOH IURP D KRUL]RQWDO surface. Titled at 40°, the surface collects more energy when the average hourly high is observed. Observed from the daily totals, the more tilted the roof, the less recorded high of radiation it receives. 5DGLDWLRQ LV HႇHFWHG E\ WKH VN\ FRYHU RI DQ DUHD DV WKH FORXGV FDQ GLႇXVH WKH HQHUJ\ RI WKH VXQ EHIRUH LW encounters a surface. The annual sky coverage range suggests the area tends to be more overcast than not. The average high for sky coverage is 85%, and the mean is over 60%. An overcast sky is three times brighter at the sun’s zenith than at the horizon.

DIFFUSE RADIATION CONDITIONS

Solar Radiation Seasonal Conditions: Summer and Fall The sun chart shows the shadow cast by the gnomon every 15 minutes and represents comfort conditions during these time periods. As the chart illustrates, the majority of the fall and summer is below the comfort zone. This suggests that passive design strategies should include exposed windows. The sun shading chart graphs the sun’s bearing and altitude every 15 minutes. Like the sun chart, it also indicates the comfort level. For most of June, July, and $XJXVW VKDGLQJ ZRXOG EH D EHQH¿FLDO SDVVLYH GHVLJQ strategy to prevent overheating. The blue dots, which indicate when the conditions are below the comfort range, are more frequent. In the time period between June 21st DQG 'HFHPEHU VW VXQ LV SUHIHUUHG WR SDVVLYHO\ KHDW WKH building 1815 hours, as opposed to the 240 hours when shade would be necessary. Considering that the summer and fall are the warmest seasons of the year in the northern hemisphere, this suggests that designs should focus on capturing heat, and temporary shading measures can readily be adopted for the very short warm season. Most of the hours which require shading occur in the afternoon, as the sun travels into the West. This suggests windows ZRXOG EH PRVW EHQH¿FLDO LQ WKLV VHDVRQ LI RULHQWHG WRZDUG WKH 6RXWKHDVW VR DV WR FDSWXUH PRUH VXQ LQ WKH ¿UVW KDOI RI WKH GD\ 9HUWLFDO VKDGLQJ ZRXOG DOVR EH PRUH EHQH¿FLDO for this situation that horizontal.

Solar Radiation Seasonal Conditions: Winter and Spring The sun and sun shading charts here illustrate the solar conditions n the winter and spring, as measured between 'HFHPEHU VW DQG -XQH VW 'XULQJ WKHVH VHDVRQV the amount of sun needed is notably greater than in the summer and fall. Both charts illustrate that conditions in ZKLFK VKDGH ZRXOG EH EHQH¿FLDO RFFXU SULPDULO\ LQ WKH DIWHUQRRQ VWDUWLQJ LQ WKH HQG RI $SULO 'XULQJ WKLV SHULRG shade is only required as a passive design strategy for 21 hours, as opposed to the 2240 hours in which sun would EH EHQH¿FLDO

Solar Radiation Seasonal Conditions: Summer and Fall

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These psychometric charts plotted with the incidence of global horizontal radiation also illustrate the ideal design strategies for each season. In the summer and fall, the warmest seasons of the year, the amounts of global horizontal radiation elevate, however the plurality of daylight hours remains at low radiation levels. The ideal design strategies for this region require heating DQG KXPLGLÂżFDWLRQ DOO \HDU KRZHYHU LQ WKH VXPPHU DQG fall months air conditioning can be avoided. The most HႇHFWLYH ZD\ WR FRRO WKH EXLOGLQJ LV WR SUHYHQW VRODU radiation from entering the building with shades for the windows. When the weather is cooler, the exposure of the glass to radiation will then elevate the temperatures within the building. This is known as passive solar direct gain. 7KH RWKHU VWUDWHJ\ LQĂ€XHQFHG E\ VRODU UDGLDWLRQ WR FUHDWH a comfortable environment is to use high thermal mass ZLWK QLJKW Ă€XVKLQJ $V D WRXULVW SDYLOLRQ WKH QLJKW Ă€XVKLQJ high thermal mass strategy may not be ideal, as there will EH IUHTXHQW WUDႈF LQ DQG RXW RI WKH EXLOGLQJ RSHQLQJ WKH EXLOGLQJ XS WR WKH KHDW RI WKH GD\ $OVR WKH SRVLWLYH HႇHFWV that high mass construction can have in the winter is not likely in this location considering the outdoor daytime temperatures do not reach the comfort zone in the winter.

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Solar Radiation Seasonal Conditions: Winter and Spring In the winter and spring almost no hours enter the comfort zone. In these periods there are fewer daytime hours, and therefore less energy is captured from solar radiation, and temperatures are lower. Even using passive design strategies, the building will require heating DQG KXPLGLÂżFDWLRQ IRU WKH PDMRULW\ RI WKH ZLQWHU DQG VSULQJ seasons. The passive solar strategy that will work best in these seasons to warm the building is low mass direct solar gain. The low mass solar direct gain heats the building through direct radiation of sun facing glass, with the relatively low thermal time lag of 3 hours.

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Solar Radiation Monthly Conditions The chat of monthly means displays the data on radiation DQG LOOXPLQDWLRQ 7KLV QXPHULFDO GDWD FRQ¿UPV ZKDW WKH graphs and charts have already indicated. Overall, the average amount of radiation is low. The highest amounts of radiation occur between May and August. The summer months, with their longer days, receive the most amounts of illumination. The sky coverage chart indicates the average sky coverage throughout the year ranges from 45-83%. The more overcast months occur in the winter, from October to January the average is greater than 70%. These months ZLOO KDYH D JUHDWHU DPRXQW RI GLႇXVH UDGLDWLRQ OLPLWLQJ WKH impact of direct solar gain as a passive design strategy. The months between March and September still have a relatively high percentage of cloud cover, their average ranging from 45-63%. These months have the greater SRVVLELOLW\ RI EHQH¿WLQJ IURP GLUHFW VRODU JDLQ KRZHYHU with average lows 15-35%.

HIGH SKY COVERAGE

Solar Radiation Monthly Conditions These radiation range charts show monthly the hourly and GDLO\ DYHUDJHV RI GLႇHUHQW W\SHV RI UDGLDWLRQ 7KURXJKRXW the year, the average amount of global horizontal radiation tends to be higher than direct radiation. This is because WKH DPRXQW RI HQHUJ\ LW UHFHLYHV LQFOXGHV GLUHFW DQG GLႇXVH radiation. The daily totals show a normal distribution of highs and lows, the summer month of June at the peak of the recorded high. The graph of hourly averages is less normally distributed in terms of the recorded highs of the direct solar radiation. The chart of hourly averages shows that only the months of May through August have recorded highs greater than %WX IW2 per hour. All months have recorded lows RI OHVV WKDQ %WX IW2 per hour. $OWKRXJK WKH SHDN UDGLDWLRQ KLJK PD\ H[FHHG %WX IW2 per hour, the charts show the average highs for all types RI UDGLDWLRQ DUH OHVV WKDQ %WX IW2 per hour, further indicating that shading is not the primary concern for structures in this region. The mean of all day-lit hours, KRZHYHU LV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ %WX IW2 per hour, suggesting that solar heat gain would be a helpful design strategy. When the roof is tilted, simulating a 60° pitched roof, the DPRXQW RI HQHUJ\ LW UHFHLYHV GLႇHUV OLWWOH IURP D KRUL]RQWDO surface. Titled at 40°, the surface collects more energy when the average hourly high is observed. Observed from the daily totals, the more tilted the roof, the less recorded high of radiation it receives.

Solar Radiation Monthly Conditions 7KH UDGLDWLRQ UDQJH FKDUWV KHUH VKRZ WKH GLႇHUHQFH EHWZHHQ VXUIDFHV OLNH URRIV WLOWHG DW ƒ DQG ƒ DQJOHV bearing toward the South. The change is reflected in the orange bars. The average daily highs in both scenarios are lower in the summer months of May through July than the amount of radiation received by horizontal surfaces. In the colder months of September through April the average radiation highs are significantly higher than the global horizontal radiation levels. The same pattern is reflected in the daily averages as well, but to a lesser degree, because the recorded lows are also lower than the horizontal surfaces, but the difference is smaller than the highs. According th the daily averages, the 60° tilted surfaces seem to do slightly better than the 40° tilted surfaces in the summer at cooling, while the 40° tilted surfaces do slightly better at warming in the winter.

Solar Radiation 'DLO\ &RQGLWLRQV The daily conditions are expressed in these timetable charts, showing how the amounts of radiation change through out the day on average for the various months. 7KH ¿UVW FKDUW H[SORUHV GLUHFW QRUPDO UDGLDWLRQ ZKLFK LV the amount of solar energy received directly from the sun during the preceding hour. The chart below expresses the amounts of global horizontal radiation, which includes the DPRXQWV RI GLUHFW DQG GLႇXVH VRODU UDGLDWLRQ UHFHLYHG E\ a horizontal surface in the preceding hour. Both charts indicate that the least amounts of radiation occur during the hour or so after sunrise and before sunset. The most amount of radiation occurs in the middle of the day.

Solar Radiation 'DLO\ &RQGLWLRQV The chart illustrating the tilted surface radiation is tilted at 40°. It follows the same daily patterns as the direct and global horizontal radiation. The most amount of radiation occurs midday, and tapers as it approaches sunrise and sunset. When compared to the global horizontal radiation DYHUDJHV KRZHYHU WKHUH DUH VXEWOH GLႇHUHQFHV 7KH WLOWHG roof receives slightly higher amounts of radiation between the months of November and March, suggesting that WKH WLOWHG URRI LV EHQH¿FLDO IRU SDVVLYH KHDWLQJ %HWZHHQ June and August the tilted surface receives slightly less radiation than the horizontal surface, suggesting it would also be better for cooling. :KLOH VN\ FRYHU KDV DQ HႇHFW RQ UDGLDWLRQ WKURXJK LWV DELOLW\ WR GLႇXVH WKH VXQ¶V ZDYHV LW GRHV QRW have as clear a daily pattern as the radiation tables. The sky cover seems to be most present in the winter. In the evenings and early mornings it is the most clear. Excepting June and mornings in April, the clearest sky ZKLFK DUH VWLOO SDUWO\ FORXG\ DUH IRXQG EHWZHHQ 0DUFK DQG September.

SHORT, OVERCAST DAYS IN WINTER

Solar Radiation Responsive design strategies 5HÀHFWLQJ RQ WKH GDWD SUHVHQWHG RQ VRODU UDGLDWLRQ and sky cover, the following design strategies are best LPSOHPHQWHG WR FUHDWH DQ HႈFLHQW EXLOGLQJ LQ WKH 6ZLVV climate: - Orient windows and glass toward the South to maximize VXQ H[SRVXUH LQ WKH ZLQWHU DQG XVH RYHUKDQJV VKDGHV LQ the summer. Insulating shades can also be used at night in the winter to prevent heat loss. Trees should not be planted in front of these windows. /RZ PDVV WLJKWO\ VHDOHG EXLOGLQJV ZLWK VXႈFLHQW insulation rapidly store the radiation it is exposed to in the morning. The tight seal will also maximize internal heat gain and keep interior temperatures more uniform HVSHFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQW LQ WKH ZLQWHU PRQWKV ZKHQ WKHUH LV so little solar radiation). LOW MASS, COMPACT BUILDINGS

PITCHED ROOFS

SOUTH FACING WINDOWS WITH SHADING DEVICES

- A compact building with less surface area exposed will also lose less heat in the cold environment. - Pitched roofs are better at collecting radiation in the ZLQWHU DQG DUH JHQHUDOO\ FRROHU LQ WKH VXPPHU WKDQ ÀDW roofs.

RHINE REFLECTS SOLAR RADIATION

Rainfall Monthly Conditions

MANSARD ROOFS ARE NOT IDEAL FOR SHEDDING SNOW

GREEN ROOFS SLOW THE FLOW OF WATER

Rainfall Monthly Conditions

Design strategies to control the flow of water around the building are very important. The envelope of the building is the main defense against water infiltration. Roofs use gravity to shed water, therefore steeper roofs are more efficient in this process. The increased steepness is also beneficial for the shedding of snow. While the curvature of the Mansard roof performs well for rain, it tends to collect snow. Roofs that are of the appropriate slope are mandated in Switzerland to be green. Green roofs absorb precipitation, and through its filtration slows the flow of water to the earth. This allows the water table to collect more water than it would otherwise. It also mitigates potential flooding of the streets. Drainage away from the building is also very important.

STEEP ROOFS SHED WATER

Key

Times of Day Most Likely and Least Likely to Rain Most Likely to Rain Least

Time of Day (Start at Midnight)

December

Day of the Month

Time of Day (Start at Midnight)

March

Day of the Month

Time of Day (Start at Midnight)

June

Day of the Month

Time of Day (Start at Midnight)

September

Day of the Month

Yearly Averages Basel

Providence

Inches of Rainfall in a year: 30.9 Days of Rainfall in a year: 114

Inches of Rainfall in a year: 102.52 Days of Rainfall in a year: 120

Psychrometric Chart Analysis Seasonal Conditions

The California Energy Code Seasonal Psychometric Chart:

Spring Passive Strategies: +HDWLQJ Z KXPLGL¿FDWLRQ LI QHHGHG 2. Internal Heat Gain 21.5% 3DVVLYH 6RODU 'LUHFW *DLQ +LJK 0DVV 4. Sun Shading for Windows 3.8% Thermal Mass

6RODU 'LUHFW *DLQ :LQWHU

6RODU 'LUHFW *DLQ 6XPPHU

Summer Passive Strategies: 1. Internal Heat Gain 51.7% 2. Sun shading of Windows 22.0% 3. High Thermal Mass Night Flushed 18.5% 4. High Thermal Mass 17.2%

Heat Pumps Fall Passive Strategies: +HDWLQJ Z KXPLGL¿FDWLRQ LI QHHGHG 2. Internal Heat Gain 21.5% 3DVVLYH 6RODU 'LUHFW *DLQ +LJK 0DVV 4. Sun Shading for Windows 3.8%

&HLOLQJ )ORRU (OHFWULF 5DGLDQW +HDWLQJ

Winter Passive Strategies: +HDWLQJ Z KXPLGL¿FDWLRQ LI QHHGHG 3DVVLYH 6RODU 'LUHFW *DLQ /RZ PDVV 3. Wind Protection of Outdoor Spaces 1.5%

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Psychrometric Chart Analysis Seasonal Conditions

5HVSRQVLYH 'HVLJQ 6WUDWHJLHV Swiss Vernacular Architecture Buildings in the Swiss climate require considerations for heating strategies for the entire year. By using passive design strategies, active heating can be avoided in the summer, mitigated in the colder seasons, and active FRROLQJ FDQ EH DYRLGHG DOO WRJHWKHU 7KH PRVW HႇHFWLYH passive design strategies in this climate include:

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Internal Heat Gain: This strategy uses the heat created by its inhabitants DQG PHFKDQLFDO V\VWHPV VXFK DV OLJKWLQJ WR KHDW WKH building. To achieve this strategy, a tight envelope and insulation is important. Low Mass Solar Gain: /RZ PDVV WLJKWO\ VHDOHG EXLOGLQJV ZLWK VXႈFLHQW LQVXODWLRQ rapidly store the radiation it is exposed to in the morning. The tight seal will also maximize internal heat gain and NHHS LQWHULRU WHPSHUDWXUHV PRUH XQLIRUP HVSHFLDOO\ important in the winter months when there is so little solar radiation). A compact building with less surface area exposed will also lose less heat in the cold environment, and be less susceptible to drafts. Passive Solar Heating: Orient windows and glass toward the South to maximize VXQ H[SRVXUH LQ WKH ZLQWHU DQG XVH RYHUKDQJV VKDGHV LQ the summer. Insulating shades can also be used at night in the winter to prevent heat loss. Trees should not be planted in front of these windows.

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COMPACT, LOW MASS

Sun Shading of Windows: When the temperatures are warm, block the solar radiation from heating the building by shading the windows. Pitched Roofs: Pitched roofs are better at collecting radiation in the ZLQWHU DQG DUH JHQHUDOO\ FRROHU LQ WKH VXPPHU WKDQ ÀDW roofs. They can also be used to protect the building from wind conditions. Steep roofs are ideal for shedding precipitation. Green Roofs: If the roof is of an appropriate slope, Swiss law mandates that they be green roofs. The vegetation on the roof is ideal for the improvement of air quality, adding humidity as ZHOO DV R[\JHQ LQ WR WKH DLU DV ZHOO DV WKH PLWLJDWLQJ HႇHFW it has on the various weather conditions. It moderates the teperature experienced, the thermal mass lowers the temperature within the building in the heat of summer, while acting as additional insulation, keeping the warmth inside the building during the winter. This moderation assists in the lowering of the consumption of energy by the building. Green roofs absorb precipitation, and WKURXJK LWV ¿OWUDWLRQ VORZV WKH ÀRZ RI ZDWHU WR WKH HDUWK This allows the water table to collect more water than it ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH ,W DOVR PLWLJDWHV SRWHQWLDO ÀRRGLQJ RI WKH streets.

VENTILATION

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5HVSRQVLYH 'HVLJQ 6WUDWHJLHV Swiss Vernacular Architecture Evaporative Cooling and Ventilation: This strategy is helpful in the warmer summer months when humidity is lower. The vegetation from green roofs DOVR KDYH DQ HYDSRUDWLYH FRROLQJ HႇHFW 7KLV VWUDWHJ\ requires a breeze to carry the additional moisture. Opening windows to allow the breeze into the building helps cool the structure in the summer months. Wind Protection: When temperatures and humidity leave the comfort zone, the comfort of the outdoor space can be extended by protecting it from the wind. Wind protection is also EHQH¿FLDO LQ ZLQWHU (QWU\ ZD\V VKRXOG EH SURWHFWHG WR avoid snow drifts. Ideally, the side of the building that recieves the most winter wind is used as storage space, providing an exra insulative layer between drafts and the occpied space.

INTERNAL HEAT GAIN

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The Site Topographic Analysis

:LQG 'LUHFWLRQ :LQG :KHHO 'LDJUDP RQ 6LWH

Solar Exposure 6XQ 3DWK 'LDJUDP RQ 6LWH The sun path diagram superimposed on the site diagrams the changing path of the sun throughout the year. This information can be used to observe how the site is shaded. The next page depicts how the shade changes through the seasons. In the winter, days are very short. At 8 AM it is still dark and by 4 PM the sun has almost set. Shorter days are connected to colder temperatures. The summer season has the longest days and therefore the shortest shadows of the hours depicted. South facing windows are the most ideal to collect radiation and passively heat the building. The shade diagram will be helpful in placing the building so that it avoids the shadows cast by the theater located to the south of the site, allowing the pavilion to collect as much radiation as possible.

6XQ 3DWK 'LDJUDP RYHU %DVHO

Solar Exposure Seasonal Shading of Site MORNING- 8AM

NOON- 12 PM

AFTERNOON- 4 PM WINTER SPRING/ FALL SUMMER

Vegetation Catalog %DVHOœV HFRQRP\ KDV EHQH¿WHG IURP WKH GHYHORSPHQW DQG SUHVHUYDWLRQ RI WKH VXUURXQGLQJ HFRV\VWHP DQG XQGHUVWDQGLQJ WKH HႇHFWV QDWXUH KDV RQ WKH human life. Trapped between the densely herbaromic shubbery of the Swiss $OSV DQG WKH ZLQGLQJ 5KLQH ULYHU ZKLFK ZDV D VRXUFH RI WUDGH DQG FRPPHUFH GXULQJ WKH GD\ RI 0DUFR 3ROR DQG WKH 6LON 5RDG 7KLV OHG WR WKH H[SORUDWLRQ RI KRZ RQH FRXOG PDQLSXODWH YDULRXV SODQW DQG ÀRZHUV WR FUHDWH YDULRXV G\HV and pigmants for the fabrics that entered the city. This is the origin point of Basel’s current chemistry industry, and has directly resulted in products ranging IURP H[SHULPHQWDO SKDUPDFHXWLFDO GUXJV WR HYH\GD\ RLOV DQG ORWLRQV

The Norway spruce grows to a height of 40–60' and a spread of 25–30' at maturity. This tree grows at a medium to fast rate, with height increases of anywhere from 13� to more than 24� per year. Full sun is the ideal condition for WKLV WUHH PHDQLQJ LW VKRXOG JHW DW OHDVW VL[ KRXUV RI GLUHFW XQ¿OWHUHG VXQOLJKW each day. The spruce grows in acidic, loamy, moist, sandy, well-drained and clay soils. It has some drought tolerance. The chestnut grows to a height of 50–75' and a spread of 40–70' at maturity. This tree grows at a medium rate, with height increases of 13–24� per year. Full sun and partial shade are best for this tree, meaning it prefers a minimum of IRXU KRXUV RI GLUHFW XQ¿OWHUHG VXQOLJKW HDFK GD\ 7KH FKHVWQXW JURZV LQ DFLGLF loamy, moist, rich, sandy, silty loam, well-drained and clay soils.

The Austrian pine grows to a height of 50–60' and a spread of 20–40' at maturity. This tree grows at a medium rate, with height increases of 13–24� per year. Full sun is the ideal condition for this tree, meaning it should get at least six KRXUV RI GLUHFW XQ¿OWHUHG VXQOLJKW HDFK GD\ 7KH SLQH JURZV LQ DFLGLF DONDOLQH loamy, moist, sandy, well-drained and clay soils. While it prefers normal moisture, the tree has some drought tolerance. 7KH ZKLWH ¿U JURZV WR D KHLJKW RI ¹ DQG D VSUHDG RI DERXW DW PDWXULW\ This tree grows at a slow to medium rate, with height increases of anywhere from less than 12� to 24� per year. Full sun and partial shade are best for this WUHH PHDQLQJ LW SUHIHUV D PLQLPXP RI IRXU KRXUV RI GLUHFW XQ¿OWHUHG VXQOLJKW HDFK GD\ 7KH ¿U JURZV LQ DFLGLF ORDP\ PRLVW VDQG\ DQG ZHOO GUDLQHG VRLOV ,W prefers normal moisture but has moderate drought tolerance. The European beech grows to a height of 50–60’ and a spread of 35–45’ at maturity. This tree grows at a slow to medium rate, with height increases of anywhere from less than 12� to 24� per year. Full sun is the ideal condition for WKLV WUHH PHDQLQJ LW VKRXOG JHW DW OHDVW VL[ KRXUV RI GLUHFW XQ¿OWHUHG VXQOLJKW each day. The beech grows in acidic, loamy, moist, sandy, well-drained and clay soils. It prefers moist, well-drained soil but has some drought tolerance.

Edelweiss Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Plant Height: 4 to 5 inches includes the bloom.

Mountain Avens Plant Habit: Shrub Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun Plant Spread: Forms mats to 30 cm (12 inches) or more.

Cowberry Plant Habit: Shrub Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Plant Height: 4-16 inches

Lady Slipper Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Bloom Size: 3�-4�

Glacier Crowfoot Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Suitable Locations: Alpine Gardening

Moss Campion

Pinnate-Leaved Ragwort

Alpine Clematis

Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun Plant Height: 8 - 12 inches, possibly 18 inches Plant Spread: 8 - 12 inches

Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun Plant Height: 2-6 inches Plant Spread: 12 inches (30 cm)

Plant Habit: Herb/Forb/Vine Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Plant Height: 2-3 feet Plant Spread: 2-3 feet

Swiss Androsace Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Bloom Size: Under 1”

Alpine Aster Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Sun Requirements: Full Sun Plant Height: 10-15 cm Plant Spread: 30-40 cm

Pygmy Buttercup Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun Plant Height: 24 inches to 36 inches Plant Spread: 24 inches to 36 inches

Vanilla Orchid

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Plant Habit: Vine Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Partial or Dappled Shade Plant Height: 25’ - 100’ in situ, grown as houseplant can attain heights of 6’ - 8’

Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun Plant Height: 4 to 6 inches (10-15 cm)

)DLU\ 7KLPEOH %HOOÀRZHU Plant Habit: Herb/Forb Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Plant Height: 6-12 inches Plant Spread: 9-12 inches

Striated Mezereon Plant Habit: Shrub Life cycle: Perennial Sun Requirements: Full Sun to Partial Shade Plant Height: 3 feet to 5 feet Plant Spread: 3 feet to 5 feet

160

Height Comparision

140 120

Maximum Height ( ft )

100 80 60 40 20

Norway Spruce

European Beech

European Chestnut

Tree Type

Swiss Pine

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2.1 Site Intentions

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$66,*10(17 35(/,0,1$5< ':*6 2) ),1$/ 6&+(0( 3$66,9( 675$7(*,(6 Buildings in the Swiss climate require considerations for heating strategies for the entire year. By using passive design strategies, active heating can be avoided in the summer, mitigated in the colder seasons, and active cooling can be avoided all together. The most effective passive design strategies in this climate include: Internal Heat Gain: This strategy uses the heat created by its inhabitants and mechanical systems (such as lighting) to heat the building. To achieve this strategy, a tight envelope and insulation is important. Low Mass Solar Gain: /RZ PDVV WLJKWO\ VHDOHG EXLOGLQJV ZLWK VXI¿FLHQW LQVXODWLRQ rapidly store the radiation it is exposed to in the morning. The tight seal will also maximize internal heat gain and keep interior temperatures more uniform (especially important in the winter months when there is so little solar radiation). A compact building with less surface area exposed will also lose less heat in the cold environment, and be less susceptible to drafts. Passive Solar Heating: Orient windows and glass toward the South to maximize sun exposure in the winter and use overhangs/ shades in the summer. Insulating shades can also be used at night in the winter to prevent heat loss. Trees should not be planted in front of these windows. Sun Shading of Windows: When the temperatures are warm, block the solar radiation from heating the building by shading the windows. Pitched Roofs: Pitched roofs are better at collecting radiation in the ZLQWHU DQG DUH JHQHUDOO\ FRROHU LQ WKH VXPPHU WKDQ ÀDW roofs. They can also be used to protect the building from wind conditions. Steep roofs are ideal for shedding precipitation. Green Roofs: If the roof is of an appropriate slope, Swiss law mandates that they be green roofs. The vegetation on the roof is ideal for the improvement of air quality, adding humidity as well as oxygen in to the air, as well as the mitigating effect it has on the various weather conditions. It moderates the teperature experienced, the thermal mass lowers the temperature within the building in the heat of summer, while acting as additional insulation, keeping the warmth inside the building during the winter. This moderation assists in the lowering of the consumption of energy by the building. Green roofs absorb precipitation, and WKURXJK LWV ¿OWUDWLRQ VORZV WKH ÀRZ RI ZDWHU WR WKH HDUWK This allows the water table to collect more water than it ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH ,W DOVR PLWLJDWHV SRWHQWLDO ÀRRGLQJ RI WKH streets.

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Exterior Facade Precedents

Steven Holl - Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City

Amorepacific Headquarters - David Chipperfield

T.O. ROOF 274.25

11'-3"

TYPICAL ROOF ASSEMBLY - PARAPET WALL WITH DRAIN - LOW VEGETATION - 4" ENGINEERED SOIL - FILTER FABRIC - 2" CRUSHED GRAVEL - ROOT BARRIER - WATERPROOF ROOF MEMBRANE - 2 LAYERS OF 2" RIGID INSULATION - 6" STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SLAB - METAL DROP CEILING T.O. 3RD FLOOR 270.75

10" CONCRETE COLUMN 60 X 30 CONCRETE BEAM

26" CONCRETE COLUMN

24'-8"

TYPICAL ENCLOSURE ASSEMBLY - 12'' WIDE CAST GLASS - TRANSLUCENT INSULATION - 12'' WIDE CAST GLASS - 20" AIR GAP - 7" ALUMINUM MULLION - 1" INSULATED GLAZING

TYPICAL FLOOR ASSEMBLY - POLISHED 2" SCREED CONCRETE FLOOR - 2" ACOUSTIC RIGID INSULATION - 6" STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SLAB - METAL DROP CEILING

10'-7"

T.O.2ND FLOOR 263.25

T.O. 1ST FLOOR 260

Typical Wall Section

TYPICAL SLAB ON GRADE ASSEMBLY - COMPACTED EARTH - COMPACTED GRAVEL - 2" RIGID INSULATION - VAPOR BARRIER - REINFORCED 6" STRUCTURAL SLAB - ACOUSTIC UNDERLAYMENT - 2" CONCRETE SCREED TOPPING - RESILIENT FINISH FLOORING

3D Composite Wall Section

2.5 Future Adjustments / Changes

The punched openings will be changed into more continuous openings to align with the concept of permeability. This will allow the building to become more transparent than the current design.

The cast glass facade will not cover the first floor, which will make make the ground level more transparent which will fit with the concept of permeability. It will also make the massing of the building to appear to float, which would make the ground level to appear more open.

3.0 Appendices

2 6 3 . 5

263

262.5

262.0

261.5

261.0

UP

UP

DN

26

0.5

1

UP

DN

VENDING

2

0.0

26 S 30 X 15

TICKET

30 X 15

UP

3

4

9.5

25

0'

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

5'

10'

25'

50'

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A1.01

2 6 3 . 5

263

262.5

262.0

261.5

2 61. 0

1

26

0.5

DN

UP

2

0.0 26

MULTIPURPOSE ROOM

DN

3

4

25 9.5

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A1.02

1

1

ACCESSIBLE GREEN ROOF

DN

1

ACCESSIBLE GREEN ROOF

GREEN ROOF

MECH

2

2

2

OPEN TO BELOW STORAGE

GREEN ROOF KITCHEN

4

3

0'

5'

10'

25'

3

4

3

4

50'

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

THIRD, FOURTH & ROOF PLANS

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A1.03

WEST ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

EAST & WEST ELEVATIONS

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A2.01

NORTH ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

0'

5'

10'

25'

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

50'

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

NORTH & SOUTH ELEVATIONS

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A2.02

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

CROSS SECTIONS

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A2.03

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

0'

5'

10'

25'

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

50'

SCALE : 1/8" = 1'-0"

LONGITUDINAL SECTIONS

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A2.04

T.O. ROOF 274.25

11'-3"

TYPICAL ROOF ASSEMBLY - PARAPET WALL WITH DRAIN - LOW VEGETATION - 4" ENGINEERED SOIL - FILTER FABRIC - 2" CRUSHED GRAVEL - ROOT BARRIER - WATERPROOF ROOF MEMBRANE - 2 LAYERS OF 2" RIGID INSULATION - 6" STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SLAB - METAL DROP CEILING T.O. 3RD FLOOR 270.75

10" CONCRETE COLUMN 60 X 30 CONCRETE BEAM

26" CONCRETE COLUMN

24'-8"

TYPICAL ENCLOSURE ASSEMBLY - 12'' WIDE CAST GLASS - TRANSLUCENT INSULATION - 12'' WIDE CAST GLASS - 20" AIR GAP - 7" ALUMINUM MULLION - 1" INSULATED GLAZING

TYPICAL FLOOR ASSEMBLY - POLISHED 2" SCREED CONCRETE FLOOR - 2" ACOUSTIC RIGID INSULATION - 6" STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SLAB - METAL DROP CEILING

10'-7"

T.O.2ND FLOOR 263.25

T.O. 1ST FLOOR 260

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

TYPICAL SLAB ON GRADE ASSEMBLY - COMPACTED EARTH - COMPACTED GRAVEL - 2" RIGID INSULATION - VAPOR BARRIER - REINFORCED 6" STRUCTURAL SLAB - ACOUSTIC UNDERLAYMENT - 2" CONCRETE SCREED TOPPING - RESILIENT FINISH FLOORING

SCALE : 1/2" = 1'-0"

COMPOSITE WALL SECTION

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A3.01

INITIAL SITE STRATEGIES Option 1 This site strategy attempts to intervene on the site while retaining the existing circulation paths through the area. There are three proposed masses that are either one or two levels high and they are seperated to allow pedestriants to have unrestricted movement through the site. They are located along the perimeter of the site which creates a small courtyard between the buildings, similar to other open spaces in the area. The materials used on the exterior of the buildings are either glass or stone. This concept is intended to allow pedestrians to ow through the site as they would before the design. The courtyard created will give the feeling of being closed o from the rest of the city while providing slivers of views of the surrounding area. The open space that is created by the mass of the buildings will be similar to the other open spaces in the city. The space will relate to the theater, similar to how other open spaces relate to their surrounding buildings, which is shown in the diagram to the right.

Duke Medical Pavilion

Site Collage

Open Space & Museum Network Diagram

Site Plan 1

INITIAL SITE STRATEGIES Option 2 Compared to the previous site strategy, this option attempts to completely rethink the circulation through the site. The mass of the building is located along the South East side of the site and stands two to thee levels above the lower part of the site. The stairs that lead to the theater will be removed and pedestrians will have to go through the building to change levels through the site. The building will also have an entrance facing the fountain/art installation area as well as a level below that where the tunnel is located. The mass leaves the North West corner of the site open to break the corner of the street which creates a unique open space in the area. Similar to the previous option, the materials used on the exterior of the building will be both glass and stone. This site strategy will also incorporate new trees to account for the existing trees that will need to be removed. This concept eectively creates two seperate open spaces that are seperated by the change in elevation and speak to the buildings that are at the same elevation. Since the building is intended to provide circulation through the site and rethink the existing circulation, it is important to use glass at eye-level to allow people to see through the building to their intended destination. The lower level of the building will have an open and free feel by creating multiple height spaces so that one would not feel enclosed or clausterphobic in the utilitarian space.

WKCDA Arts Pavilion Competition Entry - Hong Kong

Site Collage

Open Space & Museum Network Diagram

Site Plan 2

INITIAL SITE STRATEGIES Option 3 This option attempts to create an open space that is in sync with the other open spaces in the city. The mass of the building does this by surrounding three sides of the site which creates an open space that flows off of the street. Similar to the previous scheme, the stairs that lead to the theater will be removed and circulation through the site to change elevation will be through the building. However, the stairs that lead to the tunnel will remain and open up to the courtyard that is created. The mass of the building is two to three levels above the lower part of the site. The facades of one portion of building will be glass with a metal design, while another portion of the building will be stone combined with a metal screen system. The courtyard will be made of cobblestone to retain the original feel of the site. This concept speak to the other open spaces that are related to the museums in the area, which is shown in the diagram to the right. It will allow people to frow from the street into the open space and then to their destination. This concept will also connect the upper open space with the lower space to make it feel as if they are one space, regardless of the elevation change. The building itslelf will feel open as well because glass or a lighter material will be used on the sides that face the courtyard, which could allow the interior feel as if it is part of the exterior.

Western Technical College’s Integrated Technology Center Courtyard - La Crosse, WI

Site Collage

Open Space & Museum Network Diagram

Site Plan 3

SPATIAL CONCEPTS Collage 1 The idea behind this collage is that the building becomes a destination within the city, not something that one would walk by without noticing. The opening in the street side of the building provides a welcoming entrance that is not over powering. The orange pathway represents someone’s movement through the area and the site, they would be able to move directly from the street into the open space that the building creates. The two main ideas behind this collage is circulation and openness, which are represented by the orange pathway and glass material, respectively. Circulation through the site is a big component to the overall project, so it should be highlighted within the site and mass of the building. The idea of openness relates directly to the circulation aspect because it will allow someone to see where their destination is through the building. Glass will highlight the connection between these two ideas by providing a transparent barrier between the interior and exterior of the building.

Collage Precedent

Collage Precedent

UNC Charlotte Campus

SPATIAL CONCEPTS Collage 2 The ideas behind this collage are views, circulation, and lighting. How natural light enters a building can help define spaces as well as highlight key aspects of the design. Lighting will become a major component to how the building is deisgned and how people experience it. Similarly, the views that are framed in a design can affect how people experience a building. At the moment, the sun is low in the sky, which creates long shadows within the building. In this collage, there are two different framed views which face different directions. This will provide a visitor of the building two different perspectives of the surrounding area. The light that pours in from two different directions illuminate the dull walls in certain areas which gives the walls and extra texture that can only be experienced by the eyes. Furthermore, light can be used to highlight circulation paths, which is shown to the left of the collage. Light is shining from right to left and accentuates the hallway. Circulation is a big aspect of the project, so it should have a higher heirarchical value. Similar to the exterior of the building, the circulation of the interior will flow from one space to the next. At certain points, there will be breaks from that circulation, which is another reason to give the windows their own area. Collage Precedent

Collage Precedent

Eastern Michigan University Dorm Building

SPATIAL CONCEPTS Model This model depicts and empty space, only occupied by a person and an art installation. It gives the feeling of lightness due to the white walls and and enclosed space becasue of the black ceiling. The materials represent how the wieght is distributed throughtout the structure, the base is thicker to represent heavier weight, while the walls are much thinner. Similat to the previous collage, the circulation through the space is highlighted by an orange stripe, which is located at the base of the walls. Furthemore, the top of the walls extend to represent entry ways to adjacent spaces. From the outside of the model, it seems to be a dark, enclosed space that is not exciting. However, when one enters the model, they realized how dyamic and high the interior is.

MASSING STUDIES Program The purpose of this project is to provide a centralized space in which tourists and other visitors of Basel can obtain information and direction to various museums and attractions that the city has to offer. This type of program is needed in this site because there are currently multiple paths of travel that merge in one location, which can often be confusing and make it difficult to orient oneself within the city. The site has multiple changes of elevation which further complicates one’s understanding of how to move through the area. The site has the potential to provide the city with a dynamic pavilion that highlights the culture of Basel to visitors. A successful intervention on this site will be more than a bulletin board with directions, but it would rather orient people where to go and assist them with other needs that a tourist might have. The first major part of the program will accommodate temporary exhibits and events associated with the city. This will consist of spaces such as a multipurpose room and kitchen. The next major programmatic element will act as a form of urban infrastructure to provide guidance and additional necessary services. This will consist of spaces such as a ticket booth, administrative areas, and part of the multipurpose room. The overall experience of each of these spaces will be welcoming to people who are new to Basel, as well as emphasize the rich culture that is part the city and its history.

Requirements for Flexible Exhibition/Assembly Spaces:

Requirements for Public Restrooms:

- Easily identifiable entrance and exit with clear external signage. - Sufficient loading/unloading space to accommodate multiple events. - Level/flat floor. - Doors of sufficient width and height or retractable walls to allow truck access, if needed. - Weather protected entrance and reception. - Clearly identified disabled access. - Storage space large enough to store tables, chairs, and equipment. - Sufficient ventilation and heating/cooling system will be needed. - Generous amounts of natural light are ideal but should have the ability to be shaded when needed. - Large span space to accommodate different events. - Acoustical materials used to minimize noise transmission between spaces during events. - The ideal form can be flexible in plan but should be large and have tall ceilings to provide flexibility for multiple events.

- Sufficient number of toilets for maximum occupancy. - Sufficient number of sinks for maximum occupancy. - Easy access for the public. - Must comply with the ADA - At least one handicap accessible toilet/stall - Grab bars 34”-38” off the ground - Enough space outside of the stall for a wheelchair to turn (60” radius) - At least one handicap accessible sink (17” from wall, 29” clearance between floor) - Motion activated hand dryers - Privacy locks on stall doors - Must be kept clean and safe at all times.

Example of Flexible Exhibition Space:

Example of Public Restroom:

Multipurpose Room: The multipurpose room is the largest space in the building at 6000 sf. It will be used for public gatherings, exhibitions, and to provide information to tourists. For these uses, it should be easily accessible from multiple access points in the building and have proximity to the main entrance. The space should feel open and have higher ceilings so that it does not make someone feel claustrophobic because the space is so large. There should also be an abundance of natural light that enters this space to make it more comfortable to be in. This will be the loudest space in the building, so it should be separated from the administrative spaces that would want to be quiet. Other programmatic spaces that should be adjacent to the multipurpose room are the kitchen, vending area, restrooms, and storage. Kitchen: The kitchen is the second largest space in the building at 1000 sf. It is a commercial kitchen that is large enough to service the multipurpose room during events and to provide meals to hungry tourists who might be passing by. Because of the importance of this space, it should be easily accessible from both the main entrance and the multipurpose room. The kitchen does not need to have direct access to natural light, so it does not need to be on

Raleigh Convention Center

Cobb Galleria Center

LA Central Library

Vancouver Convention Center

the perimeter of the building.

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Kitchen 1000 SF

Ticket Booth 300 SF

Storage - Admin 250 SF Vending 250 SF

Vending Machine Area: The vending machine area is large enough to ďŹ t a couple vending machines that would be used by both the public and administrative sta of the building. It does not need to be a space enclosed by four walls and should allow people to easily circulate in and out of the space. It can also include a small seating area if space permits, to allow tourists to take a quick break. This space should be adjacent to the multipurpose room and be easily accessible from the main path of circulation through the building. Administrative OďŹƒces: There are three administrative oďŹƒces that should have a clear separation from the public. These spaces are where the sta of the building will be able to conduct business to keep the building operable. They have the potential to be three separate oďŹƒces or combined into one larger suite. However, each oďŹƒce will need access to natural light, preferably through a window to ensure the sta member’s well-being. The oďŹƒces should have access to a restroom that is separate from the public restroom and have access to their own storage space as well. Other than restrooms and storage, the meeting room should be adjacent to the administrative oďŹƒces to keep a clear separation between the public and private spaces of the building. Meeting Room: The meeting room is associated with the administrative oďŹƒces and should be adjacent to them. It is large enough for a conference table and small kitchenette. The meeting room will be used for sta meetings and small meetings with city oďŹƒcials. This space should have direct access to natural light and should be acoustically quiet in order to conduct productive meetings. It should also be close to the sta restrooms. Ticket Booth Area: The ticket booth area should have access to both the administrative area and public areas so that the public can easily access tickets to events. The space is large enough for a sta member to occupy behind a counter as well as at least two seats for the public. This space should be close to the main circulation path through the building and can act as a buer between the public and private program spaces. Storage: Storage areas will be dispersed throughout the building as needed, particularly in the multipurpose room and the administrative area. The storage spaces should be hidden from the view of the public and can be tucked away behind other spaces.

MASSING STUDIES Program After determining what the program entails and before the design process begins, it is critical to understand the code requirements related to the design. This will affect how spaces are laid out, their proximity to exits, and number of exits required to safely allow the maximum number of occupants out of the building during and emergency. The maximum occupancy of the building will also affect the number of fixtures required for the design, such as toilets, sinks, and water fountains.

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MASSING STUDIES Option 1 The current geometry of this site is the result of years of dynamic changing in the area. Overtime, the structure of the block eroded which can be seen in the historic maps below. As a result, the site is currently an unplanned space which is an incomplete synthesis of different access paths. This merger of different access points gives the site a characteristic of permeability which is not fully designed for and gives off the sense of leftover space. This concept attempts to formalize this permeability through architecture to better define the connections within the block. The goal for this concept is to keep the original permeability of the site by keeping the lower level open, which allows people to filter through in many directions. This permeability is important to retain on the site because it highlights the natural flow that pedestrians have historically taken to make connections through the area. Programmatically, the majority of services and private administrative areas are located on the lower level, while the spaces that are more public in nature are located on the upper level, which would give the public better views of the area which will assist in pinpointing destinations. The public spaces are intended to provoke the feelings of openness and permeability, which emphasizes the overall characteristics of the site. This concept also introduces a new exterior staircase to move from the lower to the upper level of the site. This increases the overall permeability of the site and gives the pedestrian the option to avoid moving through the building to get to their destination. Conceptual Site Collage

Basel, 1900

Basel, 1920

Current Site Access

Basel, 1950

Basel, 1965

Basel, 1975

Basel, 2018

Site Plan

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

100'

MASSING STUDIES Option 1 Programmatically, this scheme makes a clear separation between public and private spaces. The private spaces are on the lower level, while the public spaces are on the upper level. On the lower level, the building appears to be three separate masses. One of them contains administrative spaces such as offices and meeting rooms, another contains public bathrooms, and the final one contains mechanical space, bathrooms, and circulation to get to the upper level. The masses are placed to frame the site and to retain the original permeability of the site, which allows pedestrians to flow through the site as they would have before the building was there. There is also an added staircase which will allow pedestrians to move from the lower level of the site to the upper level of the site without needing to enter the building. The upper level of the building is where the multipurpose room and kitchen are located. This is where the public will spend most of their time in the building, so it will be an open, comfortable interior environment. Both the multipurpose room and kitchen create a more solid mass than the lower level and create overhangs to provide protection from the elements on the exterior of the lower level. Each roof of the project will be a green roof to align with the goals of the city and will also minimize storm water runoff and the heat island effect.

Upper Level Plan

Lower Level Plan

Scale: 0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

Cross-Section

Massing Model

MASSING STUDIES Option 2 The current geometry of this site is the result of years of dynamic changing in the area. Overtime, the structure of the block eroded which can be seen in the historic maps below. As a result, the site is currently an unplanned space which is an incomplete synthesis of different access paths. This merger of different access points gives the site a characteristic of permeability which is not fully designed for and gives off the sense of leftover space. This concept attempts to formalize this permeability through architecture to better define the connections within the block. The goal for this concept is to further frame the original permeability of the site by creating a large mass on the lower level of the site which will force the pedestrian to enter the building rather than go around it, which is opposite to the previous concept. This concept is taller in section than the previous concept and has a large cantilever on the third floor which frames the movement through the site. The spaces in the cantilevered part of the building are all private/administrative, so the public will not need to worry about how to get up there. The overall massing of the building will create a courtyard similar to the conceptual site collage. Similar to the previous concept, there is a new exterior staircase which connects the upper and lower levels of the site. This increases the overall permeability of the site and gives the pedestrian the option to avoid moving through the building to get to their destination.

Conceptual Site Collage

Basel, 1900

Basel, 1920

Current Site Access

Basel, 1950

Basel, 1965

Basel, 1975

Basel, 2018

Site Plan

PUBL IC TOILE TS

UP

M M

W W

ST SO TO R

R AA GGEE

UP

MMEECCHH

M

MULUTLTIPUR ROOIPUR POS M POS E ROO E M UP

VEN

VENDDING ING

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

100'

MASSING STUDIES Option 2 On the lower level of the site, there appears to be two separate masses, the main building and the public toilets. Similar to the previous concept, this scheme separates the public and private spaces on different floors. The lower level of the site contains the multipurpose room and circulation to the upper floors, along with restrooms and mechanical space. The only space on the second floor is the kitchen. Since the multipurpose room is a double height space, the kitchen will appear to be a mezzanine and will have direct access to the multipurpose room.

PUBLIC PUBLIC TOILETS

GREEN ROOF

GREEN ROOF

MEETING

S

The third floor of the building is where all the administrative spaces are located, such as the offices, meeting room, and ticket booth. These spaces are more private in nature and are separated in section from the public spaces. To further increase this separation, this area of the building is cantilevered across the site which creates a more prominent intervention in the area. This cantilever will help the building become a destination rather than something to pass through. It also frames the circulation through the site. Similar to the previous concept, each roof will be a green roof which will help increase the overall health of the area.

UP

S

O

M

DN

GREEN ROOF

STORAGE

W

M

O

W O

UP

UP

DN

TICKET

MULTIPURPOSE ROOM

GREEN ROOF

UP

DN

VENDING

1st Floor Plan

2nd Floor Plan

3rd Floor Plan

W

MULTIPURPOSE ROOM

Scale: 5'

10'

25'

DN

KITCHEN KITCHEN

MECH

0'

DN

50'

Cross-Section

M

M

S

MTG

Massing Model

MASSING STUDIES Option 3 The current geometry of this site is the result of years of dynamic changing in the area. Overtime, the structure of the block eroded which can be seen in the historic maps below. As a result, the site is currently an unplanned space which is an incomplete synthesis of different access paths. This merger of different access points gives the site a characteristic of permeability which is not fully designed for and gives off the sense of leftover space. This concept attempts to formalize this permeability through architecture to better define the connections within the block. Compared to the previous two concepts, this massing is sunken into the ground to make the building seem to blend into the site. The lower level of the site appears to have three separate masses which are located to frame the existing circulation through the site. Most of the building is only one floor above the lower level of the site, which puts the roof at the same level of the upper level of the site. Therefore, the roof will be accessible from the upper level of the site and create a larger exterior public space that what is currently on the site. The addition of a new staircase helps to connect this space with the lower level of the site. The portion of the building that appears to be two floors creates an overhang on the lower level of the site.

Site Photo Showing Elevaiton Change

Basel, 1900

Basel, 1920

Basel, 1950

Current Site Access

Basel, 1965

Basel, 1975

Basel, 2018

Site Plan

PUBL IC TOILE TS

KITC

HEN

UP

DN

UP

VEND ING DN

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

100'

MASSING STUDIES Option 3 This concept sinks some of the programmatic spaces below grade to help integrate the overall building into the site. The multipurpose room is pushed below grade but is still given a double height ceiling. There is also mechanical space, restrooms and storage below grade. Therefore, the roof of the multipurpose room becomes level with the upper level of the site. This allows the roof to become accessible to the public which creates a larger open space than what is currently there. In order for the multipurpose room to be accessed from multiple access points on the site, multiple means of circulation will be needed to retain the existing permeability of the site. The lower level of the site has three separate masses, which frame the ďŹ ltration through the site and assist the public in making connections between key points of the site. These masses consist of the public restrooms, kitchen, and access to the multipurpose room. Although the kitchen is separated from the multipurpose room, there is direct access between the spaces. Similar to the previous concepts, the private administrative spaces are clearly separated from the public spaces in section. They are on the upper level of the building and create an overhang between the kitchen and multipurpose room on the lower level of the site, which helps to deďŹ ne the circulation through the site. The administrative spaces are arranged to maximize the views of the surrounding area. Similar to the previous concepts, each roof will be a green roof for both sustainable reasons and to align with the values of Basel.

PUBLIC TOILETS

GREEN ROOF

MEETING

KITCHEN

DN

UP

MECH

W

M

STORAGE

S

M

DN

O

W DN

O

UP

MULTIPURPOSE ROOM

S

O UP

TICKET BOOTH

VENDING UP

DN

Below-grade Level

Lower Level

TICKET BOOTH Scale: 0'

5'

10'

25'

Upper Level

S S

MULTIPURPOSE MULTIPURPOSE ROOM ROOM

50'

Cross-Section

W

M M

MTG MTG KITCHEN KITCHEN

MECH

GREEN ROOF

Massing Model

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME CONCEPT Building off of the three original conceptual designs, the concept for the final scheme is permeability. Since the existing conditions of the site is an unplanned space that is the result of an incomplete synthesis of different access paths, the site currently has multiple circulation paths. This design will formalize the permeability and highlight the ideal movement and connections through the site. The building’s footprint on the site preserves the openess of the lower level by seperating three masses which allows movement between them. The connection between the upper and lower level of the site is made through two added staircases on the eastern side of the site. Further, the program on the lower level is pushed inwards allow people to see within the building through glass walls, which blurs the line between interior and exterior. The current tunnel on the lower level of the site will be preserved and slightly expanded to the southern side of the site to allow access from both sides of the building. The building’s massing also creates multiple overhangs which help frame the movement through the site. Further, the roof is extended over the northeast corner which frames the exterior courtyard and creates a dynamic flooding of light into the space. Current Site Access

Basel, Switzerland

Open Spaces Related to Museums

Amorepacific Headquarters - Chipperfield

SITE PLAN

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME BLDG DIAGRAMS The program of the building is oganized hierarchically to give the public spaces priority in the deisgn. Also, the public and private spaces are seperated sectionally to give the public the easiest access to the building.The largest space in the building, the multipurpose room, is located on the second floor which will be level with the upper level of the site. Ths allows for easy access from the upper level of the site, which is shown in the site circulation diagram. Most of the private/administrative spaces are located on the first floor to seperate it from the public spaces. The kitchen has direct access to the public spaces and is located above the multipurpose room. It also creates an overhang above one of the exterior staircases which frames the movement through the site and connects to the massingof the public bathrooms. The massing of the building will also include an accessible green roof which will allow the public to take in the views of the surrounding city. Program Axon

Site Circulation Multipurpose Room 6000 SF

Storage 800 SF

Offices 150 SF Meeting Room 400 SF

Kitchen 1000 SF

Ticket Booth 300 SF

Storage - Admin 250 SF Vending 250 SF

Mech - Fan Room 500 SF

Mech - Boiler 200 SF

Program Axon

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME BLDG DWGS

1

2 34'-0"

3

4

1

34'-8"

17'-2"

2 34'-0"

A

3

4 34'-8"

17'-2"

A

23'-6"

23'-6"

STORAGE B

B 15'-2"

15'-2"

DN

DN

1

C

1

C 13'-4"

13'-4"

UP

D

UP

D DN

14'-4"

14'-4"

2

VENDING

E 12'-6"

E UP

12'-6"

S

F

2

Ø5'-0" Ø5'-0"

F

S

12'-6"

12'-6"

G

G

MULTIPURPOSE ROOM

Ø5'-0"

12'-6"

12'-6"

H

H

MECH

12'-6"

12'-6"

Ø5'-0"

I

I

TICKET

13'-4"

13'-4"

J

J UP

3

4

1st Floor Plan

UP

5

3

2nd Floor Plan

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

4

5

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME BLDG DWGS The upper and lower levels of the sie are ocnnected by two exterior staircases on the north and south of the site. This enhances the movement in and out of the site. Also, as seen in Section 1, the courtyard is framed by the bridge created from the kitchen and the extension of the roof. Section 2 shows the connection between the tunnel and the building, which allows people to ow from the tunnel to the interior of the building. Programmatically, the multipurpose room is located above the administrative spaces to seperate public from private spaces. The multipurpose room is also a double hieght space whereas all other spaces are single height to emphasize its importance in the program.

SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

SECTION 4

SECTION 5

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

1

2

3

34'-0"

4

1

34'-8"

17'-2"

2 34'-0"

A

3

4 34'-8"

17'-2"

A

23'-6"

23'-6"

STORAGE

B

B 15'-2"

15'-2"

1

C

1

C 13'-4"

13'-4"

DN

D

KITCHEN

D

14'-4"

14'-4"

2

E

2

E 12'-6"

12'-6"

F

F 12'-6"

12'-6"

G

OPEN TO BELOW

12'-6"

H

ACCESSIBLE GREEN ROOF

G 12'-6"

H 12'-6"

12'-6"

I

I 13'-4"

13'-4"

J

J

3

4

3rd Floor Plan

0'

5'

10'

5

3

Roof Plan

25'

50'

4

5

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME BLDG DWGS The exterior of the building is mostly glass to emphasize the permeability of the design. To contrast the glass, concrete or stucco will be used on the service areas of the building, such as the elevators and bathroom spaces. As shown in the elevations, the building appears to be two floors when viewed from the upper level but is actually three floors, which is seen from the lower level.

WEST ELEVATION

EAST ELEVATION

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

West Facade Materiality

Typical Facade Bay

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME BLDG DWGS As shown in the photos of the site model, the building is intended to act as a beacon that stands out among the surrounding buildings. This is to make the building more of a destination rather than a pavilion that one would briefly stop by. Since the site is located on the corner of two streets, glimpses of the building can be seen from multiple directions.

NORTH ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

0'

5'

10'

25'

50'

ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME PASSIVE STRATEGIES Buildings in the Swiss climate require considerations for heating strategies for the entire year. By using passive design strategies, active heating can be avoided in the summer, mitigated in the colder seasons, and active cooling can be avoided all together. The most effective passive design strategies in this climate include: Internal Heat Gain: This strategy uses the heat created by its inhabitants and mechanical systems (such as lighting) to heat the building. To achieve this strategy, a tight envelope and insulation is important. Low Mass Solar Gain: /RZ PDVV WLJKWO\ VHDOHG EXLOGLQJV ZLWK VXI¿FLHQW LQVXODWLRQ rapidly store the radiation it is exposed to in the morning. The tight seal will also maximize internal heat gain and keep interior temperatures more uniform (especially important in the winter months when there is so little solar radiation). A compact building with less surface area exposed will also lose less heat in the cold environment, and be less susceptible to drafts. Passive Solar Heating: Orient windows and glass toward the South to maximize sun exposure in the winter and use overhangs/ shades in the summer. Insulating shades can also be used at night in the winter to prevent heat loss. Trees should not be planted in front of these windows. Sun Shading of Windows: When the temperatures are warm, block the solar radiation from heating the building by shading the windows. Pitched Roofs: Pitched roofs are better at collecting radiation in the ZLQWHU DQG DUH JHQHUDOO\ FRROHU LQ WKH VXPPHU WKDQ ÀDW roofs. They can also be used to protect the building from wind conditions. Steep roofs are ideal for shedding precipitation. Green Roofs: If the roof is of an appropriate slope, Swiss law mandates that they be green roofs. The vegetation on the roof is ideal for the improvement of air quality, adding humidity as well as oxygen in to the air, as well as the mitigating effect it has on the various weather conditions. It moderates the teperature experienced, the thermal mass lowers the temperature within the building in the heat of summer, while acting as additional insulation, keeping the warmth inside the building during the winter. This moderation assists in the lowering of the consumption of energy by the building. Green roofs absorb precipitation, and WKURXJK LWV ¿OWUDWLRQ VORZV WKH ÀRZ RI ZDWHU WR WKH HDUWK This allows the water table to collect more water than it ZRXOG RWKHUZLVH ,W DOVR PLWLJDWHV SRWHQWLDO ÀRRGLQJ RI WKH streets.

Evaporative Cooling and Ventilation: This strategy is helpful in the warmer summer months when humidity is lower. The vegetation from green roofs also have an evaporative cooling effect. This strategy requires a breeze to carry the additional moisture. Opening windows to allow the breeze into the building helps cool the structure in the summer months. Wind Protection: When temperatures and humidity leave the comfort zone, the comfort of the outdoor space can be extended by protecting it from the wind. Wind protection is also EHQHÂżFLDO LQ ZLQWHU (QWU\ ZD\V VKRXOG EH SURWHFWHG WR avoid snow drifts. Ideally, the side of the building that recieves the most winter wind is used as storage space, providing an exra insulative layer between drafts and the occpied space.

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ASSIGNMENT 6: PRELIMINARY DWGS OF FINAL SCHEME PASSIVE STRATEGIES After completing a preliminary analysis of how the building functions using Sefaira, it is confirmed that most of the building is overlit with natural light and has a high cost to operate due to the abundance of glass on the facades. The high cost and flooding of natural light can be mitigated through the use of passive systems. For example, window shading devices can be utilized to control the amount of daylight that enters the building and natural ventilation and thermal mass can help lower the cost of the building’s operation.

Initial Daylighting Analysis

3rd Floor Daylight

Initial Axon for Analysis

2nd Floor Daylight

Overall Daylight

1st Floor Daylight

Initial Energy Usage

Annual Energy Usage

Monthly Energy Usage

Annual kBTU Usage

Annual Energy Usage Type

Monthyl Energy Usage Type

T.O. ROOF 274.25

11'-3"

TYPICAL ROOF ASSEMBLY - PARAPET WALL WITH DRAIN - LOW VEGETATION - 4" ENGINEERED SOIL - FILTER FABRIC - 2" CRUSHED GRAVEL - ROOT BARRIER - WATERPROOF ROOF MEMBRANE - 2 LAYERS OF 2" RIGID INSULATION - 6" STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SLAB - METAL DROP CEILING T.O. 3RD FLOOR 270.75

10" CONCRETE COLUMN 60 X 30 CONCRETE BEAM

26" CONCRETE COLUMN

24'-8"

TYPICAL ENCLOSURE ASSEMBLY - 12'' WIDE CAST GLASS - TRANSLUCENT INSULATION - 12'' WIDE CAST GLASS - 20" AIR GAP - 7" ALUMINUM MULLION - 1" INSULATED GLAZING

TYPICAL FLOOR ASSEMBLY - POLISHED 2" SCREED CONCRETE FLOOR - 2" ACOUSTIC RIGID INSULATION - 6" STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SLAB - METAL DROP CEILING

10'-7"

T.O.2ND FLOOR 263.25

T.O. 1ST FLOOR 260

BASEL PAVILION OF CULTURE

TYPICAL SLAB ON GRADE ASSEMBLY - COMPACTED EARTH - COMPACTED GRAVEL - 2" RIGID INSULATION - VAPOR BARRIER - REINFORCED 6" STRUCTURAL SLAB - ACOUSTIC UNDERLAYMENT - 2" CONCRETE SCREED TOPPING - RESILIENT FINISH FLOORING

SCALE : 1/2" = 1'-0"

COMPOSITE WALL SECTION

MICHAEL LOFFREDO

GRADUATE DESIGN STUDIO ARCH 515

ROGER WILLIAMS UNIVERSITY DATE : 7/25/2018

A3.01

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