Lokayata: Journal of Positive Philosophy, Vol. XII ( 01 & 02) September 2021

determinate and Nirvikalpa is indeterminate. Vatsayana says that if an object is perceived with its name we have determinate perception; if it is perceived without name we have indeterminate perception.

Jayanta Bhatta says that indeterminate perception apprehends substance, qualities and actions and universals as separate and indistinct something and is devoid of any association with name, while determinate perception apprehends all these together with a name. Gangesha Upadhyaya defines indeterminate perception as non-relational apprehension of an object devoid of all association of name, genus, differentia etc. Annam Bhatta defines it as the immediate perception of an object as well as of its qualities, ‗but without the knowledge of the relation between them.

A review of literature is a test of scholarly paper which includes the current knowledge including substantive findings as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to a particular topic. Literature reviews are the secondary sources and do not report new or original experimental works. Kamal, M. M. (1998): According to Charvakas, perception is of two kinds; (a) external and (b) internal , that means perception is produced by exernal sense organs or by the inner sense, mind. The external perception means the contact between five sense organs and objects. But they don‘t admit the mind as an independent sense organ, so they don‘t admit internal perception through mind.

Shaw, J. L: Nyaya‘s extraordinary perception matches with Russell‘s Knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description. Rather it is superior than it because Russell‘s knowledge by acquaintance and description lead to solipsism. The Nyaya claims that there are both set of positive and set of negative causal conditions of perception. The sense object contact is the operation (Vyapara) and the sense organ is the special instrumental cause (Karana) of perception.

In this work I shall consider the methods like dialectic method to discuss and reach towards the problem, rational method in which arguments are presupposed and validity and reliability of the problem could be determined, hermeneutical method in which terms are interpreted clearly, analytical method which provides the self evident, clear, simple, and obvious understanding of the problem.

Obviously I will apply inductive-deductive method, descriptive method, empirical method, rational method and analytical method in this piece of research work.

Since this research is a deductive and descriptive type of research and the application as well as the use of this research is good in developing the creative and relative thought. We can apply this research in knowing the Indian perspective and contribution in the world of philosophy. This work is carried out on the knowledge of Indian philosophy and its philosophies and it will help people, students, academicians, researchers, thinkers to develop rational thought about other continental philosophies and interdisciplinary approaches to philosophies. Further this research work can be applied to know other religions, philosophies and different perspective.

Prama is valid knowledge. Knowledge can be valid or invalid; valid knowledge is known as aprama. Pramana is valid means of knowledge and its important four means include perception (pratyaska), inference (anumana), verbal testimony (sabda), and comparison (upamana). Different schools of Indian thought accept or reject different ones of these methods. All methods are accepted by mimamsa; only perception, inference and testimony by yoga; only perception and inference by Buddhism and Vaisesika; and only perception by carvaka. According to Carvaka school, pratyaksa or perception is the only source of knowledge; i.e., what cannot be perceived through the senses must be treated as non-existent. They refute all other sources of knowledge. They admit only four elements; i.e., earth, water, air and fire. We experience all the four through perception. So, perception is the only 11