LACH5424
LANDSCAPE COMPLEXITY STUDIO TERMITES & BANKSIA WOODLANDS Nadia Long 22478987 2022
CONTENT
initial landing & precedent
masterplan 03
non-human inhabitant scale analysis ecosystem diagram
04 05 06 07
existing site analysis
strategy/solving the problem the strategy
masterplan focus area 01
focus area 02
08 09 10 11 12
focus area 03
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
13 14
Nadia Long (22478984) LACH5424
LANDING & PRECEDENT
more-than-human ecology
The range of biodiverse ecosystems and conditions within the site is vast, with my initial thoughts of the area being intrigued by the extensive range of more than human inhabitants present and their impact on the areas ecosystem.
environmental scale
One of the first impressions noted when exposed to the site was the range of scales present within the area. From the small insects/ micro-organisms and their impact to the soil, to the flocks of birds and wide range of flora species they help distribute, to the movement and connection of flora patches, contradicting scale can be seen throughout the site. Scale became a significant concept within my design, looking at the communication and the engagement that my non-human inhabitant has within its ecologicical setting.
corridors
A more-than-human precedent that was regarded was the concept of land bridges that aimed to connect flora, fauna, and disconnected patched areas to assist in the crossing of wildlife. This look and first impression of morethan-human design encourages the idea of connectivity, with the purpose of the design not placing importance on that of human interaction, but rather on ecological engagement and benefit. Being situated between the 2 biodiverse hotspots of Bold Park and Kings Park, this idea of corridors between patches is a very important concept to consider.
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TERMITE SCALE ANALYSIS more-than-human inhabitant
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ECOSYSTEM DIAGRAM site analysis
Termites unintentially have many inter-connected relationships. Due to their diet and habit of eating the inner area of the Eucalyptus tree, birds utilise these safe spots as nests and hiding area. Termites are also the main food source for the Turtle frog, commonly found within sandy soils. Turtle frogs have been found within the Shenton Park/Bold Park area which brings forth the conclusion of the prescence of termites within these significant bushlands Nest within trees made by arboreal termites
Termite mound
Termite mud tunnels underground
Termites are found all over the world, living in a range of environments that shift in climate, soil quality, and biodiversity. Although small, termites impact within the environment is significant; influencing soil condition which subsequently impacts flora ecosystems; bushfire prevention; fauna habitats; and the rich biodiverstiy of a bushland and/or environment it resides in due to it's rich cellulose-diet that recycles nutrients. They do however hold a negative impact to the human-dominated world, with termites being associated with damage of homes and the cause of drainage leaks. There are over 2700 species of termites wordwide, with around 360 of them being found in Australia. Out of those 360, only a small handful are responsible for the damage to timber in homes, while the other large quantity stay within bushland and help ecosystems flourish. Termites thrive where moisture is high, and depending on this factor within its given environment, termites may create habitats that suite their livability. They are found wihtin 3 known habitats depending on the soil condition and climate; tunnels and nests underground; termite mounds; and nests within trees. When soil condition is right and there is enough moisture, termites are commonly found underground where the humidity is the highest. In areas of hot climate i.e. Middle of Australia and within the deserts, termites build habitats known as mounds that are made of a mixture of sand, fecal matter, saliva, and other substances found within the environment. Arboreal termite create nests within trees, commonly Eucalyptus trees, as a deterrent from other termites trying to invade their nests as they prefer decaying hardwood over timbers found in housing. Termites also eat the inside of healthy trees, in particular Eucalyptus trees, allowing us to conclude that they can be found within the Banksia-Jarrah woodland/bushland. When walking through Shenton Park and surrounding areas, these indicators allow us to assume they are in the area.
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ECOSYSTEM DIAGRAM site analysis
Subterranean termites spend most of their existence underground in tunnels to protect themselves from predators and to be within ideal humid conditions. They move through tunnels/galleries, or commonly known as mud tubes, that are made of a mixture of dirt, wood, and termite saliva and faeces. Preferred soil for termite habitat is sandy soil, commonly found in the Spearwood dune system which the site currently resides in and which also shares a habitat with the Banksia woodland. Due to these soils being porous and aerated, termites find it easy to travel and move nutrients within these habitats. These tunnels can reach around 100m away from the nest when termites are looking for ideal conditions and salvaging food. When termites move through these tunnels, they are aerating the soil and turning it porous allowing nutrients and water to be absorbed easier for healthy plant growth and healthy soil quality. These galleries improve soil structure while also assisting in water entry and storage in the soil, reducing surface rainwater runoff and subsequent soil erosion. When termites go to the surface to decompose organic matter, this matter is then turned back into fertile soil, further improving the soil of the area/bushland with the help of the porous soil and high moisture level.
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ECOSYSTEM DIAGRAM site analysis
Due to the importance of humidity and moist environments for the termites due to their susceptibility to desiccation, when termites live above ground they live in self-made mounds or nests, depending on locality and soil condition. Within the Swan-Coastal Plain, the chances of seeing termites mounds within bushlands is slim due to the moisture within the soil level, however the Pilbara is famous and well known for their large termite mounds. Due to lack of moisture, termites are required to build mounds that create a humid environment. Within this site, Subterranean termites and Arboreal termites are most likely the most common due to numerous mud tunnels and termite damage found amongst the Eucalyptus trees on the edge of Perry Lakes Reserve. On the surface, termites make as much of an impact to the environment as they do below. They help in the aid of speeding up the decaying process for plant matter, with the digestion and breakdown of dead/unhealthy trees and shrubbery lowering the risk of uncontrolled fires, as the fuel from this decomposing matter has been removed by the termite and returned to the soil. After digestion of the plant cellulose/dead plant matter and it's expulsion, nutrients are returned to the soil for other insects and plants to consume, replenishing and keeing the soil healthy as well as keeping the natural cycle moving.
Termites help in the aid of speeding up the decaying process for plant matter
Amongst the many inhabitant and predators within the environment, the Turtle Frog is the key inter-relationship for the termite, with the termite being its only source of food. From this we can deduce that wherever turtle frogs are located, termites are also prescent within that bushland. The turtle frog is also found within the sandy moist soils of the Banksia woodlands, hibernating year round until its reamergance in the summer after the rain for calling.
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SITE ANALYSIS groundwater levels & contours
5m contours
1m maximum groundwater contours
minimum groundwater contours
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Myobatrachus gouldii, Banksia woodland original & current remnant
SITE ANALYSIS
Banksia woodland - current remant extent
Banksia woodland - original extent
Myobatrachus gouldii (‘ Turtle Frog’ ) distribu-
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SITE ANALYSIS soil
Soil within the site, in relation to both the ecosystem and my more-than-human inhabitant, holds a significant role in the nutrition and health of the ecosystems that reside within the areas. The six main soil areas/conditions are Karrakatta, Cottesloe, Qundalup, Herdsman, Vasse, and Bassendean. Karrakatta soil is characterised by its undulating landscape with deep yellow sands over limestone. Cottesloe for its low hilly landscape with shallow brown sands over exposed limestone. Quindalup is made of dunes and beach ridges composed of calcareous sand. Vasse are poorly drained plains with variable undifferentiated estuarine and marine deposits. Lastly, Bassendean are sand plains with low dunes and occasional swamps; iron or humus podzols; areas of steep dunes. The site and it's extents fall between two zones, Karrakatta and Cottesloe, all under the Spearwood Dune system. Both can be characterised and identified by their sandy soil and presence of limstone, as well as the poor soil condition and health due to the struggle it has to hold nutrients. However due to the presence of limestone, it suggests that these areas are very alkaline, as well as the fact that Banksias have significantly deep root systems to reach groundwater and nutrients, it's an ideal area for restored and retained Banksia woodlands. In regards to Shenton Bushland, it belongs to the grey phase of the Karrakatta sands (Bolland, 1998), where soil condition is rather poor and infertile as similarly characterised in other areas of the Spearwood Dune System. The topsoils within the Bushland have been modified due to the introduction of foreign materials from developments and rubbish, resulting in a topsoil of stone, rubble and other organic material.
Karrakatta
Cottesloe
Quindalup
Herdsman
Vasse
Bassendean
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SITE ANALYSIS soil
During the mapping progress, four type of soil can be identified within the area and the surrounding suburbs. These soils can be classified a sand, limestone, peaty clay, and lake.
Sand:
Spearwood S7 Quindalup S1, S2
Sand within is area falls under two classifications; S1 and S2 calcareous sand, and S7 sand. 'S1 and S2 calcareous sand' are classified as white, fine to medium-grained, sub-rounded quartz and shell debris, of eolian origin. S7 sand is pale and olive yellow, medium to coarse-grained, sub-angular to sub-rounded quartz, trace of feldspar, moderately sorted, of residual origin. There is a small presence of limestone within Bold Park and south-west of Shenton bushland. Under 'Spearwood LS1', It's characterised by light, yellowish brown, fine to coarsegrained, sub-angular to well rounded, quartz, trace of feldspar, shell debris, variably lithified, surface kankar, of eolian origin, with minor heavy minerals. Peaty Clay 'Spearwood CPS' can be found within the site, seen in Lake Jualbup, as is classified as dark grey and black, soft, variable organic content, some quartz sand in places, of lacustrine origin.
Limestone:
Spearwood LS1
Looking at the soil allowed me to explore the planting, seeing if the planting will change significantly over the range of the site and to explore where the best places to replant/revegetate would be You can find these classifications on the De partment of Primary Industries and Regional Development 'MySoil'.
Peaty Clay:
Spearwood Cps
Lake:
Spearwood wet LAKE
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SITE ANALYSIS environmental diagram
HEALTHY REMNANT BANKSIA WOODLAND Banksia Woodlands of the Swan Coastal Plain bioregion
The aeolin sandy soils of the Spearwood dunes (Karrakatta soils) are transported from the ocean to the coast, which are then transported by wind to the dunes. Represented and formed primarily from Bassendean, Spearwood, and Quindalup geomorphic units, these soils are characteristed by percolation into the groundwater from the rainfall and lack of water retention and the percolation.
Jarrah occuring in deeper sands.
The predominate ecological identity within Shenton Bushland and among key areas of the site is a low open forest of Tuart, Jarrah, Marri, and Banksia sp. Currently the area is an isolated patch, surrounded by the Army Barrack, Shenton College, commercial and residential buildings, as well as being enclosed by a road and the bridge.
Marri
Significant decrease in the ecological community, listed as endagered in 2016 under the Environmental Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999.
in localised moist-
er soils.
Tuart
dominant along the west of the bushland where limestone is nearer to the surface.
Caused my numerous impacts, the main being
CURRENT ENDANGERED WOODLAND COMMUNITY
03
Jarrah - Banksia Woodland
02
Xanthorrhoea preissi shrubland
PROTECTION?
The protection and restoration of Banksia woodlands is a key sanctuary for native species of the Perth Swan Coastal Plain.
01
Species rich understory: - herbaceous ground layer of rushes, sedges, forbs, and occasionally grasses
Nadia Long (22478984) LACH5424
SITE ANALYSIS
decrease in remnant bushland due to land clearing
problem mapping
decrease of biodiversity and ecology of the bushland
The decrease in remnant bushland as a result of land clearing for larger developments is a significant contirbuting factor to the increase in urban heat. This increase in urban heat subsequently leads to a decrease in water storage, posing a major threat to the flora and fauna of the urban environment, the termites being one of thempushing them out of their environment in the bushland to seek moister climates within areas such as your house.
increase in urban heat
healthy bushland starts deteritorating, affecting the animals that rely heavily on the trees and seeds of the area.
decrease in water storage in soil thus decreasing moisture
The increase in developments, especially residential, creates appealing environments for the termite, thus by unintentionally encouraging the movement to these more ideal areas i.e. your home, the view of termites changes to one of pest rather then a environmental stabiliser. Not only is this a problem for homeowners, but it also an issue for the environment due to the importance termites play within their environment. The decrease in termites living within bushlands affects the soil and nutrients within the area, doesnt benefit from the nutritents and dead matter termites once provided for the soil, being one of the factors that subsequently create a dense unhealthy bit of land, decreasing tree and flora health. This leads to a decrease of biodiversity and ecology of the bushland
decrease in soil health push away microogranism that help the bushland thrive
movement of termites from dry un-moist soil to areas such as
Areas of health and education
Barriers
Residential vs green spaces
soil doesnt benefit from the nutritents and dead matter termites once provided for the soil, being one of the factors that subsequently create a dense unhealthy bit of land, dcreasing tree and flora health
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STRATEGY solving 'the problem'
From the problem mapping, the key important strategies that could be addressed within my design were those surrounding water levels and ideal environments, especiallly for the termite. This step involved looking at moves to make and the best places to make them i.e. where is there moist soil for termites, and how could I connect these nodes through vegetated corridors?
contours and water levels
species within a Banksia-Jarrah woodland
strategy plan
E. marginata B. prionotes B. sessilis
Revitalisation/replanting of Banksia woodland
B. menziesii 0.4m elevation B. marginata 5-7m elevation C. calophylla
Ideal environment for termite - location for termite nodes
8-10m elevation B. attenuata Surface flow Hypothesised location of termites Focus areas
Location of 'Banksia Highway' to test adaptabilty of Banksias from around W.A and see if we can utilise them in Perth Nadia Long (22478984) LACH5424
MASTERPLAN My design encompasses three strategies; 1. Termite Haven 2. Banksia Highway 3. Banksia Restoration Scale holds significant importance within a given environment, and was one of the first key impressesion I had. Termites, although small, impact the larger ecosystem on multiple scales, from it's moving of soil influencing soil condition influencing plant and flowering growth influencing wildlife diet which in turn influence whole biological communities. The community most common and one that I chose to encompass in my design and within my strategies is the Banksia woodlands. The first strategy, 'Termite Haven', is a novel environment created as a space that is most desirable and ideal for termites to reside in. It is an area characterised by low points for water collection to keep the soil moist and humid, dense plantation of Eucalyptus trees as a food source and habitat for wildlife, un-removed decaying logs and branches for food source and protection for wildlife, dense undershrub plantation, and possible areas for artifical/temporal termite mounds to combat climate changes affect on soil condition (rise in heat causes rise in ground heat resulting in diminishing groundwater and moisture in soil). The second strategy, 'Banksia Highway' focuses on the Banksia woodland and its adaptabilty within this ever changing climate. Inspired by the National Arboretum in Canberra, this idea/ concept looks at the Banksia species of Western Australia and their adaptibility to the rise in soil heat and groundwater depletion within the Swan Coastal Plain, specifically Perth region. Currently there are only few Banksia woodlands within the Perth region and a wide range are patches, slowly decreasing in health and biodiversity. Also, the rise in overall heat could significantly impact species more common within the South-West region, used to significant rainfall and cooler Mediterranean weather. This 'Highway' aims to utilise roads as a connection between these patches of remnant Banksia woodlands found in Kings Park and Bold Park, as well as opening up research into species adaptability to the change in soil and environmental factors. Aiming to introduce species from differenct regions into Perths woodlands, its encouraging an increas in biodiversity within the diminishing woodlands in a hope to revitalise Perth's footprint. The final strategy holds emphasis purely on restoration of Banksia woodlands to open park spaces in a hope to provide connectivity for these patched bushlands. Future endeavours could explore the findings of the Banksia Highway into this strategy, planting more regionally diverse Banksia species to create new environments for biodiversity to thrive in.
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FOCUS AREA 01: TERMITE HAVEN masterplan - existing
The Termite Haven is designed to provide an ideal environment for the termite in the hopes to: 1. Draw termites away homes to prevent damage and therefore misunderstood views on termites; 1:75000
2. Create low areas to draw in moisture and thus hopefully keeping the soil moist;
3. Create high points as stopping and viewing points. This provides people visiting the site to be educated visually on the habitat or termites in a positive manner, possibly seeing mud tunnels and the patterns they leave. These areas have timber seating, to invite others to use the space for longer peiods of time as well as being a biodigradable food source for the termites.
4. Revegetate the large area that was previously just turf, giving back to the environment and creating another ecological patch in the hopes to connect Bold Park and Kings Park through a green corridor.
5. Provide a new way of recycling old wood and timber, with 'drop off' areas that encourage people to dispose of unwanted wood as a food source for termites, which will also hopefully prevent them from going to houses for their food source;
6. Possible areas for artifical and/temporary nests
and mounds. To accomodate the changing climate resulting in the soil drying up, transfering old mounds or the possibilty of creating an artifical mound that regulates humidity, it could keep the termites within the area without looking for housing to seek moist environments;
7. Planting Eucalyptus trees and Banksias into
the nodes will bring in more widlife that weren't present at the current site or those that are being pushed away. Black-Cockatoos and Carnaby Cockatoos use the holes that termites make in Ecualypt trees as nests, and also rely on Marri, Jarrah, and Banksia for their seeds, allowing this site to also potentially be a haven for them;
8. Provide an informal path (raised steel grating and flush informal path) with stopping points within the site to alllow people to observe the ecology and more-than-human view of the site at a lower point.
This strategy has two stages; current condition and future condition. The current design allows for the possibilty of expansion of the planting and haven in a 'termite takeover', where due to lack of moisture in soil, the surrounding housing turn into termite havens and new habitats.
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FOCUS AREA 01: TERMITE HAVEN masterplan - 'what if'
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FOCUS AREA 01: TERMITE HAVEN sections
The creation of these low points within the termite havens allow water to drain into these areas to keep moisture within the site, keeping that ideal environment for the termites
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dead/fallen branches and logs
steel grating boardwalk with timber border
concrete paving to match existing
area for more-than-human inhabitants
artifical/temporary termite mound
termite tunnels
area for humans visiting site
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FOCUS AREA 01: TERMITE HAVEN sections
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timber recycling drop off area
steel grating boardwalk with timber border
dead/fallen branches and logs
artifical/temporary termite mound
termite tunnels
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FOCUS AREA 01: TERMITE HAVEN
Patersonia occidentalis
Melaleuca fulgens
Hibbertia stellaris
Grevillea crithmifolia
Lepidosperma gladia
Banksia littoralis
Banksia menziesii
Melaleuca seriata
Calothamnus quadrificus
Eremaea pauciflora
Eucalyptus marginata
Euchilopsis linearis
Eremophila glabra
Corymbia calophylla
Pericalymma ellipticum
Anigozanthos manglesii
Xanthorrhoea preissii
Eucalyptus rudis
There are three main planting groups within these termite haven areas; moderate/excessive wet sites, moist sites, and dry sites. There are also transitional zones where these species cross to create a more natural bushland area. mud tunnels
Hypocalymma angustifolium
timber furniture
Bankisa grandis
dead tree matter
Rhagodia baccata
Melaleuca preissiana
timber border
Banksia prionotes
steel grating boardwalk
Boronia purdieana
The planting within this area is aimed to be a hybrid of Banksia woodland, the vegetagtion suitable for the Karrakatta complex, and planting found within the current site. Within this strategy, due to the levels and contours playing such an important role within this environment, the planting palette is based around contours rather then flowering seasonality.
Astartea fascicularis
concrete paving to match existing
Adenanthos obovatus
moderate/excessive wet sites
Banksia attenuata
moist sites
dry sites
planting and material palette
the materials proposed were chosen due to either their unification with the current existing site, or chosen due to their permeability and possible return they might provide to the area. The grates were chosen to prevent untilised space underneath, as it allows rain and sun to reach the organisms and flora underneath. It also provides a stopping point for those passing by to view the ecology underneath. The timber border and seating was chosen as a possible way to bring termites into human sight, allowing people to observe the tunnels and patterns termites create when they consume timber, while also providing a food source for the termites. The concrete path matching with existing was chosen in order to create unity within the site without a feeling of disconnect. It also allows forr great accessibility The use of dead trees and logs while leaving fallen branches provides extra food source for termtes to eat and animals to hide within.
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FOCUS AREA 01: TERMITE HAVEN perspectives
PERSPECTIVE FOR TERMITE
PERSPECTIVE FOR HUMAN
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FOCUS AREA 02: BANKSIA HWY masterplan - existing
Similar to the termite haven, this strategy has two stages; current condition and future condition. The current design allows for the possibilty of future works to be possible, where the highway overtakes the road and allows only pedestrian and cyclist to engage within the site, opening up the site and creating a rich ecological corridor.
The 'Banksia Highway' is designed similiarly to that of an Arboretum hyrbid, using roads as ecological highways and planted understories that aim to:
1. Allow us to see the ecosystems in which Banksias of Western Australian regions can be found, from as far north as Broome to as far south as Albany
2. Create a possible seed bank for natural propegation within Perth.
3. Create a way to involve the families in the
neighbourhood. The shapes of regional planting areas, which were inspired by the negative spaces found around termite tunnels, hav the capability of spreading into the surrounding houses, opening up the opportunity for neighbourhood involvement in the planting of the specific region they fall under.
4. Rejuvenate verges to not only utilise empty
unmaintained verges, but allows and opens up safer travel of wildlife through the area, creating biodiverse and education corridors between patches of these remnant bushlands
5. Provide a educational aspect to the area, encouraging growth of species within the regions and thus raising connectivty begtween biodiverse patches without the need for major road and infrustructure changes.
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FOCUS AREA 02: BANKSIA HWY masterplan - 'what if'
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FOCUS AREA 02: BANKSIA HWY sections
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FOCUS AREA 02: BANKSIA HWY
B. prionotes
B. acuminata
B. borealis
B. ilicifolia
B. speciosa
B. calophylla
B. sceptrum
B. squarrosa
B. arborea
B. occidentalis
B. sessilis
B. attenuata
B. fraseri
B. grandis
B. arborea
B. ittoralis
B. carlinoides
B. menziesii
coloured paint of region it is in over existing bike lane
B. dentata
existing bitumen road
B. dallanneyi
concrete paving to match existing
B. ashbyi
verge garden bed with regional planting
planting and material palette
The planting for the Banksia Highway was intended to create hybrid environments within the roads verge, that could be utilised and inspire those living within the area.The planting is sorted into five planting zones; Gascoyne & Pilbara, Kimberley, Perth, Goldfields, South West/Great Southern. All these zones contain a mix of Banksia species from that area and undercovers typically found within the Perth region, testing out the compatability that the species has within Perths Climate. During this '01' phase, it looks are the existing environment, not making immense change to infrastructure. The concept of phase '02' would show significantly more softscape then the dominant hardscape that is currently showing.
B. petiolaris
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FOCUS AREA 02: BANKSIA HWY perspectives
EXISTING
FUTURE - 'what if'
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FOCUS AREA 03: BANKSIA RESTORATION planting
Banksia attenuata
Acacia pulchella
Alexgeorgea nitens
Conostylis sp.
Scholtzia involucrata
Kennedia prostrata
Banksia grandis
Jacksonia furcellata
Hovea trisperma
Haemodorum spicatum
Trachymene coerulea
Hibbertia racemosa
Banksia menziesii
Hakea prostrata
Hibbertia hypericoides
Burchardia umellata
Spyridium globulosum
Hemiandra pungens
Eucalyptus marginata
Jacksonia sericea
Daviesia nudiflora
Calothamnus lateralis
Banksia dallanneyi
Schoenus grandiflora
E. gomphocephala
Hardenbergia comptoniana
Grevillea vestita
Eremaea pauciflora
Banksia sessilis
Scaevola crassifolia
Bankisa calophylla
Scaevola canescens
Daviesia triflora
Lomandra caespitosa
Chamelaucium sp.
Calytrix angulata
A. fraseriana
Conostephium pendulum
Banksia ashbyi
Macrozamia
Chorizema varium
Melaleuca seriata
Xanthorhoea preissii
Corynotheca micrantha
Petrophile linearis
Melaleuca preissiana
Eucalyptus rudis
Strategy 03 is the revegetation of underutilised areas into existing bushlands. Currently there are large areas of turfed verges, open parklands that hold no ecological value, and the creation of unnecessary patches for infrustructure and the human enjoyment. This strategy aims to revegetate these such areas with a mix of planting found within Bold Park, Kings Park, and Banksia woodlands, in order to connect and revitalise these key connections.
Calothamnus quadrificus
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FOCUS AREA 03: BANKSIA RESTORATION perspectives
PERSPECTIVE FOR HUMAN
PERSPECTIVE FOR TERMITE
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