Patterns of inheritance

Hereditary Genetics Hereditary means something which is passed on from one generation to the next.

What are we talking about?

What are? ●

Chromosomes?

●

DNA?

●

Genes?

●

CG, AT?

●

●

●

Why can two right-handed parents have a lefthanded child?

Why do some people look different to their parents?

What causes some people to be born disabled?

Human Chromosomes Homologous chromosomes

Chromosome Pairs â—?

â—?

â—?

Chromosomes always come in pairs. Humans have 23 pairs.

Each chromosome in the pair contains instructions for the same genes. The instructions may be the same or different, eg 'blonde hair' and 'black hair', or 'right handed' or 'left handed'.

In organisms which undergo sexual reproduction, one chromosome is inherited from each parent. Sex cells (eg sperm, egg, pollen) contain one chromosome from each pair, so 23 chromosomes.

Spotlight Science â—?

Page 7.

The Genetics Debates In class we will debate some of the following: 1. Gender selection for babies 2. Genetic screening of foetuses.

3. “Designer Babies�.

4. Genetic engineering of plants (eg Golden Rice) 5. Terminator Genes in crop plants.

Notes: A. You should pitch your arguments to a Grade 7 audience.

Therefore, any science you use must be explained appropriately.

B. Focus on the issues: social, environmental, cultural, moral, ethical etc.

8A: Moots and Groups Topic

Gender Selection

Genetic “Designer Screening Babies�

Genetic Engineeri ng of Plants

Terminator Genes

Moot

Gender selection should be made available to couples who choose to use it.

Genetic screening of foetuses should be available for couples who wish to use it.

Companies should be free to genetically engineer crops, and farmers should have the option to purchase them.

Companies who genetically engineer crops have a right to use terminator genes to protect their intellectual property.

Note: this assumes GE of plants is ok.

For

Against

The genetic engineering of ourselves should be the next great advance for our species.

8B: Moots and Groups Topic

Gender Selection

Genetic Screening

“Designer Babies�

Genetic Engineering of Plants

Terminator Genes

Moot

Gender selection should be made available to couples who choose to use it.

Genetic screening of foetuses should be available for couples who wish to use it.

The genetic engineering of ourselves should be the next great advance for our species.

Companies should be free to genetically engineer crops, and farmers should have the option to purchase them.

Companies who genetically engineer crops have a right to use terminator genes to protect their intellectual property.

Note: this assumes GE of plants is ok.

For

Against

8C: Moots and Groups Topic

Gender Selection

Genetic Screening

“Designer Babies�

Genetic Engineering of Plants

Terminator Genes

Moot

Gender selection should be made available to couples who choose to use it.

Genetic screening of foetuses should be available for couples who wish to use it.

The genetic engineering of ourselves should be the next great advance for our species.

Companies should be free to genetically engineer crops, and farmers should have the option to purchase them.

Companies who genetically engineer crops have a right to use terminator genes to protect their intellectual property.

Note: this assumes GE of plants is ok.

For

Against

Mitosis

Mitosis is for growth and repair of tissue.

http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/mitosis.php

Meiosis Meiosis produces sex cells, or gametes (sperm and egg) Each gamete has half the number of chromosomes – one from each pair. Each allele is stored on one chromosome.

http://www.biology.iupui.edu/biocourses/n100/2k4ch9meiosisnotes.html

Mendel

Mendel was an Austrian Monk who worked with peas.

Where's Austria?

Mendel Used Peas Mendel studied characteristics.

A characteristic is something which can change.

Mendel studied five characteristics in peas (but the book only uses three for now):

http://slohs.slcusd.org/pages/teachers/rhamley/Biology/Genetics/genetics.html

Pollination

http://andromeda.cavehill.uwi.edu/flower_structure_and_function.htm

Cross Pollination

http://www.ekapa.ioisa.org.za/module9/pollinators.htm

Cross Pollination

First Generation Plants

http://www.tmd.ac.jp/artsci/biol/textbook/genetics.htm

Third Generation Plants The second generation plants' flowers were all pink.

When the second-generation flowers were self-pollinated, three quarters of the third-generation had pink flowers and one quarter and white flowers.

From this Mendel determined that each of the secondgeneration pea plants contained one pink gene from one of their parent plants, and one white gene from the other parent. Since they were all pink, he determined that the pink gene would always show up if present; he called this the dominant gene.

The recessive gene 'recedes' and can remain hidden for several generations, and only appears when no dominant gene is present.

Third Generation Plants

Vocabulary A characteristic is a feature which can take different forms, eg hair colour, handedness.

A trait is a possible form of a characteristic, eg blonde hair, left handed.

A gene is the instruction for an inherited characteristic.

Different forms of a gene are known as alleles, which are written as letters.

A dominant allele will always show up. It's written as a capital letter.

A recessive allele will only show up if there is no dominant.

It's written as a lowercase letter.

MORE vocabulary

HH Everyone has two alleles for each gene, with one from each parent.

A genotype is the the genes, written as two letters.

A phenotype is the physical characteristic that we can see.

Punnet Squares A punnet square is used to calculate the probability of outcomes.

Probability does not mean it will happen.

There is a one in two chance of a head when I flip a coin, but this doesn't mean I will always get half heads.

Discontinuous Human Characteristics All these are controlled by one gene in humans.

These show more variation in Europeans.

Why?

Tongue Rolling

Hitchhikers Thumb

Hair Colour

Eye Colour

Punnet Squares Example Right handedness (H) is dominant to left handedness (h). A right handed parent who also carries the left handed allele has four children with a left handed parent. a) draw a punnet square for this cross. b) what is the probability that each child will be right handed? c) how many of the six children would you expect to be left handed?

More Vocabulary Homozygous means both alleles are the same.

1. Homozygous dominant means both alleles are dominant.

2. Homozygous recessive means both alleles are recessive.

3. Heterozygous means both alleles are different.

Which one will have a recessive phenotype?

Which one will have all children the same?

1. Ayumi, who is homozygous right handed, has four children with Satoshi, who is left handed.

A) Write down the genotypes and phenotypes of Ayumi and Satoshi.

B) Draw a punnet square to calculate the genotype and phenotype of their offpsring.

C) Explain why all of the children are right handed.

2. One of Ayumi and Satoshi's children, Atsumi, has children with a Yuuto, who is heterozygous. Determine the phenotype ratio for Atsumi and Yuuto's children.

3. Black hair B is dominant to blonde hair, b. Mary, who has black hair, has five children with Bill, who has blonde hair. All the children have black hair. a) What is Mary's genotype most likely to be? Explain why we can't be certain. b) What is the genotype of Mary and Bill's children? c) One of Mary and Bill's children has children with a blonde haired person. What percentage of their children do you expect to have blonde hair?

Punnet Squares Worksheets

In-class work

Male/Female difference Males have an x and a y chromosome.

Females have two x chromosomes.

Which sex chromosome (x or y) does sperm have?

Which sex chromosome do eggs have?

Draw a punnet square of this cross.

King Henry VIII King Henry the VIII had a lot of wives.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tower_of_London,_Traitors_Gate.jpg

Colour Blindedness Colour blindedness is recessive on the x chromosome.

Which gender is more liky to be colourblind? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ishihara_9.png

Explain Explain why colourblindedness is more likely to occur in males than females.

Your explanation should be suited to a fifth grade child.

It should explain: 1. dominant and recessive.

2. X and Y chromosomes and their role in gender 3. Why boys are more likely to be colourblind than girls.

4. It should also give an example of what is required for a girl and boy to be born colourblind.

Sex Chromosome Problems Sex chromosomes are more easily understood, and sometimes go wrong.

Turner's Syndrome

Triple-x syndrome This occurs in 1 in 1000 females.

Klinefelter syndrome 1 in 500 to 1 in 1000 births. It is one of the most common sex-chromosome disorders.

XYY Syndrome

Quick Review 1. Who was Mendel?

2. Mendel found that smooth peas are dominant to wrinkled peas. Mendel crosses two pea plants which are both heterozygous for pea texture.

Draw a punnet square to show the cross, and determine the phenotype ratio of the offspring.

3. Tall pea plants are dominant to short pea plants. A pure-breeding (homozygous) short pea plant is crossed with a heterozygous pea plant.

Determine the phenotype ratio of the offspring.

Pedigree Charts

Pedigree Charts ●

●

●

●

A pedigree chart is a diagram which shows the phenotypes for one gene through generations.

A female is represented by a circle and a male a square.

A filled in (black) shape represents the presence of one phenotype and an empty (white) shape represents the other phenotype.

The dominant trait can be determined because two parents with the ____________ trait can have offspring with the __________ trait, but not vice versa.

The Cryptogram The human genome contains over three billion base pairs, about one and a half percent of which stores codes for twenty three thousand proteins, and the rest stores other information, including controversial "junk DNA" which has no known purpose. The total amount of data is about six hundred megabytes. Each cell copies this entire code during mitosis, and it only takes about eighty minutes to copy the entire genome. Cells very rarely copy any of the code incorrectly, but if a mistake is made, it is called a mutation, and can be good, bad or have no effect.

Poster Design an A3 poster to show your family's genotypes and phenotypes.

1.Include as many people as possible.

2. It should be a pedigree chart, but style can vary. (eg it doesn't need to use squares and circles if it's obvious) 3. It may include photos or pictures.

4. If possible, show them with the phenotype, eg rolling their tongue or holding a pen in one hand. Be creative.

DNA DNA = Deoxy--ribo--nucleic Acid It stores the code to make all living things. It is like a recipe book.

It's shape is a double helix, like a twisted ladder.

Nucleotides There are four nucleotides to DNA Each one has a sugar, a phosphate and a base.

The base is the only part that is different.

A always pairs with T. G always pairs with C.

A

T

G

C

How the Code is Stored The order of the base pairs stores code for proteins. Every part of our body is made of protein, and the code is in our DNA. Our DNA has some differences but is mostly the same. It is also similar to other primates.

It is the ORDER of the base pairs which is the same or different.

Proteins Proteins make up all living things. Hair, toenails, skin etc are all made of proteins.

Proteins are made of amino acids. There are twenty different amino acids used by animals.

Reading the Code

A

T

C

G

T

Quick Review 1)Explain the terms DNA, chromosome, gene, genotype, genome, phenotype, dominant, recessive.

2)In pea plants, green pea pods are dominant to yellow pea pods. Karina cross-pollinates a heterozygous plant with a plant with yellow pods. a) What colour are the pods of the heterozygous plant. b) Draw a punnet square for the cross. c) Determine the phenotype ratio of the next generation.

3)Explain how our DNA stores code to make an organism. You should consider how it is coded and what the information tells.

Incomplete Dominance â—?

â—?

Incomplete Dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype shows some of each of the homozygous phenotypes.

For example, the Snapdragon flower can be: RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookgeninteract.html

http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/inheritance/11-5_beyond_mendel.html

Problems â—?

A Snapdragon plant with pink flowers is selfpollinated. A flower gardener plants 100 seeds from it. How many can she expect to have: a) Red flowers? b) Pink flowers? c) White flowers?

Draw a punnet square to illustrate your answer.

Co-dominance ●

●

●

●

Co-dominance occurs when both alleles contribute to the phenotype. Blood type follows co-dominance.

The four phenotypes are A, B, AB and O. A produces A antigens and B produces B antigens; AB produce both. O produces none and is recessive to the others.

Can a parent with blood type A and a parent with blood type O have? a) children with A? b) children with B? c) children with AB? d) children with O?

http://www.biology.arizona.edu/mendelian_genetics/problem_sets/monohybrid_cross/11t.html

Blood Types

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Codominant.jpg

Replication

What does 'replicate' mean?

DNA Replication

Replicating Class DNA â—?

Cut the DNA in half and give half to another student.

Cut the DNA strand in half, and insert new base pairs to show how the DNA replicates. Then answer the following:

1.During what process does DNA replication occur?

2.What could or would happen if a) One base pair was incorrectly placed? b) Several base pairs were incorrectly placed? c) One base pair was chopped off during the process?

3.How might this be good for the individual? Bad for the individual? Good for the species? Bad for the species?

Mutations ●

●

●

●

The human genome is about three billion base pairs long, and it is usually copied without error.

If an error does occur the genes are changed.

This is called a mutation.

Mutations usually have no effect, are sometimes harmful and occasionally beneficial.

Blue eyes in humans are a recent mutation, therefore all blue-eyed people share a common ancestor.

Incomplete Dominance â—?

â—?

Incomplete Dominance occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype shows some of each of the homozygous phenotypes.

For example, the Snapdragon flower can be: RR = red rr = white Rr = pink

http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookgeninteract.html

http://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/inheritance/11-5_beyond_mendel.html

Problems â—?

A Snapdragon plant with pink flowers is selfpollinated. A flower gardener plants 100 seeds from it. How many can she expect to have: a) Red flowers? b) Pink flowers? c) White flowers?

Draw a punnet square to illustrate your answer.

Adaptation An adaptation is a change which helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

Evolved Animals Choose an interesting environment. I want you to 'design' an animal that is well-adapted to that environment.

Make an A4 poster of it. You may do the whole thing by hand, draw the animal by hand and the words on a computer, or if you are good at art programs on a computer, design the whole thing

Part 2 Takumi is going on a holiday to the desert in Australia, and, worried that his hotel might not be clean, he takes a box of cleaners with him. When he arrives in his hotel, a sinkoism runs out, and despite Takumi chasing it, within a few minutes he has escaped into the desert.

Not long later, Ben returns to Australia, taking with him his cleaning supplies. Low and behold, a sinkosim makes a run, and with a few minutes she has escaped.

The two fall in love and produce many offspring, however they must adapt to their new environment.

From Niagra to the Vatican

From the Deep Dark Ocean to The City ●

●

●

Shion is holidaying in a dark and deserted pacific island, and while swimming during the daytime a winged stinger-fish climbs into her suitcase to escape the bright pacific sun. Shion doesn't realise until her next stopover, in ____________, at which time she runs off into the city.

Not far behind her is another tourist, who also releases a stinger fish.

The two meet up, fall in love and produce lots of winged stinger-fish. How will they adapt and survive in their new environment?

From Alaska to Narnia

http://jaguarhero.blogspot.com/2011/11/for-narnia.html

The Fossil Record Scientists find fossils, estimate how old they are (we will study this later) and use them to work out a timeline of life on Earth.

Comparing Skeletons

Comparing DNA Scientists study DNA – base pair order, proteins etc to determine if organisms are relatives.

Humans have little bits left over from our common ancestors with great apes.

Species If two organisms can produce fertile offpsring, they are considered a species.

Infertile Offspring?

Our Crazy Pictures Life evolves anywhere it can, and where selection pressures are strong (it's harder to survive) evolution is faster.

Our pictures were funny, but some were quite realistic.

Where's This?

Tubifex tubifex

http://cryptoworld.co.uk/very-weird-unknown-life-form-found-in-sewers/

Flagellium Bacteria have evolved a flagellium to help them move towards food or water. It works like a motor.

Human Influence on Evolution We have studied how species adapt to their natural environment, and those that survive are likely to have more offspring. This is called n________ s__________.

Humans change the gene pool of many other species by selecting which ones reproduce. This is called selective breeding.

Selective breeding is different from g________ e_______ in that organisms can only be genetically combined if they are of the same or similar species.

Carrots

It is believed that the carrot was first found growing in present-day Afghanistan around 5000 years ago, in colours of white, black and purple.

It is believed that this cave drawing Egypt from 2000 years ago is of a purple carrot.

Greeks on Carrots Theophrastus (371-287bc, Greece), the “father of Botany� reports of carrots being found in Greece and Asia.

Archaeobotanists have analyzed plant DNA in Greek-made pills from a 130 BC shipwreck, and found that the pills appear to contain carrot, parsley, radish, alfalfa, chestnut, celery, wild onion, yarrow, oak, and cabbage. www.carrotmuseum.co.uk

Cultivation By the first century, Greeks were cultivating carrots, which probably looked something like this wild one.

They were used more for “medicinal� reasons than as a food.

Romans Romans cooked carrots raw, dressed in oil, and coated with salt, vinegar, cumin and wine.

They brought them with them to Britain.

Another drawing

The Modern Carrot The modern carrot was first described

by Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides in about 70 AD, in a catalogue which became the encyclopedia of plants for over 1500 years.

Types of Carrots In around 950, Ibn SayyÄ r al-WarrÄ q's produced a cookbook, This traditional cookbook with more than 600 recipes using medieval ingredients and dishes from the luxurious cuisine of medieval Islam is also a rare guide to the contemporary culinary culture. He described the carrots used in his recipes thus: Jazar - carrots. Of the cultivated varieties 1. Red-orange (jazar ahmar) carrot literally 'red', described as juicy, tender, and delicious. Poets compare it to carnelian, rubies, flames of fire, and coral reeds.

2. Yellow Carrot (jazar asfar), thicker and denser in texture than the red.

3. White Carrot (jazar abyad) similar to parsnips, aromatic, and deliciously sharp in taste. It is also described as having a pleasant crunch.

th

14 Century By the 14th century orange carrots were being cultivated in Italy.

Cows Cattle (cows) have been domesticated by humans since the neolithic period.

They are unusual in that they rarely exist in the wild anymore.

We have selectively bred cows to produce a lot of milk (and meat?).

What's Not Good about Selective Breeding Selective Breeding of can cause food to be less healthy than old varieties. We get more food faster, but it's not necessarily better.

Through selective breeding of cows (and drugs) the average annual production of milk has increased from 3,300kg per year to 8,500 kg per year in a century.

http://gabriel37.wordpress.com/page/10/

Evidence for Evolution The fossil record Observable changes within recordable human history, or even smaller times.

What is something which evolves very fast, and why?

ANS: things with shorter lifespans evolve faster.

How did Life Begin?

Evidence of very simple life on Earth called protobionts dates back to around 1 Billion years after the formation of the Earth.

It is believed these formed naturally, and became more and more complicated, evolving into prokaryotic and then eukaryotic cells, and then eventually plants, animals etc.

What evolution can't explain (yet?)

1. How the first replicating molecules formed.

Experiments have created some components (called RNA) of early life forms , but nothing advanced enough to copy itself.

2. How replicating molecules first formed into a cell.

3. How higher forms of life became conscious.

Is it conscious?

Is it conscious?

Is it conscious?

Is it Conscious

Is it counscious?

Is it conscious?

Is it conscious?

Is it conscious?

Is it conscious?

How old are Fossils

How can we date fossils?

Carbon 14 Most carbon is carbon-12, which means that it has ________ protons and ______ neutrons. Carbon-14 has an extra two ____________.

In the atmosphere, the ratio of carbon-14 to carbon-12 is about 1 : 7 * 1011.

Carbon 14 has a half life of 5730 years. This means that every 5730 years, exactly half of the carbon 14 will change into carbon-12.

In the atmosphere, more carbon-14 is made. But in dead things, it is not, so the amount of carbon-14 slowly decreases over time.

By measuring the amount of carbon-14 in something we can estimate how long since it died.

Simulation http://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/radioactivedating-game.

How do we count them?

In reality, we can not 'count' the C-14 (or any other) atoms.

But we can measure the ratio of C-14 to C-12, or another ratio.

Scientists use a process called “isotope ratio mass spectrometry� to calculate the ratio.

Fossilised Dinosaur 'Dakota' is a fossilised Hadrosaur dinosaur.

This means that small particles of rock went into its body, including skin, internal organs etc, and set into rock.

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7124969.stm

Extension: Dating a Dinosaur The dinosaur was 65 million years old. If a piece of its bone contained 1 billion C-14 atoms, calculate how many are left.

Hint 1: the half-life of C-14 is 5730 years.

Answer: 0 Instead, scientists can use half lives of minerals to determine how old a layer of rocks is which contain the fossils.

What Assumption Does Carbon Dating Make?

Radiometric dating assumes that the ratio of isotopes (eg C-14 to C-12) was the same thousands or millions of years ago as it is today.

Most (but not all) scientists consider this a safe assumption.

Geologic Time Scale

Mass Extinctions Many species become extinct if they can not adapt to changes in their environment fast enough.

At some times during history, many species become extinct.

Scientists believe this is due to changes in climate, which may be caused by meteorites.

Pangea It is believed that all the continents were once together in one landmass. Pangea means “all Earth�.

As the continents drift apart, their climate changes, so species must adapt.

Precambrian Time The precambrian time is from the formation of the Earth (______ years ago) until about 542 million years ago.

Earth was not a friendly place for life. Volcanic eruptions, violent storms etc were very common and radiation from the sun was very strong.

Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria are believed to have formed about 3 billion years ago. They could photosynthesize.

The Paleozoic Era The Paleozoic Era is from about 542 to 251 million years ago.

Paleozoic = “ancient life�

Corals, snails, squids, trilobytes, and later fish and sharks all appeared during this time.

This era began after the Paleozoic era, and lasted until about 65.5 million years.

Dinosaurs are the most notable reptiles during this time; they dominated the Earth for about 150 million years.

Conifers were the most important trees.

Mesozoic Era

Why Did they Die? Dinousaurs died out about 65.5 million years ago.

Why? Heat generated caused fires, and the smoke and dust blocked out the sunlight, so the plants all died out, leaving the dinosaurs with nothing to eat.

The Cenozoic Era Cenozoic means “recent life”. This area began after the extinction of the dinosaurs and continues now.

The Conozoic Era is sometimes called the “age of mammals”.

The human-like family of primates are called hominids.

All hominids walk upright.

Even though our skeletons are similar to Chimpanzees, hominids are unique in that their skeletons are built for walking upright.

Hominids

Australopithecines Australopithecines were an early hominid.

They included Australopitecus Afarensis (______).

There is evidence that they made simple tools.

Lucy is a skeleton of Australopithicus Afarensis, found in Ethiopia (where?) in 1974.

Several hundred bones were found, and they are estimated to make up about 40% of her whole skeleton.

She walked like a human, but was only 1.1m tall.

She is estimated to have lived 3.2 million years ago.

Lucy

Homo

A new group, Homo, appeared.

Homo Habilis lived about 2.4 million years ago.

Homo erectus appeared about 1.8 million years ago.

Neanderthals lived in Europe and Asia from about 230 000 until as recently as 30 000 years ago.

They had clothing, tools, art and culture.

No one knows what caused them to die out.

Neanderthal

Homo Sapiens We are Homo Sapiens.

We left Africa between 40 000 and 100 000 years ago.

Early homo sapiens had an organised and complicated society, with a lot of art, sculpture, paintings etc.

Evolution

Scientists believe: a) Humans came from Chimpazees b) Chimpanzees came from humans c) both d) neither

Your Task Draw a timeline of the history of life on Earth.

It should start with first life and include the key ideas of the four eras (Pre-Cambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic).

Time Questions

The answer must be written on paper and held up within ten seconds.

A wrong answer results in an extra point for the other team.

No books/computers may be used for these questions.

Both teams can get a point for these questions.

Heredity

Explain what is meant by the word 'heredity'.

Genes and Cells

Put the following words in order of size from smallest to largest: nucleus, cell, gene, chromosome.

Base Pairs

What does the A in base pairs in DNA stand for?

Mitosis

How many daughter cells are made by mitosis?

Discontinuous Traits

List at least five discontinuous human traits.

Proteins

What are the basic building blocks of proteins?

Gender

Is it the sperm or the egg which determines whether a baby is a boy or a girl?

Meiosis

Meiosis produces a) sex cells b) sex chromosomes c) both d) none of the above

Mendel

His famous first cross involved A) homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive B) purebreeding plants C) both of the above

Mendel

What nationality was he (where was he from?) and what was his job?

Punnet Squares

If B represents blue flowers, and b white flowers, what is the ratio of blue to white flowers?

Punnet Squares

All the flowers from the above cross are selfpollinated. What is the probability that a third generation plant will have white flowers? Give your answer in its simplest form.

Pedigree Charts

Is the black trait dominant or recessive?

Sex Linked Disorder

Is there any evidence to suggest the (black) trait sex-linked?

Mutations

Which is worst: a substitution (a base pair is replaced with the wrong one) or a deletion (a base pair is deleted)?

Selective Breeding

Name four species humans have selectively bred over the centuries.

Adaptations

Name three adaptations in any species (the same one or different ones).

Speciation

What is necessary for a group of organisms to be considered a species?

Our Relatives

Which are humans closest living relative?

Evolution

Scientists believe: a) Humans came from Chimpazees b) Chimpanzees came from humans c) both d) neither

Carbon Dating

If a bone has one eighth of the carbon-14 living organisms have, and the half life of C-14 is 5730 years, how old is the bone?

Carbon Dating What assumption does carbon dating make, which cannot be proven?

Hominid

Write a definition for Hominid.

History

Which species of early hominids are believed to have eaten a vegetarian diet?

Lucy

Write the full name of the species of Lucy.

The End

:) Next Unit: Chemicals and Their Reactivity