14009226 ncl partb by lougan

Newcastle City Library Existing Provision 14009226 I BE1340 I 4850 Words I Design Technology 2

Contents Introduction Ground Floor Junction External doors

4 8 13

Internal Finishes Internal Transportation Summary of Requirements Conclusion References Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E

20 24 26 27 28 29 31 44 47 56

West Elevation South East Elevation Security System

14 16 17

Introduction Having covered the generic overview of Newcastle City Library (NCL) in Part A, Part B will uncover the existing condition of the library. This will be conducted by analysing and assessing certain construction materials and junctions in terms of design intent with how they currently perform and whether they function as required. Reference will be made to building regulations and British Standards (BS) throughout, to aid the process of conducting the survey. Numerous visits were taken to assess the library as well as attending a tour which was conducted by members of staff for which the findings are based upon. The report will be sectioned into 4 chapters; (1) Ground floor junction (2) Cladding junction (3) External Doors and (4) Internal Transportation. Within each chapter product information and technical drawings have been acquainted.

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Ground Floor/ Cladding Junctions

Ground Floor Junction

result of poor workmanship, those on-site “forgot” to put DPC which resulted in a number of issues post occupancy. To begin with the East elevation has suffered from water penetrating into the library resulting in a damp wall which had to be removed in order to place dpc. Having seen the evidence, the plaster work makes it clear that work has been undertaken. As well as that the floor has also moved out place and has resulted in an uneven level horizontal floor. In the southern elevation it also appears that there was no dpm above ground.

The ground floor junction that will be analysed is located on New Bridge Street (East Elevation) Table 1 incorporates the polished block specification, the working size are 440x90x215mm (LxWxH) and is configured to EN 1996-1-1:Group to achieve as weight less than 20Kg per standard block to comply with HSE requirements. The combination of rich blends of selected aggregates with a highly polished face is what makes the Forticrete polished range a premier product. For decades, Medici have been setting the standards for polished masonry in the UK as it enables designers to create a prestige’s finish as well as ensuring that the structure hasn’t been compromised (Forticrete, 2012). The Functional Requirements of floors are as follows: • Strength and Stability : The floor structure must be strong enough to support and safely transfer both dead and imposed loads, BS 6399: Part 1 is the code of practise for dead and imposed loading for buildings. The floor is required to have adequate stiffness to remain stable and horizontal under the dead load of the floor structure. The floor structure is also required to support and accommodate services either in its depth, below or above the floor without affecting the floors stability • Fire Safety: The notional periods of resistance to fire, from1/2 to 4 hours depending on the size and use of building as set in the building regulations • Resistance to passage of heat & sound: Heat loss through ground floors are a primary issue whereby heat will escape to cooler areas of the ground. The extent of which heat is lost depends on the material used, temperature differentials between internal surface area of the floor and the ground beneath, ground properties etc. Thermal insulation is therefore necessary to ensure that thermal bridges, condensation and mould growth are avoided. Approved Doc L2A Section 2.41 sets out limiting Uvalues for which floor should be designed at 0.25W/M2K, in addition to that Approved Doc C 4.22 states that the U-value should not exceed 0.7W/m2K at any point and junctions between the wall to be designed to avoid thermal bridging. • Resistance to weather and ground moisture: Dampness may penetrate from moist ground into the building via capillary action through porous materials, and will therefore tend to require a damp proof barrier. • Durability and freedom from maintenance

The southern drainage is also not performing as it should be as water is not collected but rather rolls down due to the slope, as well as that there is no drainage in the eastern facade, meaning that when it rains the water runs down the site and creates flood. Externally, a retrofit of the book returns gives an unprofessional finish to the elevation, and the luxuries block finish is no longer luxuries due to the poor finishing. Other issues include staining due to weather and pollution as well as mortar running off the face of the block.

Table 1(Forticrete, 2012) Figure 2 Drainage (Authors own, 2017)

Figure 1 Reinforcement (newcastlephotos, 2007)

and will vary depending on various factors, in the case of NCL the construction method is ground bearing. The floor is constructed on a bed of hard compacted material (hardcore) to enable the floor slab to lie horizontally. As shown in figure (1) the slab contains a layer of fabric mesh reinforcement which helps provide structural strength, for which the mix should be to ST4 in BS 8500.

Figure 3 Ground Water penetration (Authors own, 2017)

Figure 4 (Authors own, 2017)

As is apprant in Figure(4) a stack bond was used, this distinctive pattern tends to be used in framed structures to provide an aesthetic appearance without giving consideration to its design limitations. Stack bonding is economically as it eliminates the need for cutting the block, however the following should be adhered to: • Lack of cross bonding from the block directly above or below each unit will affect the flexural strength of the panel considerably as will a reduction in the blocks compressive strength. • BS 5628 does not recognise stack bonding as a “normal masonry bond pattern” when indication calculation for use by designers/engineers • Bed joint reinforcement should be included every other course (40mm centres) for the full height of the panel as well as the width between columns and movements joints • Reinforcement must not bridge the movements joints. • Bond beams can be used to restrain the panel against flexural failure • Mortar: Standard to BS EN998-2 1:1:5/6 (Cement: Lime: Sand) • Special Requirements: Black Mortar Mix • Bucket Handle in accordance with Part C of Building Regulations Approved Document C (Forticrete, 2012)

Current Condition

DPM prevents the rise of ground moisture through the floor, however to ensure that it is effective the dpm is required to be “continuous, impervious and join up with the dpc in the walls.

(Charlett, Maybery-Thomas, and Craig, 2013)

Even though the design intent of using the polished block may enrich the structural elegance of the building, yet the practicality of using the polished block has resulted in a stained facade due to weathering and durability of the block.

Ground floors can either be bearing or suspended a

What went wrong in the construction of NCL was a

Please refer to Appendix A for Technical information and scaled drawings

Cladding/ Glazing Junction Product Information:

• Produced using over 1500 square meters of new generation temperable solar control glass from Saint Gobain • Number of Panels:276 • Size of Panels: 1500mmx4050mm • System: Unitised Schuco System • Curtain wall contractor: Dane Architectural Systems ltd • Fabrication of insulated glass: Solaglas of Coventry • Structural Bonding: Structural Glazing Ltd • Schueco Façade USC 65 system or similar • Product Reference: FW60+ or similiar • Internal Framing memberL Aluminum powder coating • Glazing: Insulating glass units • Inner pane: SGG Planitherm Total HST with low E coating or similiar • Outer Onae: SGG Secuit Planilux HST or similiar • Other requirement: Inner pane to glazed spandrel panels to be SGG Emalit with Polar white ceramic coating insulated behind. • External double glazed units 30mm oerall • inner pane: 8.8.mm stadip (64 lam-38 interlayer, vanceber true blue colour_ • Outer Pane: 6mm SGG Secuirt Planilx HST toughened

Figure 5 NCL Curtain Wall (Bessant, 2008)

Curtain walls are defined as being non load bearing, usually suspended in front of a structural frame, transferring their own dead weight and wind loadings to the structural frame through anchorage points (Brookes and Meijs, 2008). Curtain walling is incorporated in BS EN13830 in which numerous systems are covered, as well as in Standard for Systematized Building Envelopes (SSBE) and building regulations. A unitised system is the system used in NCL is typically prefabricated in a controlled environment, resulting in improved quality, less time spent on site, faster completion as well as requiring less space for storage as components are already assembled.

The functional requirements of curtain walls are as follows: • Resistance to loading: Curtain walls are required to support their own dead load along with wind loads and impact loads and safely transfer them to the main structural frame in the case of NCL the structural frame, usually with unitised systems fixings are found at the base of head of each unit installed (CAB,2011). Fixings must also accommodate for any lateral movements which could be the result of thermal expansion/ contraction. Approved Doc A sets of the requirement for curtain walls to resist their self-weight along with wind loading and EN 13830 sets out the vertical load requirement. (CAB,2011). Along with its self-weight the curtain wall is also required to withstand any environmental forces, window washing loading, seismic loading, snow loading in areas where there is a slope of 15 degrees. • Water tightness: Water penetration can be controlled either via seal or drainage, with most curtain wall materials being resistant to moisture it is essential that joints and seals prevent moisture penetrations, however as a result sealants are usually damaged as a result of cavities that potentially accumulate moisture. Quality of workmanship and dealing with air pressure differences can make it difficult to ensure that the curtain wall is water tight. Water that does enter via the cavity must be redirected into the first horizontal member below the point of entry and into the exterior exit via the weep hole. • Air permeability: Glassing can be tested for penetration using the method described in BS 5368 Part 1 • Sound Insulation: Flanking sound transmission are explicitly required in Approved Doc E, the main elements impacting the rating of the sound transmission are glazing air space thickens, glass thickness and the interlayer damping • Resistance to fire: Approved Doc B Section 12.5 outlines how long a building should stand before collapsing, reaction to fire differs depending on a number of variables (height, occupancy class, distance from site boundary) (Kawneer, 2011).

Figure 6 Frame ((Bessant, 2008))

Figure 7 Frame ((Bessant, 2008))

Current Condition

Silicone insulating glass and silicone structural bonding was specified by Ryder and was provided by Dow Corning The main issues that could arise in curtain walls are: • Thermal Bridging • Drainage • Draught (shrinkage) The design of the curtain wall in NCL is based on a passive solar design, by having the glazed facade on primarily the eastern and southern elevation, allows the building to absorb the suns heat to warm the building up in the winter, during the summer the brisole acts as shading to keep the building cool, and avoid glare which creates an uncomfortable presence especially in the library.

Figure 8 Frame (Authors own, 2017)

The increase in noise levels is evident in comparison to previous years. “Water can enter the exterior wall system by means of five different forces: gravity, kinetic energy, air pressure difference, surface tension, and capillary action. To mitigate water infiltration, all of these forces must be accounted for in the system design.” (Vigener et al, 2016). Approved Doc N deals with safety in relation to impact, opening and cleaning as which should be adhered to when cleaning the glass. Nearly 10 years on, and the curtain wall is still functioning with no detrimental effects. Without carrying further tests it is difficult to assess the current function of the curtain wall.

Thermal performance of the glazing is relatively good as shown in figure (9), however is appears as though the frame is the area which is a concern as it is letting out a heat. Another issue regarding the curtain wall regards the lack of ventilation as no vent gap can be seen on the mullions, meaning any water that does penetrate will get trapped in the frame causing condensation and the potential clouding of the glass panels. Internally however the frame may include a vent. With the redevelopment of John Dobson Street, the noise transmitted from the traffic has dramatically increased as the main road for transport is located. On the library side and is no longer spread over two lanes, as well as that the addition of parking, it is likely that the noise levels transmitted into the library will increase, even though this was not case in previous years. With the redevelopment of John Dobson Street, the noise transmitted from the traffic has dramatically increased as the main road for transport is located on the library side and is no longer spread over two lanes, as well as that the addition of parking, it is likely that the noise levels transmitted into the library will increase, even though this was not case in previous years.

Please refer to Appendix B for scaled drawings

Figure 9 Thermal Image (Authors own, 2017)

External Doors (Corner & West Elevation)

External doors(w. elevation)

Around the main entrances the site falls to a gradient no greater than 1:20, which is the compliant thresholds installed at all access and egress doors. Approved Doc M Volume 2 deals with access to and use of Buildings other than Dwellings, with guidance on sign posting given in BS 8300. The glazing used is refered to the Curtin walling section of this report. The door opening/doorway allows access and egress from the building, as a component. the door and the frame are an integral part of the overall performance (Emmitt and Gorse, 2010).

Functional Requirements:

Functional requirement of a door when closed are as follows: • Security, prevention of unauthorised entryApproved Doc Q • Privacy • Strength and stability- Approved Doc A • Resistance to weather- Approved Doc A & M v2 • Durability and freedom from maintenance • Fire safety- Approved Doc B • Resistance to the passage of heat and soundApproved Doc L • Airtightness- Approved Doc L v2 • Aesthetics Reasonable provision for disabled access is stated in Approved Doc M in order to enable access and use of the building.

Table 2 Approved Doc M

Where the door is an entrance door allowing disabled access, glazed panels shown in Table (2) should be used (Emmitt and Gorse, 2010). A door should serve to exclude wind and rain depending on the exposure. Draughts and heat conservation are also an issue that requires careful detailing. Whether doors are metal, uPVC or timber they will expand or contract as a result of differentiating seasonal temperatures. With times, doors and frames are likely to encounter some sort of distortion, fittings wear and seals may be ineffective. Aesthetic function of a door will vary depending on its functional and performance requirements

Current Issues:

A single leaf straight sliding door has been used as an entrance door for west elevation. Glazed entrance doors, which stand within a glazed screen, should be clearly differentiated from the screen. Approved Doc M requires a high contract strip to be used on the top, bottom and sides of the door, yet this is not the case as shown in the figure () the doors are no different the curtain wall and the differentiates has only been retrofitted with a stick on sign, this is a particular issue especially for those with impaired sight. Approved Doc M deals with this issue by requiring that ‘manifestations’ at two levels (850mm-1000mm) & (1400-1600mm) above the floor, which can be seen internally and externally. The manifestation can be a logo, sign, image or decorative feature and should be at least 150mm high providing a contrast. The issues here are that the library initially installed a sign on the 2 floor+ and could not be seen by those walking by as it was high, the retrofit now is also very poor as it is located on the sliding door rather than the still panel. The main issue with regards to the west elevation is the impact of wind. It is evident that wind direction and speeds were not considered in the design and as a result has impacted the functional design of the library and has also compromised safety. The door shown in figure (10) has had to be completely shut as a result of the wind tunnel which made the door inaccessible. The entrance to the cafe is a sliding door once again east facing, meaning that at times the door has to be locked. However, the main concern regarding the new entrance is that it also operates as a fire exit, yet legally this should not be the case as it is stated in the 1974 fire Precautions Act. “All doors on escape routes leading towards a final exit should be quick and easy to open without the need for a key” (Approved Doc B) Which is not the case for NCL as the entrance has a lock, and at times it is locked during opening hours. For a fire door, stated under FD20, states that a provision of 20 minutes’ minimum integrity for a fire door and F20S denotes that the door will prevent the passage of smoke for 20 minutes. Another issue is the security barriers, as you can see from the image the barriers are not placed at door width but rather close together, meaning that if a double pram or anything just wider will get through the doors however it they will not get

through the security barriers. As well as that the sensors located internally and externally are above the frame however within the lobby space the sensor is located lower than what is required, once again the height restriction has resulted in dismantling of the sensors for deliveries or in some cases entering at an angle was an alternative. As well as that the sensor located externally do not work as they are not water tight. No drainage has been installed, even though there is a slop meaning that the water would run down the site, it means that any water running off the side of the building will either penetrate into the building via the wall and door or a puddle is formed when it rains heavily. Heat curtains were installed in both lobbies, however both no longer work. What benefits do air curtains bring? • Protects heating and air conditioning from escaping the building • Maintain comfort levels for staff and visitors • Safeguarding clear access in and out of the building

Figure 10 W. (Authors own, 2017)

Air curtains work by separating two different temperature zones with an invasive curtain of air, the provision of fast moving air blocks any air movement though the door whilst allowing the door to operate as normal. As simple as it sounds, not all air curtains are effective, depending on a number of factors. Positioning the air curtain too far from the entrance compromises performance as air is leaked. Where extractors units are used, ventilation should also be provided to equalise pressure differences (Dimplex,Unknown)

Figure 11 (Authors own, 2017)

Figure 12 (Authors own, 2017)

Please refer to Appendix C for Technical information and scaled drawings

External Door (South East corner)

Security System

As stated in Approved Doc M2, the lobby is designed for a number of reasons: • Limit air infiltration • Controlling draughts • Increase security • Provide transitional lighting. The blue box entrance is a fundamental part of the design scheme as it clearly identifies the entrance of the building, it is also designed to significantly mark the movement from outside to inside of the library, nevertheless the use of such a dark colour makes it difficult to establish whether there is someone on the other side and collisions do occur. The threshold of the main entrances on both New Bridge Street and Princess Square were raised to prevent rain ingress, however they do not exceed 15mm in height with a number of up stands and slopes (Ryder,2009), with any up stands higher than 5mm chamfered or rounded at the time made them compliant with Approved Doc M. Recessed entrance matting was also utilised in the entrance pods to help prevent slips and modified to impede movement of wheelchairs or semi ambulant people (Ryder,2009) Maintaining the carpet in good and clean condition over the years has resulted in a wear and tear situation as a means of resolving the issue screws were used to keep the carpet in place to avoid any injuries. The pods were designed to provide protection against inclement weather and stock security is ensured through the provision of security gates at each of the main entrances. The maximum allowable distance between the gates is 1200mm, with the main doors requiring three gates to cover their effective opening width, the distance was reviewed and accepted by building control and access consultant.

Product Information: • • • • •

Figure 12 (Authors own, 2017)

• • • •

Product Information:

Figure 13 (Authors own, 2017)

External Door (South East Corner): • • • • •

Double glazed laminated glass Vacnever Blue interlay Manufacturer: Saint Gobain Product: SGG Securit Toughened safety glass, which under went a special heat treatment to increase its strength and resistance to impact • 5 times more resistant than normal glass

The issues that S.E door faces are as follows: • Blue box colour is too dark and also acts as a mirror, which goes against what is stated in Approved Doc M 2.29.D • Heat/Air curtain does not work as are they expensive to use due to the wattage. • Carpet is kept in place by using screws. The area mostly damaged is on the left hand side, a humans instinct to enter a building from the left. • Direction of visitor’s bear left • Cleaning and maintenance issues • External impairment tile/textures not fitted in the correct place, but rather towards the glass box rather than entrance. • Drainage does not wrap around the building • Rain water leaks on to passers-by rather than into gutter. • Water back splash on the glass.

• • •

Product: Geze Slimdrive Unit Dimensions: 70mmx189mm (HxD) Components: Plug in units Drive Unit pre-assembled Power supply can be flange mounted to track, making sure drilling is not requires Extruded profile cover Moveable weights: 125kg Intelligent digital control: (Category 2 according to DIN EN IS0 13849-1) Static opening and closing force limitation <150N Light barrier fuse protection in accordance to ZH 1/494 Adjustable reversing pressure Electromechanical operator

Being the first manufacturer to offer a complete series of automatic door drives in the 7cm category, GEZE was also the manufacture to the NCL for which they provided a slimdrive product. The slimdrive range compromises of automatic door system for side hung doors and sliding doors. The slim design allows designers to locate the drives so that they are visible in the elevation without compromising on the design. It was suited to NCL because of the glass facade, as it did not disturb the facade. Draught lobbies which are designed to avoid draught and to reduce the exchange of heat, should ideally ensure that only one door opens, with Geze slimdrive, the direction sensing radar movement detectors only trigger movement if people approach the door, resulting in one closing sooner after the person has entered.

Figure 15 (Authors own, 2017)

As part of GEZE’s unique Slimdrive range the Slimdrive SL has been designed and tested to meet the requirements of all relevant standards and regulations, including Building Bulletin 93, Approved Documents B and M, as well as assisting with the vigorous demands of the Equality Act (GEZE, 2017) Nonetheless, the time lag that can be noticed in NCL means that this is not the case, as the door closes rather slow especially in the East elevation. As well as that it was mentioned earlier that the sensors are not water proof and as a result the SE door operated because it is protected however once again the SE sensor does not work. The lock also appears to be not working, as a card swipe has been placed along with a poster on the wall, suggesting that this is a new issue.

Figure 14 (Authors own, 2017)

Please refer to Appendix C for Technical information and scaled drawings

Internal Finishes

Wall:

Internal Finishes : Floors, Walls, Ceiling Surfaces that require finishes are: • Floors • Walls • Ceilings Each of which will have variable specific finishes depending on functional requirements and its location. The main functional requirements being: • Aesthetics • Durability and flexible ability to withstand thermal and moisture movement • Ease of maintenance and cleaning • Expel water from the surface • Prevent and resist mould growth • Provide a visual finish and high levels of contrast • Tactile or touch sensitive finish as an aid to those with difficulties • Withstand passenger flow (Charlett, Maybery-Thomas, and Craig, 2013)(Barry’s intro) Internal finishes are important as they create a sense of place to a building, materials will be handled by multiple people numerous of times, all of which will impact the finish as well as influence the perception of the space.

The partition wall located on the second floor of NCL is manufactured by Dorma and is used to separate and create an adaptable floor plan, to ensure that the space can be multifunctional. 16

Ceiling:

19 Figure 15,16,17,18,19 (Authors own, 2017)

Floor finishing throughout the library was constantly disrupted as there was a large number of electrical sockets fitted on top of marble flooring. Marble in a public space are likely to exposed to heavy weights this means they can easily be damaged especially with heavy trolleys which was the case with NCL. Cracking of the tiles are evident in numerous areas and they cannot be removed as a number of tiles are joined to create a large modular fitting. To replace one tile will require 6 tiles being replaced at the same time. Areas where carpets were fitted were also damaged as a result of thermal heat reflecting of the glass. The sealant that was used appears to wearing off and the carpets are no longer fixed. On top of that the colour is also fading, evident by comparing the carpet closer to the window with the carpet further away. Maintenance and cleaning has also been an issue for staff, as some areas e.g. areas closed off by the rail yet still exposed to dust and dirt are not within reach and have therefore remained unclean. The socket boxes were also damaged and cracked, as well as that one of the sockets were extremely dusty, causing a potential fire hazard as it could ignite at any moment, on top of that the lid coverings were also heavy to open.

Both the Moveo and Variflex walls are installed in the library, however focus will be made to the Variflex system. The partitioning system integrates with the colour scheme of the second floor meaning it fits into the layout of the space and is a key feature from the moment you enter the space, allowing visitors to get a sense of direction and location with ease. • Construction: Steel and aluminium frame construction with top-hung freely oscillating cover panels • Equipment and Accessories: Manual with crank opening • Sound insulation per EN 20140 The main concern regarding the partition wall is the weight, as it was clear by speaking to staff that it was heavy. Despite the fact the door does function effectively it would have been easier for staff if it was lighter. Another issue faced when stacking the wall, is the automatic door located next to the wall becomes inoperable. (Dorma,2017)

Floor:

A floor finish should be: • Level • Reasonably resistant to wear • Capable of being maintained • Capable of being cleaned Certain floor finishes such as the lobby in NCL are required to be slip resistant, nonetheless there is no specific requirement set. Large floor areas finishes tend to be chosen based on the ease of cleaning. Two of the floor finishes that are used in NCL are: • Milliken carpet tiles (Durham Flooring, 2015), similar to Quadrus Comet. Refer to appendix D for technical specification • Terrazzo Marble tiles 20mm

A suspended ceiling is a ceiling that is attached to a framework suspended from the main structure, thus forming a void between the ceiling and the underside of the main structure, with some suspended ceilings contributing as a fire resistance of the above structure, when designing, reference should be made to Approved Doc B. There are numerous reasons for including suspended ceiling systems in a building including: • Provide a finish, generally for purposes of concealment • Create a void space suitable for concealing services and light fittings • Add to sound/thermal insulation properties • Provide a means of acoustic control (absorption and reverberation) • Create a lower ceiling height

For whatever reason should a suspended ceiling be included, the following requirements should be fulfilled: • Easy to construct, repair, maintain and clean • Comply with Approved Doc B2 • Provide an adequate means of access for the maintenance for the concealed services • Conform to a planning module that should be based on modular coordination for which recommendations are set out in BS 6750, in which it recommends a module of 300mm. (Advanced construction) The suspended ceiling in NCL encounters the following issues: • Sanitary water waste has leaked onto lower floors. • Some light fittings installed in the wrong place (figure). • Ceiling is not insulated, allowing heat to escape.

Figure 20,21,22, 23,24 (Authors own, 2017)

Please refer to Appendix D for Technical information and scaled drawings

Service Integration: Internal Transportation

Elevator

• Reliability & Ease of Maintenance: Crucial

KONE revolutionised the industry in 1996 with the world’s first machine room-less lift, KONE Monospace 700 (figure 26) is a high performing and quality machine room-less lift used in commercial, residential and medical buildings due to its flexibility, rigid structure using a separated sling ensuring energy efficiency and ride comfort, the model is designed to ensure ‘smooth people flow’. The internal lift at NCL was manufactured in 2008 by KONE and holds a maximum of 13 people (1000kg), both lifts comply with EN81.

•

Building Regulations & Standards

Approved Doc M

Glass lifts are an aesthetically pleasing and practical option, as transparency and safety in public spaces increase, the architectural aspect of utilising a glass lift is that a journey through a building can be created, as was the case for NCL. The glass lift consists of an entrance area and a viewing area, and givers passengers a visually stimulating ride between floors. The care walls must be constructed with laminated glass to ensure strength is not diminished. All 6 floors are accessible via the lift, which is located 20m from the main entrance to the right of the enquires desk. The lift has a clear door width of 89cm, the dimensions are 107cmx210cm.

Functional Requirements:

In buildings with a vertical change in floor level, it is necessary to provide a means of transport from one level to another regardless of disability. Lifts and escalators are the primary means of providing quick reliable and safe movement between floors. Stair lifts and platform lifts may also be used to allow movement of wheelchairs and pushchairs. In all cases there is still a requirement for adequate provision of stairs (as set out in approved Doc M) to be used in the event an emergency as well as to provide an alternative route should the lift be out of order due to mechanical breakdown or routine maintenance. The primary functional requirements for lifts are:

• Safety: EN 81-2 is the lift Regulations standard for

safety rules, construction and installation. Lifts should also comply with disabled access standard EN 81-70.

• Ease of Use For All • Speed

to the ease of circulation of people, therefore it is crucial that the service level is to be provided and stated in performance specification provided by the manufacturer. Quiet & Smooth Operation: The finishing of the lift car, speed and smoothness of the ride will impact the experience of using the lift. Modern lifts are both quiet in operation and provide a smooth delivery to the required floor. Hydraulic lifts tend to provide a gentler but slower ride than traction lifts. Aesthetics: The finish of the lift car, lighting, call buttons and the finish of the landing doors all contribute to the overall experience of using the lift. The handrail/balustrade and surface finish contribute to the aesthetic of the apparatus. (Emmitt and Gorse, 2010)

Figure 26 Monospace 700

As the lift was manufactured in 2008, it is not required to meet the latest requirements. Safety and accessibility have seen drastic changes over the years, although there is no compulsion on an owner or operator to bring a lift up to the latest safety standards, in an event of an accident it is likely that attention will be drawn to the best practise set out in the latest safety standards, ignorance of which is no defence (CIBSE,2010B). Although a refurbished lift only ha to comply with standards valid at the time of its first installation, a safety upgrade should be considered in all cases where potential hazards of an extreme or high priority level have been identified by a safety audit according to BS EN 81-80. Any lift installation should meet the requirements of approved Doc B vol2 for fire protection (DCLG,2013C).

After the lift was fitted, the practicality of the lift was questioned, as the lift was glazed the staff at NCL realised that the lift did not protect those wearing dresses/skirts, as a result the staff ended up covering the entrance and exist of the lift with tape to ensure that modesty is obtained, however the tape was not fitted on the sides. Apart from fire fighting lifts, with independent electrical supply (Emmitt and Gorse, 2010), lifts cannot be used during a fire, a disabled transportation will have to be considered, this is covered in part B of BS 5588. NCL does incorporate 2 fire fighting lifts that are accessible during a fire one of the east and west side of the building. Having seen the condition of the fire lift on the west elevation, it appeared that in recent years rain water penetrated into the building and as there is a slope and the lift located in the lowest part of the building, rain water has ended up penetrating towards the lift. Noise transmitted from the lifts is also a concern, as the noise can be heard from all floors of the library. Other issues include: • Door cables snapping • Guides wearing out • Inability for staff to clean areas around the lift. • Lights flickering. • Floor levels printed (after thought) • Some users dislike the idea of glass lift (sickly feeling)

Current Condition

Through R&D come improvements, and no different is that with the Monospace lift. The model used in NCL was manufactured in 2008 and based on Figure 2, it is evident that the lift in NCL is not energy efficient compared to later developments. The principal issue regarding the lifts in NCL focuses on the size, as they do not provide space for a wheelchair or pushchair to pivot 180 degrees which is why a mirror was used, to aid in reversing, the location of the mirror does make it difficult for some users. Visual floor indicator and an audible announcer are fitted into the lift along with tactile markings, however Braille markings are not included. Upon visiting the library, only two out of six lights were working, making the lift a dark space.

Please refer to Appendix E for Technical information and scaled drawings

Figure 27 (Authors own,2017)

Current Condition • Control Panel Location in the middle rather than as you enter, the difficulty in this lies when the elevator is busy, getting to the control panel can be difficult. • Contrast in floor finish: Lift floor finish is isolated and different to the floor finish in other levels, in compliance with DDA • Maintenance cost • Waiting time • Discrete motion • When the lift is broke it is broke and cannot be used for other means

Summary of Requirements

Conclusion Some elements of the library require further analysis to determine the extent of its performance, however from the information gathered it is evident that some elements of the library require urgent attention in comparison to other areas. The library is functioning, however staff are required to go out of their way to make the library work, whether that is by fixing certain elements, coming up with their own solution or simply by carrying on doing their job with the constraints that surround them. One of the main highlights which is not covered in this report is the use of metal, for a public library the use of such material does have great consequences especially to those suffering from Raynaud’s disease, as well as that the issue of static electricity is metals is more conductive, causing discomfort and shock to some people. It is clear that some of the fittings were a last minute thought such as the bird spikes on the windows, wiring cages in the back, grey water system which were added in without consideration, but a matter of ticking boxes. Remedies of the issues discussed in this report will be conducted in part 3.

References Bessant, L. (2008) Newcastle city library construction – 1. Available at: https://losingit. me.uk/2008/04/23/newcastle-city-library-construction-1/ (Accessed: 9 February 2017). Brookes, A.J. and Meijs, M. (2008) Cladding of buildings. 4th edn. New York: Taylor & Francis. CAB (2011) Available at: http://www.kawneer.com/kawneer/united_kingdom/en/pdf/Guidance_ Note_201_CE_Marking.pdf (Accessed: 13 February 2017). Dimplex (no date) Explaining how air curtains work. Available at: http://www.dimplex.co.uk/ products/commercial_heating/air_curtain_heating_explained.htm (Accessed: 11 February 2017). Durham Flooring (2015) Durham flooring - 600m2 of Milliken carpet tiles going.. Available at: https://www.facebook.com/DurhamFlooring/posts/10152526600255653 (Accessed: 9 February 2017). Emmitt, S. and Gorse, C.A. (2010) Barry’s advanced construction of buildings. 2nd edn. Ames, IA: Wiley-Blackwell (an imprint of John Wiley & Sons Ltd). Forticrete (2012) Medici® polished marble. Available at: http://www.forticrete.co.uk/architecturalmasonry/polished-blocks/polished-medici.aspx (Accessed: 9 February 2017). GEZE, G. (2017) Sliding door systems. Available at: http://www.geze.co.uk/geze/products/ automatic-door-systems/sliding-door-systems.html (Accessed: 9 February 2017). HM Government (2015) Approved Document M Volume 2. Kone Corporation (2014) KONE Design Collection: Monospace 700. Available at: http://www. kone.co.uk/Images/pdf_design-book-monospace-700_tcm45-32330.pdf (Accessed: 11 February 2017). Naqvi A, Roberts C, Woods J, Dimmel M, Tregaskes R. What’s Left Over: Process Loading in High Performance Buildings. ASME. Energy Sustainability, ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Volume 2 ():281-291. doi:10.1115/ES2009-90209. Newcastlephotos (2007) Central Library Construction. Available at: http://newcastlephotos. blogspot.co.uk/2007/12/central-library-construction.html (Accessed: 9 February 2017). Ryder, Newcastle City libraaries PFI Spec (2009)

Appendix A Ground Floor Junction

Design Technology 2 Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

110

140

90mm External Blockwork F10:255

LEGEND Inner Blockwork: 140mm F10/ 355 Partial Fill Cavity Wall Insulation F30:156 Plasterboard linings K10:143 Concrete retaining wall: 200mm Polyethylene Foam Insulation: 20mm Type 1 wall tie 225mm Vertical Ctrs F30/ 211 90mm External Blockwork: 440mmx 60x 215mm F10:255 Mortar: 1:1:5/ 6 (Cement: Lime:Sand)

140mm Inner Blockwork F10/355

Type 1 Wall Tie @225mm Vertical Ctrs F30/211 Partial Fill Cavity Wall Insulation F30.156

Plasterboard Linings K10:143

KEY MAP

200mm concrete Retaining Wall

20mm Polyethylene Foam Insulation 200

140

SCALE

A3 1:5 PLOT DATE

08/02/17

SHEET NUMBER

FILE NAME

Ground Floor Junction

Appendix B Cladding/Glazing Junction

Design Technology 2 Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

6 14 6

Unitized Glazing system Curtain Wall H11:120 Double Glazed Curtain Wall

LEGEND Internal Panel: 6mm Air Gap: Bronze infill thermally insulated External Panel: 6mm Manufacturer: Schuco Product Reference: FW60+ The following drawing is taken and adopted from Schuco. Concrete Slab Ground Bearing: 55 mm Ground floor finish: 15mm

Gutter

OKFF

Ground Floor 15 finish 55

Concrete slab KEY MAP

Insulation beneath Concrete Slab

SCALE

SHEET NUMBER

A3 1:2 PLOT DATE

17/02/17

FILE NAME

Cladding

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

2 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Inhalt Contents Energieeffiziente Gebäudekonzepte werden die Zukunft des Bauens bestimmen. Bestens aufeinander abgestimmte Lösungen, die die architektonischen und technologischen Ansprüche an Fassaden und Lichtdächer optimal erfüllen, werden dabei eine zentrale Rolle einnehmen. Hier bietet Schüco schon heute einen einzigartigen Aluminium Systembaukasten, mit dem Architekten, Planer und Verarbeiter auch höchste Anforderungen in puncto Energie, Sicherheit, Automation und Design souverän realisieren können: von Pfosten-RiegelFassaden über Stahl- und Holz-Aufsatzkonstruktionen bis hin zu Structural-Glazingund Elementfassaden – inklusive einer variantenreichen Systempalette an integrierbaren Öffnungselementen. Energy-efficient designs will determine the future of construction. Perfectly tailored solutions, which fulfil the architectural and technological demands of façades and skylights, will play a key role in this. Here, Schüco already offers a unique aluminium modular system with which architects, planners and fabricators can also meet the highest requirements in terms of energy, security, automation and design. From mullion/transom façades using steel and timber add-on constructions to structural glazing and unitised façades – including a wide variety of systems for opening units that can be integrated.

Atrium Palast Hotel, WTC, Ekaterinburg, Russland WTC Atrium Palace Hotel, Ekaterinburg, Russia

Energy2 – Energie sparen und Energie gewinnen Energy2 – Saving energy, generating energy

Energie und Sicherheit Energy and Security

Energie durch Automation Energy through Automation

Energie und Design Energy and Design

Pfosten-Riegel-Fassaden Mullion / transom façades

Aufsatzkonstruktionen Add-on constructions

Structural-Glazing-Fassaden Structural glazing façades

Elementfassaden Unitised façades

Öffnungselemente Opening units

Kompatible Systemlösungen für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Compatible system solutions for façades and skylights

Schüco 3

4 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Energy2 – Energie sparen und Energie gewinnen Energy2 – Saving energy, generating energy

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Steigende Energiekosten durch immer knapper werdende natürliche Ressourcen und zu hohe CO2-Emissionen erfordern ein Umdenken und die Festlegung neuer Strategien. Botschaft und Aufgabe für die jetzige und die kommenden Generationen sind klar: der vernünftige Umgang mit Energieressourcen und neue Formen der Energiegewinnung. Die Ziele lauten: sinkender Energieverbrauch, Nutzung erneuerbarer Energie und Klimaschutz bei gleichzeitigem Wachstum der ökonomischen Aktivität. Kernaufgabe ist es, Energie zu sparen und Energie zu gewinnen. Dieses Leitbild für die Gebäudehülle und ihre Komponenten nennt Schüco Energy2. Es steht nicht nur für das Sparen und Gewinnen von Energie, sondern auch für herausragendes Design, systemübergreifende Automation und perfektionierte Sicherheitstechnik der Gebäudehülle. Schüco leistet dafür bereits heute einen bedeutenden Beitrag, zum Beispiel mit innovativen Fassaden und Lichtdächern – basierend auf den bewährten Pfosten-RiegelFassadensystemen FW 50+ und FW 60+, die alle aktuellen Anforderungen an Wärmedämmung erfüllen. Ausgestattet mit automatisierten Öffnungselementen wie Schüco Fenster AWS oder ausgeführt als Synergiefassade mit integrierten Solarthermie- und Photovoltaikanlagen lassen sich mit Schüco Fassaden und Lichtdächern energieeffiziente Konzepte zur Gebäudeklimatisierung anforderungsgerecht realisieren.

Rising energy costs due to dwindling natural resources and CO2 emissions that are too high require a rethink and a new approach. The message and the challenge for current and future generations are clear: using energy resources sensibly and finding new ways to generate energy. The aims are to lower energy consumption, use renewable energy and protect the environment, whilst stimulating economic growth. The key challenge lies in saving energy and generating energy. Schüco calls this model for the building envelope and its components Energy2. This stands not only for saving and generating energy, but also for outstanding design, automation across multiple systems and perfect security for the building envelope. Schüco is already making a significant contribution here, for example, with innovative façades and skylights – based on the tried and tested FW 50+ and FW 60+ mullion/transom façade systems, which fulfil all the current thermal insulation requirements. Equipped with automated opening units, such as Schüco AWS windows or designed as a synergy façade with integrated solar thermal and photovoltaic systems, energy-efficient concepts for air conditioning can be implemented using Schüco façades and skylights.

Schüco FW 50+ mit Schüco AWS 102 Automatisierte Fensterelemente für optimale, natürliche Lüftung Schüco FW 50+ with Schüco AWS 102 Automated window units for the best possible, natural ventilation

Schüco 5

6 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Energie und Sicherheit Energy and Security

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Sicherheit hat viele Facetten. Es geht nicht nur um den Schutz vor Witterungseinflüssen, vor Hitze und Kälte. Es geht auch darum, für ein verlässliches Sicherheitsgefühl zu sorgen. Beim Schutz von Menschenleben und Sachwerten leistet die Gebäudehülle wesentliche Aufgaben. Deshalb bietet das umfassende Schüco Sicherheitskonzept für Fassaden und Lichtdächer neben Brand-, Rauch- sowie Blitzschutzsystemen auch sehr effektive, je nach Anforderung abstufbare einbruch-, durchschuss- und sprengwirkungshemmende Systeme: Perfekt abgestimmt auf Schüco Fenster- und Türsysteme ermöglichen sie ganzheitliche Lösungen mit optimaler Sicherheit für jeden Anwendungsbereich. Sicher, aber nicht sichtbar: Dank identischer Innen- und Außenansichten lassen sich alle Sicherheitssysteme „unsichtbar“ mit Fassaden- und Lichtdachkonstruktionen kombinieren, an die keine besonderen Sicherheitsanforderungen gestellt werden. Das garantiert größtmögliche Freiheit bei Gestaltung und Design. Integrierte Sensortechnik ermöglicht darüber hinaus auch die Kontrolle über Öffnungs- und Schließzustände von Türen, Fenstern und Oberlichtern in Fassade und Lichtdach. Alle Sicherheitslösungen von Schüco sind nach geltenden Normen von unabhängigen Instituten geprüft, beinhalten Erdbebenprüfungen und entsprechen den höchsten Standards.

Security has many facets. It is not merely a case of protecting against weather conditions, heat and cold. It is also a matter of ensuring a reliable sense of security. The building envelope makes an essential contribution to protecting life and property. In addition to fire, smoke and lightning protection systems, the comprehensive Schüco security concept for façades and skylights also provides very effective burglar-, bullet- and blastresistant systems. Perfectly tailored to Schüco window and door systems, they ensure comprehensive solutions with optimum security for every application.

Schüco FW 50+ / AWS 70.HI in WK3 Schüco FW 50+ / AWS 70.HI in WK3

Secure yet unobtrusive: identical internal and external face widths allow all security systems to be “invisibly” combined with façade and skylight constructions, for which no particular security requirements are set. This allows maximum freedom of shape and design. Integrated sensor technology also ensures control over the opening and closing of windows and doors and switching toplights on and off in façades and skylights. All Schüco security solutions are tested in accordance with valid norms (including earthquake testing) by independent institutes to ensure they meet the highest standards.

Schüco FW 50+ BF Schüco FW 50+ BF

Schüco 7

8 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Energie durch Automation Energy through Automation

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Die Gebäudeautomation ermöglicht durch das Vernetzen und Steuern von fassaden- oder lichtdachintegrierten Funktionselementen die Potenziale einer Gebäudehülle optimal zu nutzen sowie Komfort und Sicherheit zu verbessern, zum Beispiel durch automatisierte Zutrittskontrollen oder Fluchttürsicherungen.

Through the networking and control of façade or skylight integrated functional units, building automation ensures optimum use of the potential of a building envelope and the improvement of comfort and security, for example, with automated access controls or emergency exits.

Fenster mit dem verdeckt liegenden mechatronischen Beschlag Schüco TipTronic ermöglichen eine dezentrale Steuerung natürlicher Lüftungszyklen – nutzerdefiniert. Zusätzlich kann durch ein zentral gesteuertes nächtliches Öffnen der Fenster eine effiziente, energiesparende Nachtauskühlung des Gebäudes erreicht werden.

Windows with the concealed mechatronic Schüco TipTronic fitting allow natural, user-defined ventilation cycles to be controlled decentrally. In addition, efficient, energysaving night-time cooling of the building can be achieved using centrally controlled opening of the windows at night.

Das Potenzial der Fassadenautomation wird künftig immer stärker zur Energieeffizienz des Gesamtgebäudes beitragen. Hier ist Schüco als Technologieführer der ideale Partner, denn die Entwicklung von Profilsystemen, Beschlagstechnik, Antrieben und elektronischen Steuerungssystemen erfordern viel Erfahrung und hohe Innovationskraft.

The potential for façade automation will contribute to the energy efficiency of the entire building even more in the future. Schüco is the ideal partner here, because the development of profile systems, fittings technology, drives and electronic control systems demands a great deal of experience and a high level of innovation.

Schüco ControlPanel als Bedien-, Anzeigeund Einstellgerät Schüco Control Panel as operating, display and setting device

Schüco 9

10 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Energie und Design Energy and Design

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

In der modernen, zukunftsgerichteten Architektur werden immer mehr technische Funktionen in die Gebäudehülle integriert. Das Ziel: höchste Effizienz in den Bereichen Energie, Sicherheit und Automation bei gleichzeitiger Wahrung größtmöglicher gestalterischer Freiräume. Schüco bietet z.B. designorientierte Systeme, die auch durch die nicht sichtbare Integration von motorischen Antrieben und Steuerungen sowie verschiedenster Sicherheitskomponenten höchste Designansprüche erfüllen. Dazu steht eine breite Auswahl an Deckschalen, Glasleisten und Oberflächenveredelungen zur Verfügung, die in ihrer Formund Farbvielfalt einzigartig ist: von feinstrukturierten Pulverbeschichtungen über Duraflon©Flüssiglacke bis hin zu selbstreinigenden Beschichtungen. Schüco Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer verbinden edle Oberflächen und souveräne Formgebung mit innovativer, nutzeroptimierter Technologie – und schaffen so designorientierte, energieeffiziente Lösungen, die Architekten, Planern, Investoren und Nutzern einen attraktiven Mehrwert bieten.

In modern, future-oriented architecture, more and more technical functions are integrated in the building envelope. The aim is maximum efficiency in energy, security and automation while ensuring maximum creative scope. For example, Schüco offers design-orientated systems that also fulfil the most demanding design requirements through the concealed integration of electric actuators and controls and a wide range of different security components. In addition, there is a wide choice of cover caps, glazing beads and surface finishes, which is unique in its range of shapes and colours: from fine powder coatings using Duraflon© liquid paint to self-cleaning coatings. Schüco systems for façades and skylights combine high-quality surface finishes and superior design with innovative, userfriendly technology, creating design-orientated, energyefficient solutions, which offer architects, planners, investors and users an attractive added value.

Schüco USC 65 FSG Schüco USC 65 FSG

Schüco 11

12 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Pfosten-Riegel-Fassaden Mullion / transom façades Der Schüco Systembaukasten bietet ein umfangreiches Programm an Pfosten-RiegelFassadensystemen, mit denen sich unterschiedlichste architektonische Konzepte realisieren lassen. Basierend auf den millionenfach bewährten Systemen Schüco FW 50+ und FW 60+ stehen Systemlösungen zur Verfügung, die in puncto Energie, Sicherheit, Automation und Design ein Maximum an Flexibilität garantieren. Durch verschiedene Isolatoren, von standard- bis hochwärmegedämmt, ist je nach Anforderung an die Dämmung für jede Klimazone weltweit eine kostenoptimierte und technisch perfekte Lösung realisierbar. Wirtschaftliche Kalt-WarmFassaden in Fensterband- oder Lochfensteroptik sowie Modulfassaden mit hohem Vorfertigungsgrad stehen ebenso zur Verfügung wie verschiedenste Designvarianten in Stahloptik.

The Schüco modular system offers an extensive range of mullion / transom façade systems, using which a variety of different architectural concepts can be implemented. Based on the proven Schüco FW 50+ and FW 60+ systems, there are system solutions that allow maximum flexibility in terms of energy, security, automation and design. Different isolators, from standard to highly thermally insulated, make a cost-effective and technically perfect solution possible for every climate zone, depending on the insulation requirements.

There are also cost-effective ventilated/non-ventilated façades in ribbon window or punched opening designs and modular façades with a high level of prefabrication, such as a wide range of design options in steel look. Architecturally, large structural glazing façades and transparent skylight constructions in different sizes offer particularly interesting solutions. The Schüco mullion/transom façades are system-tested and offer a high degree of quality and security.

50 50

Architektonisch besonders interessante Lösungen bieten großdimensionierte StructuralGlazing-Fassaden und transparente Lichtdachkonstruktionen in unterschiedlichsten Geometrien. Die Schüco Pfosten-RiegelFassaden sind systemgeprüft und bieten ein Höchstmaß an Qualität und Sicherheit.

Westfalentor 1, Dortmund, Deutschland Westfalentor 1, Dortmund, Germany

Schüco SMC 50.HI, hochwärmegedämmt, M = 1:2 Schüco SMC 50.HI, highly thermally insulated, scale = 1:2

Schüco FW 50+.SI, Pfosten, M = 1:2 Schüco FW 50+.SI, mullion, scale = 1:2

Schüco 13

14 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Aufsatzkonstruktionen Add-on constructions Eine ausdrucksstarke Architektur lässt sich auch durch eine differenzierte Materialauswahl erzielen. Bestes Beispiel dafür sind die wärmegedämmten Schüco Stahl- und Holz-Aufsatzkonstruktionen für vertikale Fassaden oder Lichtdächer. Mit ihnen können technisch wie gestalterisch überzeugende Lösungen in unverwechselbarer Optik realisiert werden: als ästhetisch interessante Kombination aus Aluminium und Holz oder mit feingliedrigen Tragwerken aus Stahl in Hightech-Anmutung. Ein weiterer Einsatzbereich für Schüco Aufsatzkonstruktionen sind Lichtdächer mit variablen Holz- oder filigranen StahlTragwerken. Hier überzeugen die Systeme vor allem durch die enorme Vielfalt realisierbarer Formen und ein breites Einsatzspektrum. Da sich die Aufsatzkonstruktionen perfekt mit Schüco Dachfenstern kombinieren lassen, sind sie auch für Dachverglasungen und Wintergärten bestens geeignet. Alle Aufsatzkonstruktionen erlauben maximale Rasterformate und beherrschen auch große Spannweiten sicher.

Impressive architecture can also be achieved using a different choice of materials. The best example of this are the thermally insulated Schüco steel and timber add-on constructions for vertical façades or skylights. Technically and architecturally impressive solutions are used to create distinctive designs: an aesthetically interesting combination of aluminium and timber or slender steel load-bearing structures with a hightech look. Another area of use for Schüco add-on constructions is skylights with variable timber or slimline steel load-bearing structures. In this case, the enormous variety of possible shapes and a wide range of possible applications is the most impressive feature of the system. Since the add-on constructions can be perfectly combined with Schüco roof vents, they are ideally suited to glazed roofing and conservatories.

Schüco FW 50+ AOT, Horizontalschnitt , M = 1:2 Schüco FW 50+ AOT, horizontal section detail, scale = 1:2

All add-on constructions allow maximum module formats and also span large areas. A wide range of aluminium cover caps enhances the range of design options.

Ein umfangreiches Programm an Aluminium Deckschalen erweitert das Spektrum an Designmöglichkeiten.

Schüco FW 50+ AOS, Horizontalschnitt , M = 1:2 Schüco FW 50+ AOS, horizontal section detail, scale = 1:2

Weingärtnergenossenschaft Elberstadt, Deutschland Wine Growers’ Co-operative Elberstadt, Germany

Schüco 15

16 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Schüco 17

Structural-Glazing-Fassaden Structural glazing façades Ob als thermisch getrenntes Ganzglas-Fassadensystem mit flächenbündig in das Tragwerk integrierten, von außen und innen nicht sichtbaren Öffnungselementen und Festfeldern oder als erweiterte Einsatzmöglichkeiten der bewährten Pfosten-RiegelSysteme Schüco FW 50+ und FW 60+ mit nur raumseitig sichtbaren Profilen und äußeren filigranen Schattenfugen – mit Schüco Structural-GlazingSystemen lassen sich architektonisch besonders hochwertige Lösungen mit absolut flächenbündigem Fassadendesign umsetzen.

With Schüco structural glazing systems, architecturally highquality solutions with a completely flush-fitted façade design can be used. As a thermally broken façade system with flush-fitted opening units and fixed lights integrated in the load-bearing structure, not visible on the outside or inside, or as extensions of the tried and tested Schüco FW 50+ and FW 60+ mullion / transom systems with profiles that are only visible on the room side and external slender shadow joints.

The systems offer a wide range of solutions for large and small constructions. An innovative generation of fittings with a particularly streamlined range enables the use of heavy vent weights – also in combination with a concealed electric motor. For more security and comfort, there is a specially developed ratchet stay for projected tophung opening units, which secures the window at any opening angle for changing wind loads.

Die Systeme bieten variantenreiche Lösungen sowohl für großflächige als auch kleinformatige Konstruktionen.

Für ein Mehr an Sicherheit und Komfort steht ein speziell entwickelter Rastdrehbegrenzer für Senkklapp-Öffnungselemente zur Verfügung, der das Fenster auch bei wechselnden Windbelastungen stufenlos in jedem Öffnungswinkel sichert.

First East International Bank, Sofia, Bulgarien First East International Bank, Sofia, Bulgaria

Eine innovative Beschlagsgeneration mit besonders fein abgestimmtem Sortiment ermöglicht den Einsatz von hohen Flügelgewichten – auch in Kombination mit einem verdeckt liegenden Motorantrieb.

Schüco SFC 85.HI (Typ A), M = 1:2 Schüco SFC 85.HI (Typ A), scale =1:2

Schüco FW 50+ SG, U-förmige Trockenverglasung und Edelstahl-Abstandhalter für eine gasdichte Ausführung der Isolierverglasung, M = 1:2 Schüco FW 50+ SG, U-shaped dry glazing and stainless steel spacers for a gas-tight design for insulating glass, scale = 1:2

18 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Elementfassaden Unitised façades Auch außergewöhnliche architektonische Entwürfe mit hochwertigen Baustoffen unterliegen in der Regel einer wirtschaftlichen Planung und Fertigung. Deshalb hat Schüco hochflexible Elementfassaden entwickelt, die auf einer komplett geprüften Systemlösung sowie einem geprüften Systembaukasten basieren und alle für die Fertigung und Montage notwendigen Komponenten enthalten. Damit lassen sich, je nach Systemvariante, wärmegedämmte Elementfassaden mit Außenansichten in Rahmenoptik oder flächiger Structural-GlazingOptik ausführen – mit großer Wirtschaftlichkeit dank hohem Vorfertigungsgrad und attraktiven Designmöglichkeiten. Dazu ermöglicht das flexible Zusammenspiel der Systembausteine eine optimale Anpassung an die objektspezifischen Anforderungen. Sämtliche Systemkomponenten einschließlich der Fertigungsund Montageteile wurden im Hinblick auf eine optimierte Funktionalität sowie reduzierten planerischen und konstruktiven Aufwand von renommierten Prüfinstituten getestet.

Even unusual architectural designs using high-quality building materials are normally still subject to economic planning and fabrication. Schüco has therefore developed highly flexible unitised façades based on a fully tested system solution and a tested modular system which includes all the required components for fabrication and installation. Thermally insulated unitised façades with a framed or a flush structural glazing look from the outside, can be constructed with high cost efficiency thanks to a high level of prefabrication and attractive design options. In addition, the flexible combination of system modules ensures that project-specific requirements can be easily met. All the system components, including the fabrication and assembly components, have been tested by renowned test institutes to optimise functionality and to reduce design and structural complexity.

Schüco USC 65 FSG, M = 1:2 Schüco USC 65 FSG, scale = 1:2

Schüco unitised façades offer tested system solutions for large projects that perfectly combine efficiency, functionality and design.

Schüco Elementfassaden bieten geprüfte Systemlösungen für den Objektbereich, die Wirtschaftlichkeit, Funktionalität und Design in idealer Weise miteinander verbinden.

Media-Park Block 4, Köln, Deutschland MediaPark, block 4 Cologne, Germany

Schüco UCC 65 SG, M = 1:2 Schüco UCC 65 SG, scale = 1:2

Schüco 19

20 Schüco

Aluminium Systeme für Fassaden und Lichtdächer Aluminium Systems for Façades and Skylights

Schüco 21

Öffnungselemente Opening units Dank ihrer vollständigen Kompatibilität lassen sich mit Schüco Fenster- und Türsystemen funktional und gestalterisch unterschiedlichste Lösungen für Öffnungselemente in Fassaden, Schrägverglasungen und Lichtdächer realisieren, die auch höchste Ansprüche an eine optimale Wärmedämmung erfüllen – von motorisch betriebenen Dachfenstern über lüftungsoptimierte Senkklapp- oder ParallelAusstell-Fenster bis zu multifunktionalen Sicherheitstüren und automatisierten Türanlagen. Die Öffnungselemente können, je nach Einbaulage, differenzierten Anforderungen aus den Bereichen Brand- und Rauchschutz, Schalldämmung sowie Einbruch-, Durchschuss- und Sprengwirkungshemmung angepasst werden – bei durchgehend einheitlichem Design.

With their complete compatibility, a diverse range of functional and design solutions for opening units in façades, sloped glazing and skylights can be used with Schüco window and door systems. These also fulfil the highest requirements for optimum thermal insulation – from electrically operated roof vents using optimum ventilated projected top-hung or parallel opening windows to multifunctional security doors and automated door systems.

Fitted with concealed drives and control systems and an optional connection to building automation, Schüco opening units are the central components for implementing comprehensive building designs with the main focus on energy-efficiency, security and user comfort.

The opening units can be adjusted – for uniform design – depending on the installation position, differing requirements from fire and smoke protection, sound insulation and burglar, bullet and blast resistance.

Ausgestattet mit verdeckt liegenden Antrieben und Steuerungen sowie einer optionalen Anbindung an die Gebäudeautomation sind Schüco Öffnungselemente zentrale Bausteine bei der Umsetzung von ganzheitlichen Gebäudekonzepten mit den Schwerpunkten Energieffizienz, Sicherheit und Nutzerkomfort.

Schüco FW 50+.SI mit Schüco AWS 102, M = 1:2 Schüco FW 50+.SI with Schüco AWS 102, scale = 1:2

Solaris-Tower, Chemnitz, Deutschland Solaris Tower, Chemnitz, Germany

Appendix C External Doors (S.E & W Elevations)

Design Technology 2

1032

Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

LEGEND

1012

Double Gazed Laminated glass with blue interlay 26mm Glazed sliding door GEZE Slimdrive units Unique LED programme swith, fully automatic

KEY MAP

1012

1860

4389

3264

The following drawing is adopted from Ryder floor plans. Findings are based on non disruptive means and therefore the level of accuracy may be hindered.

SCALE

1:20 PLOT DATE

08/02/17

SHEET NUMBER

FILE NAME

Entrance Door.dwg

Organization Name

118

Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

LEGEND

1182

1155

Double Gazed Laminated glass with blue interlay 26mm Glazed sliding door GEZE Slimdrive units Unique LED programme switch, fully automatic

2043

The following drawing is adopted from Ryder floor plans. Findings are based on non disruptive means and therefore the level of accuracy may be hindered.

KEY MAP

2428

SCALE

SHEET NUMBER

A3 1:10 PLOT DATE

09/02/17

FILE NAME

West Entrance

Appendix D Internal Finishes (Floor, Wall, Ceiling)

Organization Name Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

150

LEGEND

100

30 130

Raised access flooring K41:112

Following details were taken and adopted adopted from Ryder Architects.

KEY MAP

690

260

Horizontal steelwork

528

Rainscreen Cladding at high level princess square Elevations Manufacturer: AME Type: Drained and back ventilated Reference: AME Plank System or similar DUnits: 2250x300 Material: Aluminum Finish: PVdF Pre-coat metallic silver Fasteners: Secret fix to support bracketry Join Type: Horizontal and vertical recessed joint Joint width: 15mm Air Gap:to suit 300mm projection from face to blockwork

Wallboard Plasterboard ceiling K10:217

SCALE

SHEET NUMBER

A3 1:20

PLOT DATE

11/02/17 FILE NAME

Ceiling

Design Technology 2 Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

LEGEND The Following drawing is adopted from Dorma

KEY MAP

SCALE

SHEET NUMBER

A3 1:20 PLOT DATE

08/02/17

FILE NAME

Partition Wall

Comet

OBEX® QUADRUS TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS MODULAR ENTRANCE FLOORING SOLUTIONS Product Application

Suitable for commercial contract use

Product Construction

CMT27 Jupiter

CMT123 Earth

CMT118-27 Moon

CMT96 Mercury

CMT73 Uranus

CMT114 Venus

SAR118-27 Moon

SAR73 Uranus

100% Econyl® regenerated polyamide BCF

Yarn construction

Twisted and heat set dual fibres - multi and monofilaments

Manufacturing method

Tufted cut pile on non-woven polyester primary backing

Pile thickness

6.4mm approx.

Fabric weight

1100g/m2 approx.

Backing type

90% recycled open cell polyurethane

Backing thickness

6mm approx.

ISO 1765

Total thickness

12mm approx.

ISO 8543

Total weight

4600g/m (+/- 5%) approx.

Tile sizes

18" x 18" (457.2mm x 457.2mm)

Tiles per box

16 (3.344m2) Minimum Order

EN 1307

Wear resistance

32- Suitable for commercial contract use

EN ISO 105/X12

Fastness to rubbing

4.5

EN ISO 105/B01

Light fastness

EN ISO 105/E01

Water fastness

4.5

BS 1006

Shampoo fastness

4.5

ISO 8543

Pile density

0.129g/cm3

EN 1307

Comfort class

LC4

ISO 6356

Personal charging

<2kV

ISO 8302

Heat transmission resistance

0.12m2 K/W (Suitable for heated floors)

EN 13501-1

Fire resistance classification

Cfl - s1

Product Guarantee

1 year guarantee against manufacturing defects 5 year wear guarantee according to manufacturers’ recommendations re. installation and maintenance

CE Marking

All Obex® products meet the demands set by EN 14041

REACH 1907/2006/CE

This product is in conformance with REACH European regulation

CARBON NEGATIVE

Milliken Manufacturing Facility

ADA / BS 8300

ISO 21542 Compliant

LEED®

Leed® Point Contributor

CMT183 Neptune

CMT169 Mars

Star

SAR27 Jupiter

Yarn type

SAR183 Neptune

1 .

Product Performance Testing

F p j L e T 7

All specifications are according to ISO 9001 Quality certification and ISO 14001 Environmental certification, and are subject to change to meet the ongoing improvements and innovation of our products.

SAR123 Earth

SAR96 Mercury

SAR114 Venus

SAR169 Mars

INSTALLATION METHOD

MONOLITHIC

QUARTER TURN

Technical Details Sound Insulating Movable Walls

DORMA HĂźppe Variflex

DORMA Hüppe Movable Walls

Variflex

Intelligent solutions for sophisticated interior design requirements Movable walls and partitions from DORMA Hüppe offer the very highest quality, functionality and variability for room-dividing and roomshaping applications. These high standards derive in particular from many years of know-how and accrued

competence in system development. The first partition systems were introduced into the German market back in 1955. Since that time, movable walls from DORMA Hüppe have become established on a worldwide scale. With

sophisticated aesthetics and functionally reliable technology, they create useful, variable areas and improve the cost-efficiency of interior space provision. There are no limits to the flexibility that they afford. Indeed, almost every conceivable

requirement can be satisfied by applying a corresponding solution from DORMA Hüppe – from operable soundinsulating partitions for auditoria and halls in major public buildings to conference, seminar, training and office rooms.

Contents

Variflex models

Variflex product types

Variflex element construction/wall extension

Variflex element types

Variflex element connections/horizontal and vertical cross sections

Variflex element details

Variflex suspension arrangements

Page

Properties and features

DORMA Hüppe Variflex sound-insulating partition system Properties and features 6 Individually operable panel elements 6 High quality, proven and rugged system 6 Extensive variability and guaranteed flexibility for maximum functionality 6 Torsionally stiff aluminium/ tubular steel fine-frame construction 6 Double-skin construction principle 6 Panel element thicknesses: 100, 120 mm (depending on type) 6 Element heights: up to 14,500 mm (larger heights by arrangement) 6 Sound insulation values: Rw 34 to 60 dB (depending on type) 6 Automatic, semi-automatic and manual operation possible 6 Exceptional ease of use 6 Multiple layout designs: straight, angled, polygonal and ellipsoid configurations possible 6 Variants for preventive fire protection: F 30, F 90 (in closed position) 6 Panels hung in acousticfree suspension 6 Panels interchangeable 6 Panel designs: visible edge (K), protective edge (U), sheet steel skin (S) 6 Positive locking with deep profile interlocking

Variflex Semi-Automatic 6 Large-area positive and non-positive locking thanks to integrated magnetic strip (exception: ‘Standard’ models) 6 Horizontal closure provided by spring-loaded double seals (contact pressure up to 1500 N) 6 Specially formed corner seal for stability and high sound insulation 6 Large selection of element types 6 Systems can be provided with passdoor and glazed elements as required 6 Flush-closing telescopic element (TEF) can be provided 6 Height adjustment by means of automatically locking mechanism without the need to remove or open the panel element 6 Carrier axle pins with integral shock absorber 6 Manual drive mechanism operated by bayonetconnected crank handle (lock-in function) 6 Compact stacking arrangements in parking position 6 Uniform appearance 6 Unlimited range of surface designs and finishes possible 6 High level of safety

6 With the Variflex SemiAutomatic, DORMA Hüppe is able to offer a particularly user-friendly solution that combines operating convenience with excellent cost-efficiency and enables spaces to be adapted as required – quickly and effortlessly. Such systems are regarded nowadays as essential in modern conference facilities. 6 Eliminating the need for manual mechanism actuation with hand-operated cranks and the like, the Variflex Semi-Automatic partition could not be easier to operate. As soon as the connector contacts on the end face make the power feed connections, the user merely has to operate the central control unit and the sealing strips and telescopic elements extend and retract under electronic control. The individual elements are separated by means of an easily actuated toggle lever in the vertical profile, enabling them to be pushed along by hand in an effortless sliding movement.

Variflex-EM Automatic

K track

R track

Variflex parking layout

EM track, MR track

6 Once the partition has closed, all the sealing strips are automatically extended in accordance with the specified contact pressure. This guarantees optimum sound insulation as well as enhancing the stability of the system. 6 Installation of these partitions is also effortless: the Variflex Semi-Automatic is supplied ready for connection to the power supply circuit (24V/DC). And in the event of a power failure, an emergency operating mechanism is also available so that the sealing strips can be manually actuated. 6 The Semi-Automatic partition offers all the flexibility and variability of a manual model. It requires no floor guides, so there are no limitations to the layout configurations and parking arrangements that can be implemented. Such partitions can also be equipped with integrated glazed and passdoor elements.

Fully Automatic Movable Wall

DORMA Hüppe Variflex-EM

Additional information (brochures, leaflets, technical descriptions etc.) relating to our product range can be found in the program folder available from our field sales representatives.

You can find further details on the Variflex featuring the automatic operator system in the technical brochure entitled ‘DORMA Hüppe Variflex-EM’

DORMA Hüppe Variflex

Models

DORMA Hüppe Variflex

Features

Variflex 100

Variflex 120

The top model in terms of function and design. With a wide range of panelling and accessories for any application. Particularly robust with sheet steel skin

The best sound insulation values and the highest stability to meet specific requirements. Optimally suited to rooms with high ceilings

Benefits

Model description

Dimensions*

Element thickness

100

120

Manual

Clear height (min./max.)

2,000/14,500

(M)

Element width (min./max.)

600/1,220

Semi-automatic

Clear height (min./max.)

2,000/6,000

(HA)

Element width (min./max.)

750/1,220

Automatic

Clear height (min./max.)

2,000/4,000

–

(EM)

Element width (min./max.)

750/1,220

–

Design

Framed construction

Aluminium-steel

Panel fixing

Acoustic-free suspension

Element interconnection/ design of the vertical profiles

Aluminium profile with integrated magnetic strip and external sealing lips

Panel design with K-type edge

With visible surface edging

Panel design with U-type edge

With protective surrounding trim

Panel design with S-type edge

With robust sheet steel skin up to Rw 58 dB

–

Manual model (M)

Manual operation of the elements and actuation of the sealing strips

Semi-automatic model (HA)

Manual operation of the elements, electronically controlled extension and retraction of the sealings trips

Automatic model (EM)

Fully automatic operation of the elements and actuation of the sealing strips

–

Fire protection package F 30, F 90 (in closed position)

In conjunction with B1 (F 30) – and A 2 (F 90) – compliant particle board and special sealing compound

Horizontal panel joint from element height (mm)

4,100 (with steel sheet skin: from 3,200)

4100

Element types

Full wall element, telescopic element, corner element, angled element, sliding passdoor, fixed full-height passdoor, window elements, passdoor with glazed section, special element for non-load-bearing or inclined ceiling arrangements

Full wall element, telescopic element, corner element, angled element, sliding passdoor (subject to technical clearance from factory), fixed fullheight passdoor, special element for non-load-bearing or inclined ceiling arrangements

Passdoors

Single-leaf or double-leaf

Single-leaf following technical clearance from factory

Window element

Yes

–

Telescopic element design

Sliding portion flush or external

Weighted sound reduction value Rw determined per EN 20140 in Rw (dB)

34 to 57 (as S: 58 dB)

58/60

U-value per DIN with maximum sound insulation package (heat transfer coefficient)

0.664

0.380

Contact pressure of the horizontal sealing 1,500 strips per element in Newton up to

1,500

Finish and trim

Technical

Type overview

Variflex 100

100 K

100 U

100 S

Variflex 120

120 K

120 U

Variflex F

–

Positive and frictional locking of the vertical element connections

Convex-concave profile form 40 N/m

Track type

EM, MR, R and K track

EM, MR and R track

F 30

F 90

* Note regarding Variflex dimensions: Larger widths possible on application. Provisional details regarding the element heights/element widths indicated can only be confirmed following consultation with the Design Department.

DT/DTZ Vertical cross section Horizontal cross section

DORMA Hüppe Variflex

Passdoor / Double passdoor

Suspension arrangements

DT Passdoor DTZ Double passdoor

Clear passing height

2050 1968

by others

Element with passdoor (DT) TM LD

18,5

100

max. 500 mm

Variflex-EM DT: min. 2630 min. 2550

as from 1.500 mm

2050 1968

Variflex-HA DT + DTZ: min. 2630 min. 2550

Clear passing height LDH

2050 1968

approx. 1.000 – 1.500 mm

Variflex-M DT: min. 2400 min. 2155 DTZ: min. 2400 min. 2320

Clear height LH

Clear height

approx. 120 – 500 mm

Ceiling by others

approx. 500 – 1.000 mm

TM LD 1110 820 1210 920 1290 1000

Profiled timber girder by others

Element with double passdoor (DTZ) 28

LDB

Wood screw 120x10 mm

Keep wing

TM LD 976 820 1076 920 1156 1000

LDB 1662 1862 2022

Lock wing

18,5

approx. 110–150 mm

100

DORMA Hüppe Variflex

In their stacked position, the elements form a compact package and can be accommodated in the smallest of spaces depending on

Parking layouts

the room situation. The low weight of the elements and the associated structural advantages are particularly noticeable here.

DORMA Hüppe Variflex

EM track MR track

Track system for the automatic EM operator

Below you will find our standard parking solutions; individual solutions for special requirements are also possible.

The automatic EM operator ensures fast traversing and particularly low-noise operation of the elements.

Aside from curved configurations, it can also be used for a combination of several systems.

Further information can be obtained from our field sales representatives and the Variflex-EM technical brochure.

Inboard parking solutions - Single-point suspension - 90° to partition axis

EM track

235

- 90° to partition axis

Suspension depth

- Two-point suspension

270 – 500

Parking solution PL1

- Two-point suspension

110

150

Parking solution PL2

- Parallel to partition axis

Parking solution PL3

MR track system

Outboard parking solutions - Two-point suspension - 90° to partition axis - In several stacks

The track system for very high weights. With the special roller-mounted carrier, this steel track can be used for

elements with weights up to 1,000 kg. The carrier is code-guided for curve and track switch negotiation,

ensuring light and easy element operation.

MR track

Parking solution PL4 - Two-point suspension

Suspension depth min. 350

- 90° to partition axis - Here with niche compartment door Parking solution PL5 - Two-point suspension - 90° to partition axis - Parked in a row arrangement Parking solution PL6

30 min. 250

Track system for high weights with curves and track switches. Weight over 1000 kg.

Appendix E Internal Transportation (Elevator)

Design Technology 2 Student Number: 14009226 Module Code: BE1340 Module Tutor: Kevin Elliott Date Due: 21/02/2017

LEGEND Technical Specification: Product: KONE MonoSpace 700 Safety Regulations: EN81-20 Load: 1000kg Persons: 13 Speed: 1.6m/s

The following drawing is adopted from KONE Monospace 700. Findings are based on non disruptive means and therefore the level of accuracy may be hindered.

KEY MAP WW= Well Width WD= Well depth BB= Car Width DD= Car Depth LL= Door Width LR= Door Raw Opening Width HR= Door Raw Opening Height SH= Overhead Height PH= Pit Height FW= Left Front Wall FW1= Right Front Wall

SCALE

SHEET NUMBER

1:20

PLOT DATE

08/02/17 FILE NAME

Lift