BIM & SUSTAINABILITY
14009226 I BE1338 I 14 /12/2016 I 3870 Words
(Gillen,2010)
Contents
?
05
IM B s tI
ha
W
is
M
M
BI
i pt
e nc
co
M
s on
06
ip
ti
ul
M
ry
a lin
sc i D
M BI
?
e
07
s U y
13
h
W
M BI
y?
f sO
M BI
f
14
el ev
L
8
O rs
illa
P
M BI
15
ha
W
ain
S
t us
20
an
e
sM
tI
y tB
ilit b a
t Ne
gs n i ild
22
Bu
o er
Z
y?
s
u Ha
27
siv
s Pa
w
Ho
n
Ca
M BI
d Ai
ain
t us
S
ilit b a
28
m Su
m
ar
y
34
re
fe Re
s
e nc
35
(Evolo, 2016)
The UK government is at the forefront of sustainability and the green agenda. Having demonstrated this in various legally binding targets and standards, from which the climate Act 200 (CCA) is considered one of the most pivotal. The act mandates an 80% reduction in CO2 by 2050, as well as that a Zero Carbon policy is in place to ensure that all new builds are Zero carbon by 2020 (Zero Carbon Hub, 2016) So could the implementation of BIM smoothen the transition and enable these targets to be met, or is BIM just a trend?
About
Today buildings are responsible for more than 40% of global energy consumption, 25% of global water, 40% global resources and as much as one third of global carbon emissions. Yet the construction sector also offers the greatest potential when it comes to reducing these figures. (UNEP) (Condliffe, 2015)
What Is BIM?
History Of BIM For many BIM is just a new concept, with technology at the heart of it. Reality is BIM has been around for years. Researchers including Chuck Eastman Tom Maver, Arto Kiviniemi, and John Mitchell and Robin Drogemuller were the main drivers in industry. Eastman produced a report in 1975 “The use of computers instead of drawings in building design” included ideas of parametric design deriving from 2D models, the report also mentioned scheduling and analysing quantitative data. During the 1970-80’s research into BIM started to develop around the world. “Building Product Models” was the American term for BIM, in Europe it was “Product Information Model”. It was only in 1982 that “Building Modelling” was used to in the sense of BIM by Robert Aish, in 1992 the acronym “BIM” came to life in a research paper from Netherlands.
(CODEBIM, 2016)
“BIM is an integrated process built on coordinated, reliable information about a project from design through construction and into operations. By adopting BIM, architects, engineers, contractors and owners can easily create coordinated, digital design information and documentation; use that information to accurately visualize, simulate, and analyse performance, appearance and cost; and reliably deliver the project faster, more economically and with reduced environmental impact.” (James Charlton Lecture)
The term BIM in itself is confusing and over used. The abbreviation in itself is constantly evolving with “M” standing for model, modelling or management (Lindstorm,2013). BIM simplified, is a Process of gathering & storing data based on a 3D model, as you progress through RIBA plan of works more information is collected and added to the 3D model. Accommodating the multidisciplinary nature of the design team, BIM facilitates an integrated design and construct process. While 3d visualization, software’s Revit, Archicad, Bentley, et al is a valuable component, it is neither the primary component, or necessarily a requisite component. (MacDonald, 2014)
Images By: (BIMon,2016) (paulwintour, 2016)
BIM is not a single software. BIM is not just 3D Modelling. BIM is not a single building model. BIM is not just for the big companies. BIM is not susbstitue for architectural rigour and common sense. BIM is about data, its utilisation and management BIM doesn’t just benefit the design and construction team, but everyone involved BIM Is Expensive In the Short term, but the Return Of Investment is worth while. BIM will take more time and will impact productivity at first.
BIM 101:
Uncovering BIM& Debunking Misconceptions (BIMCrunch,2014) (NBS,2016)
Effort/Effect
(pcholakis, 2012)
Key: 1. Abilitiy to impact cost & Perfromance 2.Cost of design & changes 3.Drafting centric workflow 4.BIM workflow
Multi Disciplinary BIM “No one knows as much as everyone” anonymous
BIM is much more than an application, BIM is a process, a methodology a documented journey. A BIM model can be holistically used throughout the RIBA POWs, taking into account the buildings life-cycle after completion. BIM aids the design team by allowing for parametric changes to a building design by speeding up the design process. Movement in any building component is reflected in the elevations as well as sections and other views.
or shared with the contractor to build on the model, by increased the level of information in the model. The contractor or cost consultants can use the model to provide quantities that could be used both as the pretender documentation. Eventually the model can then be passed over to the owners to manage the building post at hand over stage.
BIM has changed the way that designers, consultants, engineers and contractors perceive the building process from preliminary design Once the design team achieve the through to the facilities management. level of detail required, the model The rise of specialists has made it less can either be passed on to contractor possible for designers to design
without the aid of the specialists For years the construction industry has been slammed for being “fragmented”, however the nature of the industry requires a diverse multidisciplinary team (architects, mechanical engineers, structural engineers, electrical engineers, QS etc.) all working on the same project. BIM allows for all the disciplines to work on the same project and add layers of information and detail to the model.
Time
PD: Preliminary Design SD: Schematic Design DD: Detailed Design CD: Constructed Documentation PR: Procurement CA: Construction Administration OP: Operation
harnesses the talents and insights of all participants to optimize project results, increase value to the owner, reduce waste, IPD is a project delivery approach and maximize efficiency. The primary that integrates people, systems, business structures and practices into foundations of BIM are harnessed around sharing information a process that collaboratively
(AMS+CAFM, 2016)
y r a
r on b i L ps
l im a tr S
M
r cts tect e st ite hi
e rch h c A
anyder R
n Ian e C & s c Ar
Background Manchester Central Library is an iconic building in the city centre’s St Peter’s Square, containing numerous under-ground book stacks and aboveground reading rooms. The grand circular domed reading room in the centre, contains much of the original furniture, a glass domed roof lantern light and ornate detail - the preservation of which is of great importance. Project was part of a £100m remodelling and refurbishing project, driven by Ryder architects in order to test BIM capabilities before making it mandate. The existing building was surveyed using a 3D scanner, which provided the basis of Ryder’s drawings. A 3D model was created on Revit. Each member of the team had ownership of the model, which could be shared amongst other external members. Models were updated against each other consistently. The main principle for using BIM was to aid the library post construction(FM). The 3D scanning did not pick up on every single detail, as a result additional surveys were required to ensure the accuracy of the information.
(Wrap, Unkown)
Images: (RICS, 2015b) (RICS, 2015a) (Mark, 2016) (TownTalk, 2015)
BIM In Practise
“This Government’s four year strategy for BIM implementation will change the dynamics and behaviours of the construction supply chain, unlocking new, more efficient and collaborative ways of working. This whole sector adoption of BIM will put us at the vaguard of a new digital construction era and position the UK to become the world leaders in BIM” Franics Maude, Minister of Cabinet Office
Construction 2025
Industry Opinion
Why Use BIM? Fundamentally following the government construction strategy that was published in May 2011, it was evident that BIM level 2 will be made mandate on all public funded projects as of April 2016, and true to the governments word, this was achieved.
“Government will require fully collaborative BIM level 2 (with all project and asset information, documentation and data being electronic) as a minimum by 2016. The staged plan will be published with mandated milestones showing measurable progress at the end of each year.” construction strategy 2011
Conflict Detection & Risk Mitigation
High level of customization & flexibility
Coordination & Collaboration
Benefits Of BIM Faster Drafting without loss of cost & quality
Optimisation of Schedule & cost Mainternance of building lifecycle
Illustration 1.2: (chowdhry, 2013)
Advantages of BIM goes further than just meeting the government requirements (Illustration 1.2), in fact both the client, design team and contractors can benefit from using BIM, assuming the team use BIM correctly. Benefits include: • clear understanding and visualisation of the building •more intelligent construction information and linked data on demand •improved clash detection at early design stage •live cost planning; review design changes and access accurate costing •compare building costs & energy requirements for different design options •Avoid waste •virtually monitoring of progress against programme •Speed of design - a quick and effective way to visualise the design and build sequence (Design, 2016)
“A key saving from the contractors’ perspective is time. Only one model carries the truth and, because it is 3D and parametric, calculating elements into an accurate project plan removes the traditional delays caused by overlapping construction-sequencing details” Karassavas,2016
“The benefits of using BIM on construction projects are well known by those firms already familiar with it: greater efficiency, more sharing and collaboration, increased clash detection, better design solutions and so on” Chloë McCulloch,2016 “If there is any stubbornness in adopting BIM Level 2, it is without a doubt, because we need to rationalize its impact on “the bottom line”. We need to speak the language that businesses speak and the bottom line is usually the final arbiter of change.” Raj Chawala,2016
“The construction industry is only starting to see the real benefits of BIM in the age of digital construction.” (CODEBIM, 2016)
Levels Of BIM
There’s More...
BIM levels or levels of maturity, is what is referred to as the set requirements needed to be deemed “BIM-Compliant”. It was recognised by the government that in order to measure the progression of the industry, set milestone were essential. There are 4 levels of BIM, beginning at level 0, which effectively has no collaboration and is primarily based on 2D CAD drawings and nothing else. Output of documents is via hard copies (paper or hard copies) (NBS,2014) Level 1: Compromise’s a mixture of both 2D & 3D CAD, with CAD standards at the standard of BS1192:2007. Electric sharing of data is achieved via CDE. There is still no collaboration at this level taking place.
Level 2 BIM was set as a measure to help reduce 20% waste in the construction industry, as well as ensuring the UK is at a technological advancement.
Illustration 1.3 (3D Perspectives, 2014)
Level 2: The primary distinguisher is the collaboration that takes place, all parties use 3D CAD models, however they may not necessarily share the same model. Collaboration that does take place is based on information exchange. The information shared is done via common file format, allowing any information to be easily updated which makes up a federated BIM model. Any CAD software must be capable of exporting to one of the common file formats such as IFC OR COBie. As mentioned earlier Level2 BIM has been a set requirement for all works on public sector work (NBS,2014).
Level 3: Full collaboration between all disciplines involved in the project as well as sharing a project model which is held in a centralised repository is the setup of Level 3 or “Open BIM”. All members of the project can access and modify the same model, so any conflicting risk that does arise can be detected and removed.
Issues that currently surround level 3 BIM are copyright and liability claims, CIC BIM protocols makes provision for such issues. Illustration (1.3) illustrates the different maturity levels as well as the standards and guidance notes for each level (BIS-BIM).
8 Pillars Of BIM (Myers, 2016)
PAS 1192-2 is at the heart of BIM level 2, clearly identifying the process of which to deliver the project. It defines how data and information should be managed during the construction phase of the project also known as capital expenditure phase. It also gives guidance on the process and recommends the use of Employers information requirements (EIR) & BIM Execution Plan (BEP). PAS 1192-2 is also a recognised British standard (BS1192:2007), where it established the collaborative approach of the project as well as clearly identifying the roles and responsibilities in addition to the rules, classifications, layers and process of sharing information. BS1192:2007 is the foundation document to UK BIM (Trimble Solutions Corporation, 2016). PAS 1192 includes information exchange, introduction to the concept of levels of maturity, use of COBie, compatibility assessment of supply chain etc. (EvolveConsultancy, Unknown). By implementing BS1192-2 it was recorded to have saving of a sustainable 10% on all project, yet this is only 50% of BIM strategy targets. PAS 1192-3 focuses on the operation life of the project, i.e. post-handover, this document is crucial to facilities managements as it sets out the need for accurate and comprehensive information. It helps define the relationship between BIM and an Asset Information Model, which is used as part of a systematic approach, it enables the production of a clearly defined EIR. It is possible to produce an EIR without PAS1192-3, although the end data requirements may not be as precise (EvolveConsultancy, Unknown).
PAS 1192-5 came into effect in May 2015, aimed at providing a framework for owners and stakeholders of the asset. It focuses on
the vulnerability and enhances the importance BIM PROTOCOL of cyber security of digitally built assets. It encourages the adoption of a pragmatic CIC BIM approach to sharing data that could be PROTOCOL exploited by those with malicious intent. The document explains of trust and security controls throughout the lifecycle of the asset, along with providing guidance on a number of topics regarding security on digital built BS 1192-4 environments and smart asset management. Digital Plan of Works (NBS Toolkit): With progression there is an accumulation of data deriving from the development. Tools and techniques, level of detail and information Government develop. Managing both the BIM model in Soft Landing terms of digital data and geometric data has become easier over the years as a result of the third revolution as well as the advancements in standards and procedures. No longer is a project just considered up until handover, however now lifecycle and preoccupation evaluation is UNICLASS becoming a major requirement. The process is 2015 simplified in PAS 1192-2 with the information delivery cycle. NBS Toolkit allows for information to be saved on a cloud, from stage 0 of RIBA Plan of works to Stage 7. The maturity levels of data are classified IFC into Level of Detail i.e. geometric information and Level of definition, level of data maturity of a model (BIM TaskGroup, 2013). Digital plan of works is the articulation of the project delivery stages and the level of detail/definition that needs to be delivered by each discipline at any point in time (BIM TaskGroup, 2013). Definition are complex, however with additional data the complexity increase
WHAT IT IS • •
•
• •
• •
•
• • • • • • • • •
•
A legal supplement to Design and construction contracts, which allows the sharing of BIM model. Establishing obligation and limitations as well as eliminating risk and liability regarding the use of BIM model. Government recommendation to use COBie (Construction Operation Building Information Exchange) for sharing information. Data is exported in spredsheet form Information exchange in Level 2 BIM can be made either using COBie, PDF or via BIM models. updated BSRIA document contractors required to stay with the client/operational managers to assist them in learning how to operate the asset effectively. updated to meet the mandate of level 2 BIM as well as assist in achieving better value in the operation lifecycle of the asset (BIMTaskGroup,2013 Method of structing and organising files. divided into a set of tables which can be used to categorise information for costing, briefing, CAD layering, etc. sSructured to be in accordance with ISO 12006-2 Building construction Global data exchange in building industry. Both a common data model & file format Sharing data regardless of what software used Enables collaboration important at handover of project IFC models combination of geometric and non-gemetric data. Data can be displayed, analysed and modified in different ways in multiple software applications Multiple IFC (IFC1.5.1, IFC2.0, IFC2x, IFC2x2, IFC 2x3 and IFC4) formats, depending on model maturity. IFC4 is registered as official International Standard, ISO 16739:2013
After all BIM is a process, a way of thinking & coordinating a project Qing et al,2014
(Edwina, 2009)
“Whereas society and technology are developing rapidly, the physical environment of our planet is deteriorating.� IPCC,2007
(Zaha Hadid Architects,2016)
BIM + Sustainability
Thermal comfort ensures that the space or building is not too or too cold for the occupant. To do so humidity, radiant temperature & air speed as well as activity levels need to be considered, as every building has a different function
Economic sustainability focuses on the monetary aspect of the project, and with BIM that includes the life cycle cost whether that beat the construction stage or post-handover whilst the building is use. Costs of running the building include water, insurance, electricity etc. Therefore, economic sustainability will look into Acoustics: acoustic comfort deals the monetary aspect of the project with sound and noise, two very different acoustics. Noise is unwanted and whether it is frugally. It has been proven that by using BIM, sound, which becomes irritating and uncomfortable. Acoustics are measured costs can be saved, Lu et al. (2014) concluded that a cost saving of 6.92% in decibel levels, reverberation time and the sound reflection and absorbing (490.86 HKD/m2) was achieved via cost benefit analysis conducted in a properties of materials. Shape and sample BIM project size of a room will impact echoes and reverberation time, whereas materials Environmental sustainability will absorb sound and reflect it. mitigates the amount of greenhouse Air Quality: air circulation, as it creates gases, that enter the atmosphere. a comfortable space. Fresh air requires Sustainable architecture is one that seeks to minimise the amount of a certain percentage of outside air greenhouse emissions it requires to circulating into spaces, whereas clean The term sustainability is a term Social Sustainability is the least operate. This will be the primary focus air requires pollutant air to pathogen that is being thrown around in the defined and understood, it refers of this article levels to be below certain levels. construction industry due to its to the ability of people to continue Global Warming, rising energy costs, Achieving good air quality can be done underlying wider definitions, however to live in a way that suits their the growing awareness and liability in numerous of ways, whether that is by the UN has offered the best definition needs and the needs of subsequent costs associated with “Sick Building opening windows or mechanically by in its 1987 report: Sustainable generations(Eastway,2012). In the built fitting HVAC fans and ducts. Syndrome�, declining oil reserves, development meets the needs of the environment social sustainability can be and concerns about our limited water present, without compromising the achieved by meeting the stakeholder’s Visual Comfort: ensuring occupants supply, are just some of the reasons ability of the future generation to meetneeds. why we are turning towards green and have enough light for their activities, their own needs. sustainable design. at the right quality and balance. The (Jrade et al. 2013) There are three principle contributors Occupant comfort is also taken ultimate light for visual comfort is to sustainability namely, social, into account, after all buildings are natural sun light, by enabling the economic and environmental. Often designed to be occupied. The building design to allow for natural sunlight, they become metrics to measuring needs to keep occupants comfortable, this may reduce cost of bills, however sustainability levels (Khan et.al, 2016 efficient, health and safe. consideration of the glass cost will also have to be considered.
What Is Meant By Sustainability?
(Whitecode Design Associates, 2013)
Green Design Isn’t Always Sustainable Design (Martty, 2015)
What is Green Design? The interchangeable use of the word green and sustainable has caused confusion when designing. Green design is one that serves to reduce any harmful impacts to the environment and inhabitants of both the building and natures inhabitants. This is achieved through a number of ways, including:
Sustainable Building Rating System There are various different rating systems internationally, by 2006 there were already 34 green building rating system (Fowler and Rauch, 2006). BREAM is the UK recognised rating system, it asses the building in 8 different categories as listed:
• Management • Health & wellbeing • energy • Transport • Land Use and Ecolology • Water • Material & Waste • Pollution BIM is already changing the design team & process, with emphasis on intergration and (Bartlett, 2007) collaboration.
• Energy efficiency: Using renewable energy sources • Creating healthy indoor environment with adequate natural ventilation • Specifying materials with low embodied energy • Providing adequate water via appliances: using recycled grey water for flush, car washing etc.
(Wong and Fan, 2013
Net Zero Buildings Net Zero produces enough renewable energy to meet its own annual energy consumption requirements, thereby reducing the use of non-renewable energy in the building sector. The key to designing NZB is to reduce energy demand, followed by selecting the applicable method of creating energy off grid (PV, wind etc). Benefits include lower environmental impacts, lower operating and maintenance costs, better resiliency to power outages and natural disasters, and improved energy security (NIBS 2015)
(Summers, 2016)
About The Project
Masdar HQ, the world’s first positive positive-energy building, producing more energy than it consumes 103% positive energy. Using BIM to integrate architectural, structural, and building systems from the project outset has increased efficiency and constructability by integrating 21st-century sustainable design systems and strategies. The BIM model was used to test the buildings orientation, daylighting at an early stage of the design process to optimise the buildings energy performance. Through wind flow studies the team discovered that the optimal flow could be best achieved by creating diagonal openings at the cone bases. When complete, the Masdar Headquarters will consume 70% less water than comparable buildings. It will also incorporate numerous eco-friendly components, including a 7-acre roof canopy that will serve as an armature for one of the world’s largest photovoltaic panel arrays, and a collection of 11 cones that will promote natural ventilation and cooling (Autodesk Inc, 2016). The building achieved a saving of 63% on energy and 52% on water consumed incomparison to a standard Abu Dhabi office building (Siemens LLC, 2013).
BIM In Practise Masdar HQ Abu Dhabi Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill Architecture (Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill architecture, 2008)
(Homes, 2010)
PassivHaus The main principles of PassivHaus evolve around insulation thickness, the use of solar gains. With this in mind, the extra layers of insulation and glazing it is without doubt that the cost is relatively higher compared to a traditional house, yet the simplicity in itself has been a success. Even with such thick insulation, many passivhaus’s do have heating systems on hand. Typically, though PassivHaus only uses 1/10 as much energy as houses built to current regulations. Critics of PassivHaus will argue that you are better off adding a sew solar panels, than having to adhere to the tight standards of Passivhaus.
use (Lightho
Garage
Doors,
2016)
In the 2011 Government Construction Strategy, the benefits of BIM level 2 were outlined to aid 15-20% reduction in costs and carbon emissions on all government procured projects, whereby a whole life cycle analysis is considered.
How Can BIM Aid Sustainability? Following the global surge in environmental activities, established sustainability certification systems like BREEAM, LEED, Passivhaus etc. started transforming from a form of best practice to a market requirement.
47% UK Carbon Emissions Generated by or influence by construction Industry
80% Construction Emissions generated by or influenced by buildings in use
Furthermore, Construction 2025, saw the government set targets of 33% reduction in whole life cost of built assets and 50% reduction in greenhouse gases. BIM has inherent abilities when it comes to its environmental impacts, both in the design and construction phase of a project. Whether in the form of energy efficiency, cutting carbon or the materials used. The power of BIM is evident, especially when working as part of an integrated team. From the moment a 3D model is created as a concept idea, BIM can be utilised to study the building geometry, exterior views and building massing. Having created the model sun and wind paths can be assessed. The orientation of the building is vital especially when it comes to getting the optimum sunlight and heat naturally rather than mechanically. Value of shading can also be determined against the faรงade and. The simplicity of testing the location against natural constraints can add great value to the design and the energy performance of the building. When it comes to technical detailing, BIM allows sections to be cut whether from the 2D drawing or 3D model to establish any cold bridges or technical faults which can easily be adjusted prior to construction. This leads to not only a better energy performing building but it also allows costs to be saved (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008).
(PRC Magazine, 2014)
Eliminate waste: From inception through to demolishment By identifying any clashed or faults earlier on in the process, and being able to take off accurate bills of quantities,, waste can be reduced. (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) Day-lighting analysis: A sustainable high performance design can derive much of its ultimate success from effective relationship to, and integration of sun ‘s energy in to the design of the building envelope and fenestration. By creating a BIM model, it enables the process of importing it in to different software’s such as 3DS Max, advantage of this include accuracy and time being saved. Cloud-based analysis tools are used to compare energy consumption and life-cycle costs of design alternatives right from within Autodesk Revit Architecture software. Analysis results are presented in a highly-visual, graphical format for easy interpretation (Moakher, 2012) Water Harvesting: When sustainability is mentioned, the first alteration made is to reduce energy consumption, however reducing the built environments need for water could be an even more important effort. Rainwater harvesting, a free resource that can be beneficial in every climate zone. Rainwater can be collected from the roof, parking lot or site runoff, it can be stored in barrels or cisterns, located on the roof at grade, hidden below ground. BIM allows us to accurately take roof areas in plan to size cisterns (Krygiel, Nies, and McDowell, 2008) Energy Modelling: The main principle of sustainable design is to understand how the building will perform once constructed. The advent of BIM allows an energy performance test
to be carried out, throughout the design process (Moakher, 2012). Once the model is complete and all the required information have been added to the model, an Energy Performance test is more accurate and reliable. Tracking carbon information: Having created the model, and attached the information specified (materials, manufacturer, location etc.) the ability to track carbon emissions as well as embodied energy can be tracked and calculated Improved Predictability: By tracking the design from inception, technical detail and completion, BIM provides the information needed to measure a building’s actual performance against what is intended. This is the reason behind the government requirement of COBie data on all publicly procured work one year after the practical completion of the building contract. This measure will provide important information on what has and has not worked, and the knowledge will be fed back into future specifications and designs, offering improved predictability and performance of built assets (Building Design, 2014) These are only just a handful of ways that BIM can influence sustainability in the built environment. With numerous software’s constantly developing, BIM for sustainability is evidently taking off, helping us to achieve a more sustainable built environment. A recent seminar hosted by volvo construction equipment underlined the cost saving benefits of sustainability in the UK construction industry contray to what is believed (WorldHighways, 2016).
RIBA Plan of WorK Stage Stage 0 &1:
How can BIM aid sustainability? Whether that is at tender stage or during the design brief, the team can have a clear understanding of the site (Wind, sunpath, surrounding buildings, topography etc.) without actually having to visit the site. The data collected can then be implemented into the concept design
Stage 2: Concept Design
3D BIM Understand the key drivers of energy performance at the earliest stages of design. Help inform fundamental design decisions such as orientation and form in addition to aperture sizing and placement, envelope constructions, and shading design.
Stage 3: Developed Design
3D BIM Explore energy, lighting, and solar performance for detailed Revit architectural models without having to simplify model geometry or create a separate “analysis� model. Specify unique thermal properties for building elements in addition to detailed space data and mechanical systems.
(Autodesk,
Graphical example
RIBA Plan of WorK Stage
How can BIM aid sustainability? 3D & 4D BIM Technical details can be extracted from BIM model and analysed for draft, acoustic properties, temperature, lighting, water consumption etc. If change is needed to be made, it can easily be adjusted, rather than waiting to get on site and amend the fault. Data extracted can also determine whether or not a BRE/LEED/WELL standard has been met.
Stage 5: Construction
4D & 5D BIM From a BIM model clashes can be detected, which reduces waste on site as well as cost. Reviewing and cancelling the clash is an essential part of reducing waste on site as materials are saved. Schedules extracted can also help contractors from over ordering materials. A BIM model can estimate the construction process, as well as taking into account plant and labour on site
Stage 6 & 7: Handover to In use
7D BIM BIM model can be handed over to facility managers and clients via IFC. Can be used when the building requires refurbishing in the future, as a result the buildings life can be extended and any demolition that may have been required may no longer be essential. Easier to modify changes: If the client or FM is updating the building, BIM model can be modified and data can be extracted instead of having to go over the process from the beginning. New Uvalues, cost, energy consumption can be extracted to see whether any modification is worth the investment. At handover stage BIM can reduce waste, cost and time.
Graphical example
About The Project Designed to be the world’s greenest stadium, the main structure constructed of timber and powered by sustainable energy. It is part of £100m redevelopment scheme. “The importance of using wood is not only that it’s a naturally occurring material, it has very low carbon content – about as low as it gets for a building material,” said Forest Green Rovers chairman Dale Vince (Dezeen,2016) Virtually every element will be constructed of sustainably sourced timber, including the structure, roof cantilevers and louvered cladding (archdaily,2016)
BIM In Practise Timber Stadium: Forest Green Rovers Zaha Hadid Architects
“Software doesn’t design sustainable buildings, people do” Elrond Burrell
Summary
Technology alone will never save us from rising temperatures & sea levels, instead working as part of a multidiscipline team & working with enhanced data is a step in the right direction. BIM will undoubtedly play a significant role in the shift to sustainable design, not only due to the simplicity of analysing the model, but also because the solutions are cheaper than what is portrayed. Sustainable design is not expensive, but rather a process of accurate decision making. BIM enables the issue to be envisioned before the building is actually built, reducing waste, tracking carbon emissions and ordering the correct amount of materials on site. With technological advancement the accuracy of 3D scanning, 3D printing and Artificial intelligence, yes robots could potentially hold the key to sustainable design on a mass scale. The launch of PAS 2080 brings guidance on carbon reduction as well as establishing a common understanding, approach and language for whole life carbon management in the provision of economic infrastructure. Ultimately sustainability should mean the same thing, yet we appear to have so many bodies and software’s, which only adds to the fear of BIM. By utilising 3D scanning and creating a BIM model, heritage or abandoned buildings can be refurbished sustainably from the design to construction process via 4D,5D & 7D BIM. Once BIM is incorporated, the transition into sustainable design, should be one that is smooth and easy, yet it’s impact will be substantial both to the clients, stakeholders, environment and the business itself as productivity increases.
(Rowe, 2015) (Cronin, 2016)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
References
9. 10. 11.
12. 13.
14. 15. 16. 17.
18. 19.
20. 21. 22. 23.
24. 25.
Adrian Smith + Gordon Gill architecture (2008) Masdar Headquarters. Available at: http://smithgill.com/ work/masdar_headquarters/ (Accessed: 8 December 2016). AMS+CAFM (2016) AMS + CAFM solutions: Building information modeling services. Available at: http:// www.amscad.com/services/building-information-modeling-bim/ (Accessed: 8 December 2016). B1M (no date) Construction 2025 explained. Available at: http://www.theb1m.com/video/construction2025-explained (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Bartlett, A.A. (2007) The difference between green and sustainable. Available at: https://sunhomedesign. wordpress.com/what-is-sustainable-design/ (Accessed: 26 November 2016). BIM TaskGroup (2013) Building Information Modelling- The digital Plan Of Works & Assemblies. Available at: http://www.bimtaskgroup.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/BIM-The-Digital-Plan-of-Work-v7-1.pdf (Accessed: 24 November 2016). BIMcrunch (2014) Arup group talk project OVE with construction manager. Available at: http://www. google.co.uk/ BIMon (2016) Available at: http://bimon.it/en/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Building Design 2014, I. (2014) CPD 7 2014: BIM and sustainability. Available at: http://www.bdonline.co.uk/ cpd-7-2014-bim-and-sustainability/5067059.article (Accessed: 27 November 2016). Burke, S.D. (2014) Improving the performance of your firm and projects with the cloud. Available at: http:// www.architectmagazine.com/technology/improving-the-performance-of-your-firm-and-projects-with-thecloud_o (Accessed: 6 December 2016). chowdhry, humza (2013) BIM services: The benefits of availing them. Available at: http://hc-structuralengineering.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/bim-services-benefits-of-availing-them.html (Accessed: 6 December 2016). CODEBIM (2016) History of building information Modelling. Available at: http://codebim.com/resources/ history-of-building-information-modelling/ (Accessed: 23 November 2016). Condliffe, J. (2015) The building industry could cut our global emissions by One Third–So why Hasn’t it? Available at: http://gizmodo.com/the-building-industry-could-cut-our-global-emissions-by-1745929653 (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Cronin, B. (2016) Crunching Carbon | What is PAS 2080? Available at: https://www.newcivilengineer.com/ technical-excellence/crunching-carbon-what-is-pas-2080/10002367.article (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Design, A. (2016) AGK creative BIM - A BIM management consultancy. Available at: http://www.agkdesign. co.uk/about.html (Accessed: 8 December 2016). Evolo (2016) Free newsletter. Available at: http://www.evolo.us/competition/ (Accessed: 8 December 2016). EvolveConsultancy (no date) Is level 2 BIM possible? Available at: http://www.evolve-consultancy.com/ resource/column-bim-brief/level-2-bim-possible (Accessed: 24 November 2016). Graphisoft (2016) Structure Property Settings. Available at: http://helpcenter.graphisoft.com/guides/ archicad-17-guides/archicad-17-int-reference-guide/virtual-building/energy-evaluation/additional-dataassignment-and-input/structure-property-settings/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Graphisoft (2016) BIM explained in laymen’s terms. Available at: http://graphisoft.com.au/learning/openbim/about-bim/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Krygiel, E., Nies, B. and McDowell, S. (2008) Green BIM: Successful sustainable design with building information modeling. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, John & Sons. Homes, S. (2010) Passivhaus, passivhaus UK, passivhaus retrofits, code for sustainable homes, retrofit for the future, Passivhaus scheme. Available at: http://www.sustainablehomes.co.uk/passivhaus-scheme/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Jrade, A. & Jalaei, F. Build. Simul. (2013) 6: 429. doi:10.1007/s12273-013-0120-0 Kam-din Wong Qing Fan, (2013),”Building information modelling (BIM) for sustainable building design”, Facilities, Vol. 31 Iss 3/4 pp. 138 – 157 Lighthouse Garage Doors (2016) What is A passive house? Regarding passive house passive house design. Available at: http://www.lighthousegaragedoors.com/passive-house-design.htm/what-is-a-passive-houseregarding-passive-house-passive-house-design (Accessed: 8 December 2016). MacDonald, M. (2016) BIM advances sustainability - Mott MacDonald. Available at: https://www.mottmac. com/views/bim-advances-sustainability (Accessed: 7 December 2016). Mark, L. (2016) ‘CPD: Laser scanning’, Architects Journal.
26. Martty, M. (2015) The difference between green and sustainable. Available at: https://sourceable.net/ difference-green-sustainable/ (Accessed: 26 November 2016). 27. Megson, K. (2016) Glenn Howells and Zaha Hadid architects reach final in stadium design competition for Forest Green Rovers. Available at: http://www.leisuremanagement.co.uk/detail. cfm?pagetype=detail&subject=news&codeID=325276 (Accessed: 8 December 2016). 28. Myers, B. (2016) Defining a career in BIM management. Available at: https://www.linkedin.com/ pulse/defining-career-bim-management-brian-myers?articleId=9100466892220242209#comments9100466892220242209&trk=sushi_topic_posts_guest (Accessed: 8 December 2016). 29. 30. NBS (2016) Top 10 BIM myths debunked. Available at: https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/top-10-bim-mythsdebunked (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 31. NIBS (2015) A common definition for zero energy buildings. Available at: http://energy.gov/sites/prod/ files/2015/09/f26/bto_common_definition_zero_energy_buildings_093015.pdf (Accessed: 26 November 2016). 32. paulwintour (2016) BIM ecosystem. Available at: https://parametricmonkey.com/2016/06/20/bim-ecosystem/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 33. pcholakis (2012) The definition of job order contracting – what is JOC? Available at: https:// jobordercontracting.org/2012/09/18/the-definition-of-job-order-contracting-what-is-joc/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 34. PRC Magazine (2014) 走在绿色前沿 Aedas 现实一体化设计优势 « PRC 建設雜誌. Available at: http://www.prc-magazine. com/sc/%E8%B5%B0%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%89%8D%E6%B2%BF/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 35. RICS (2015a) Manchester town hall complex & BIM. Available at: http://www.rics.org/uk/footer/bim-solutions/ manchester-town-hall-complex/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 36. RICS (2015b) Manchester town hall complex & BIM: The future city. Available at: http://www.rics.org/uk/footer/ bim-solutions/manchester-town-hall-complex/restoring-civic-pride---manchester-town-hall/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 37. Rowe, J. (2015) BIM and the Net-Zero Building. Available at: http://sustainability.autodesk.com/blog/bim-netzero-building/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 38. Siemens LLC (2013) Siemens Masdar office. Available at: http://www.middleeast.siemens.com/ae/en/about/ siemens_masdar_office.htm (Accessed: 26 November 2016). 39. Summers, J. (2016) Socal green real estate Blog. Available at: http://www.socalgreenrealestateblog.com/ californias-title-24-means-more-energy-efficient-construction/ (Accessed: 7 December 2016). 40. TownTalk (2015) 48 books to Manchester city libraries., Manchester - news - Manchester TownTalk. Available at: http://www.manchester.towntalk.co.uk/news/d/17818/48-Books-To-Manchester-City-Libraries (Accessed: 8 December 2016). 41. Trimble Solutions Corporation, T.S. (2016) Overview of BIM in the UK. Available at: https://campus.tekla.com/ overview-bim-uk (Accessed: 24 November 2016). 42. Whitecode design associates (2013) Sustainability Assessments. Available at: http://www. whitecodedesignassociates.co.uk/sustainability-assessments/ (Accessed: 8 December 2016). 43. WorldHighways (2016) Volvo CE climate seminar hears cost-saving potential of carbon reduction on infrastructure works. Available at: http://www.worldhighways.com/sections/general/news/volvo-ce-climateseminar-hears-cost-saving-potential-of-carbon-reduction-on-infrastructure-works/ (Accessed: 6 December 2016). 44. Wrap (no date) Using BIM and achieving resource efficiency benefits. Available at: http://www.wrap.org.uk/ sites/files/wrap/Refurbishment%20Resource%20Efficiency%20Case%20Study_Education%20and%20Science_ Manchester%20Central%20Library.pdf (Accessed: 7 December 2016).