MArch Urban Design Thesis 2013-2014

LOUKIA ILIOPOULOU 130 65 4 8 4 RC12

Peter Besley Hannah Corlett Jonathan Kendall 2013/2014

TA NGIER R ESE ARCH

Contents

Case Studies

The city of Tangier: Growing urban population, Geographical position, Land surface forms, Flash floods, Urban tissues on hilly terrain

Incremental housing, in Delhi, India

Non regulated neighbourhoods: Individual’s response to the increasing need for land, From invasion to construction, Phases of construction, Analysis of existing building types, Incremental development

Ecochard’s Master Plan for Casablanca

State’s response to growing urban population Participative design The economic drive of non regulated districts: Housing subsidy schemes, Industrial zones, Local forms of production Infrastructure inefficiencies in non regulated districts Mobility: Road networks, Rail networks, High Speed rails, Strait Tunnel, Sea routes, Migratory routes, The flow of capital and remittance Initial proposals

Incremental housing, in Kambimoto, Nairobi

Participative Design, project in Chile by Element Architects Participative Design, project in Sao Paolo by MAS Architects

References/ Bibliography [1] The Mediterranean in the Age of Globalization. Natalia Ribas Mateos.

Transaction Publishers, London, 2005 [2] Nomads of the Strait of Gibraltar: A Field Guide to Bird Migration, the Natural Parks of the Strait and los Alcornocales, and the Rock of Gibraltar. Fernando Barrios Partida, 2008 [3] Morocco: Floods, International Federation of Red Cross, 2010. https://www.ifrc.org/ docs/appeals/10/MDRMA003do.pdf [4] Dialetic Territories. Nicole Rochette Garmendia. 2012-2013 [5] Promised Lands, Internal.Colonisation In 20th Century, Axel Fisher, Simone Misiani, Rome, 2013 [6] UFR «Architecture et Urbanisation des Territoires» – Faculty for Humanities and Social Sciences, Mohamed V University, Rabat-Agdal [7] Les Recompositions territoriales dans le Maroc du Nord. Dynamique Urbaines dans la Peninsule Tanger et Tetuan. Julien le Tellier, Université de Provence. LPED Marseille, 2006

Team Work Loukia Iliopoulou, Amanda Ellis, Christie Tsiasioti

The city of Tangier is the largest urban centre of the Moroccan Mediterranean coast. Its geographical location makes the city subject to strong migratory movements both from foreign and rural regions pressuring over its built capacity and reaching saturation levels.

The continuous influx of new population towards the city together with the fact that the city was unprepared for such a demographic increase resulted in the lack of housing capacity. However the political conditions in Morocco encouraged the proliferation of selfbuilt houses and the construction of shanty towns,right in the centre of the city.

View of the city from the airplane Photo by Khaled Kedjar, 2013 Urban footprint. Expansion towards southeast SPAU 82_ Agance Urbaine, Tangier, document shown during presentation, 2013 Rooftops, Tangier Photo taken during field trip, 2013

Today the urban fabric of Tangier consists of diverse patches with different urban structures. It is difficult to achieve one single view of the city because the city exists in multiple forms and it is characterized by some huge contrasts and by its form of polarization, which is clearly visible. There are acute differences in people’s lives in places such as the Medina, the port area and Beni Makada.

On the one hand, in Tangier exclusive neighbourhoods with villas and high quality housing exists and on the other hand there are the more traditional neighbourhoods, such as Bir Chifa [1].

Ancient Medina

Different districts, diverse characters, same city Photo 01 taken during field trip by Christie Tsiasioti, 2013 Photo 02, 04, 05, 06 taken during field trip

by Ester Fernadez, 2013 Photo 03 taken by Carlos Cuerda Damas, found in http://www.panoramio.com

New Medina

Tangier maritime front

Traditional neighbourhood of the periphery

New-built block of flats in the rural–urban fringes of the city

Non regulated neighbourhood aligned on the hilly terrain

THE CIT Y OF TA NGIER Geographical Position: The Strait of Gibraltar

Gibraltar

Morocco

Algericas

Tarifa

Atlantic Ocean

Mediterranean Sea

Europe

Med Port

Africa

Tarifa

Tangier

Tangier situated in northern Morocco. http://www.mappery.com Diagrams (Dover- Q1/2012) illustrating the vessel traffic density in the Strait of Gibraltar.

Based on statistics found in: http://www.vtexplorer.com/ais-analysis Strait of Gibraltar. Map based on the following sources: https://www.marinetraffic.com/ http://www.vtexplorer.com/ais-analysis.html “Strait of Gibraltar”, 35°56’37.34 N and 53°738’.17 W, 126.33 km eye alt, Google Earth, 08/08/2014

The Strait of Gibraltar is a narrow waterway separating the Atlantic Ocean (bottom left) from the Mediterranean Sea (top right). This 13-kilometer-wide waterway also separates Europe and Africa, with Spain and Gibraltar on the left and Morocco on the right. Until the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, the Strait of Gibraltar served as the only access point to the Mediterranean Sea. During World War II, naval traffic through this strait was monitored by both Allied and Axis navies, as it served as a crucial “chokepoint” for vessels traveling between the Atlantic and Mediterranean.

Tangier

The Gibraltar Strait is one of the busiest maritime zones in the world, with up to 300 vessels sailing through daily, not counting the ferries which cross between the harbours on both coasts of the Strait and many fishing and pleasure boats. There are ferries that operate between Spain and Morocco across the strait, as well as between Spain and Ceuta and Gibraltar to Tangier. Ferries cross between the two continents every day in as little as 35 minutes.

Due to its location, the Strait is commonly used for illegal immigration from Africa to Europe.

There are also 300 million birds cross the Strait of Gibraltar in both directions including large numbers of Cory’s and Balearic Shearwaters, Audouin’s, Yellow-legged and Lesser Blackbacked Gulls, Razorbills and Atlantic Puffins.

A large proportion of this amazing biomass use the areas near the Strait as resting and feeding sites [2].

In December 2003, Spain and Morocco agreed to explore the construction of an undersea rail tunnel to connect their rail systems across the Strait. While the project remains in a planning phase, Spanish and Moroccan officials have met to discuss it as recently as 2012 and proposals predict it could be completed by 2025 (more details in next pages).

Cargo ships/ tankers Main cargo ship routes 0 1

5 Km

Strait measurments in nautical miles/ kilometers

Land Surface Forms

The topography of north Morocco has defined the distribution of the urban structure and also suggests the direction of future expansions of the city. The majority of the city lies on smooth or irregular plains and the large-scale infrastructural projects as well as the Free Industrial Zones occupy mostly flat or smooth terrain. However the flash floods that take place during the winter time in North Morocco, make the flat zones unsuitable for occupation. Usually only industrial plants are located in such areas.

Al Bahraoyine

Tangier Medina

Charf-Souani

Charf-Mghogha

Mallousa

Flat Plains Smooth Plains Irregular Plains Breaks/ Foothills Low mountains Escarpments

Boukhalef

Map illustrating the variations of landsurface forms in Tangier combined with the main road network.

Map produced by Loukia Iliopoulou, 2014.

Data Source: rmgsc.cr.usgs.gov, http://www. openstreetmap.org

0

1

1 Km

Urban tissues on hilly terrain

Tangier

Tangier is characterised by undulating terrain.

Consequently the majority of its urban tissue is laid on hills.

Photos by Carlos Cuerda Damas, found in http://www.panoramio.com

Charf, NRHN, tangier

Tetuan

Chaouen

Connections/ Nodes Marco Cadioli, Necessary lines, 2011 – 2013

Exploring the three dimensions of settlements on hilly terrain Physical model by Christie Tsiasioti, 2013

Current Land Uses

NON-R EGUL ATED NEIGHBOUR HOODS Individual’s response to the increasing need for land

rural settlements

non-regulated districts

modern districts

30% mixed tissues

traditional regulated districts

In Tangier polarization trends tend to reproduce a domination system in terms of hierarchical mobilities and originate from the changes in internal migrations. Many of the new migrants see Tangier as a factual place of passage more than of settlement. They have transformed the city into a Mediterranean caravanserrai [1].

Three forms of spatial distinction exist in three zones: 1) the Medina supported by the rural exodus in the international period 2) in the specific shanty-towns 3) in the NRHN of Bendibane and Bir Chifa.

The logic of addition of single family units into neighbourhoods creates a condition where vast zones are dormitory areas, with a high dependency to the central parts of the city and without network services. These types of constructions are easily recognisable since they share a very particular typology: their typological homogeneity is based up on structural principles, economic logic, and space qualities, together with a common isolation condition and a particular legal framework [1].

These developments are located mainly around the south and south-east areas of the city: neighbourhoods such as Beni Makada, Bir Chifa, Moghogha, Sania, Tanja Balia, etc. represent different relevant products of this process.

The non-regulatory housing neighbourhoods continue to multiply and some have grown out of a desertification of previous rural villages.

Rural inhabitants and migrants come together in a semi-urban condition that permeates the region. The extents of this model of housing can be seen throughout the entire region.

This mechanism of building has resulted in a permanent condition, which could be considered the main social housing programme in Tangier. The designation of non regulatory has to do with a common “irregular” condition regarding existing urban laws. This is not only a legal issue: this particular form of access to urban land has significant effects in the resulting urban fabric and its configuration [4].

The first step towards attaining urban land consists in building a parapet which is allowed outside of the urban limit. The arrival of the rural immigrants to the cities, leads to a division between different models of consumption and to a composite division of the population of the urban area.

new medina ancient medina

Close to 30% of Tangier is now built through a single typology. It is officially referred to (among other less adequate terms) as NonRegulatory Housing (NRH). Its advance dates back to the 1970s and presented a strong growth in the 80s and 90s, and basically consists on a collection of significantly populated neighbourhoods scattered around the city’s hills and former agricultural areas [4].

villas 30% of the urban tissue is occupied by nonregulatory housing.

touristic developments

Dialetic Territories, Nicole Rochette Garmendia, 2012

infrastructure (airports, stations, universities)

Current Land uses Map produced by L.Iliopoulou, 2014

free industrial zones

0

1

2km

Non regulated districts

View of Beni Makada district

Photos by Nicole Rochette Garmendia, 2012

Photo by Nina Vidic, 2013

60 50 Informal city

45 40

30 % ma x imu 60%

35 30 25

1960

1971

1982

1994

The growth of population Istogram made by L.Iliopoulou based on: Haut-Commissariat au Plan, http://www.hcp. ma/Etudes-socio-economiques_r23.html Diagram illustrating a typical model of NRHN. Edited by L.Iliopoulou. Found in: http:// guttlab.com/guttlab- 01-minnesota-usa/2informal-settlementsanalysis/

2004

ex is

tin g

m a cce pt a

s lo p

e

b le

Formal city

In Morocco, in 1983, there were already many inhabitants living in the “clandestine” neighbourhoods, they represented the 13% of the country’s population (Tangier 11% in 1983, 30% today). Due to mobilization of large amounts of capital, non- regulated urbanization has been the most dynamic process structuring the urban space, using savings from all social categories. The terminology used to define which mode of urbanization is “spontaneous” has been the object of severe criticism. Some authors use more terms less charged with ideology or moral connotation namely non- regulated urbanization. They argue that rules do exist, it is not left to the invasion of the space, those settlements function inside the rules of the market for people who do not have the resources to be integrated in official circuits.

The price of land in such areas is often more expensive than in other neighbourhoods, but the land tends to be smaller than in regulated districts. Furthermore, they pinpoint that they are far from being clandestine as they have been built under the eyes of the urban authorities [1].

Phases of construction

Land available for invasion, pirate urbanizer organizer organizes the invasion

Invasion happens at dawn, invaders carry materials for start-up shelter

First consolidation takes advantage from leftover materials

Recycled materials are incorporated

Progressive consolidation of a family dwelling

Samper (Samper, 2012) describes the process of urban development into seven stages. It starts with the process of the (1) The taking of the land. Land takings are highly planned community strategies. The process includes visits and gathering a coalition of community members and finally strategizing the actions of squatting. This process is followed by one of contestation about land, (2) the attacks from private and public entities. Attacks are multiple and of increasing intensity, beginning with demolition of the home structures, to burnings of the entire squatting territory.

These attacks are done by both state and private actors. The same families who are considered to be squatting on the land, are evicted multiple times, with some families suffering eviction from their home on the same plot of land 20 times. Communities take different actions but most often they rebuild in the same place. The permanence of them remaining in the same area depends on the ability of their coalitions as a community.

Seven stages of urban development from uninhabited land to informal then formal settlement.

Material accessed by E. Fernandez, D. Angga, C. Haines and edited by L.Iliopoulou. Source: Samper, J. Toward. An epistemology of the form of the Informal city: Mapping the process of informal city making. Informal Settlement Research ISR. 7 July 2012.

[Accessed 16 November 2013]; Available from http://informalsettlements. blogspot. co.uk/2012/07/toward-epistemologyofform-of-informal.html

This leads to the third stage: (3) Growth and capacity building organizing. In the case of El Triunfo, the number of families increased in direct correlation to an increase in the level of community activism. This community activism permitted these families to make successive claims to the same land. Key here is see how actions are made by a collective then made their community more resilient and built their capacity to do the fourth phase: (4) fight back.

This fight involves a highly organized and active coalition which permitted this community to raise their claims of sovereignty over the land and take it to City Hall with successful results. The community seems to have learned about the process of eviction and found the “loophole� of the burning of the flag (symbol) which empowers the community to challenge the state in claiming ownership.

The success itself, is a fifth stage. (5) The triumph exemplified in tangible ways the potential of their organizing as a community and created a momentum collective organizing to build and expand and solidify their community. This starts a final period of (6) consolidation, in which the communitarian ties and the reduction or erased fear of eviction permitted the community to move beyond single homes to develop public spaces and institutions (schools, churches, baths, roads, water electricity, sewer, etc.) and also for the individual families to invest in the development of their units. The fragility of the first settlement they replace with more solid materials shelters become homes, small factories, apartment buildings and business.

The last phase is Integration or disappearance.

Finally, any informal settlement has to deal with this final question. Does this community becomes a part of the formal city or will it eventually be destroyed by the state and private forces constantly returning to pressure the territory and in this way the destruction of the settlement can happen at any stage of consolidation. There is a final moment in which some informal areas reach a scale and connection to the city resources that it becomes infeasible to be destroyed.

Industrial Zones, Free zones (TFZ)

Free industrial zones (TFZ) and Telecommunications as the major employment nodes in Tangier. According to All-Africa, the biggest growth in the Moroccan economy can be found in information technology, telecoms, textile industries and tourism.

8%

3% 3%

3% 16% textile industry food industry

Non regulatory districts sping up to the hills, feeding the industrial plants, seen in the background, with labour.

Photo by Ester Fernades, 2013

Income vs topography location http://guttlab.com/guttlab-01-minnesotausa/2-informal-settlementsanalysis/

Clothing industry, Free industrial Zone, Mhgogha, tangier Photo by Dessy Agha, 2013

Distribution of women employment in the industrial sector Ministiere de l’inudtire, du Commerce et de l’ Artisanat, May 1999

chemistry mechanics and metallurgy 70%

electricity

50%

The urban market is permanently depended on an external orientation, either from the export of goods or labour. There is a flexible specialization in the city: Decentralized companies put out work to either independent contractors or to relatively autonomous uniits or the whole factory is relocated, for example from a Catalan town to Tangier. The phenomenon of outsourcing across borders through textiles occurs in many Third Wolrd countries, but it is especially significant in Morocco because the industry is based on the large Spanish textile brands. Spain is the main country for outsourcing textiles in Tangier, which is the largest textile centre in Morocco, after Casablanca. Generally speaking, off shore production tends to result i various forms of exploitation: poor wrking conditions, non- unionized workers and great inequality between the situation of women and men [1].

free tarde zones and new towns

Aerial photos of the industrial zones in Tangier http://www.arcgis.com

Free industrial and trade zones Map based on information from [ Project of the fixed link through the strait of gibraltar (publishing: Nov 2007)], found in Connection, Shengwen Huang, 2012

Since 2011 “Tangier Free Zone - TFZ� constitutes the operational vehicle for development of the Tangier Med Industrial Platform. This project according to the official site of Tangier Free Zone, targets the gradual installation in the long term of industrial, logistic a tertiary activity areas in the hinterland of the port and more widely in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar around intrinsic competitiveness assets. This industrial platform apart from the specific tax framework and the exemption from VAT boasts of major trump cards. Its strategic positioning at the intersection of the maritime flows and offers proximity to the markets targeted: Europe, West Africa, North America. It also constitutes a port platform integrated to work traffic flows offering considerable flexibility of containers. It is also an integrated system constituting a regional competitive platform meeting the expectation of globalized players.

4,3% United States 18% France 17% Spain

6,2% India

According to All-Africa, the biggest growth in the Moroccan economy can be found in information technology, telecoms, textile industries and tourism.

5,4% Brazil

Global detail - Because of strict hygiene regulations and high wages, the peeling of shrimp as a home industry is hardly found in the Netherlands any more. Shrimp from the North Sea are thus peeled in low-wage countries such as Morocco.

Overlapping territories, Iulia Fratila, 2012 Yto Barrada, Global Detail, Tangier, 7 Sep 19 Oct 2003, C-print, 100 x 100cm Top 5 export destinations and Import origins.

Observatory of Economic Complexity by by Alexander Simoes Women working at a textile factory in Tangier on November 10, 2010. http://edition.cnn.com/2013/05/09/travel/ morocco-travel-gallery/

8,2% United States

6,8% China 14% France 11% Spain

Morocco’s exported products/ Top 5 Insulated Wire Phosphoric Acid Mixed Mineral and Chemical Fertilizers Calcium Phosphates Non- Knit Women’s Suits

6,3% Saoudi Arabia Morocco’s imported products/ Top 5 Refined Petroleum Crude Petroleum Petroleum Gas Cars Wheat

The urban market is permanently depended on an external orientation, either from the export of goods or labour.

Fabrics are the most profitable goods as they sell throughout the year. On the one hand , it is believed that the industrial re-localization guarantees socioeconomic progress and acts as a baffle to unemployment. This type of argument is also used when a hypermarket is opened in the outskirts of the city: It is clean, organized, efficient, and it created new jobs. In some way it is like a typical developmentalist discourse from the 1960s that responses to the dichotomous perceptions of tradition and modernity onto the world of production, distribution and consumer habits. Against this there is another line of argument that complains that globalization imposes one single model of development, one homogenized model that stifles the creation of the area’s own local forms [1].

Local forms of production in NHRN

Local forms of artisanship in Charf Photos by loukia Iliopoulou, 2013 http://passagetotangier.blogspot. co.uk/2014/05/artisans-in-tangier-lesartisans-de.html

The residential units in the non regulated settlements function as multi- purpose structures. On the ground floor families deal with artisanal activities. Home production interacts with commercial activities as families sell their surplus production or acquired materials for additional crafting by the ladies of the house which could later be sold back to the market.

From individuals to collective dynamic markets

Local forms of artisanship in Charf Photos by loukia Iliopoulou, 2013

Apart from the improvised stalls and booths that spring up at the edges of the streets or in the middle of unclaimed land there are markets which have a collective and dynamic character, such as the market in Bir ChIfa. On the one hand there are the traders or the families that sell merchandise as individuals on the ground floor of their houses, and on the other hand there are markets which attract farmers, guilds, and larger groups of traders.

MOBILT Y Road Networks

Tangier is considered one of the most well connected regions of the province TangierTetuan, as it is the place where four main road axes meet: the A1 autoroute that connects the north part of Morocco with Rabat, the national road N2 which connects Tangier with Tetuan, the regional roadway A4 which connects Tangier with the Mediterranean Port in the East side of the city and the national road N16 which connects Tangier with Ceuta via the maritime front.

Route

Distance (Km)

Time (h)

Cost (ÂŁ)

Tangier- Rabat:

256

2.31

50.76

Tangier- Tetuan:

56.2

0.54

11.14

Tangier- Med Port:

48

0.41

9.52

N16

A4 A1

N2

Diagram illustrating the connectivity of different provinces in Tangier- Tetuan region based on the 3 available means of transportation: car, train, grand taxi Produced by Loukia Iliopoulou, 2013 Map illustrating main road networks Produced by loukia Iliopoulou, 2013

network nodes/ juctions

3 means of transportation

train stations

1 mean of transportation

autoroute

No mean of transportation

national road regional road

0

5

15km

0 1

5 Km

Main road networks

Railways, High Speed Rail and Strait Tunnel/ current and future projects As one of the Mediterranean continental links, which includes the Gibraltar Strait link, Sicily-Tunisia link and Messina-Reggio link, the Gibraltar Strait tunnel will connect Europe and Africa by inserting new railway program between the existing Spanish and Moroccan railway system.

The project proves to have many challenges due to the depth of the Strait (5 times deeper than the Channel Tunnel) and the underlying seabed conditions. The design for the tunnel is for two tubes for train lines with an emergency or service tunnel running through the middle. Like the Eurotunnel project, the trains would carry both cars and passengers.

Scientists and politicians on both sides of the Mediterranean are convinced that this design will become a reality and the estimated cost is between $8 billion and $13 billion.

After the completion of the Gibraltar Strait Tunnel rail and the Moroccan high speed rail, the journey time would reduce from south point Morocco to the Spain. From Tangier to Tarifa, though the rail journey time will not reduce a lot when compare to ferry, the greatest change will be the accessibility from Northern Europe to Southern Morocco.

The advantage of being at the middle point will attract a lot of immigrants to Tangier.

Since the 1980s the idea of a Gibraltar tunnel across the Straits has been discussed, but for petrol or diesel driven vehicles this has not been possible due to the problem of proper ventilation to remove the exhaust fumes from the tunnel.

West railway tunnel

Passenger traffic forecast

Goods traffic forecast

East railway tunnel

Strait section

Technical drawings of the tunnel Project of the fixed link through the strait of gibraltar (publishing: Nov 2007) Passengers and goods traffic forecast [Project of the fixed link through the strait of gibraltar (publishing: Nov2007)]

Strait Tunnel (futute project)

Stops on the strait line

High Speed rails (futute project)

Stops on the high speed rails

Railway Network 0 1

5 Km

Stops on the rail network Access by road network

Sea routes/ Cargo and passenger ships

Since the construction of Tangier Med Port there has been a shift of the centre of gravity from the old port to the new one on the East side of the city. Tangier old port will gradually accommodate only passenger ships, according to government’s plans, and Tangier Med Port will serve as the main logistic- port, where containers from around the world will arrive Med port is well connected with Tangier and its industrial zones, not only with sufficient road network but also with the rail network.

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

Typical dimensions of containers and cargo ships

Strait Tunnel

Map based on information from [ Project of the fixed link through the strait of gibraltar (publishing: Nov 2007)

Main cargo ship routes

Passenger ships PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT

[Project of the fixed link through the strait

0 1

5 Km

Main passenger ship routes

Rural migrants

Internal migration within countries is on the rise, as people move in response to inequitable distribution of resources, services and opportunities, or to escape violence, natural disaster or the increasing number of extreme weather events. The movement of people from rural to urban areas has contributed to the explosive growth of cities around the globe.

In Tangier, with respect to internal migration, the flourishing textile industry attracts a flow of unskilled female workers. In addition the boom of foreign telephone inestment attracts young people to this hub of delocalized services.

Rural settlements Destination points/ industry

Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth State of World Population Report, United Nations Population Fund, 2007, http://www. unfpa.org/public/

Main migratory routes 0 1

5 Km

Immigrants

In 2010, some 214 million people — 3 per cent of the world’s population — lived outside their country of origin. The magnitude and complexity of international migration makes it an important force in development and a high-priority issue for both developing and developed countries.

The majority of migrants cross borders in search of better economic and social opportunities.

Globalization has increased the mobility of labour, and a decline in fertility and workingage populations in many developed countries is leading to a rising demand for workers from abroad to sustain national economies. New patterns of migration have arisen, and many countries that once sent migrants abroad.

Several million people migrate without proper authorization each year, according to the International Organization for Migration.

Such migrants often face dangerous journeys, exploitation by criminal smuggling networks, difficult working and living conditions, and intolerance when they arrive on foreign soil.

Their irregular status often leaves them afraid to seek help when their rights are violated.

In Morocco, Sub Saharans migrants (from Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cameroon, Mali, Congo, Senegal) travel complicated routes through Niger to Algeria.

After crossing diverse territorial borders they cross sea borders via the straits of Gibraltar or via the Canary Islands, in an attempt to slip the controls of the Frontera Sur.

The short distance to Europe is extremely attractive to thousands, but also becomes the cause of death for many. Most crossings happen during summer, when the sea is calmer, in “pateras“, small wooden boats or dinghies. The large amount of stories depicting what immigrants go through and how they end their journeys have influenced a series of local artists who claim that the reality of the western life must be told again and again to discourage the crossings and therefore bring down the number of deaths.

Men looking towards Gibraltar Strait Barrada. Y., 2003 Belvédère. [electronic print] Available at: <http:// www. photosapiens.com/Yto-Barradaau- Jeu-dePaume-site.html> [Accessed 17.01.2013].

Destination points 0 1

5 Km

Main migratory routes

The flow of capital/ FDI and remittance From the perspective of free circulation, its is the north-south flows of capital that are significant as a result of large-scale projects as the Tangier Free Zone. In terms of free circulation the city represents a key site from which to cross the Strait but also represents a European blockade.

Migration is often temporary or circular, and many migrants maintain links with their home countries. While migrants make important contributions to the economic prosperity of their host countries, the flow of financial, technological, social and human capital back to their countries of origin also is having a significant impact on poverty reduction and economic development. Remittances from migrants are a major source of capital for developing countries.

Remittance flows to developing countries are estimated to total $406 billion in 2012, an increase of 6.5 per cent over the previous year. Global remittance flows, including those to high-income countries, were an estimated $534 billion in 2012. Possibly twice this amount was transferred informally. These financial transfers are growing in significance.

In many countries, they are larger than either development assistance or foreign direct investment. Available data show that women send home a higher proportion of their earnings than do men. These contributions feed and educate children and generally improve the living standards of loved ones left behind.

Attention is being drawn to measures to counteract the negative effects of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;brain drainâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, to encourage migrants to invest in their countries of origin and bring their knowledge, skills and technical expertise to the development process [1].

flow of capital Points generating capital Destination points for investment 0 1

5 Km

Destination points of remittance

All networks

Typical dimensions of containers and cargo ships Map based on information from [ Project of the fixed link through the strait of gibraltar (publishing: Nov 2007) Passenger ships [Project of the fixed link through the strait of gibraltar (publishing: Nov2007)]

0 1

5 Km

Charf

Rails in idle

Mghogha

Area of focus http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap

0 1

5 Km

PROPOSA L

E A ST TA NGIER S

The area of focus is located in the East Tangier and it constitutes the nodal point where international and national circuits converge, and intersect.

The specific site is the flat terrain mediating between two hills occupied by the nonregulated settlements of Charf and Mghogha.

These districts as well as all other clandestine neighbourhoods, attract unskilled labour, rural migrants which arrive at the city looking for work opportunities and economic upgrade.

Photos from East Tangiers personal collection, 2014 Aerial view of the industrial zones Source reference, date

Their location on the hills is justified by the presence of the industrial zones in the area as the low-waged employees try to eliminate the cost of transportation. Therefore, the NR districts are literally glued to the industrial plants, feeding them with labour, ignoring or try to forget the lack of infrastructure in the area.

The main idea of the design response is to introduce an overground plate that will be safe from the flooding and will link the districts of Charf and Mghogha. The bridging of these specific settlements is important first of all, because it constitutes not only a local linking but also a regional, as it connects the fringe of the city (Charf) with the newly added urban tissue (Mghogha) acknowledging and establishing the expansion tendencies towards the East site. Secondly, as the platform will stretch over a logistical zone, it will take advantage of the neighbouring labour to upload, process and sell the products passing below. Thus the NG districts will be seen not as marginalized entities but as the main source for the development and blooming of the area.

The platform will serve as a terrestrial port, as a depot, as an â&#x20AC;&#x153;excuseâ&#x20AC;? for the continuous flows of products to rest and leave a part of their moving treasuries for exploitation.

Charf

Mghogha

Bridging/ Connection/ Conceptual Diagram Produced by L.Iliopoulou, 2013

AR E A OF FOCUS The growth of the influential area through time

2016

2018 Road Networks Tangiers- Tetuan via N2: 60 min Tangiers- Ceuta via A4: 90min Tangiers- Assilah via A1: 44min Tangiers- Larache via A1: 70 min Tangiers- Chefchaouen via N2: 100 min

Catchment area 90- 120 min Maps produced by Loukia Iliopoulou, 2014

2025 High Speed Rails

2030 Strait Tunnel

Tangiers- Kenitra: 30min

Tangiers- Tarifa: 90 min

Tangiers- Casablanca: 90min

Catchment area 90- 120 min Maps produced by Loukia Iliopoulou, 2014

This series of maps illustrate the potential of the area of focus and its growing ties and links to other major urban centres. The catchment area of the intervention will gradually expand as more and faster infrastructure networks will be added.

Canopies

Fez market

Photos taken during field trip, 2013

Marrakesh market

Marrakesh market

Fez market

Charf

Bir Chifa

The presence of canopies in the Islamic cities is closely connected with the commercial activities. The sheltering of trading is achieved either by timber roofs or by improvised tents.

Towers

Midrand Water Tower, South Africa http://www.theworldgeography.com Water Tower, Lauren Marsolier http://dailyserving.com Water Tank, unknown details http://amourbeton.tumblr.com Brother Klaus Field Chapel By architect Peter Zumthor, photo taken by London photographer HÊlène Binet The Hyperboloid steel tower-gridshell by Vladimir Shukhov http://www.skyscrapercity.com Iranian Ice house http://www.iras.ir

Infrastructure, by its nature, is a colonization of land. The monumental size of the vertical elements, besides their utilitarian purpose will form a new landscape.

STRUC TUR A L A ND INFR A STRUCTUR A L ELE M ENT S Vertical connections

Proposed Hydraulic Freight Elevator.

Technical details based on ThyssenKrupp Elevators found in: http://www.stanleyelevator.com/wp-content/ uploads/pdf/A-Freight-Planning-Guide.pdf Proposed passenger Elevator and Spiral Stairs 3d models produced by Loukia Iliopoulou,

Vertical connnections as columns

20-25m span

20-25m span

20-25m span

20-25m span

reinforced zone

6m 8m

5m

6.8m

9m 3.5m

20-25m span 5.5m

15m

16m

3.5m

19m

Plan view and section of the freight and passenger elevators respectively. The plan view illustrates the use of the elevators as columns- structural elements supporting the platform.

20-25m span

Daylight funnels/ casting the void

Plan view, section and eye-level perspective of daylight elements.

Example of solar vertical elements by Brook McIlroy Architects at Prince Arthurâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Landing Photo by David Whittaker

The existence of an overground platform demands for daylight slots. As the mutation of the project will be incremental and not completed from the beginning, some civic vertical elements should reassure the retaining of holes for the light to pass through and by their dominant presence they will eliminate the possibility of encroachment. The daylight elements will serve as matrix for casting the void, and keep it intact. The upper part of the huge concrete base will be culminated by thinner elements that will gather solar energy during the day and will light up during the night.

The light effect that passes through the platform Image produced by L.Iliopoulou

Initial Ideas about the casting the void through a growing built mass

Molding the voids Diagrams produced by L. Iliopoulou,2014

Water collection

1 2 3 1. water basin gathering rain water 2. diffuser plate slow water flow 3.biologically active bio-film kills 99% of pathogens 4. sand 5. coarse sand layer 6. gravel

4 5 6

7

8

7. clean water passes through controlling holes on the bottom of the matrix and fills the intermediate bowl 8. when the bowl overflows the basin is filled with running water available for the residents

As it was stated in the previous chapter the need for access to water points is demanding, especially for the areas of Charf and Mghogha.

9

9. when the rain is heavy and sudden (flash flood), in order to avoid the flooding, most of the water is led to the underground storage tanks for future use.

10. underground water tanks

Plan view, section of the proposed element for water collection.

Existing water points in Charf.

Photo taken by Dessy Agha

10

Therefore, there are two types for gathering and using the rainwater and the water of the adjacent river. The first type is a water basin that gathers the rain water on a circular reservoir on the higher level of the construction. From this point, the water is filtered with biological methods incorporated in the interior of the element and arrives already clean on a smaller basin on the level of the market. When the rain is heavy and sudden (flash flood), in order to avoid the flooding, most of the water is led to the underground storage tanks for future use.

The water basins also support the roof/ canopy that shelters the main wholesale market area in the middle of the platform.

Water collection

5

1. solar photovoltaic panels convert solar energy into electrical energy 2. electrical control box 3. motor and centifugal pump that 4. sand 4. The electrical energy produced by the photovoltaic panels is used by the pumps to raise the water in a castle that serves as hydraulic energy storage.

5. tank,water tower 6. water distribution 3d view, section and eye-level perspective of the proposed water tower. The section illustrates an option where the pumping and uploading of water from the river is achieved by energy produced by photovoltaic panels, taking advantage of the intense solar radiation of the area. This technique was found in: Photovoltaic Water Pumping System in Niger, Madougou SaĂŻdou, Kaka Mohamadou and Sissoko Gregoire, UniversitĂŠ Abdou Moumouni de Niamey, Niger, 2010

1 6

2

4

river 3

The second type of the elements for water collection is the Water Towers. In this case the flow of water is from the bottom to the top, unlike the description of the previous elements. Motor and centrifugal pumps will be introduced into the adjacent river and they will use the electricity produced by solar panels to pump water fro the river and upload it to the water towers. The height of the towers is higher than the maximum height of the occupiable edge of the platform so it could serve the need for water for all residential units. The capacity of each Water Tower is estimated to serve 500 people.

Moreover, the energy produced by the panels can be used directly or stored. This pumping system constitutes a solution for the water supply of these sparsely populated, remote and isolated areas (Thomas, 1987). With the falling prices of solar panels, this source of energy must be popularized and integrated in the development strategy of these countries.

Logistics Diagram/ The rails

P01

P02

P03

P04

loading bay

warehouse

0

10

20m

consumers/ visitors

Passenger Train

employers/ workers

suppliers/ artisans

suppliers/ farmers

National Route

retailers

from Casablanca to Tangier Ville from Rabat to Tangier Ville Station

Line 01 Line 02

meat

wholesalers

poultry/dairy

vegetables

wheat, corn etc

High speed rails National rails

textliles, various products

0.60m

0.80m palettes/ boxes

from Tangier Med Port, Rabat, Fez, Marakkech- terminal

India

france

Spain

China

Saoudi Arabia

Brazil

International Route

USA

Freight Train

Line 03

containers 12 m

2.4 m

2.4 m

6m

Line 04

Rail Lines Diagram produced by L.Iliopoulou, 2013

from Spain- terminal

Strait Tunnel rails

SC A LING D OWN OF THE PRODUC T S From raw materials to handmade products

Animal skins arrive by tracks

Workflow of the leather manufacturing http://www.styleforum.net

Cutting in smaller pieces

Vegetable tanning

Drying

Handmade shoes

Handmade clothing

The platform will function a depot where raw materials arriving by rails will be unpacked on the underground level, uploaded to its central area and then part of them will be sold to wholesale suppliers in its current form, and the other other part will be distributed for further processing and refinement in the surrounding settlements. The ground floor of the building units located on the platform will take advantage of the flow of people and will also develop retail activities.

So, the platform will act as a catalyst that will convert the area from just a nodal point in international and national circuits into a more granular, regional market platfom that will attract people and products from all over Africa and even Europe, due to its excellent transporation ties.

It will also define a certain retail geography.

The distribution of production activities will be dictated by the sequence of manufacturing processes, from raw material to the finished product and by space requirements and circulation constraints within the city.

Raw materials such as timber and agricultural products are going to be sold on the platform, where sufficient open space or large storehouses and manufacturing places are going to be made available.

Workflow of the leather manufacturing http://www.styleforum.net

Each step of further refinement in the chain of artisanal production meant easier transportation, processing, stocking and selling and thus facilitates the absorption of goods by the dense and crowded nonregulated settlements.

The interchange between the different manufacturing chains shapes the complex sequence of production and trade, which culminates in the retails of refined goods in the settlements. Customers are allowed to review the available retail choices in one single location. Walking from the platform to the settlements, a visitor can find a cross section of locally available goods in increasing degrees of refinement.

The shops of the main streets are going to be the visible outlets of this production and behind them there will be several layers of wholesale and manufacturing, sometimes immediately behind the screens of the shops, sometimes in more remote production areas, immersed in the urban fabric.

Walking from the the platform to the settlements, a visitor can find a cross section of locally avialable goods in increasing degrees of refinement.

Diagram produced by L.Iliopoulou

The distribution of goods and their absorption into the urban fabric, not only revitalize the local economy, but also shapes the street scape and converts the whole area from a nodal to a regional market platform. The catalytic effect of the platform produces a market model where the settlements function as the centre of the Medina model and the platform as its periphery which accommodates the rough activities.

Therefore, by creating â&#x20AC;&#x153; a peripheryâ&#x20AC;? that links the settlements the whole area functions as a well structured entity.

A catalyst inside a catalyst Images produced by L.Iliopoulou

The next stage of products-processing could take place inside the surrounding settlements. In this way, the industrial unit that would usually undertake this step does not physically exist. It is scattered into fragments in the adjacent districts. Some capacious building units can be rented or bought by developers , in order to serve as the smaller catalysts, after the platform, in the urban tissue. Originally they will function as entities and gradually, if the work is successful and thus more demanding, they can take over the adjacent buildings by knocking down the middle walls and convert clusters of buildings into small manufacturing units. These units will undertake orders from the factories located under the platform encouraging the collaboration of friends, families and neighbours.

residence

office/ retail

The skeleton that will form the edges of the platform. The first 2 floors of the building units will be occupied by retail, artisanal and office activities and the next 3 floors mainly by residential uses Isometric produced by L.Iliopoulou, 2013

The edges of the platform are occupiable, so that the platform will grow also as part of the city and not only as a market-purpose construction.

The participative design approach of the edges suits the incremental way of development of Tangierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s districts but also demands lower costs and funds for completion. Some of the units next to the uploading area will be provided from the beginning by the developers of the project, in order to ensure civic space for storage and maintenance of the raw materials. The rest part will be articulated based on provided skeleton. The main feature of this skeleton is the greater spanning that traditional building methods fail to achieve. Thus the occupiers will be free to complement the framework with styles and materials of their preferences contributing to miscellaneous and complicated setting.

View from the ground level of the building units on the platform. This levels will be occupied by retail or artisanal activities.

Render produced by L.Iliopoulou

Residentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s view. View from the 3rd floor of a building unit on the platform. The top canopy creates a new landscaped setting.

Render produced by L.Iliopoulou

shelter

canopy

cold store

wholesale market

warehouse

occupiable edge

retail

warehouse cold store services

skeleton provided

warehouse

industrial unit

Exploded isometric of the catalyst Render produced by L.Iliopoulou

Plan view of the platform Render produced by L.Iliopoulou

R EGION A L PL A N

R EGION A L PL A N

Phase 00

Phase 02

Section A-A Render produced by L.Iliopoulou

Section B-B Render produced by L.Iliopoulou