Assurance across the gas supply chain

Wherever you operate, we’ve got you covered.

Supporting you in the delivery of safe, efficient and sustainable operations across the entire gas supply chain.

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Experienced programme management helping you meet your potential on time and on budget.

Assurance across the gas supply chain.

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Abundant and clean-burning natural gas is widely seen as an energy source for residential, commercial and industrial applications. The sector has expanded rapidly as emerging economies seek a cleaner replacement for coal in power generation: in developed countries, it’s gaining ground as an alternative to oil-fuelled applications.

This demand has transformed LNG from a niche ‘fuel of the future’ into a global commodity. The supply chain has responded with huge expansion in terms of both the world liquefied natural gas carrier (LNGC) fleet and the number of floating storage and regasification units (FSRUs), which allow countries to start importing gas within weeks or months. New floating liquefied natural gas (FLNG) units are maximising the opportunities to tap previously inaccessible offshore gas reserves. And as shipowners and operators embrace the performance and compliance benefits of using gas as an energy source, the provision of bunkering vessels

and infrastructure is a key commercial consideration for ports worldwide.

Wherever you operate within the gas supply chain, we’re here to help you maximise the opportunities. We can provide you with specialist support and advice at every stage, from concept, design and construction, to manufacture, operation and disposal. By offering the best technical advice, insight and experience, we help you manage risk and make robust decisions for safe, efficient and profitable gas operations, at sea and on shore.

Classification, risk management and engineering expertise to achieve safety, compliance and efficiency.

Lloyd’s Register has been the leading technical service provider to the gas supply chain now for over 50 years since the first gas carrier Methane Pioneer delivered the first cargo of gas on February 20, 1959 to British Gas on Canvey Island in the Thames.

Since then we have been the trusted advisors to the growing gas supply chain.

We can support you with the world’s most complex and capital intensive projects such as Shell’s FLNG Prelude to niche and novel projects such as the Viking Grace the largest LNG fuelled ferry in operation since 2013. Contact us to discuss your terminals, FLNGs, FSRUs, LNGCs, bunkering projects and conversions projects.

STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION Assurance and technical services to develop safe and reliable floating assets.

DISTRIBUTION Expert guidance to safely deliver gas bunkering capability.

Nick Brown, Director, Marine and Offshore Lloyd’s Register

END USE Experience and innovation to enable the safe adoption of gas as an energy source.

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Case study P RO D U CT ION A ND L IQ UEFACT IO N

Experienced programme management helping maximise your potential on-time and on-budget.

Our advanced technical understanding and experienced programme management helps you deliver complexity – on-time and on-budget.

FLNG units range from the largest and most technically complex assets afloat to those designed with relative cost, simplicity and ease of deployment. From the largest to the smallest, they remain challenging projects with extended supply chains requiring careful management.

To help you manage and mitigate these challenges, we offer the support of our world-leading technical expertise together with our tried and trusted comprehensive range of supply chain assurance tools and processes which are unique in the industry. Through our global network of surveyors and engineering expertise, we verify designs,

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inspect equipment and fabrication and monitor progress at every stage and supplier level. We also provide unique tools for managing cryogenic risk.

Although the CAPEX costs of an FLNG unit can be considerable, they are usually equalled by OPEX costs over a lifetime that may extend to 50 years and more. We are able to advise on automation and innovative, risk-based, inspection and maintenance strategies which aim to reduce operating costs, improve efficiency and flexibility and maximise your return on investment.

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One of the bigger challenges for FLNG operators is compliance with regulation that is developing to meet the demands of new technologies. This is one of the newest sectors within the gas industry, and the regulatory environment is complex, multi-layered and constantly changing. We can help you understand and comply with relevant national and international regulatory frameworks: in many cases, we’ve worked with the relevant authorities on drafting them.

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Shell Prelude Lloyd’s Register (LR) provided classification and validation services for Shell’s Prelude FLNG facility.

Prelude is the largest offshore FLNG facility in the world, leading the future evolution of FLNG design.

The facility is 488 metres long and 74 metres wide, and moored off the northwest coast of Australia for 25 years without drydocking. Topside liquefaction/ processing facilities liquefy gas and heavy hydrocarbons and store them in LNG, LPG and condensate tanks within the facility hull. An offloading system transfers products to carriers for delivery to market.

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Achieving safety, compliance and efficiency through classification, risk management and engineering experience.

Existing global LNG carrier fleet by mCuM

LR 32%

The rising supply of LNG has driven growth in the LNGC. We help shipowners ensure their assets meet the demands of the complex and volatile, yet globally important, LNG sector.

We provide a range of technical, risk management and operational analysis which helps you minimise downtime, improve fuel efficiency and comply with relevant legislation.

Rather than servicing a particular gas field or specific trade route, gas carriers now need to be able to operate flexibly in international waters without safety or quality standards becoming compromised. We work with established shipyards worldwide to develop their new designs and helping them establish gas carriers construction capabilities. And we provide classification and statutory services and advice throughout the design and construction process.

We can review and provide approval for designs, as the LR Rules and Regulations are continually being developed and updated to offer compliance with the International Gas Code (IGC), other statutory legislation and international best

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LR AB DNVGL BV NK KR

Over one third of the world fleet is in LR class, making us the market leading classification society for gas carriers, by both ship numbers and tonnage, for more than 15 years. As such, we’re recognised and respected by flag Administrations and port authorities worldwide, including the US Coast Guard (USCG). As a leading member of industry bodies such as the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators (SIGTTO) and the International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), we’re helping shape the future of the gas shipping industry.

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32% 27% 16% 14% 10% 1%

Existing global LNG carrier fleet by mCuM

practices. In addition to this we have recently developed our new Rules relating to LPG fuels. We also approve the designs of essential equipment for the vessel, such as engines and cargo containment systems, and certify the designs for quality, safety and reliability.

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LR AB DNVGL BV NK KR

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32% 27% 16% 14% 10% 1%

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STORAG E AN D REGA S IFICAT IO N

Assurance and technical services to help you develop safe and reliable floating assets.

The FSRU is a crucial link in the LNG supply chain. It has four key functions: receiving LNG, storage, regasification, and delivery to a shore facility for distribution to the power and gas grid.

LR has been a member of our team since the concept’s design for our LNG terminal in Escobar.

Their contribution towards design appraisal, risk analysis, equipment certification, construction and commissioning, combined with a fluent and professional relationship with local authorities (Secretary of Energy), meant our project successfully achieved approvals to begin safe operations and certification against national and international standards. Our 313 successful operations, with almost no incidents, evidences part of that great support.

For the FSRU to enter service, we carry out detailed risk assessments and draw up an overall operational strategy, including emergency planning for extreme events, as determined by your port’s location.

Our services have been designed to cover all aspects of FSRU projects. We provide classification services for the design, construction and survey of assets through life and offer technical advice and support for the ongoing operational requirements.

Like all maritime operations, floating storage and regasification is highly regulated. For ports, however, compliance is complicated by the fact that there are separate regulatory frameworks covering LNG vessels, FSRUs and land infrastructure. We can help you draw up your own, bespoke standards and operating procedures based on guidelines we’ve developed for ports and LNG bunkering suppliers worldwide.

We help you on all aspects of an FSRU life-cycle, from power requirements and managing boil-off gas to equipment selection and mooring arrangements. During construction, we perform full design and essential components assessment, inspections, surveys and certification, and provide project management and classification services.

We can help you set your floating terminal to operate efficiently, long-term and uninterrupted, based on our extensive experience with major players in this sector worldwide. We can also advise on your emergency response procedures to take into account the specific hazards posed

by LNG storage and regasification and by natural gas export.

Martin Oms, LNG Terminal Manager, Yacimientos Petroliferos Fiscales (YPF)

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Case study

YPF: Bahia Blanca LNG Terminal LR was involved in YPF’s project to provide a longterm regasification facility at Bahia Blanca Terminal in Argentina.

The facility is served by an upgraded tanker jetty within an existing LPG storage terminal. A gas offloading arm installed on the jetty enables gas exports to be transferred from an FSRU to a pipeline serving Argentina’s gas distribution network. Long-term operations are maintained by shuttle LNGCs offloading using ship-toship transfer.

We carried out hazard identification (HAZID) assessments of all marine operations, including bunkering, piloting, FSRU/LNGC approach, berthing, side-by-side mooring and LNG transfer. A separate hazard and operability (HAZOP) study addressed the simultaneous operations (SIMOPS) of LNG STS transfer with energy bridge regasification vessels (EBRV) on regas and export. We also conducted a quantitative risk assessment/analysis (QRA) study on individual and societal risks.

We undertook a series of risk assessments examining the integrity of the terminal operations, existing safety controls and emergency response procedures.

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This work involved: • identifying potential hazards associated with the FSRU and LNGC port approach and berthing operations, • identifying and mitigating potential hazards related to terminal marine operations and existing ship traffic, • assessing current operating safeguards to prevent or control the hazards, and • proposing remedial measures to further minimise operational risks, and updating operating manuals accordingly.

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DI ST R IB U T ION

Expert guidance on the safe delivery of gas bunkering.

Major ports worldwide expect LNG to account for almost a quarter of all bunkers supplied by 2025. For port owners looking to extend and enhance their services, offering LNG bunkering is an understandable way forward. The basic routes to market are to work with a thirdparty supplier, or provide them yourself.

Either way, you need to have LNG storage and bunkering infrastructure in place.

Our specialists will work with you to make an informed assessment of the business case. If it looks strong, we’ll then undertake the full range of technical assessments, including site surveys and navigation simulations. Safety and risk management inform every aspect of this analysis.

We’ll carry out a comprehensive risk assessment of your port infrastructure, using computational fluid dynamics for gas dispersion and explosion modelling and identifying safety zones.

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Ports need to draw up their own bespoke frameworks for LNG bunkering operations, including specific safety requirements for bunkering and gas-fuelled vessels.

Combining our knowledge of both the IGC Code and the International Code for Ships using Gases and other Low Flashpoint Fuels (IGF Code) with other relevant regulations, we’ve produced the first and only definitive gas bunkering operations manuals, which are now used by ports and operators worldwide.

We work closely with relevant industry and regulatory bodies: we were the only class society invited to act as technical experts by the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) on its LNG bunkering guidelines for ships in EU waters. LR is also a key member of several Society for Gas as a Marine Fuel workgroups, and has been developing LNG regulation for inland waterways (IWW) in several countries.

long experience with gas carriers, we’re helping owners and operators develop the flexible fleet needed to meet this demand, now and in the future.

The specialist bunkering vessel is still a comparatively new concept, and, at present, there are no statutory regulations covering their innovative technologies. Our risk-based approach fills in the gaps, and allows us to make a full, robust assessment of an individual project’s design, construction and equipment. We offer a complete range of design assessment services, leading to approval-in-principle or general approval for ship application or project specific approval. Then, through our unique Shipyard Assessment Service, we can help you choose and appoint the right builder for your vessel. Our experience has made us the class society of choice for the small-scale LNG sector: of the LNG bunkering vessels entering service, two-thirds are LR-classed.

We understand that many smaller and congested ports, IWW can’t accommodate traditional large gas carriers. In the past, this has limited the potential for LNG in remote areas, and those not served by main pipeline networks. In response, we’re now seeing increased demand for dedicated small-scale LNG bunkering ships and distribution carriers; our definition of ‘small’ is a cargo capacity below 40,000 CBM. Based on our

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Case studies

Poseidon Med II: Driving adoption of LNG as a fuel in the East Mediterranean.

Port of Vancouver: Vancouver Fraser Port Authority.

Vancouver Fraser Port Authority (VFPA) is responsible for the Port of Vancouver, Canada’s largest commercial port, which handles a diverse range of cargos including containers, liquid and dry bulk products, break-bulk, vehicles and passengers.

• a review of the international regulations, codes and standards related to LNG bunkering in Canada, and • a HAZID study with recommendations for appropriate actions, informing the next phase of developing LNG bunkering services in the area.

LR conducted a LNG bunkering study to help VFPA improve their understanding of the opportunities associated with using LNG as a marine fuel.

This study is the latest in a series of similar projects we’ve completed in ports around the world, including:

The project’s scope includes: • an overview of global LNG bunkering activities and infrastructure, particularly along the transpacific trade route, • a high-level financial analysis of the market, fuel economics and financial considerations, to estimate the capital investment required to provide LNG bunkering services,

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• Port of Heraklion • Port of Igoumenitsa • Port of Koper • Port of Limassol • Port of Patras • Port of Piraeus • Port of Singapore • Port of Taiwan • Port of Venice • Portsmouth International Port

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Throughout 2016, a LR project team applied a number of risk assessment methodologies and tools to ensure high safety standards and risk mitigations for LNG bunkering operations in five ports in the Eastern Mediterranean.

Hazard identification studies, on-site surveys, exclusion zone mapping and navigational simulation workshops have been performed, identifying operational challenges and potential consequences as well as developing safeguards.

Since the initial phase of the project, LR is among the leading partners involved in developing a practical route towards the wide adoption of LNG as marine fuel in Eastern Mediterranean. The project involves technical studies for port infrastructure and vessel retrofits as well as new building designs and reviews. We have also joined forces with Hellenic authorities to formulate an effective regulatory framework which will support the implementation of LNG as fuel for marine assets.

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Case studies

SEA\LNG

E ND US E

Experience and innovation to enable the safe adoption of gas as an energy source.

World’s first LNG-fuelled car carriers delivered to LR class.

Norway-based United European Car Carriers took delivery of Auto Eco, the world’s first dual-fuel LNG pure car truck carrier, in September 2016.

The 4,000 revenue ton vessel, constructed to LR class by Nantong COSCO KHI Ship Engineering Co, was the first of two sister ships built to comply with the Northern European emission control areas for year-round operations in the Baltic Sea. The second, Auto Energy, was delivered in November 2016.

LNG has proved viable and safe to use as a marine fuel both at short-sea and deep-sea fixed routes. We apply our technical, regulatory and commercial experience to help all stakeholders benefit from this rapidly developing technology.

Whether it’s a new-build or a conversion, a gas-fuelled ship is a complex, high CAPEX project. The biggest challenge for shipowners is deciding whether to invest in LNG technology – and, if so, when and how. The decision is complicated by the evolving regulatory environment, which is constantly changing to reflect new technical and commercial realities.

We can provide the stability and confidence you need to make an informed choice. Our experience has enabled us to produce definitive Rules for gas-fuelled ships, providing a robust basis for technology selection to meet your current and future business needs. Where aspects of your project’s

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Auto Eco marked yet another milestone in the growth of LNG as an alternative fuel for large commercial vessels. The ship is built to LR 1A FS Ice Class (equivalent to 1A Super Finnish/Swedish Ice Class) and the cold countermeasures have been applied. The ship’s main propulsion is a single dual-fuel slow-speed two-stroke engine manufactured by Kawasaki Heavy Industries, producing 11,000 kW. The engine can operate on high-pressure LNG vapour or fuel oil, and is directly coupled to a controllable pitch propeller.

When running on LNG, sulphur oxides and particulate matter emissions are almost zero; CO2 and nitrous oxides are also significantly reduced.

This delivery demonstrates that the shipping industry can offer clean-fuel solutions to comply with changing regulations, while meeting the commercial demanda of world trade.

design or technology are not covered, they can be assessed through our simple, four-step risk-based design process, set out in our ShipRight Procedures, to help you identify risks, mitigate those and find the best engineering solutions.

While gas-fuelled ships are regulated by the IGF Code, ports have their own regulatory regimes for such vessels to conduct bunkering while in their waters. We can provide robust, impartial advice based on our in-depth knowledge of international and local regulations, and our own Rules and regulations and technical procedures.

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LR is part of the cross-industry initiative called SEA\LNG that aims to accelerate the use of LNG as a marine fuel. Other partners include Carnival Corporation, DNV-GL, ENGIE, ENN, GE, GTT, Mitsubishi, NYK Line, Port of Rotterdam, Qatargas, Shell, TOTE and Wärtsilä.

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C L ASS IF ICAT I O N

Keeping your people, assets and business safe and sustainable.

Classification is our core business. Its purpose, and ours, is to ensure that assets are safe, and designed, built and maintained to the highest quality standards. As one of the world’s leading class societies, we have developed our own requirements and procedures for ships and offshore assets that go beyond the minimum statutory regime, reflecting our unique experience.

A key concern across all gas operations is reliability and security of supply. As well as ships and offshore assets, our classification services extend from onshore and offshore drilling platforms, pipelines and processing plants to shore-based storage facilities, floating storage units and terminals. So when a ship reaches the terminal, owners can be confident that the cargo, bunker fuel and all the necessary infrastructure and procedures will be present, safe and fully compliant with statutory, national and local requirements.

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Longevity LNG carriers owned by ENGIE (formerly GDF Suez) and classed by LR have been calling at ENGIE’s export facility in Everett, MA, since it opened in 1971.

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L I C E N CE TO O PERAT E

Insights and expertise to help you achieve compliance.

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The regulatory framework for LNG is still evolving, so compliance can be challenging.

As the most experienced class society in the gas transport and low flash point fuels sector, we can advise you on all aspects of compliance with the IGC Code for gas carriers, and the IGF Code for gaspowered ships.

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But our advice and services extend far beyond compliance with existing regulations. We’re working with the IMO, flag Administrations and other authorities to develop the wider regulatory framework, ensuring it’s relevant and effective.

We’ve been involved in the new versions of the IGC Code and the IGF Code from their early stages, so we’re uniquely placed to explain and clear up ambiguities. And although the USCG specifically favours no particular class society over another, it chooses to work with us on a range of technical and regulatory issues. We’re helping to draft its Code of Federal Regulations, sharing documents, training and webinars, and participating in committees.

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We also work in coalition with authorities such as SGMF and EMSA to develop operating and bunkering procedures that comply with international guidelines, helping to ensure that all assets remain safe.

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RI S K M AN AG EM ENT

Ensuring flexibility and efficiency, for you and your assets.

Safety and risk management are at the heart of everything we do. At every stage of your asset’s life, we provide advice and consultancy to help you achieve safe and efficient operation.

Adopting our proven, pragmatic and risk-based approach, our specialists work with you to assess technical, safety, environmental, commercial and operational risks, as well as strategies to manage them effectively. Based on our technical insight, we will work with you to compile detailed HAZID and HAZOP analyses, including specific strategies for preventing and dealing with cryogenic incidents. We can also develop consequence analyses for ship collisions, as well as emergency response and environmental protection systems.

The biggest operational challenges for shipowners, operators and ports are often faced in port rather than

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at sea. Unlike gas carriers, ports are regulated at a local and national level, rather than by international statutes.

To ensure that ships are able to operate safely, we can run highly accurate, real-time simulations to ensure you can manoeuvre safely. And should an incident occur, you can call on our Ship Emergency Response Service (SERS) for specialist advice and assistance, 24 hours a day.

From design and construction, through service, to eventual decommissioning, recycling or repurposing, we offer the flexible support you need, when you need it.

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SERS - A fast and effective response, 24/7 For shipowners and operators, there are high risks associated with an unexpected incident. If the worst should happen, it’s vital to limit the potential costs to life, the environment and assets. Through our SERS, we provide the fast, effective solutions you need.

Our dedicated team of naval architects and specialists offers expert technical advice and support, enabling you to respond quickly and effectively to a grounding, collision, explosion or other critical situation. We can also help to manage relationships with salvors to ensure the best outcome.

SERS support is available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, through our network of offices worldwide, so help is always at hand. For more details, please visit www.lr.org/sers

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Q UAL IF Y IN G TECHNO LO GY

Supporting innovation and shaping the gas industry, now and for the future.

In ships other than gas carriers, LNG is still a new energy source - but the market for specialist equipment is growing fast and becoming increasingly competitive. Continuous innovation is essential if you are to defend and strengthen your market position, and remain a preferred supplier. At the same time, the regulatory framework is also changing, presenting new operational, technical and commercial challenges to owners and operators.

We can help you respond effectively to these twin pressures.

As independent and impartial enablers, we can help you adapt and develop technology for marine and offshore use.

With our experience in the market, and detailed knowledge of relevant regulations, approval-in-principle, general approval for ship application and type approval for gas carrier machinery and equipment.

As technical advisors, we can help you qualify your technology in accordance with our Rules, which are harmonised with the IGF Code and IGC Code ensuring statutory compliance. For example, we’re currently leading the qualification processes in GTT’s MARSH membrane technology for new-generation LPG Carriers. And as a class society, we can advise you on the wider regulatory environment, and help you keep your products up to date with developments.

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We also understand that, as well as compliance, your customers are concerned about downtime. Through our technology qualification process, we can help you design gas equipment that offers the same levels of reliability as, and require no more maintenance than, the oil systems they replace.

We can also advise you on commercialising new products, ensuring your design and manufacturing meet our class requirements for quality, safety and reliability. Customers and yards can then specify and install your technology with confidence, now and in the years ahead.

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Adding value to every stage

O U R W ID E R CA PA BIL ITY

One constant, wherever and whenever you need us.

LR’s network of 300 national and regional offices, spread across six operating areas, puts our customers around the world first, giving you access to our advice and expert service delivery from Ålesund to Zhoushan.

And, wherever you are, you can be confident that our entire team of specialists is never more than a phone call or email away.

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Innovation

CAPEX assessment

Design

Build and commissioning

Operation

Life extension

Decommissioning and recycling

We are conducting world-class research and development into design, construction and operation for the next 20 years and beyond.

Before committing time and resources to developing your asset, you need to be sure it’s technically, commercially and financially feasible.

You also need accurate valuations for cashflow purposes, and to ensure the asset delivers the expected lifetime return.

At the design stage, our appraisal services and software give you confidence that your asset will comply with all class and statutory requirements.

At the build and commissioning stage, we help you ensure that assets are delivered to meet all contractual requirements.

In service, we help you keep your assets compliant, safe and performing reliably, enabling you to deliver business as usual and minimise downtime.

We can help you best manage the operational life of your assets. By assessing their condition, we provide you and your clients with assurance of their integrity.

We can also help you implement the latest technologies, and understand what return on investment to expect, so that you can increase performance and be more competitive in the market.

We can also work with you to extend the life of your assets.

At the end of your asset’s life, our services help you comply with recycling requirements and provide added confidence that you are conducting a safe and sustainable decommissioning process.

If you are developing novel technology, we can qualify its compliance and performance, helping you attract investment, prove your business case and find a route to market.

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Our technical and financial specialists will help you identify operational benefits, potential risks and lifetime returns, and provide the clear, robust advice you need to make informed investment decisions.

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We can also work with you to optimise your design so it achieves the best possible performance and return on investment.

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We also help you make the right decisions when investing in designs and technologies.

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In line with your business needs, we can identify any remedial work or renovations that are required.

QUALIFYING TECHNOLOGY

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info.lr.org/gas

September 2018 Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

Enquiries should be addressed to Lloyd’s Register, 71 Fenchurch Street, London, EC3M 4BS. © Lloyd’s Register 2018.

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