Safe Campus Initiative Miles Ray, Lindsay Schultz, Dom Tucci and Xixi Zhou
SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY
PHASE 1 Research
Our main area of focus is the use of bodycams on safety officer officials. Our research and interviews with our primary stakeholders (students, officers, and the individuals watching the footage) has provided us with a few conclusions. The first is that there is a lack of emotional content provided by bodycam footage. Our solution is to use biofeedback data alongside the footage to provide an additional element of information. There is also a need for real-time intelligence. Our bodycam streams live and is instantly placed on the Syracuse University's Department of Public Safety’s communication center’s main screens when the panic button is pressed.
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Campus Security and Technology
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Campus Security and Technology Phase 1: Research
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Current Technology Motorola Solutions, Inc
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HMN4104
APX™ Series P25 TWO-WAY RADIOS
LEX 700 Mission Critical Handheld
MW810-Mobile Work Station Phase 1: Research
Stakeholders Primary and End Users
• Students • Officers • The third party watching bodycam footage
Phase 1: Research
Student Survey
Phase 1: Research
The purpose of this survey is to gain understanding of the student body’s opinions on the Department of Public Safety. We handed out copies of the survey to students on campus, which they immediately filled out and returned to us. We collected 109 surveys in total.
Phase 1: Research
Between the 109 students that took the survey…
● 67% Female 33% Male ● 40% Freshman 23% Sophomore 18% Junior 16% Senior 3% Grad Student
● 64% Dorms 28% Off Campus 1% Greek Housing 7% Other ● 41% Have had Interaction with DPS 59% Have had no Interaction
Phase 1: Research
Survey Results... Feelings on Safety... ● 25% Feel completely safe 23% Feel unsafe walking back from classes at night 61% Feel Unsafe walking at night off campus 0% Never feel safe 8% Other On First Hearing DPS... ● 13% Thought S*** I have to get out of here 75% Thought is something bad happening? 5% Thought thank goodness 16% Thought Other
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Survey Results...
When asked what DPS is and about their opinions on DPS, students brought up certain topics more than others... # of Mentions… ● 30 on DPS Priorities 21 on Parties 10 on Patrolling/Night Presence
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Highlighted Student Comments:
“Be more accessible” “Protection not just Discipline” “I would like to know more about how they are protecting us…”
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Interviews Phase 1
Phase 1: Research
Our interactions with our primary stakeholders have been our most valuable source of insight and validation throughout this project. In this phase of our research, we interviewed two different people within the DPS umbrella. The first was with Mike Kearns, the manager of technical services who acts as a liaison with technology. In this interview, we focused on learning about the DPS communication center and were able to see it first hand. It was from Mike Kearns that we learned about DPS’s plans to use bodycams in the near future. Our second interview was with Officer Romano. We discussed the officer/student relationship and used the results from the student surveys to gain the officer’s viewpoints on similar situations that students were concerned about. We also discussed his thoughts on the future use of bodycams; both positive and negative. Our decision to further investigate bodycams is due to their impending future at DPS as well as the need for data that fully demonstrates the footage in full context.
Phase 1: Research
Interview with Mike Kearns Manager, Technical Services
Phase 1: Research
• Body cameras are going to be the next big technology purchase for DPS -We are currently having officers test different models -Looking at preferences and cost • The Communication Center screens: -Flat screen that shows DPS officer locations in real time (on digital map) -Flat screen that has on the local news. This is kept on at all times; we were told that they often find out about main local events the quickest through the news. -Flat screen that has live feed of 4 different campus cameras at once. -Flat screen with Syracuse Police Department’s current calls and incidents.
Communication Center
Phase 1: Research
Interview with Officer Romano Went through Academy in 2006
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Important quotes from Officer Romano:
“Cameras can’t capture emotion.”
“If I were a student here, I would feel so safe…”
“We don’t victimize the victim”
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“Cameras can’t capture emotion.”
Our AHA moment!
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PHASE 2 Exploration of the bodycam
Mission Statement
In current bodycams, there is an absence of emotional data and real-time intelligence. Our design utilizes available technology to provide our stakeholders with live stream footage and the collection of an officer’s biometric data, which gives insight into the emotional and physical state of the officer in different situations.
Phase 2: Exploration
Phase 2: Exploration
Current bodycam being tested at DPS
Phase 2: Exploration
Current bodycam being tested at DPS
Phase 2: Exploration
2014 Public Safety Survey Feedback from 1300 public safety professionals Trend 1 Seamlessly communicate between a wide variety of networks. LTE, wifi, land, mobile and radio. Migration from analog to digital p25 system. Trend 2 A growing need for converged, durable networks and devices. Trend 3 Cloud based applications to lessen management burden on public safety agencies. Reduce cyber security threats.
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2014 Public Safety Survey Feedback from 1300 public safety professionals
From 2013-2014: In car cameras increased from 32% to 55% Wearable cameras went from 6% to 22%
Phase 2: Exploration
2014 Public Safety Survey Feedback from 1300 public safety professionals
• Bring your own device (BYOD) did not work! (emergence of rugged devices designed for public safety) • Real time intelligence is still lagging -Data is collected for later review, not for real time intelligence.
We want to fix this!
Phase 2: Exploration
In the news
http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Police-cameras-could-raise-legal-challenges-2161800.php
“The technology has advanced further than our laws and our thinking on it,” said assistant police chief Dick Reed during Thursday’s hearing before Harrell’s committee on Energy, Technology and Civil Rights. “I think this will become a natural tool to police officers in the future, just like my radio, here,” Reed said, “But I think we’re struggling right now with how to use that tool.”
Phase 2: Exploration
Biofeedback • Term “biofeedback” was first used in the late 1960s to describe laboratory procedures used to train experimental research subjects to alter brain activity, blood pressure, heart rate, and other bodily functions that normally are not controlled. • Now a mainstream methodology for treating certain medical conditions and improving human performance. • “Precise instruments measure physiological activity such as brainwaves, heart function, breathing, muscle activity, and skin temperature. These instruments rapidly and accurately “feed back” information to the user.”
Phase 2: Exploration
4 types of biofeedback: • Electromyography (EMG): This type gives you information about your body’s muscle tension so that you can practice relaxation. • Temperature (thermal): Sensors attached to your fingers or feet measure your skin temperature. Because your temperature often drops when you’re under stress, a low reading can prompt you to begin relaxation techniques. • Galvanic skin response training: Sensors measure the activity of your sweat glands and the amount of perspiration on your skin, alerting you to anxiety. • Heart rate variability: Helps you control your heart rate in an effort to improve blood pressure, lung function, and stress and anxiety. Phase 2: Exploration
Benchmarking
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PHASE 3 Product Development + Insights
Initial Workflows
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Workflow V1
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Workflow V2
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Prototypes + Sketches
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First Model
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Interviews Phase 3
Phase 3: Development
As we began prototyping and developing our bodycam’s main features, we revisited our primary stakeholders to gain their insights on it’s main features and ergonomics. While we were searching for initial insights on varied topics during our first meeting with Officer Romano, our meeting at this phase was focused around our developing concept. In a meeting with Tony Callisto (chief of DPS), Jill Lentz (Associate Chief, Staff Development & Student Services Division) and Donna Adams (Associate Director, Administrative & Technical Services Division), we presented a pitch of our product to measure their interest. When they seemed excited about the DPS using a bodycam with the features we highlighted, we were able to explore the current policies and rules that the bodycam would need to oblige to.
Highlights from second Interview with Officer Romano (Direct quotes from Officer Romano) • “First thing that catches a person’s attention is the DPS officer badge (the silver metal plate). If the camera can be located next to the badge or around that area, the camera can capture a close up picture of what a person looks like.” • “Officers are human as well. We want alone time and breaks. When officers are on duty, we’re required to have a higher moral standard and a role model. Sometimes we need time for personal phone calls.”
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• On live streaming, “It’s a great feature. Safety always comes first. Even when I was in academy school, they always told us to put safety first.” • “Officers are trained differently than regular citizens. They have better logical thinking, quicker decision making skills, and are more calm when they are facing an emergency. Also, each officer has a different confidence level. For example, a new officer is nervous and anxious about everything, he doesn’t want anything to happen when he’s on duty. An older officer will be more relaxed and comfortable about his job.”
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Highlights from our meeting with Tony Callisto (Chief of DPS), Jill Lentz (Associate Chief, Staff Development & Student Services Division) and Donna Adams (Associate Director, Administrative & Technical Services Division) (direct quotes) • “The ease of upload will definitely be a large factor in our decision making on which model we will purchase.” –Donna Adams • “There must be a secure line of travel through the cloud. We must be able to know exactly how/when a file is routed from the camera to the device to the server, and any use after. Our radio systems and other devices that hold legal content are under encryption by Motorola.” –Tony Callisto • “The communication center would use the term “Signal 50 Video” for any bodycam panic alerts.” The term for our radios is “Signal 50”.” –Tony Callisto Phase 3: Development
Highlights from our meeting with Tony Callisto (Chief of DPS), Jill Lentz (Associate Chief, Staff Development & Student Services Division) and Donna Adams (Associate Director, Administrative & Technical Services Division) (helpful insight taken from the conversation) • The bio-feedback bracelet must be “break away”. • The panic alert could also be activated if the bio-feedback device is ripped off the officer. • Officers use their own discretion to determine when to have the bodycam recording. • It is estimated that there would be about 5 hours of footage per officer per shift. Phase 3: Development
PHASE 4 Final Design
Bodycam + Biofeedback
Phase 4: Final Design
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Bodycams on Charging Dock
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Bodycam attributes
• Panic button
• Privacy switch
• Snapshot button
• Vest attachment
• Infrared Light
• Charging port
• Wide angle lens
• On/Off indicator light
• GPS tracking
Phase 4: Final Design
Panic button Pressing this button alerts the communication center that the Officer is in a “high� alert situation. It also starts a live stream of the footage on the communication center’s monitor. Infrared light (up to 30 feet) Automatically turns on in dark environments. Makes footage at night possible.
Snapshot button In any given situation, the officer can press this button to take a screen shot of a persons face or anything else that may be helpful to them. If the same button is held for 2 seconds it will tap the video stream. Wide angle lens Camera gains as much visual information as possible. (170 degrees)
Phase 4: Final Design
GPS tracking In case of a dropped radio, the communication center can track officer movements through the body cameras. Vest Attachment Velcro that keeps bodycam secure on officer and maintains upright camera angle.
Privacy switch Turns device on/off Charging port For charging cable On/Off indicator light Let’s officer and citizens know when device is active.
Phase 4: Final Design
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WORKFLOWS
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Footage as seen in communication center
Time
Heart Rate
Blood Pressure
Temperature
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What makes our bodycam different from what is already on the market?
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MX-DL 44
AXON body
MUVI npng Camera
Video Angle
170 degrees
160 degrees
130 degrees
Video Quality
1080p, 60fps, 11 megapixels
1080p, 30fps, 5 megapixels
640 x 480 VGA, 30fps
Waterproof
Yes
Yes - Case needed
Yes
Display
N/A
Yes - Back of camera
N/A
Ports
Mini USB
HDMI, Mini USB, AV Out
Mini USB
Battery
Lithium-Ion
Lithium Ion
Lithium-Ion
Battery Status
LED indicater will flash
N/A - 3 hour charge
Yes
Memory
4GB
8GB
4 hours in (HD) 9 hour medium quality
Color
Black
Black
Black
Size
2.6’’ x 1.73’’ x .58’’
3’’ x .8’’ x 2’’
.8’’ x 3.3’’ x 2.6’’
Weight
N/A
2.9oz
N/A
Night Visibility
Infrared
N/A
Yes - Low light recording
GPS
Yes
No
Yes
Price
N/A
$150
$399
Phase 4: Final Design
Phase 4: Final Design
Phase 4: Final Design
Appendices • Student Survey • Interview with Mike Kearns • Interview with Officer Romano • Additional biofeedback research • Second Interview with Officer Romano • Interview with Tony Callisto (Chief of DPS), Jill Lentz (Associate Chief, Staff Development & Student Services Division) and Donna Adams (Associate Director, Administrative & Technical Services Division)
Male / Female
Undergrad / Grad
Fr / Soph / Jun / Sen
I live... a) In student housing b) An apartment off campus c) In a Fraternity/Sorority house d) Other _______________ In what situations do you feel unsafe on campus? a) All the time, I never feel safe b) Walking back from classes at night c) Walking at night to/from off campus apartments d) None, I feel completely safe on campus e) Other _______________ DPS is:
Have you had any interaction with DPS?
Yes / No
If yes, please briefly explain this interaction:
When you hear someone say DPS, your initial thought is closest to... a) S***, I’ve got to get out of here. b) Is something bad happening? c) Thank goodness d) Other ______________ In what ways to do you think DPS needs to improve? What do you wish it would provide?
Interview with Mike Kearns, Technical Services Manager •
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New phone center in communication center o Job to dispatch officers o Upgraded to “911 like” software Body cameras o Upcoming project o Officer testing ! Looking at preferences and cost What is a major officer complaint? o connectivity ! We are all used to immediate gratification that it is annoying when officers can’t rely on their connection. Most students make calls from their cell phones and call the 2224 number. o If you call from a number that is registered on your myslice, the communication center will automatically receive all of your information. Communication Center o Flat screen that shows DPS officer locations in real time (on digital map) o Flat screen that has on the local news. This is kept on at all times; we were told that they often find out about main local events the quickest through the news. o Flat screen that has live feed of 4 different campus cameras at once. o Flat screen with Syracuse Police Department’s current calls and incidents. ! Often the person in the communication center see’s a student address pop up before SPD even contacts them. ! Any time there is a call into SPD that is connected to campus or a student, the DPS communication center is contacted. Depending on the severity of the situation, SPD will call a first response team before contacting DPS. The communication center can access all campus cameras that cover over 800 viewpoints
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Activating the blue light system will put you into contact with the communication center immediately.
OFFICER ROMANO INTERVIEW What are your initial thoughts on the relationship between students and officers? o Some officers are outgoing, some are not o There seems to be a underground distribution of officer cards that are “cool” with the students. Opinions of officers are spread quickly throughout campus. o Officers that volunteer their time are likely to be more social. • Do people on campus understand your qualifications? o Faculty and staff have no idea what we do, they think we are just the people who help them out when they are locked out of their offices and classrooms o Unfortunately, people learn when they are either a victim or a witness o When people see our guns…. ! IS THAT REAL? (Because they don’t think we are real cops, they don’t think we can carry a gun) • How do people not realize our qualifications when they see our gun?! In regards to how safe our campus is and the capabilities of DPS: “If I was a student here, I would feel so safe.” Kids are as safe as they want to be I don’t mean to say that students are asking for it when they get in trouble, but there are choices students make that can affect how safe they are in given situations. • We are the third largest police department in Onondaga County o We have almost double the amount of patrol units on ThursdaySaturday then the SPD o The University Area Crime Prevention program is a partnership with the SPD o Orange watch cars are also used for patrolling o Extra patrol units com in at 4:30pm on Fridays (c watch and orange watch program) • Why don’t students call for help? o “People don’t call because they think they will get into trouble ! *Who ever calls won’t get in trouble ! *** We don’t victimize the victim! o I think we are moving past this issue… ! We often receive resistance to accept our help but once we explain ourselves and that our intent is positive, most say ok. They need to hear, “You wont get in trouble.” • Do you have any ideas of how students could become better educated on what DPS is and the officer qualifications? o Pamphlets! •
Students read them “I just read one by the front desk that was had a lot of great content. It explained what creates resistance when interacting with an officer.” ! Everyone is always reading something • What are the important factors to consider when interacting with students? o Each situation is handled differently o Every encounter isn’t going to be pleasant, thats the job o To gain control of a situation, I often have to approach students at the same level of emotion that they are at. Then once they settle down I can start over again at a calm level. “I may have to go in at a level 10 to match theirs, then once they come down, I can begin from zero and say, “okay lets start over.”” • What can help mend the student connotation that “DPS is out to get them”? o More open communication ! Makes everything simple ! I give everyone my card and tell them to shoot me an email • Have a conversation • I always have my phone on me and respond to every email quickly • If I arrest you, I would be happy to explain what’s next in the process and help how I can. What are your thoughts on body cams coming to DPS? They are inevitable and we will get used to them… However, no one likes change. The problem is that the cameras don’t capture the emotions of the situation. In any situation, there are so many thoughts going through my head, decisions that I have to make that can affect the safety of students. I was in a situation where I was going to have to shoot my gun and I had to think about not only the student I in no way wanted to harm, but the students outside of the building that could be in harms way if I did have to shoot. So then I have to physically move in order to place myself at a location that would prevent this. The reasoning behind all of the choices I must make in a given situation cannot be understood by video…. It only captures the 2D. ! !
Wrist Sensor Tells You How Stressed Out You Are Devices from two startups could be used to treat people with anxiety disorders—and one of the devices may eventually diagnose pain. http://www.technologyreview.com/news/508716/wrist-sensor-tells-you-how-stressed-out-you-are/
Affectiva Q Sensor The Affectiva Q Sensor is a wearable, wireless biosensor that measures emotional arousal via skin conductance, a form of electrodermal activity that grows higher during states such as excitement, attention or anxiety and lower during states such as boredom or relaxation. The sensor also measures temperature and activity. According to the company: “The curve-shaped Q Sensor is designed to wear on the wrist, so it is comfortable and unobtrusive to wear all day at work, play, or sleep. This makes it ideal for long-term measurement in clinical and therapeutic research.”
Neumitra Our biosensing watches help measure and manage the autonomic nervous system in a design that blends into daily life demands. Our goal is research-quality data with minimal demands on the wearer for daily insights and personalized biofeedback. Our watches measure the autonomic nervous system while blending into daily life demands.
Interview with Office Romano on Wednesday 11/5 About 6 officers are testing out different bodycams. It’s the direction that the department is moving towards. The officers are required to turn the cameras on every time they leave their car. One of the models being tested: - The size is about a car key fob - ”On” button to start recording - Has LED light to indicate on/off mode I would like the bodycam to be: - Something that can’t be easily caught on things while I am working - Clip on attachment… probably clip to the center of body - LED light indicates on/off (in use/not in use) mode so I know when the device is recording Camera location and how to attach it: - Around center of body - Rotational back clip on -If the clip is thin enough, it can be clipped onto the pen slot in our pocket. First thing that catches people’s attention is the DPS officer badge (the silver metal plate). If the camera can be located next to the badge or around that area, the camera can capture a closer picture of each person I interact with. You need to make sure the camera won’t fall off when the officers are running and chasing someone (sometimes the radio drops, and the officer loses connection to the communication center). -3M patches (velcro is another attachment option) -Pay attention to the stability of the camera so the lens won’t point up, down or shake when it is in use The device he used before he worked at DPS: When an officer hit a button on the device, every single camera in that general area would turn on and begin recording. (Think about the bodycams relationships with each other) Response about Biofeedback: - Concern about privacy “Officers are human as well. We want alone time and breaks. When officers are on duty, we’re required to have a higher moral standard and be a role model. Sometimes we need time for personal phone calls.” - He likes the idea of a privacy switch - Officers are trained differently than regular citizens. They have better logical thinking, quicker decision making skills, and are more calm when they are facing emergencies or other situations
- Due to different genders and body sizes, each person has a different threaten level. For example, a 150 lb female officer facing 300 lb male vs. 300 lb male officer facing 300 lb male. The level of threat is different. - Also, Each person has different confidence level, that can often relate to worke experience. A new officer can be very nervous and anxious, he doesn’t want anything happen when he’s on duty. An older officer is more relaxed and comfortable with his duties. He recommends that we look up Force Science httpfeet ww.forcescience.org -a source that is designed to help to defend officers’ actions Live stream: He likes this feature. He said, “It’s a great feature. Safety always comes first. Even when I was in academy school, they always told us to put safety first.” Good features: -hand free -wide angle lens -infrared light shoots 30 feet (up to 50 feet if possible) -a button to take quick pictures -GPS-tracking officers’ location -interaction between two cameras when two officers meet each other Thing to consider: -flip out USB or attached USB -playback, “depends on the size of the device. If the device is too small, then the playback won’t be useful because I won’t be able to see the video anyways -Question: How often do you check students’ ID? “We check students’ ID on a daily basis. -Question: How do you check IDs and how long it does it take? “I take the student ID and type in the computer in my car or talk to someone over the radio to get the student’s information. It takes about a few seconds to a few minutes, depending on how many people are talking on the radio.”
Meeting with: Tony Callisto, Chief of Public Safety Jill Lentz, Associate Chief, Staff Development & Student Services Division Donna Adams, Associate Director, Administrative & Technical Services Division Privacy Mode Policy right now is that the bodycams must be used for law-enforcing activity: when officer is initiated and during dispatch activity. How are you collecting the footage from your test bodycams right now? At this moment, Mike Kearns is manually uploading the footage onto our servers every night. The ease of upload will definitely be a large factor in our decision making on which model we will purchase. It’s an important part of the design. Panic button It can’t be easy to push! We don’t want to have accidental panic alerts. It would be interesting if the panic alert could also be activated if the device is ripped off the officer or some kind of motion detecting. (If the BodyCam is removed from the officer and is out of range from the ‘fitbit’ an automatic alert is sent out) CLOUD All content is stored on the DPS server. In order to have the “live stream” and cloud based file travel, there must be a secure line of travel through the cloud. We must be able to know exactly how/when a file is routed from the camera to the device to the server, and any use after: a way to track how data gets to computer or when people look at it. It is criminal evidence that can go to court. Our radio systems and all other devices that hold legal content is under encryption from Motorola. Retention Schedule Video is kept for two weeks. If a case isn’t activated within that time, the file is removed from our server. How much footage is being taken? The bodycam wouldn't be on while officer is in vehicle because the car camera is on. If the camera is only on in relevant situations, I estimate that there would be around 5 hours of footage per person/per shift. (On weekends/party days, usually no more than 22 patrol officers. On other days, always no less than 5 officers.)
What would happen with panic button is pressed? There are 3-4 main steps that would occur 1. The communication center would try to contact officer by radio 2. The person in the communication center would notify supervisor. They would use the term “Signal 50 Video” and find out the circumstance of the alert as well as the officers location. (“Signal 50” is the term used for radio alerts) 3. The communication center would continue to monitor and provide updates to the field 4. If relevant, the officer with the bodycam would take a snapshot that the communication center would send out to everyone. Two Models 1. Solely a body-worn camera 2. Part of microphone for radio Communication Center’s access to live footage The communication center can access and view footage from BodyCam as long as its open (privacy mode is not on) If BodyCam is closed (privacy mode is on) The communication center does not have access to footage. If while BodyCam is closed and the panic button is pressed the footage would automatically show up in the communication center. This is for the officers privacy and to prevent any “big brother” issues. Biofeedback The bracelet would need to be “break away”, so if someone is trying to fight the officer, it doesn’t get in the way. The “break away” could possibly be a panic alert? The plastic model -Make it intuitive as to which side is right side up! we’ve gotten lots of footage take upside down. -Shouldn’t be placed to low -Not a fan of anything near the face