ILR 2000 - 003 by Luminous – International Lighting Magazine - ILR

International Lighting Review

Revue Internationale de l’Eclairage

Internationale Licht Rundschau

Revista Internacional de Luminotecnia

ILR 003: ROADS

003

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Roads

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International Lighting Review Internationale Licht Rundschau Revue Internationale de l’Eclairage Revista Internacional de Luminotecnia

ISSN 0020-7853 ISSN 0165-9863 ISSN 0035-3388 ISSN 0167-7608

51st year / issue 003 Founded in 1949, International Lighting Review is devoted to all aspects of lighting. Published three times a year, it reports extensively on developments and trends in lighting, on actual problems encountered in lighting design and technology, and on outstanding projects from all over the world. ILR is richly illustrated with colour photographs and drawings covering more than 50 pages. Published by Philips Lighting, Luminaire Group Produced by LiDAC, Lighting Design and Application Centre, Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Editorial office Address: P.O. Box 721, 5600 AS Eindhoven, the Netherlands. Telephone: administration 31 40 275 5779; Ediitors: 31 40 275 52 52 / 31 40 275 74 85. Telefax: 31 40 275 78 00. E-mail: LIGHTING.ILR@PHILIPS.COM Internet: http://www.lightingreview.com Bank: Postbank Amsterdam. VAT Reg.no. NL005476604B46. Chief Editor and Art Director: JF Caminada. Editors: Jane Atkin, Derek Parker and Marcel Janse. Photography: Rien Valk. Artwork: Jo van Hemert. Layout: Marie-Louise Mannaerts. Client services: Franka Heesterbeek. Translation: Philips Translation Services. Pre-publishing by Neroc, Eindhoven. Printed by Roto Smeets Services, Eindhoven. Subscriptions / Back Numbers: see at the end of the magazine. Correspondents Argentina: Guillermo Spini, Casilla de Correo 3479, Buenos Aires. Australia: Lynden Kirkness, 34 Waterloo Rd, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113. België/Belgique: H Leclercq, 2 Stationstraat 80, 1070 Bruxelles. Brasil: Isac Roizenblatt, Caixa Postal 8681, Sao Paulo. Canada: Jorge M Pereira, 9 Invergordon Ave., Toronto, Ontario M1S 2Y9. Chile: Carlos Seisdedos M, Casilla 2687, Santiago. Colombia: Luis Enrique Martinez S, Apartado Aereo 4282, Bogotá. Costa Rica: C Katsava, Apartado Postal 3214, San Jose. Denmark: H J Jacobsen, Sydhavnsgade 23 , DK-1780 Copenhagen. Deutschland: C H Zieseniß, Lerchenweg 14a, 21244-Buchholz. Ecuador: Carlos Valencia, Casilla 343, Quito. España: Fernando Vila, Martinez Villergas 2, Madrid 28027. Finland: Petri Pekola, P.O. Box 4, 04601 Mäntsäla. France: Pierre Launay, 9, rue Pierre Rigaud, 94200 Ivry-sur-Seine. Greece: Ion Economopoulos, 7, Artemidos Str., 15125 Paradissos Amaroussion-Athens. Hong Kong: J Chu, G.P.O. Box 2108, Hong Kong. India: V K Divadkar, 29 Alipore Estate, 8/6/1 Alipore Road, Calcutta 700027. Indonesia: S Marino, Purwakarta – Jawa Barat. Ireland: N J Moran, Newstead, Clonskeagh, Dublin 14. Italia: Mariangela Speroni, Via G Casati 23, 20052 Monza. Japan: Dr K Narisada, 2-612 Asahi, Kuzuha Hirakata, Osaka 573. Kiyoshi Sugimoto, 2-13-37 Kohnan, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108. Kenya: Umakant Harish Pandit, P.O. Box 17756, Nairobi. Korea: Y C Hwang, C.P.O. Box 3680, Seoul. Malaysia: K.C. Wong, P.O. Box 12163, 50768 Kuala Lumpur. México: Javier Romer, Norte 45, No. 669, 02300 Mexico DF. Nederland: M Jacobs, Tooroplaan 6, 5591 AL Heeze. New Zealand: Chris Huff, P.O. Box 1041, Mt Albert, Auckland 1. Norge: Torgeir Sogge, Ropernveien 4, 1335 Snaroya. Österreich: Walter Stefanik, Triesterstrasse 64, A-1100 Wien. Pakistan: M K Shabazker, P.O. Box 7101, Karachi-3. Paraguay: M Haber, Casilla de Correo 605, Asuncion. Perú: Tomás Sandoval, Apartado 1543, Lima 18. Philippines: Anastacio R Martirez, P.O. Box 911 MCC, Makati, Metro Manila. Poland: Marek Lasinski, Ul. Kossaka 150, 64-920 Pila. Portugal: Vitor Vajao, Philips Iluminaçao, Lda. Apartado 1331, 1000 Lisboa. Romania: Florin Pop, str. C. Daicoviciu 15, RO-3400 Cluj-Napoca. Schweiz/Suisse: Job Daams, Allmendstrasse 140, Postfach, 8027 Zürich. Singapore: K Seshadri, P.O. Box 340, Toa Payoh Central Post Office, Singapore 9131. Sverige: Leif Berggren, Estlandsgatan 140, S-122 37 Enskede. Taiwan: Claudia Luo, P.O. Box 22978, Taipei. Thailand: N Panlop, P.O. Box 961, 10500 Bangkok. Turkey: Dr Haldun Demirdes, Talatpasa Cad. no. 5, 80640 Gültepe/Istanbul. United Kingdom: David Greaves, 420-430 London Road, Croydon CR9 3QR. Uruguay: Luis Jubin, Canelones 1367-305, Montevideo. USA: Mark Roush, Philips Square, 200, Franklin Square Drive, CN 6800 Somerset, NJ 08873. Venezuela: J J Quagliano, Apartado Aéreo 1167, Caracas 1010-A. Zimbabwe: Derek Warner, P.O. Box 994, Harare. Copyright Normally speaking, articles published in International Lighting Review may be reprinted, either completely or in part, with prior written authorisation from the publisher. However, in those cases where the artwork concerned is not the property of ILR, it is not in our power to grant permission to reproduce this. The views expressed in this journal by third parties are not necessarily those held by the publisher. The editor reserves the right to edit and abridge articles for publication.

Front cover: Leeuwarden town centre (see page 8)

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I n t e r n a t i o n a l Lighting Review Contents

003

http://www.lightingreview.com

Forum

Editor’s notes

Light switch Netherlands

News from the world of lighting

Road lighting Projects City Streets Frans Boots and Peter Zwart

The historic city of Leeuwarden modernises its public lighting

12 p.8 Frans Boots

p.8 Peter Zwart

Harbour lights

France

Marseille takes an important step towards updating its waterfront lighting

p.12 Alain Guilhot

A town centre re-lighted

Belgium

Renovation work in Turnhout centre included an update of the lighting

30 p.30 Arjan Karssen

p.24 Bart Mertens

New heart-line

Arjan Karssen

The Netherlands

Design, innovation and technology provide a sophisticated road-lighting solution in The Hague

p.24 Volmer Rosi

Lights on green

Bernard Moussaud

France

The tramway extension in Nantes is lighted to complement the landscaped character of the project p.28 Hervé Humez

p.28 Yves Steff

p.28 Luc Davy

p.44 Christophe Dorian

Highways 44

Rocade of Bordeaux

Christophe Dorian

France

Distinctive road lighting enhances the image of the Bordeaux ring road

46 p.44 Pierre Bidaud

p.44 Jean de Giacinto

p.46 Morten Reimann

Coast to Coast Connection

Denmark/Sweden

Morten Reimann

The ¯resund road and rail bridge linking Denmark and Sweden is a work of art that just cried out to be lighted

p.46 Gert Poulsen

Trends 5

Trends in road lighting

Jan Severin

An overview of the main aspects and trends within this fascinating and dynamic field of expertise

New concepts

p.5 Jan Severin

Towards improving the lighted environment

Vincent Laganier

Problems in contemporary lighting and an outline of possible solutions

Lamp developments in public lighting

Erwin Dolmans/Gerrit van der Leest

A new generation of high-pressure sodium and metal halide lamps p.14 Vincent Laganier

p.22 Erwin Dolmans

p.22 Gerrit van der Leest

Dynamic roads to the future

Luc van der Poel

New developments in dynamic traffic-guidance-lighting systems may help to improve traffic management

36 p.36 Philippe Gandon Leger

p.36 Cor Verbakel

Telemanagement in public lighting

Philippe Gandon Leger/Cor Verbakel

Unique new possibilities for the remote management of public lighting

p.32 Luc van der Poel

Design 40

Iridium – designed to last An innovative luminaire concept in road lighting that meets many different requirements

Exhibition 48

EXPO 2000

Philippe Joye

Review of the lighting at the world exhibition in Hannover, Germany p.48 Philippe Joye

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JOHAN JANSEN - Struck by Light(n)ing

The Industrial Age 1750 – 1900; Art & Science, Technology & Society

Royal honour and Liber Amicorum for founder of Artificial Light in Art

Chronosense dimming unit The existing system did not allow the inclusion of a pilot cable to control the lighting. The Chronosense unit was therefore incorporated. This unit provides a stand-alone step-dimming solution. It is an autonomous, individually programmable relay that makes it possible to activate a dual-power dimming ballast in order to adjust the flux of high-pressure sodium lamps. To establish the hours on which it should operate, the Chronosense

Chronosense: Intelligence • It measures and ‘learns’ the duration of the night. • It checks the consistency of the measurements. • It adapts to continual and seasonal variations in the duration of nights. • It applies the instructions for dimming periods, evaluating the duration of the night. • It detects anomalies (reacts to unusually long periods of activation). To accommodate the new lamps, new luminaires had to be installed. The TUNLITE SRX 206 was selected and modified to conform to the requirements of this catenary system. This luminaire is flexible enough to accept dimming, and the extra ballast and the Chronosense component are fitted on the usual TUNLITE gear tray. In order to avoid unsightly deformation of the catenary cables, and subsequent undesirable effects on the lighting, it was vital that the new luminaires should be of the same weight

The major international exhibition Light! offers an impression of the revolutionary changes that took place in the area of light in the Western world between 1750 and 1900. The evolution of light and its social, economic and artistic ramifications are examined by means of approximately 300 objects. The fascination of artists with the phenomenon light led to various experiments with both natural and artificial light.

ilr 003 forum3

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam 20 October 2000 – 11 February 2001 Carnegie Museum Of Art, Pittsburgh 7 April – 29 July 2001

Jansen started his career in lighting, slowly working his way up the ladder to become a leading lighting engineer. For almost half his life, from 1928 to 1976, he worked for Philips Lighting, and eventually he founded the renowned magazine ‘International Lighting Review’, of which he was Chief Editor. His love for light did not end with his official retirement. Over the years he has taken numerous exhibitions to many countries all over the world, using his extensive collection of posters, prints, paintings and light-related objects. He has also published various works on artificial light and artistic light, and in 1984 he set up the foundation ‘Light Effects in Painting and Sculpture’, which last year was rechristened ‘Artificial Light in Art’. In the words of his successor and curator of the foundation, Bernadette ReijsNieuwenhuis: ‘What fascinates Jansen about electric light in particular is the enormous impact that it has had on society over the past century – in the street, the pub and theatre life, in the workplace and in the home.’ It is also thanks to the dedication and commitment of Jansen that the foundation will shortly have, at its complete disposal, the original Philips factory on the Emmasingel to house a permanent exhibition. Followers and lovers of light and art thought it high time that Johan Jansen was officially recognized for his enthusiastic and pioneering work with the foundation, to which he voluntarily devoted many years. To mark this occasion of his 90th birthday they put together a Liber Amicorum entitled: ‘Struck by Light(n)ing’, sub-titled ‘Passion for Light’. Furthermore, the Dutch government have awarded

A new, improved version

Commissioner: Direction Départementale de l’Equipement, France. Lighting techniques: Philips Lighting, France Christophe Dorian, Philips Lighting

as those used previously. This was achieved by the addition of metal sheets. The luminaires are protected to IP66 to resist the weather and road conditions. Improvements to this catenary system in Lyon have resulted in a 45 per cent decrease in energy consumption. Further renovation of the 28-year-old lighting installation will continue into 2003 and is expected to remain in place for at least 20 years.

Environment-friendly road lighting environmental protection (minimal light pollution). The luminaire chosen was the stylish SGS306 TrafficVision model, a model that assures easy installation, fast, safe, minimum maintenance and high resistance to vandalism. It is also fully adjustable, which means that the light is delivered to precisely where it is needed for safe and comfortable driving.

Johan Jansen has just celebrated his 90th birthday, but he is still not thinking of retirement. On 29 December 2000 he was the guest of honour in the Witte Dame (White Lady) in Eindhoven, The Netherlands. It was in this building that

Calculux upgrade

Shanghai Far East Road Built in 1998 as one of the city’s landmark projects, Shanghai Far East Road is the main road to Shanghai Pudong International Airport. This dual-carriageway road is 13 km long, with each 16-m-wide carriageway occupying four lanes either side of a 10-m -wide central reserve. Its lighting called for the use of luminaires of modern design, with the emphasis on energy saving and

Featured are sublime light spectacles, daylight studies, atmospheric nocturnal scenes, lit interiors, and impressionist paintings. The advent of artificial light had great consequences for society as a whole. It transformed the work environment, night-life, and even ways of conducting war. One can hardly imagine the impact of the first extravagant light displays on the 19th century citizen. The exhibition Light! will take the visitor on a fascinating voyage of discovery through the realms of art & science, technology and society.

A total of 2900 TafficVision luminaires, each equipped with a single SON-T Plus 250 W high-pressure sodium lamp have

been employed. These are mounted atop 9-m-high masts spaced 35 m apart in a twin central and opposite arrangement to provide an average road-surface luminance of ca 2.9 cd/m2. Luminance uniformities are well within specification (U0 > 0.4 and UL > 0.7) and the glare (Threshold Increment) is minimal at TI < 10%. Philips Lighting China

Calculux, a software tool that helps lighting designers to develop lighting systems, has recently been upgraded to provide a number of new features. Used by lighting designers all over the world, the Calculux package comes in three modules: Indoor, Area and Road. With these three modules, all possible lighting designs are covered. A recently-added fourth module has been developed to generate photometric data in IES;CIBS, LTLI and Eulumdat format. These formats are widely used by a large number of lighting-design programs. Besides some minor changes with respect to version 3, the upgraded version of Calculux offers the following major improvements: • Calculations for obtrusive light according to new recommendations • Calculation of UGR values for indoor lighting • The project takes into account the creation of shadows caused by the presence of objects. • Irregular shaped calculation grids. • Extended cut/copy and paste possibilities to use Calculux output in other packages • Direct input for photometric data in the IES;CIBS, LTLI or Eulumdat formats • Automatic calculations in Calculux Road according to DIN

The calculation areas for a roundabout using the Area module. The straight section of the road is calculated with the Road module of Calculux.

• Extended possibilities to use standard calculation areas for sports lighting applications Examples of the use of irregular shaped calculation areas are shown in the accompanying illustrations. The Calculux programs, together with the latest luminaire database, are available via your local Philips contact.

Frans de Weeger

Philips Lighting France, Pierre Crouzet

component measures the total switch-on time and calculates a mid-point. It uses the mid-point of the power-on sequence as a reference point. The dim-down and dim-up times are specified as the hours before and after the calculated mid-point. Each luminaire operates individually, thereby making external controls unnecessary.

Philips Lighting China

Construction of the Lyon ring road began in the 1960s, and the existing catenary lighting system was installed in 1973. By the late 1990s this was in need of significant renovation. The Direction Départementale de l’Equipement planned and implemented the project, their main priority being the energy-saving possibilities of modifying the lighting scheme. Renovation of the catenary system began in 1999 and took the step of introducing a dimming solution. This meant that the lighting level would be reduced according to the assumed level of traffic density on the road, which in turn would reduce energy costs. The first step was to replace the existing low-pressure sodium lamps, SOX 180 W, with high-pressure sodium lamps, SON-T PIA 250 W and 150 W. A SON-T lamp, in combination with the luminaire, illuminates the road more effectively (less spill light), and gives better colour rendering. This conversion was costeffective in terms of the lamps having a lower energy consumption. Altering the type of lamp also enabled the next part of the project to be realised – the dimming control.

Frans de Weeger

Light !

Energy-saving lighting modification for the ring road of Lyon, France

Van Gogh Museum

Stand-alone step-dimming solution with Chronosense

Jansen the prestigious medal: ‘Companion of the Order of Orange-Nassau’.

New ILR Team Member In November 2000, the ILR team was joined by Jane Atkin, in the position of English Editor.

Jane, 32 years of age, comes from Sheffield, United Kingdom, and moved to the Netherlands in 1999. She is a graduate of the University of Sheffield with an honours degree in history, and has acquired varied experience in writing English in both business and academic environments. We wish her every success in her new career.

ilr 003 forum

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JOHAN JANSEN - Struck by Light(n)ing

The Industrial Age 1750 – 1900; Art & Science, Technology & Society

Royal honour and Liber Amicorum for founder of Artificial Light in Art

ilr 003 forum3

Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam 20 October 2000 – 11 February 2001 Carnegie Museum Of Art, Pittsburgh 7 April – 29 July 2001

A new, improved version

Commissioner: Direction Départementale de l’Equipement, France. Lighting techniques: Philips Lighting, France Christophe Dorian, Philips Lighting

Calculux upgrade

A total of 2900 TafficVision luminaires, each equipped with a single SON-T Plus 250 W high-pressure sodium lamp have

The calculation areas for a roundabout using the Area module. The straight section of the road is calculated with the Road module of Calculux.

Frans de Weeger

Philips Lighting France, Pierre Crouzet

Philips Lighting China

Frans de Weeger

Light !

Energy-saving lighting modification for the ring road of Lyon, France

Van Gogh Museum

Stand-alone step-dimming solution with Chronosense

Jansen the prestigious medal: ‘Companion of the Order of Orange-Nassau’.

New ILR Team Member In November 2000, the ILR team was joined by Jane Atkin, in the position of English Editor.

ilr 003 forum

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Trends

Trends in road lighting Jan Severin

New technologies stimulate developments in road lighting, and the use of higher quality luminaires provides a better service to the public. An overview of the main aspects and trends within this fascinating and dynamic field of expertise.

oad lighting is simply there, and is mostly only noticed when it does not function properly, completely, or not at all. Fortunately, when a lamp is flickering or has broken down, people call the authorities responsible, who can then take action. Sometimes, this seems to be the end of it, and nothing else appears to be happening. But, as installers, maintenance engineers, managers of public lighting, lighting designers, and manufacturers know very well, this is certainly not true. The function of road lighting When thinking of road lighting, we tend to think first of motorways. But road lighting covers a wide range of big to small streets and roads within the built-up area of our cities and villages. Its most important function, of course, is to provide safety for the road user, especially within the municipal boundaries where busy mixed traffic, in particular during the rush hour, makes high demands on correct lighting. Outside the municipal boundaries, where the speed limits are in general higher, the guiding function of a series of light points contributes to a considerable extent to road safety. In the quieter residential areas, the safety of people and possessions plays an increasingly important role. Here we see that the residents are having an ever-greater say in choosing the street lighting.

1 EditorÕs notes

Road lighting plus

Road lighting has always been viewed as being quite distinct from city beautification when it comes to discussing the constituent elements of public lighting. Whereas with the former the emphasis lies on practical functionality, namely its need to ensure the safe circulation of pedestrians and motorists, lighting for city beautification is by tradition largely confined to city centres, where it has principally an aesthetic role to perform. As is explained in more detail by Jan Severin on the following pages, road lighting must fulfil its function whilst at the same time fit in with the overall design of the road or street in question. But it can, in fact, provide much more. It can often help restore a touch of personality to the scene, even underlining the personality of the city itself, as was very common in former times. After all, there are Paris luminaires and Amsterdam luminaires, and Copenhagen luminaires as well. And all this can sometimes be realised with standard lighting components, as is shown in some of the projects in this issue. Road lighting that combines an element of city beautification is thus the challenge today. And this road lighting plus will require an even closer collaboration between architects, the majority of whom are convinced of the importance of lighting, and engineers. JF Caminada 4

ilr 003 roads

In lighting, as everywhere else in our society, the comfort aspect is becoming more and more important. For instance, orange low-pressure sodium light is replaced more and more by the golden-yellow highpressure sodium light, and in an increasing number of places white light also makes its appearance in the technical road-lighting segment. Increasingly higher demands are made on design, and on the materials used. Examples of this are the use of stainless steel for lampposts and the increase in the use of coloured posts and luminaires. But road lighting has some additional important functions, such as improvement of orientation for people in unfamiliar surroundings, lighting of road signs, and support for road works. Further segmentation Within what was generally called public lighting, we can clearly distinguish further segmentation between the classical, technicallyoriented road lighting where the emphasis lies on practical functionality, and a relatively new segment, viz. City Beautification, in which Philips is one of the pioneers. More or less the same criteria are important for both fields, but the degree of importance varies. City Beautification mainly takes place in city centres, and also increasingly in residential areas. Architects and city planners often play an important role in the decision process. The lighting has to meet certain aesthetic requirements, but all technical and safety requirements too. Although the aesthetic aspect is becoming more important for technically-oriented road lighting, functional and especially economic aspects still come first. There is, of course, a large grey area between the two segments, and the situation

differs according to country. This edition of ILR gives detailed descriptions of various road-lighting projects, where functional and aesthetic requirements have played different parts. It is clear, however, that the public lighting market shows a continuous movement from classical road lighting to City Beautification. Yet, classical road lighting is not doomed. On the contrary, there are a number of other tendencies that increasingly stimulate road lighting. Equipment installed in the fifties and sixties has become outdated. After years of postponement for budgetary reasons, we now see a great demand for replacement. In addition, the general tendency towards higher quality luminaires plays an important role, in order to be able to guarantee a better service to the public. Here we see that new technologies also stimulate developments. New technologies Telemanagement One of those new technologies is telemanagement. This comprises an individual profile with which a random light point is controlled in time, there is instantaneous feedback of various types of failures and, on the basis of collected data, the optimum management of operation and maintenance of the complete lighting installation. This will be discussed in a separate article in this edition of ILR. Lamps Far-reaching developments are also taking place in the field of lamps. In the high-pressure sodium technology, the SON-T PIA generation meant a breakthrough in the field of efficiency, reliability, and lifetime. For the same reasons, induction fluorescent technology is becoming increasingly important in public lighting. This trend is stimulated by the fact that with the QL family, Philips has at its disposal a wide range of wattages and consequently, luminous fluxes, in white light with various colour characteristics also having an extremely long lifetime. This meets the growing need for light sources that have not only low initial costs but that are economic throughout their life. This in combination with high quality and reliability properties, makes a better service to the public possible. Owing to its excellent reliability, lifetime, and white-light properties, the PL fluorescent lamp family has already conquered half the installed equipment in the Netherlands. Further usage in most other European countries requires versions with higher luminous fluxes. Ceramic metalhalide technology, in the CDM Mastercolour technology, is also becoming more important, particularly in places where colour impression and colour rendering are more important than lifetime and optimisation of cost of ownership. As described elsewhere is this edition of ILR, the new Iridium luminaire family has made optics available that give a good photometry in combination with CDM.

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Trends

Trends in road lighting Jan Severin

1 EditorÕs notes

Road lighting plus

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1 A good example of road lighting plus. Residium luminaires with PL-L 36 W lamps in the Daalsedijk, a residential street in Utrecht, The Netherlands, satisfy the request for more and better light without glare. 2

Ballasts Breakthroughs can be expected in the field of ballasts for high-pressure discharge lamps. The new electronic ballasts for SON lamps are only interesting for the time being in combination with telemanagement or in places where irregularities in the mains voltage lead to more early lamp failure. Expectations are, however, that in the course of time the same development will take place for high-pressure discharge lamps as is going on at the moment with electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps. Solar energy In the intensive discussions about alternative energy sources, solar panels are often brought up as a supply for public lighting. Recent test installations have shown that investments only pay back if the light source is more than a few hundred metres away from the existing electricity supply network. Moreover, only very low-wattage lamps can be fed, and only during part of the night. In the near future we therefore do not expect a breakthrough that will lead to an acceptable alternative supply of electricity to normal road lighting in Western Europe. LED lighting The situation is quite different in the field of LEDs as a new light source in public lighting (fig 6). The developments are extremely rapid in this field. There are already many systems on the market for orientation and signalling lighting. Expectations are that within a few years LEDs will be able to compete with the traditional public lighting systems. The word systems is used consciously here, because this new generation of light sources requires completely new luminaires and supplies. The first versions for public lighting are expected in the coming years. Here, too, lifetime is the most important factor. Dimming There are many reasons not to light more than is strictly necessary. Energy costs money and unnecessary use leads to extra emission of greenhouse gas, and light pollution. Although public lighting consumes only a very small part of the total energy requirement, it is a very noticeable part, and therefore has the constant interest of the public in debate and in political decision-making. The methods that were used originally, such as switching off individual light points or groups of light points lead to undesirable and even dangerous situations (figs 2- 4). In many cases, block

ilr 003 roads/trends

dimming proved not to be flexible enough, also because different types of lamps and applications ( e.g. signpost lighting) were incorporated in the same block. Many of these original solutions are therefore no longer in use. It has become clear that a successful use of dimming is only possible when every light point is operated individually. This is possible with a dimming switch, controlled via a pilot cable. Particularly for existing installations this is a problem because there is often no pilot cable. Recently, Philips has marketed an extremely practical solution in the form of Chronosense. With this system, every individual light point can be dimmed according to an individual program by means of a tapped ballast, without the need for a control signal. HPL and SON lamps up to 400 W can be dimmed individually with this system, without the need of a clock, a cable, a transmitter or other controls. The energy consumption of every light point can also be rationalised individually in a flexible way by means of the above-mentioned telemanagement. Trends in society Congestion Our society is changing continuously, and this also affects the way in which we light our streets and roads. Individualisation, the 24-hour economy, working partners and wellbeing in general lead to a continuous increase in mobility. In spite of all possible efforts, a good alternative for the car has still not been found. Goods transport by road also continues to increase and everyone knows the resulting congestion problems. Owners and managers of the road system are looking for new solutions. In urban areas, more tunnels are built as a result of the lack of space. An increasing number of roads and road sections are temporarily or permanently reserved for specific groups of road users, such as public transport or paying motorists. More flexible division of the lanes on the available asphalt surface leads to a very interesting new application of light in the road surface, instead of above the surface. This subject is described in a separate article in this edition of ILR. Road safety The increasing traffic on the roads is not at the cost of safety. That is because we no longer accept the risk of an accident as a fact of life. Cars become safer all the time, and authorities make the rules and their enforcement stricter. This results in a gradual decrease in the number of fatal accidents in Europe. For the same reason, increasingly higher

2-4 Road-lighting demonstration showing two approaches to energy saving: 2 normal lighting reveals object in road; 3 switching off a luminaire can make the object invisible; 4 with dimmed lighting the object remains visible.

demands are made on road lighting, both with respect to the quality of the lighting design and the reliability of the design and the installation. Demographic developments show a fast-growing group of elderly motorists. This group has its own specific needs as regards visibility. It is a well-known fact that not only the ability to react decreases with age, but also that the eye becomes more sensitive to glare. The new European (draft) CEN standards therefore no longer permit TI glare values higher than 15 %, whereas in the past 20 Ð 25 % was quite common. The latest Philips luminaire families, such as Iridium (as described in this ILR) and Residium (fig 1), distinguish themselves by TI values that are in many cases well below this standard. This is demonstrated at the Outdoor Lighting Application Centre of Philips(fig 5) in Bressolles near Lyon. Parties to public lighting The continuous trend of privatisation leads to a changing character of the various parties in the market. Electricity companies privatise and merge, and this also happens with installers and wholesale businesses. Town councils increasingly contract out the public lighting to companies who take on the integrated care for public lighting on the basis of long-term contracts. This leads to an increasingly private character of the end users in the market, with a clear profit motive. This in turn leads to a further shift of emphasis from initial purchasing costs of equipment to the total cost of ownership of the entire installation. Internationalisation Those privatisations and mergers often lead to big companies of an international character. Standards and regulations are also becoming more international (e.g. European).See CIE Publication 115 - 1995: Òrecommendations for the lighting of roads for motor and pedestrian trafficÓ and European draft prEN 13201 - 1999: Òroad lightingÓ. Yet, we see characteristic national uses in most countries, based on local circumstances, or developed in the past. These national differences in application only grow very slowly towards one another. The major international lighting manufacturers are confronted more and more with the need for a growing variety in products and lighting solutions. This phenomenon is called mass-customisation, and is partly made possible by extensively automated development, production, and logistic processes. Legal liability Another trend in society is the increasing importance of legal liability in

5 Road-lighting demonstration in progress at the Outdoor Lighting Application Centre of Philips in Bressolles near Lyon, France. 6 LED street-lighting fixture used in the first ‘live’ demonstration at the Philips Outdoor Lighting Application Centre, France.

the case of accidents. As was said earlier, accidents are no longer accepted as a fact of life. A guilty party is sought who has to pay for the material and non-material damage. Consequently, managers of public lighting are looking for systems that improve the reliability in a provable way. The aforementioned telemanagement may supply an important need here. Environment The public, and politics, are becoming increasingly more sensitive to environmental problems. It is true, of course, that no lighting at all is better for the environment, but this will create other problems, which jeopardise the proper functioning of our society. It is therefore important that the lighting industry finds solutions that reduce the environmental consequences of public lighting to an absolute minimum. Various aspects should be taken into account. In the first place, we must consider the materials used. Philips makes luminaires that are durable, reliable and have a long lifetime. This, in itself, means an important reduction in waste. Subsequently, all luminaires are easy to dismantle at the end of life. The plastic components are marked with an internationally recognised material code, which makes recycling easier. Use of toxic or environmentally unfriendly substances, mentioned on the so-called black and grey lists, is avoided. Another environmental theme is the use of energy. Efficient optics only require a minimum in lamp power to carry out a given project. The various dimming options mean a further reduction in energy consumption, to save scarce sources and to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas. The aspects that reduce the energy consumption to a minimum lead at the same time to a luminous flux that is as limited as possible, thus also reducing light pollution. This last subject will be discussed in further detail in a separate article in this edition of ILR. Finally, the production processes also play an important part. The Philips luminaire factories are ISO 14000 environmentally certified, which means that they are working continuously and in a structured way on a reduction of the environmental load, usually in anticipation of the legislation in this field. ■

Author: Jan Severin is Road Lighting Segment Manager, Philips Lighting Luminaires, Miribel, France

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e.trends 4-7

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Pagina 6

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Author: Jan Severin is Road Lighting Segment Manager, Philips Lighting Luminaires, Miribel, France

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f.leeuwarden 8-11

06-03-2001

07:19

Pagina 8

In recent years, Leeuwarden has invested heavily in bringing the image created by its town centre into line with present-day expectations

Frans Boots and Peter Zwart

Light switch Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

An important part of the town improvement plan involved the public lighting. This too has been brought right up to date

eeuwarden, capital of the province of Friesland in the north of The Netherlands, has managed to retain much of its historical beauty down through the ages. This is especially true in its centre, with its characteristic squares and canals. It is here that the town has concentrated on improving the somewhat neglected image presented to inhabitants and visitors alike. Visual clutter is being removed and many streets and squares are being brought up to date to meet present-day requirements whilst preserving the nostalgic link they have with the past.

The Lighting An important part of the town improvement plan involved the public lighting. Here such factors as recognisability, safety, lighting uniformity, light colour and atmosphere played a major role. Motorists arriving at the town and seeking directions now know when they have reached the ring road by the style of lighting employed. The luminaire chosen was the Milewide (see ILR 992), each of which houses a single SON-T lamp to provide a lighting level of 1.2 cd/m2. These are mounted atop extra-tall columns placed close to the side of the road. The existing lighting in the town centre was also clearly in need of an update. Mounted on tall columns and high on the facades of buildings, the various types of luminaires employed had limited decorative effect and contributed little to the lighting level on the road surface. The new lighting is both decorative and functional. Furthermore, since only two styles of luminaire are employed throughout, the effect is also more

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restful to the eye. The chosen Metronomis luminaires, Annecy and Bordeaux, utilise the yellowish-white light of the SON lamp to provide lighting that is fully in keeping with the historic nature of the architecture. At the same time, the lighting level (ca 10 lux) and uniformity have served to make the area more pedestrian friendly after dark. The Waagplein, a fine old square in the town centre, has also been given a much-needed update. Gone is the plethora of lighting masts. In their place is fa•ade-mounted floodlighting to highlight the buildings, and specially designed free-standing lighting elements, one with a straight pole and the other curved. These carry floodlights for the functional lighting of the square and, for visual impact, decorative Torino luminaires. The vertically mounted luminaire is 18 m high and clearly visible from afar, which makes it ideally suited for a second function, that of a barometer. At the top of the mast is a large plastic sphere illuminated internally by fibre-optics cables that change colour according to the atmospheric pressureÉfine weather

1 Leeuwarden’s historic town centre.

2, 3 These unique luminaires carry floodlights for the functional lighting of the square, and decorative Metronomis Torino luminaires for visual impact. 2 The 18m vertical luminaire (see front cover) also acts as a barometer, changing the light colour according to atmospheric pressure. 3 The curved free-standing lighting element, specially designed for the Waagplein.

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f.leeuwarden 8-11

06-03-2001

07:19

Pagina 8

In recent years, Leeuwarden has invested heavily in bringing the image created by its town centre into line with present-day expectations

Frans Boots and Peter Zwart

Light switch Leeuwarden, The Netherlands

An important part of the town improvement plan involved the public lighting. This too has been brought right up to date

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1 Leeuwarden’s historic town centre.

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f.leeuwarden 8-11

06-03-2001

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Pagina 10

produces one colour, bad weather another. The electronic controls and colour disc are located in the base of the mast. Further lighting plans for Leeuwarden include new, less-obtrusive fa•ade lighting and perhaps some imaginative lighting for the many small bridges over the canals. ■

Urban planning: Peter Zwart, Urban planning department, Leeuwarden and Frans Boots, Bureau B+B, Amsterdam (Consultancy city and landscaping) Lighting design: Frans Boots, Bureau B+B; Electricity company Essent, Light International, Purmerend in co-operation with Philips Lighting 6 4-6 Metronomis (Annecy and Bordeaux) luminaires have been used in the town centre. The SON lamp provides yellowish white light, in keeping with the historic architecture. The lighting level (ca 10 lux) and uniformity have made the area more pedestrian friendly after dark.

7 Milewide luminaires mounted on extra-tall masts light the ring road. Each luminaire houses a single SON-T lamp to provide a lighting level of 1.2 cd/m2.

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f.leeuwarden 8-11

06-03-2001

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Pagina 10

7 Milewide luminaires mounted on extra-tall masts light the ring road. Each luminaire houses a single SON-T lamp to provide a lighting level of 1.2 cd/m2.

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06-03-2001

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Pagina 12

Overlooked by the Notre Dame de la Garde is the Vieux Port, or old harbour. This was the birthplace of the city of Marseille, gateway to the Mediterranean, more than 2600 years ago

Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

g.marseille 12-13

Harbour lights Marseille, France Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

The city of Marseille inaugurated an important step towards updating its waterfront lighting

The Lighting

Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

arseille, the oldest city in France and the second largest after Paris, is a major seaport and an important commercial and industrial centre. The city was badly damaged during World War II, but major construction programs transformed it into a modern community with many high-rise buildings. The harbour, once full with steamers and large sailing ships, is now filled only with leisure craft.

Installed in the early 1980s, the former street lighting down by the harbour was conceived purely with the interests of motorists in mind. But mayor Jean Claude Gaudin, and deputy mayor Maurice Talazac were anxious to do something to heighten the appeal of this important part of the city for locals and visitors alike. The cityÕs new cultural-heritage lighting plan, which includes the busy harbour area, does just this. No longer restricted to the road running round the harbour, the harbour lighting now also provides illumination for the moorings themselves and for many of the buildings facing the harbour. The new lighting masts lining the harbour have been cleverly designed to resemble shipsÕ masts, complete with yards, so that they are more in keeping with their surroundings than were the older lighting columns. There are 36 masts in total, each 12 m high. Each

Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

mast has four cast-aluminium yards, the extremities of which are adorned with red or green lights (PL 11 W). The main, three-part lighting, however, is situated in a crown at the top of the mast. Two SNF 111 asymmetrical floodlights fitted with 400 W SON-T Comfort lamps (Ra 54, 2200 K) are aimed downwards to illuminate the road below to twice the previous level. A single MNF 210 asymmetrical floodlight housing the HPI-T 400 W (Ra 65, 4300 K) illuminates the moorings, while a second asymmetrical unit, the SNF 210 housing the SON-T Deco 400 W (Ra 80, 5000 K), is aimed across the road to light the fa•ade opposite. ■

Commissioner: City of Marseille, Management of Public Lighting: Michel Karabadjakian, Jean-Marc Mertz and Jean-Marie Audibert Lighting and mast design: Alain Guilhot, Architecture Lumi•re Conseil Lighting equipment: Philips Lighting, France

1 Deputy mayor Maurice Talazac: ‘The city’s new culturalheritage lighting plan, which includes road lighting, is designed to heighten the appeal of this important part of the city for locals and visitors alike.’

4 The new lighting masts along Marseille’s busy waterfront evoke the maritime scene of long ago. 5 Marseille’s new harbour-front road lighting.

6 Plan of the harbour. Key: White (facades); SNF210/ SON-T Deco Yellow (road); SNF 111/ SON-T Comfort Blue (moorings); MNF 210/ HPI-T

2 The facades facing the harbour are now included in the lighting plan. Here the Town Hall. 3 Le Fort Saint-Jean, at the entrance to the old harbour.

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Pagina 12

Overlooked by the Notre Dame de la Garde is the Vieux Port, or old harbour. This was the birthplace of the city of Marseille, gateway to the Mediterranean, more than 2600 years ago

Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

g.marseille 12-13

Harbour lights Marseille, France Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

The city of Marseille inaugurated an important step towards updating its waterfront lighting

The Lighting

Architecture Lumière Conseil, France

4 The new lighting masts along Marseille’s busy waterfront evoke the maritime scene of long ago. 5 Marseille’s new harbour-front road lighting.

6 Plan of the harbour. Key: White (facades); SNF210/ SON-T Deco Yellow (road); SNF 111/ SON-T Comfort Blue (moorings); MNF 210/ HPI-T

2 The facades facing the harbour are now included in the lighting plan. Here the Town Hall. 3 Le Fort Saint-Jean, at the entrance to the old harbour.

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h.masterplan 14-21

06-03-2001

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Pagina 14

New concepts

Towards improving the lighted environment Vincent Laganier

The main arguments for improving our lighted environment are put forward and the steps needed to bring about change are outlined

Visuals nuisances Astronomers speak of light pollution of the night sky to characterise the sky glow that disturbs astronomical observations. The ÔbrighteningÕ of the night sky results from sky radiation being scattered by such things as dust particles and gas molecules (e.g. from aerosols) in the atmosphere and from spill light from man-made sources. Spill light may also lead to visual annoyance to residents because of its quantitative, directional or spectral attributes. Five parameters are fundamental in the fight to eliminate unwanted light emissions: 1. the light distribution of the luminaires 2. the arrangement of the luminaires 3. the aiming of the luminaires 4. the light control according to need and/or time 5. the surroundings.

This concerns all those involved with public lighting, from the manufacturer of lamps and luminaires to the lighting designer, the installer, the town manager of lighting, and the provider of energy. Recommendations of the CIE Two Technical Committees of the CIE (International Lighting Commission) work on guides to restrict disturbing luminous effects: TC 421 Ð Interference by Light of Astronomical Observations, and TC 5-12 Ð Obtrusive light. The first set of these guidelines was published in 1997 (CIE Publication 126), and the second set, currently being produced, deals with restricting potentially adverse effects of outdoor lighting on nearby residents and users of adjacent roads. The CIE describes spill light in terms of wasted Upward Light Output Ratio. Here, the output of a luminaire is split into two parts: ULOR, the upward light output ratio (radiated above the horizontal plane), and DLOR, the downward light output ratio (radiated below the horizontal plane). As is indicated in the accompanying figure (fig 1), part of the light radiated in the downward direction can also be undesirable. Restricting light in this respect means coping with this undesirable light. CIE states in its (draft) recommendations that the required degree of limitation is dependent on the so-called Environmental Zone concerned.

1 Spill light is described by CIE as Upward Light Output Ratio (ULOR). Part of the Downward Light Output Ratio (DLOR) can also lead to undesirable effects. (Light Output Ratio of the luminaire LOR = ULOR+DLOR)

Photos Philips Lighting France

e may consider light as the fifth element of our environment. And just like air, water, earth and fire, it has two inseparable dimensions: positive and negative. Positive, because light can stimulate emotion, promote comfort and give pleasure by revealing forms and colours. Negative, because that same light may intrude into areas where it is not wanted, possibly leading to discomfort or disturbance and it may aestheticcally disturb the urban environment .

7 2 Undesirable penetration of light into homes.

6 An unprotected lighting installation is more likely to be vandalised.

3 Badly-planned lighting causes disturbance to motorists.

7 The human eye is attracted to the brightest spots. Do we really want to attract the eye to these parts?

4 Incoherent image of a city because of the badly-designed lighting of an open-air car park and neon signs. 5 An example of heterogeneous lighting of commercial facades resulting in a bad perception of the city.

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h.masterplan 14-21

06-03-2001

08:00

Pagina 14

New concepts

Towards improving the lighted environment Vincent Laganier

The main arguments for improving our lighted environment are put forward and the steps needed to bring about change are outlined

Photos Philips Lighting France

7 2 Undesirable penetration of light into homes.

6 An unprotected lighting installation is more likely to be vandalised.

3 Badly-planned lighting causes disturbance to motorists.

7 The human eye is attracted to the brightest spots. Do we really want to attract the eye to these parts?

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h.masterplan 14-21

06-03-2001

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Pagina 16

E4 Urban a) city centre

E3 Suburban a) activity zone

E2 Rural a) through-road

E4 Urban b) public spaces

E3 Suburban b) residential area

E2 Rural b) village/hamlet

Luminaire with: diffuser

refractor

refractor and decorative disc louvre

rotation-symmetrical opaque cover E4 Urban c) old-town

E3 Suburban c) sports ground

E2 Rural c) park

Four zone ratings are defined, E1 to E4, according to the increasing brightness of the area, and consequently in decreasing order of sensitivity to intrusive light. The main objections to poorly-managed lighting There are four principal objections to poorly designed and managed lighting installations: 1. undesirable penetration of light into homes is irritating and potentially embarrassing to residents(fig 2) 2. they are a hazard to motorists because of potential glare (fig 3) 3. they present an incoherent image of the city (particularly in the case of lighted open-air parking areas, and the neon signs at the entrance points of the city) (fig 4) 4. vandalism is more likely (fig 6).

road lighting reflector

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Environmental zones (CIE Publication 126, 1997) E1: Areas with intrinsically dark landscapes: national parks, areas of outstanding beauty. E2: Areas with Òlow district brightnessÓ: outer urban and rural residential areas (where roads are lit to residential road standards).

8 A proposal for the subclassification of the environmental classes of CIE.

9 Obtaining information on the environmental effects of public lighting in a city by an inventarisation and subsequent mapping of the type of light distributions used (Analysis example of the City of Balma, France).

E3: Areas of Òmiddle district brightnessÓ: urban residential areas (where roads are lit to traffic route standards). E4: Areas of Òhigh district brightnessÓ: urban areas having mixed residential and commercial land use with high night-time activity.

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E4 Urban a) city centre

E3 Suburban a) activity zone

E2 Rural a) through-road

E4 Urban b) public spaces

E3 Suburban b) residential area

E2 Rural b) village/hamlet

Luminaire with: diffuser

refractor

refractor and decorative disc louvre

rotation-symmetrical opaque cover E4 Urban c) old-town

E3 Suburban c) sports ground

E2 Rural c) park

road lighting reflector

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8 A proposal for the subclassification of the environmental classes of CIE.

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h.masterplan 14-21

12 Philips Lighting France

10 Different lighting at different times (Rue de la République in Lyon). 11 What do we remember of a city after entering it for the first time? Examples of railway stations of Strasbourg (top) and Luxembourg (bottom left), and an example of the home page of the Internet site of the city of Bordeaux (bottom right).

12 Integrated public lighting installations emphasising the local environment (Place du Sanitas, Nantes; lighting design: Roger Narboni). 13 The ordinary, day-time view of a youth centre changes completely at night, due to the projection of coloured slides on the facades.

Philips Lighting France

City of Bordeaux

Philips Lighting Luxembourg

The major risk, however, is that poor lighting management can lead to the destruction of what was a well-designed night-time environment. It can also result in the heterogeneous lighting of commercial frontages, so giving a bad perception of the city (fig 5), the individual being attracted to the brightest spot like a moth to a flame (fig 7). This loss of efficiency and loss of effect relates to the public lighting as well as to the private, commercial lighting.

A sensitivity analysis and a dialogue on the quality of the night-time environments in our cities must take place. A further sub-classification based on the CIE environmental classes (fig 8) makes it possible to take into account the interests of residents, workers, town architects and, where relevant, astronomers. This map of a townÕs suburbs (fig 9) shows a pragmatic approach to group outdoor lighting, in relation to the light pollution of the night sky. Each place is indexed according to the photometry of the type of luminaires.

architectural scale is established. It clearly raises the question of socio-cultural, even economic, aspects of the perception of a place by its lighting and the consequences in terms of management. For example, a lighting scheme of the Rue de la RŽpublique in Lyon (fig 10). What level of visual comfort should be provided for the tourist at night? Until what time? To decide on these aspects requires real management, both administrative and technical. Other significant sensitive spaces are the points of entry to the city. First of all the real points of entry such as railway and bus stations and airports. What, for example, will one remember of the railway station in Strasbourg (fig 11 top) or of that in Luxembourg? (fig 11 bottom left) But what about the photographic images of entry points, such as presented on the Internet? What image of the city does one want to show on the welcome page for, say, Bordeaux? (fig 11 bottom right) Urban contrasts are often quite significant as part of the cultural

Proper lighting management Proper lighting management is a question of introducing the concept of mutual respect. A well-thought-out lighting plan must comply with the fundamental objectives of a multiplicity of ÔusersÕ, such as the street-going public, residents in their homes, motorists, workers in business and commercial premises, people organising and attending special events, and so forth.

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Defining sensitive spaces This consideration introduces the concept of defining Ôsensitive spacesÕ in night-time perception. What visual impact does one wish to give to a space during the night? What technical and administrative means are available to arrive at a total control of the night-time environment? In defining a sensitive space the link between the human scale and the

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12 Philips Lighting France

Philips Lighting France

City of Bordeaux

Philips Lighting Luxembourg

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15 14 Two examples of dynamic light for different times and different occasions. Top: Palais des Congrès, Paris; architect: Christian de Portzamparc; lighting design: Michel Pieroni. Bottom: Basilique de Fourvière, Lyon; lighting design: Laurence Bouillon.

15 Demand-dependent lighting based on the amount of traffic (Simulation) 16 Demand-dependent ‘moving’ lighting based on the presence and movement of pedestrians. (Simulation)

Philips Lighting France

inheritance. How will we integrate functional lighting and the urban volume in, say, a district of Nantes? (fig 12) In the suburbs, the question is the same: volume and perception. What sort of night-time image will contrast with the unremarkable day-time impression of this youth centre building? (fig 13) Lastly, the night sky, recognised as a world inheritance by UNESCO, is also a significant space in terms of the perception of stars. What sort of environment do we want to create in the districts for future generations? Dazzling environments, which let half of their light escape into the atmosphere or environments controlled in terms of the perception of the environment and the use of electrical power? Outlook Already, certain buildings are no longer lighted all night long in the same way. Instead, they are illuminated using different lights at different times

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and for different occasions (fig 14). The light should also gradually adapt to our modes of movement in the public space; for example, by the use of interactive levels of lighting according to the amount of traffic (fig 15). It must also be possible to light our way through the city dynamically in response to our presence (fig 16). The light of the luminaire, like a torch, accompanies the pedestrian after dark. Management tools In the short and medium term, new management tools for lighting will certainly be developed. There should be a night charter of quality that defines and protects all significant spaces. This will call for an inventory and a planning of actions, and a more intense dialogue between the various creators and designers of the urban space. A period of curfew as recommended by CIE for

aesthetical, commercial or event lighting may form part of such a charter. At the same time, the lighting should become an integral part of the urban and transport planning. To do this, whilst taking into account the influence between various types of lighting (public, vehicle, commercial, festive, and indoor lighting) is really a challenge. And just as there are town architects having a responsibility for the total architectural environment of a town, so too should there be an expert in lighting who is responsible for the total quality of the lighted environment. Thus, before the quality of our night environment can be effectively controlled, all the various public and private sector authorities and individuals must start working together. Only then will there be a total coherence of the illumination of the city. Let us hope this will be achieved without delay. ■

Author: Vincent Laganier is Architect Lighting Designer from Philips Lighting, LiDAC - Lighting Design and Application Centre - in Miribel, France This article is based on the presentation given at the national French Lighting Congress 2000 in Paris. The photographs have been chosen to illustrate the message and not a particular city, brand of luminaire or lighting design.

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15 Demand-dependent lighting based on the amount of traffic (Simulation) 16 Demand-dependent ‘moving’ lighting based on the presence and movement of pedestrians. (Simulation)

Philips Lighting France

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i.white light 22-23

06-03-2001

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New concepts

Lamp developments in public lighting Erwin Dolmans and Gerrit van der Leest

Requirements of outdoor lighting are now not only concerned with lamp lifetime, reliability and efficiency, but also with aesthetic aspects, such as colour impression, colour rendering, and the vivacity of the light

getter. This has resulted in a lamp failure rate of only 10% during the economic lifetime of four years, based on about 4000 burning hours a year in a public lighting installation.

3 Mastercolour-City new technology for outdoor lighting

he requirements that govern outdoor lighting are becoming increasingly more stringent, and this includes the lamps themselves. Lamps are no longer selected only for their long life, reliability and efficiency, but also for their aesthetic qualities, such as colour impression, colour rendering, and the liveliness of the light. This is, of course, all part of the current trend in public lighting, which includes the further specialisation and professionalisation of the technical road-lighting division, and the increasing importance of City Beautification. Architects are having an increasing influence on many public lighting applications including, in some cases, road lighting.

pressure sodium lamps; SON-T PIA. Significant improvements have been made in all critical aspects of the lamp technology, therefore enhancing the overall performance. For instance, lifetime has increased from three to four years, and the number of early failures has been drastically reduced. Importance of lifetime is clear, but for the eventual consumer a particularly decisive factor is the reliability of the lamps. Early failures damage the perception of a good public service, and can also lead to dangerous situations on the road. It is prudent to avoid individual lamp replacement, as this is labour-intensive and therefore expensive. Moreover, it disturbs the flow of traffic, and causes a nuisance for road users.

Philips recognised these trends and responded by developing a clear twotrack policy. This enabled the company to become the leader in each of the various sub-divisions relating to road lighting, and to set the trends for the future. As far as the technical road lighting division is concerned, these developments have led to the production of a new generation of high-

As a result of technical breakthroughs the reliability of the lamp has been greatly improved. The ignition coil, for instance (needed for a correct ignition of the lamp), is now integrated in the burner (PIA - Philips Integrated Antenna technology). The number of welded joints is drastically reduced, and a different concept has been introduced for the

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SON-T

All these improvements have made this series of lamps an unrivalled leader in applications where extremely high functional requirements are present. This helps to satisfy the ever-higher expectations of an increasing number of professional customers. In various different countries, largescale programmes are being introduced to convert the SOX, TL and HPL lamps, which are still used in many places, to SON. It is not always apparent that a change is necessary, for example, a change from HPL to SON, particularly in city centres and residential areas. In these areas aesthetic requirements are becoming increasingly important. Many more city authorities and architects prefer whiter light in these areas and so, because of its excellent reliability, lifetime, and white light properties of the compact fluorescent lamp series they are used in residential areas and city centres - places where relatively low light levels are permitted. A further penetration of white light requires light sources with higher luminous fluxes. Until recently, there was no good alternative to this, however ceramic metal-halide technology, originally developed for indoor lighting purposes, is gradually winning ground in this field. These CDM lamps have the unique combination of a metal halide gas (providing white light) in a ceramic burner. Prior to the CDM, ceramic burners were only used in high-pressure sodium lamps. Two modifications had to be made before this new lamp could be used for road lighting. Firstly the lamp cap had to be of the screw-in rather than two-pin type to make the CDM suitable for retro-fitting existing luminaires fitted with E27 or E40 lamp holders. Secondly, two bulb sizes would be needed, one for use in existing SON-T luminaires and the other, larger, for use in SON-ovoid optical systems. These adaptation problems were resolved by bringing out two new versions of the Mastercolour lamp, the Mastercolour-City CDMTT and the CDM-ET. The last T stands for Town, the other T for tubular and the E for elliptical. Use of these lamps is growing very rapidly at the moment, in particular in those areas where the golden-yellow colour of SON lamps is no longer desired. The CDM functional properties are still at a lower level than those of the SON families, and it is not likely that the latter will be equalled in the near future. However, this relatively young technology is making great progress. The CDM Mastercolour lamps have a sufficiently long lifetime, 8000 burning hours, to make group replacement only necessary every two years. Colour stability is one of the exceptionally good properties of CDM, and the efficacy lies around 90 lm/W. Expectations are that new generations, to be developed in the coming years, will have a better lifetime and output. ■

Authors: Erwin Dolmans is Marketing Manager and Gerrit van der Leest is Product Manager - Outdoor Lamps Europe - Philips Lighting

3 CDM discharge tube • pleasant white light • good colour rendering • stable colour throughout lifetime

CDM-TT/ET • retrofit with SON gear • easy to install • Mastercolour tubular and ovoid lamps for all luminaires

Colour rendering versus efficacy. 4000

HPL Neutral

3500

HPL Comfort CDM- TT/ET QL/830 PL- L/830

3000

SON-T outer bulb • robust design • easy to install • suitable for standard luminaires

Colour temperature versus colour rendering. Colour temperature (K)

2 Lamp spectra. White light: Mastercolour City (CDM-TT) Golden-white light: Highpressure sodium (SON-T)

CDM-TT

Lamp efficacy (lm/W)

1 The excellent colour rendering provided by the CDM Mastercolour lighting in this London street is much appreciated by residents ….and feared by criminals. Lancaster Road in the London Borough of Kensington & Chelsea

The optimal efficacy of the SON-T PIA Plus lamps allows a project to be successfully completed using lamps of a lower wattage. Due to this decrease in energy consumption costs are also reduced. Improvements made to this lamp mean that it is now more environmentally friendly regarding issues such as the emission of greenhouse gas. Also, in the burner of the SON-T PIA Hg Free, the mercury has been replaced with argon, and a better alternative to lead has been used in all PIA lamps.

SON- T

100 CDM- TT/ET

SON- T Comfort

QL/PL- L

60 HPL Comfort HPL Neutral

2500 20

SON- T Comfort

2000

SON- T

100

Colour rendering (Ra)

100

Minimum ideal value Colour rendering (Ra)

Specifications: CDM-TT v. CDM-ET

Wattage (W) Light output (lm) Lumen maintenance after 4000 h (%) after 8000 h (%) Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Failure rate at 8000 h (%) Colour temperature (K) Colour rendering (Ra)

CDM-TT (tubular) 70 150 6300 13500

CDM-ET (ovoid) 70 150 5900 13000

80 70 90 <10 3000 83

80 70 84 <10 3000 83

80 70 92 <10 3000 85

80 70 87 <10 3000 85

For projects with luminaire/Mastercolour lamp combinations see articles on Turnhout, page 24, and Nantes, page 28.

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

i.white light 22-23

06-03-2001

08:22

Pagina 22

New concepts

Lamp developments in public lighting Erwin Dolmans and Gerrit van der Leest

getter. This has resulted in a lamp failure rate of only 10% during the economic lifetime of four years, based on about 4000 burning hours a year in a public lighting installation.

3 Mastercolour-City new technology for outdoor lighting

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

SON-T

Authors: Erwin Dolmans is Marketing Manager and Gerrit van der Leest is Product Manager - Outdoor Lamps Europe - Philips Lighting

3 CDM discharge tube • pleasant white light • good colour rendering • stable colour throughout lifetime

CDM-TT/ET • retrofit with SON gear • easy to install • Mastercolour tubular and ovoid lamps for all luminaires

Colour rendering versus efficacy. 4000

HPL Neutral

3500

HPL Comfort CDM- TT/ET QL/830 PL- L/830

3000

SON-T outer bulb • robust design • easy to install • suitable for standard luminaires

Colour temperature versus colour rendering. Colour temperature (K)

2 Lamp spectra. White light: Mastercolour City (CDM-TT) Golden-white light: Highpressure sodium (SON-T)

CDM-TT

Lamp efficacy (lm/W)

SON- T

100 CDM- TT/ET

SON- T Comfort

QL/PL- L

60 HPL Comfort HPL Neutral

2500 20

SON- T Comfort

2000

SON- T

100

Colour rendering (Ra)

100

Minimum ideal value Colour rendering (Ra)

Specifications: CDM-TT v. CDM-ET

Wattage (W) Light output (lm) Lumen maintenance after 4000 h (%) after 8000 h (%) Lamp efficacy (lm/W) Failure rate at 8000 h (%) Colour temperature (K) Colour rendering (Ra)

CDM-TT (tubular) 70 150 6300 13500

CDM-ET (ovoid) 70 150 5900 13000

80 70 90 <10 3000 83

80 70 84 <10 3000 83

80 70 92 <10 3000 85

80 70 87 <10 3000 85

For projects with luminaire/Mastercolour lamp combinations see articles on Turnhout, page 24, and Nantes, page 28.

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

j.turnhout 24-27

06-03-2001

08:34

Pagina 24

Philips Lighting Belgium

Turnhout is busy with a number of projects aimed at making its centre a place to be more enjoyed by residents and visitors alike

A town centre re-lighted

1 The Metronomis Bilbao luminaire. 2 In very narrow residential streets (foreground), the very directional light distribution of the Metronomis Bilbao is invaluable in helping to keep light intrusion to a minimum. Note the screening to eliminate back light. The luminaire in the background is the Metronomis Cambridge.

Turnhout, Belgium

Part of the renovation has involved the lighting of the townÕs streets and squares. What was needed was something more in keeping with the new, friendlier image being created

The Lighting Part of the renovation work currently being carried out in a number of the townÕs streets included an update of the lighting. What was needed was a Ônatural white lightÕ to enhance the new, friendlier image being created. The lamp employed thoughout is therefore the CDM-T Mastercolour (Ôceramic metal halideÕ) lamp. Town image Street lighting determines the image we have of a town. During the day the rows of lighting columns help set the pattern of the townÕs public spaces. At night, they determine the way in which the surroundings are lighted, and so help establish a certain atmosphere. Philips Lighting Belgium

elieved to date back to Frankish times, the Belgian municipality of Turnhout near the Dutch border, north-east of Antwerp, was first recorded in the 12th century as a market centre. Although present-day Turnhout is still the commercial centre of an agricultural district, its economy is now largely based on services and manufacturing. For the past six years Turnhout has been busy with a number of projects aimed at making its centre a place to be more enjoyed by residents and visitors alike. A major part of this work has involved the relaying of numerous streets and squares to make them into safer, more pleasant thoroughfares. But throughout, the emphasis has been on preserving, and where necessary enhancing, the image of the town.

But public lighting is much more than simply installing Ôenough lightÕ. Rows of tall, galvanised lighting columns equipped with purely functional luminaires emitting monochromatic, yellowish light add nothing to the character of a town, they merely give a street the appearance of being nothing much more than a traffic route. Carefully-designed luminaires, on the other hand, mounted atop pleasing columns of the correct height, and spreading their light in a suitable way over the road, the pavement, walls and street furniture create an entirely different impression. The street then becomes a place where one can wander, a place that invites discovery, a place from where one can enjoy the surroundings. It comes alive. This is the policy being adopted in the city beautification project currently being carried out in Turnhout. The project is taking place in various phases. The first phase, described here, involved replacing much of the existing street lighting with new, state-of-the-art public lighting. All from one family In order to bring a degree of unity to the town, it was decided that the lighting columns and luminaires had to be all from one family. Not the same column and luminaire for every situation; this would be too much, but simply a controlled degree of variety. In Turnhout, three models from the seven-strong Metronomis family of street-lighting luminaires (see ILR 982) are being employed: the Bordeaux, the Cambridge, and the Bilbao. All three are fitted with CDM-T Mastercolour lamps (Ôceramic metal halideÕ) giving Ônatural whiteÕ light with good colour rendering. 2

ilr 003 roads/projects

j.turnhout 24-27

06-03-2001

08:34

Pagina 24

Philips Lighting Belgium

Turnhout is busy with a number of projects aimed at making its centre a place to be more enjoyed by residents and visitors alike

A town centre re-lighted

Turnhout, Belgium

Part of the renovation has involved the lighting of the townÕs streets and squares. What was needed was something more in keeping with the new, friendlier image being created

ilr 003 roads/projects

08:35

Pagina 26

Philips Lighting Belgium

06-03-2001

Philips Lighting Belgium

j.turnhout 24-27

Philips Lighting Belgium

3 The Metronomis Bordeaux decorative downlighter. 4 Here the Metronomis Bilbao and Cambridge light the perimeter of the church square. 5 The narrower streets are lit by Metronomis Cambridge luminaires. The Church of St Peter at the end of the street is floodlighted using Decoflood units housing CDM-T Mastercolour and HPI-T metal halide lamps.

Metronomis Bordeaux What was needed along the newly laid-out streets leading into the centre was lighting that would adequately illuminate both the road surface and the pavements. The luminaire chosen for this task was the Metronomis Bordeaux. This has a rotationally symmetrical light distribution and is mounted on a short horizontal arm, from where it directs its light vertically downwards. The arm serves to ensure that the light will not be obstructed by any adjacent trees to create unwanted shadows.

is often more desirable and attractive to mount the lighting nearer to the ground. But this can again produce problems of stray light entering bedroom windows, so the light distribution needs to be concentrated outwards and down to where it is really needed. This is just what the Metronomis Bilbao does. It is a pole-top luminaire having a very directional light distribution. Furthermore, the design contains provision for screening off any unwanted back light in particularly sensitive areas.

Metronomis Cambridge The streets in the centre of the town are much narrower, and the role played here by the shop and business facades in establishing the character of the surroundings is greater. Also, many of these narrow streets lead to squares and buildings of special interest, which means that they are often thronged with passers by. The requirement here was for a more decorative, pole-top luminaire that radiates its light principally downwards and not towards any adjacent bedroom windows. The Metronomis Cambridge is such a luminaire. It is provided with a special mirror to ensure that sufficient of its light reaches the road surface, on the side away from the houses.

A city beautification project of this nature would not be complete without the lighting of important local landmarks. In this case these include the 15th-century castle of the dukes of Brabant (now the Palace of Justice), and the Church of St Peter (begun 1484), with a bŽguinage (a secular retreat for nuns) dating from the 14th century. Both have been lighted using Decoflood floodlights. Those for the church shown here house CDM-T and HPI-T, the sources being chosen to bring out the natural colour of the stone employed in its construction. ■

Metronomis Bilbao In squares and very narrow residential streets it

Commissioner: City of Turnhout Lighting design: Bart Mertens, road lighting, and Volmer Rosi, flood lighting, Philips Lighting Belgium Lighting techniques: Electrabel 5

ilr 003 roads/projects

08:35

Pagina 26

Philips Lighting Belgium

06-03-2001

Philips Lighting Belgium

j.turnhout 24-27

Philips Lighting Belgium

Metronomis Bilbao In squares and very narrow residential streets it

Commissioner: City of Turnhout Lighting design: Bart Mertens, road lighting, and Volmer Rosi, flood lighting, Philips Lighting Belgium Lighting techniques: Electrabel 5

ilr 003 roads/projects

k.nantes 28-29

06-03-2001

08:47

Pagina 28

a Philips Lighting France

The French city of Nantes has recently extended its original, fifteen-year-old tram line westwardsÉacross the grass

1 The luminaire used to light the tramway and the adjacent roads is the Bellevue. This houses the new Mastercolour CDM-TT 150 W lamp (13 500 lumen, Ra 83, 3000 K).

Lights on green Nantes tramway extension, France

2, 3 The distinctive Balise lighting column houses the Mastercolour CDM-T 150 W lamp and uses optical lighting film (OLF) technology and a built-in filter to emit greencoloured light along its length. Key: a) Inner polycarbonate tube ø 200 mm. b) Outer tube of stainless steel with light windows. c) Access door to lighting assembly.

4 The Bellevue luminaire was specially designed for this project and its optical system is tailored to suit the CDM-TT 150 W lamp employed. 5 View showing how the tramway crossing points are illuminated by the distinctive Balise lighting columns.

antes, located thirty miles from the Atlantic Ocean, on the Loire River, is the capital of the administrative region of Pays de la Loire, in the West of France. The cityÕs first tramline was completed in 1985. Since then, a second line has been added and a third is due to open in 2005. In the meantime, the original Line One has been extended 5.3 km westwards in the direction of Saint-Herblain.

Philips Lighting France

The newly-installed lighting has been designed to enhance the landscaped character of the new extension

1 5

Philips Lighting France

The Lighting

The new extension is confined to its own tram lane that is not accessible to other traffic. The one-way roads are located on either side of the tramway, and both these and the tramway itself are lighted from the same lighting columns. Additional lighting columns of an entirely different design have been placed adjacent to stations at cross-over points. Both luminaires were specially designed for this project. Not only do they meet the technical requirements, as regards light distribution and enhancement of the environment, they also satisfy the aesthetic demands of the architect and urban planner of the city of Nantes. The luminaire used to light the tramway and the adjacent roads is the Bellevue. These are mounted on graceful, eight-metre-high lighting columns spaced twelve metres apart. However, in this application the originally envisaged SON-T Deco 250 W lamp (13 500 lumen, Ra 23, 2300 K) has been replaced by the new Mastercolour CDM-TT 150 W lamp (13 500 lumen, Ra 83, 3000 K). This has served to reduce the installed lighting load by some 40 per cent, whilst improving the colour rendering and providing a lighting level of some 25 lux with excellent uniformity. The tramway crossing points at either end of each of the twelve stations are illuminated by

distinctive lighting columns named Balise. These house the same Mastercolour CDM-T 150W lamp as the Bellevue, but the Balise uses optical lighting film (OLF) technology and a built-in filter to emit green-coloured light along its length. This light, combined with the unfiltered light reflected downwards from the top of the column, does much to bring a touch of nighttime colour by illuminating the surrounding greenery. But these luminaires also have an important second function: to signal to passengers and pedestrians crossing the tracks that a tram is approaching. The city of Nantes has standardised the use of the Mastercolour CDM lamp not only along the tramway but also in general along the principal road axes. This enhances both the perceived environment and facilitates maintenance. ■

Luminaire and lighting design: Yves Steff and Luc Davy, Architects Steff-Lemoine-Davy, Nantes Luminaire techniques and optics: HervŽ Humez, Philips Lighting, Department of Special Affairs, Miribel, France Project coordination: Bernard Moussaud and Alain Papillon, Philips Lighting France

ilr 003 roads/projects

k.nantes 28-29

06-03-2001

08:47

Pagina 28

a Philips Lighting France

The French city of Nantes has recently extended its original, fifteen-year-old tram line westwardsÉacross the grass

1 The luminaire used to light the tramway and the adjacent roads is the Bellevue. This houses the new Mastercolour CDM-TT 150 W lamp (13 500 lumen, Ra 83, 3000 K).

Lights on green Nantes tramway extension, France

Philips Lighting France

The newly-installed lighting has been designed to enhance the landscaped character of the new extension

1 5

Philips Lighting France

The Lighting

ilr 003 roads/projects

l.spui 30-31

06-03-2001

09:00

Pagina 30

Arjan Karssen

The Spui in The Hague Ð the Ôheart-lineÕ of the city Ð has been refurbished as part of a project to regenerate the city centre, resulting in a neat and efficient street scene

New heart-line The Spui, The Hague, The Netherlands

Creative lighting design, unique luminaires and advanced lamp technology come together to provide a sophisticated road-lighting solution in The HagueÕs city centre 2

ne of the most important thoroughfares in The Hague, the Spui, is undergoing a major refurbishment of its road layout in a project entitled ÔThe Vital City CentreÕ. The street is divided into three parallel sections for traffic: a tramway in the centre, with a road and a cycle lane on each side. To accommodate pedestrians and cafŽ terraces, a broad space was created on the sunnier northern side.

The Lighting In 1997 the Department of Town Planning in the City Council commissioned a landscape design and urban architecture bureau to devise a new lighting vision for the road. The primary consideration was to realise an uncluttered but

functional street scene. The tramlines and lighting were positioned in continuous lines with the trees, and the project was simplified further by the decision to mount the tram wires on the same masts as the lighting, thereby avoiding the generation of a Ôforest of polesÕ. Conical masts were specially constructed for the Spui, strong enough to bear the weight of both the tram cables and the horizontal arms. The installation was simplified further by minimising the equipment on the masts. Only fittings that were considered absolutely necessary were included, for example rings to hold the tram cables. The arm on the mast provides space for luminaires at either end. Light for the road and cycle lanes is provided by a luminaire on the longer end of the arm. The shorter end is fitted with an integrated light element, which illuminates the tramway. There were two main requirements regarding

the lighting: that the lamps should not need replacing frequently, and that the road and cycle track should have a higher level of illumination than the tramway. The QL series of lamps was chosen as they fulfil these criteria. Firstly, they have a life span of around 15 years at 4000 burning hours per year and secondly, lamps of 55 W and 85 W have been employed above the tramway and the roads respectively. QL lamps provide a white light, (colour 827), which complements the urban surroundings. As there are no standard luminaires for this type of lamp, a vacuum luminaire was developed in conjunction with Philips Denmark. This unit is completely sealed, as it does not require opening for many years. The modernisation of the lighting of the Spui has been split into three phases. The first two were completed in January and November 2000. The third has yet to begin. ■

1 Lighting concept: Bureau Alle Hosper, project leader Arjan Karssen, industrial designer BNO, Haarlem, and designers Ramon Jansen and Jaqueline Moors, Tilburg Luminaire development: Bureau Alle Hosper together with Philips Lighting, The Netherlands and Denmark Mast manufacture: PMF Machinefabriek Bergum bv Construction calculation: Holland Rail Consult

1, 4 The long horizontal arm on the mast carries luminaires at either end to light the road (long out-reach, QL 85 W) and the tramway, (QL 55 W). 2 The Spui seen during daylight.

3 Trees and lighting masts are arranged in line with each other to create order and continuity in the street.

ilr 003

l.spui 30-31

06-03-2001

09:00

Pagina 30

Arjan Karssen

The Spui in The Hague Ð the Ôheart-lineÕ of the city Ð has been refurbished as part of a project to regenerate the city centre, resulting in a neat and efficient street scene

New heart-line The Spui, The Hague, The Netherlands

Creative lighting design, unique luminaires and advanced lamp technology come together to provide a sophisticated road-lighting solution in The HagueÕs city centre 2

1, 4 The long horizontal arm on the mast carries luminaires at either end to light the road (long out-reach, QL 85 W) and the tramway, (QL 55 W). 2 The Spui seen during daylight.

3 Trees and lighting masts are arranged in line with each other to create order and continuity in the street.

ilr 003

m.dynamic roadlighting 32-35

06-03-2001

09:10

Pagina 32

New concepts

Dynamic roads to the future Luc van der Poel

A recent research study backed up by a pilot project indicates that new developments in dynamic traffic-guidance-lighting systems may help to improve traffic management

1 Road guidance. Guidance light points: a) left and right b) right c) centre d) as seen through the car windscreen 2 Flexible lane marking. a) normal situation b) three narrow lanes c) hard shoulder as third lane

he invention that changed the face of the 20th century was without doubt the automobile. With the start of the new millennium, the world numbers 700 million cars, 200 million of which are in the USA and 250 million in Europe. Its invention has dramatically changed our way of life. But what was once the symbol of freedom, mobility and prosperity, now seems to have become synonymous with traffic hazards, congestion (traffic jams), exhaustion of our natural resources, air pollution, and the warming up of our atmosphere. Nevertheless, despite the increase in traffic density, road safety still continues to increase. First because of the car itself, which has undergone enormous technological improvements such as ABS, airbags and so forth. And second, because of the extensive measures that are constantly being undertaken by the authorities in the area of traffic management and road infrastructure. In this field, lighting systems have long played an important role with respect to providing good seeing comfort, guidance and signalling to road users. Road lighting for visibility, comfort and guidance The increasing traffic density and the pressure to ensure traffic safety are important reasons to design and maintain good road lighting systems. These provide motorists with good night-time visual conditions so that they can both see and be seen. Road lighting also provides long distance visual guidance to road users, which is especially important when driving at high speed and under difficult conditions on unfamiliar roads. On an unlighted road at night, visual guidance is restricted to the area within the reach of the vehicleÕs headlights. Lighting panels for traffic information To keep all the vehicles on the move, more 1d

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

information has to be communicated directly to the drivers. There are already devices in use that provide drivers with information, such as how fast to drive and which route to take. Much of this information is given by visual means, and here lighting display signals also play a very important role. We are also seeing an immense growth of traffic information display systems in which fibre optics and LED technology are used to communicate messages to the road users. More efficiency in traffic management and road infrastructure The need for the efficient use of traffic management and a more dynamic use of the road infrastructure is more pressing than ever before. This is partly due to the continuously growing number of vehicles on the road, but also because authorities do not intend to increase the number of square metres of road surface indefinitely. And not every road can be lighted, either because of financial restrictions or for environmental reasons. A more efficient, reliable and safe traffic flow will provide a major contribution to reducing the level of traffic congestion and increase mobility. The question raised by both authorities and lighting professionals alike is how can lighting contribute much more effectively to this. It is against this background that Philips Lighting has initiated a major research study into the future of traffic lighting systems providing dedicated traffic guidance and information for road users. Traffic lighting scenarios Philips Lighting initiated the study by interviewing leading experts in outdoor lighting design. A number of traffic lighting scenarios have been explored in which new developments in traffic lighting systems might have an essential new role to play. These scenarios are briefly examined here.

Road guidance A number of dedicated road traffic guidance systems are currently being tested. One installation comprising small light points accentuating the road layout may provide a promising solution. The light points can be placed either on the safety barrier or in the road surface beyond the reach of the car headlights to show the motorist the run of the road far ahead. Either configuration will allow the motorist to reduce speed in time to take the bends safely. It is even possible to install a hybrid installation (guidance and road lighting combined) that will permit flexible switching between systems during or after rush hours or when weather conditions change.

Roundabout guidance More and more roundabouts are being constructed throughout the world to replace crossroads, especially in rural areas, in order to increase safety. The traffic flow at these roundabouts can be increased by providing good visual guidance, and this is where good lighting, either static or dynamic, can play an important role. Flexible lane marking Ways are being explored of how to increase the vehicle capacity of our road network. This does not involve building more roads, but simply relies on increasing or decreasing the number of lanes available on existing roads at specified times. For example, during periods of heavy, slow traffic, the number of lanes is increased. Similarly, where there is less traffic travelling at higher speeds, the number of lanes is reduced. The aim at all times, of course, is to ensure the safety of the road users. The number of lanes can be increased in two ways. The first involves reducing the width of the existing traffic lanes, while the second approach is to make use of the hard shoulder or breakdown lane (see below the pilot project: Flexible lane marking on A15 motorway). 2c ilr 003 roads/new concepts

m.dynamic roadlighting 32-35

06-03-2001

09:10

Pagina 32

New concepts

Dynamic roads to the future Luc van der Poel

A recent research study backed up by a pilot project indicates that new developments in dynamic traffic-guidance-lighting systems may help to improve traffic management

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

m.dynamic roadlighting 32-35

06-03-2001

09:11

Pagina 34

3 Lane marking for public transport. a) normal situation b) temporary marking for bus lane 4 Tram/bus arrival signalling. Special lights built into the road surface signal the approach of a public service vehicle. 5 Pedestrian crossing signalling. A presence-detection system activates the lighting.

Free or flexible lane marking for public transport (bus-tram-taxi) Light can be employed to speed up the flow of public transport in congested city centres. A permanent or dynamic set of lights can be used to indicate a special public transport lane, which is Ôout of boundsÕ to other road users. Tram/bus arrival signalling In many pedestrian streets, potentially dangerous traffic situations can arise at the unexpected arrival of a tram or bus. One solution would be to employ special signalling lights built into the road surface along the tram or bus route. These could be switched on automatically when a public service vehicle is approaching. Pedestrian crossing signalling Pedestrian crossings need to be well lighted if accidents are to be avoided. One solution would be to draw the attention of oncoming motorists to the crossing when it is actually in use. This could easily be achieved by installing a presence-detection system to activate the lighting.

Author: Luc van der Poel is manager of the Traffic Lighting Systems group, Philips Lighting The Netherlands

Dynamic roads to the future - pilot projects Flexible lane marking on A15 motorway The concept involves a dynamic arrangement of traffic lanes on a section of the busy A15 motorway in The Netherlands, increasing the number of lanes during periods of heavy (low speed) traffic and reducing the number of lanes when the (high speed) traffic is lighter. The lane marking is achieved by employing rows of bright, closely spaced fibre optics light points instead of the normal painted lines. These appear to the motorist as a bright, continuous white line. The problem of how to ensure that the light points remain clearly visible during the day, when bright sunlight is reflected from the road surface, has been solved by directing the light beams straight into the eyes of the road user. When the light generators feeding the fibres are switched off, the terminations themselves make no colour contrast with the road surface, so they are no longer visible. The complete system is dimmable to create a suitable degree of contrast in both day and night-time situations. The pilot project, which covered a 1100m long one-way stretch of the A15 motorway, was installed in June 1999. It was designed to test functional, behaviour-related issues during a period of six months. Along the test section, the normal lane marking between the right hand lane and the emergency lane was replaced by a row of light points embedded in the road surface. In addition, an extra row of light points was installed to mark the right hand side of the emergency lane immediately adjacent to the crash barrier. The lights embedded in the road surface use various switching modes. This enables the number and status of the lanes to be altered according to the traffic density. At peak times an additional lane is created by bringing the emergency lane into use. This is realised by switching the lights at the right hand side of the carriageway to a different mode, so that they are only partially lit. This forms a broken line as opposed to the continuous line used at off-peak times. Furthermore at peak times, the row of lights adjacent to the crash barrier are fully switched on, to indicate the extreme right hand side of the road.

the road capacity. - Road users experienced no problems with the new situation. The system is immediately recognised as a replacement for the conventional painted lines. - Due to the high light output, better visibility conditions can be realised in both day and night-time situations. The light lines are more easily visible than the conventional painted lines, especially during rain, fog and low-lying sun.

The installation comprises small fibre-optics light points accentuating the road layout. These are placed in a plastic belt along the crash barrier to show the motorist the run of the road a long distance ahead. A red colour is chosen for the fibre points, which are seen as active reflectors. Normally reflectors used in this kind of situation are red on the right hand side of the road and white on the left hand side. ■

The pilot project was pronounced highly successful by all those who participated in it, and the expectation is that it will prove promising when planning the future steps to be taken in traffic management. An increase in road capacity of between 30 and 50 per cent is expected to be possible by dynamically switching to three lanes at moments of extremely high traffic density. Principal: Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works (RWS) Region Zuid Holland Lighting design and realisation: Philips Traffic Lighting Systems in close cooperation with Heijmans Infrastructuur en Milieu, Rosmalen

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

6, 7 Flexible lane marking on the A15 motorway in The Netherlands. 8 Road traffic guidance system on Terbregseplein, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. Small fibreoptics light points (red) along the crash barrier accentuate the road layout.

Road guidance test on Terbregseplein A road-traffic guidance system is currently successfully being tested on Terbregseplein, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. The aim is to reduce the number of accidents that frequently occur here due to high driving speeds.

After a test period of six months, the project was closed and the different groups involved with the study came up with their findings. These can be summarised as follows: - Traffic jams were reduced to almost 60%, so considerably increasing 6

Principal: Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works (RWS) Region Zuid Holland Lighting design and realisation: Philips Traffic Lighting Systems in close cooperation with CityTech, The Haque

8 ilr 003 roads/new concepts

m.dynamic roadlighting 32-35

06-03-2001

09:11

Pagina 34

Author: Luc van der Poel is manager of the Traffic Lighting Systems group, Philips Lighting The Netherlands

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

Principal: Dutch Ministry of Transport and Public Works (RWS) Region Zuid Holland Lighting design and realisation: Philips Traffic Lighting Systems in close cooperation with CityTech, The Haque

8 ilr 003 roads/new concepts

n.telemanagement 36-39

06-03-2001

09:22

Pagina 36

New concepts

Telemanagement in public lighting Philippe Gandon Leger and Cor Verbakel

New technologies in the area of electronics and telecommunication create surprising new possibilities for the management of public lighting. With telemanagement it is possible, even using the existing installed base of luminaires and lamps, to enforce breakthroughs in the service level to the public, rationalisation of maintenance, energy consumption, cost of ownership, and environmental care.

ith telemanagement it is becoming possible to switch any light point anywhere in the city or in the area on and off from a central PC, execute an individual dimming profile, instantly receive failure messages, and to automatically update a database of all light points in the installed base.

¥ ¥

General architecture and principle of operation The system (fig 1) consists of, apart from a PC, a segment controller per area to be monitored, and a luminaire controller per light point. The main structure of a telemanagement system is defined by the installations to be managed, and their geographical positions (fig 2). The architecture must therefore enable the identification of the various zones or installations concerned. A communication network, superimposed on the physical supply network, takes care of the transmission of information. The main tele-management architecture will then consist of: ¥ Luminaire controllers, built into the individual luminaires or into the

bases of the individual poles (the Luminaire controllers of a group of luminaires can be replaced by a single Ôgroup controllerÕ, no information per individual luminaire is then available) Segment controllers (fig 3), (per geographical zone) built into a switch cabinet Communication protocol, to allow for communication between the different elements (Ôtalking to each otherÕ) Software to automatically control the lighting also based on the input from different systems (traffic flow measurement, road weather measurement, time etc.), and to provide management information (The program can always be manually overruled, e.g. in case of accidents or festivities) A PC, to carry out the configuration, gather management information, and perform management activities.

The Luminaire controllers communicate with a dedicated Segment controller.

2 System architecture superimposed on different geographical areas of a public lighting network. Applications

Communication

System input

ilr 003 roads/new concepts

3 System architecture of a section covered by a single segment controller. 4,5 Examples of PC screens of a telemanagement system used to control and maintain the public lighting in a district of a city. 4: Three different sections using three segment controllers with corresponding luminaire controllers. 5: One section with luminaire controllers superimposed on a map of the city with two pop-up screens, one for setting dimming levels and one to provide an alarm in the event of malfunctioning.

The Segment controller can be linked to the PC in various ways: by standard or mobile telephone line, by power line transmission, by fibre optic connection, by radio frequency, or by a combination of these. All luminaire controllers and segment controllers can be addressed individually.

Of course the installation of this add-on equipment can be carried out stepwise, according to the available budgets. Next to equipping existing luminaires, also new luminaires with conventional gear can be connected. This is all possible using a new Philips 3P communication protocol. At a later stage this technology will be extended to electronic gear as well.

The Luminaire controller integrates a certain number of functions - it stores the intrinsic parameters of lamp, gear, luminaire combination (state of the lamp, dimming percentages, etc) - it carries out the commands received, such as switch on, switch off, and dim to a certain value - it reports events such as the state of the lamps (lit, extinguished, dimmed, degraded, etc.) and, of course, deficiencies of the equipment (e.g. lamp, electrical connections, mains supply) - it can, in certain cases, integrate additional functions such as lightoutput stabilisation, timing, settings.

The second case concerns more advanced installations where the lighting parameters are governed by external parameters such as traffic density or weather condition information. Another example is the execution of dynamic illumination programs (see Service and management benefits). Here more sophisticated communication and control equipment is required. This is done using the internationally accepted LonTalk communication protocol. At first instance this will be available in combination with electronic gear, using 1-10 V control for the dimming function. At a later stage the gear interface will be DALI (Digital Addressable Light Interface). This system will be suited for use with SON, PL and CDM lamps. CDM lamps, however, are currently not dimmable due to life time and colour stability uncertainties.

The Segment controller manages the Luminaire controllers that are allocated to it - it transmits commands - it identifies local abnormal operations - it controls the maintenance of the communication in terms of continuity or quality - it can integrate more global functions such as pre-set lighting schemes or scenarios - it has a limited control function for calamity situations.

1 System architecture of a telemanagement system. Configurations & management

Two approaches for implementation From an application point of view we can distinguish two different cases. In the first place the case of a relatively straightforward, basic public lighting installed base, which can be equipped with telemanagement. Here the functionality is on/off and dimming, and failure reporting such as lamp failure, gear failure, mains failure or communication failure. In this case the segment controllers can be mounted in the switch cabinets, and luminaire controllers preferably in the pole. The existing gear remains to be used, only the connections to the existing gear need to be made. Since communication to the luminaire controllers goes through the mains cables, the streets do not need to be opened and no additional wiring is needed, apart from e.g. a telephone connection to a switch cabinet. In most cases a telephone cable is available already.

Service and management benefits A recent investigation has shown that end users wish, primarily, for a better service to the public. The failure reporting function in the telemanagement system allows for a daily or even more frequent analysis of the kind and location of failures(figs 4, 5). This makes it possible to judge urgency of failures, necessitating either immediate intervention, or allowing to wait and organising a combined intervention at lower cost. Traditional expensive and time consuming methods of scouting and visits are thus not longer required. Subsequently, with help of a database, the frequencies and origins of certain types of failures can be analysed and well targeted preventive measures can be taken. Also, based on such data, the time interval between group lamp replacements can be optimised and the actual life performance of various types of lamps can be determined. It is interesting that telemanagement can also be used for City Beautification illumination projects, where on/off- and dimming programmes can be used to create a variety of illumination scenarios which can be applied at various occasions or at different times of the night. Energy saving possibilities Since the energy crises of the 70s, energy consumption has been a major

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n.telemanagement 36-39

06-03-2001

09:22

Pagina 36

New concepts

Telemanagement in public lighting Philippe Gandon Leger and Cor Verbakel

¥ ¥

The Luminaire controllers communicate with a dedicated Segment controller.

2 System architecture superimposed on different geographical areas of a public lighting network. Applications

Communication

System input

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1 System architecture of a telemanagement system. Configurations & management

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n.telemanagement 36-39

06-03-2001

09:23

Pagina 38

Telemanagement – A study in progress Interview with Pentti Hautala

Mr Hautala is head of the Outdoor Lighting Division of Sito-Group, Finnish Consulting Engineers Ltd and Director of Division 4 of the International Lighting Commission (CIE) ‘Lighting and signalling for transport’. He has 24 years service with the Finnish National Road Administration as a highway/road engineer with specialisation in lighting.

issue. Several rationalisation drives have already taken place, by application of better optics, more efficient lamp types and through new individual dimming options like the Philips dimming switch and Chronosense. Telemanagement offers the opportunity to further rationalise on energy consumption, without any negative effects on service to the public, safety or comfort.

Lumen in %

Lighting level requirements often depend on external parameters such as traffic volume, ambient brightness and weather conditions. Some of these factors can vary at different periods of the night or through the seasons. As a consequence, maintaining the same lighting level throughout the night is not the optimum lighting solution. The road users do not need same level of light when there is virtually no traffic. The same applies for the tourist and resident: late at night the aesthetic lighting of buildings and monuments in a city is not needed or even wanted. Demand-dependent controlling of lighting and lighting level is easily done

100 90

150 W

80 70

˙ virtual ¨ 127 W lamp 60 50

Hours

Lumen in %

100

Nominal 90 lighting level 80

C.L.O.U. 70 60 50

Hours

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with telemanagement thus avoiding a waste of energy. (figs 6 - 8) Lamps are available in a limited range of wattages. It would be a sheer coincidence if on a certain mast position a lumen package would be required, which corresponds exactly with that of, say, a 100 W SON-T lamp. If a higher wattage is required, the lighting designer will be obliged to choose for the next higher wattage available, which of course leads to unavoidable ÒoverlightingÓ. It is estimated that in this way an average 15 % excess power is applied. With telemanagement this overlighting effect can be corrected by individually adjusting a 150 W lamp to a virtual 127 W lamp (fig 9). And there is yet another interesting way to save energy. In planning a new lighting installation a maintenance factor is taken into account, which accounts for the reduction of the flux of the lamp during its life. Therefore, depending on the lamp type, a new installation or an existing installation right after relamping may produce up to 20 % excess of light. This is another source of overlighting. With telemanagment it is possible, based upon the actualised database to correct for this gradual reduction of light flux during the lamp life. This is called the CLOU function (Constant Light Output) and may save up to 10 % of the total energy consumption, again without any negative effect on the service, safety or comfort for the public (fig 10). Next to the evident economical advantages, these options mentioned above will also contribute to the reduction of light pollution, consumption of scarce fossil fuels, and reduce emission of greenhouse gases. Economical considerations The pay-back period of the initial investment in telemanagement will have to be analysed case by case. It depends of a large number of factors, for example the lamp power used in the installed base, the required dimming period, the required reduction in light flux, the price per kilowatt hour during the night, the potential reduction of early lamp failures as a consequence of voltage peaks, the feasible cost reduction in lamp replacement schemes and the effective prolongation of the group replace period. Furthermore, the pay-back period strongly depends on the current practices in managing the installed base. As an example, the nightly scouting can be made superfluous, and the power consumption can be monitored on individual light point basis. Abnormal power consumption as a consequence of defects or abuse, can be detected on distance. Maintenance works can be checked. Alongside all these economical

What is your current connection with tele-management? We are doing an extensive test on a 3-km stretch of a single-carriageway highway, 80 km north-west of Helsinki. In the summer of 2000 we installed a new lighting installation utilising the existing columns. A tele-management system allows us to switch to any one of 10 lighting levels, for example depending on traffic volume. The system is connected with a road-weather measurement system, a traffic-monitoring system and a system that monitors the actual luminance of the road surface. This allows the lighting level of each step to be automatically kept constant, whatever the prevailing conditions happen to be.

considerations, it is to be expected that the quality and ecological aspects as mentioned before will also play an important role in the introduction of telemanagement in our public lighting. Telemanagement technologies offer the biggest opportunity to become more efficient and cost effective in the maintenance of street lighting stock. It certainly will bring substantial improvements in the way we operate today. ■ Authors: Philippe Gandon Leger, Application manager Controls and Cor Verbakel, Project leader Lighting Controls, working both in the outdoor segment of Philips Lighting.

What is the purpose of this study? We are trying to develop an optimal control model of road lighting based on predicted short-term socio-economic impacts.This will, in response to changing operating conditions, take into account the balance between the various costs associated with road traffic: accident costs, environmental costs, vehicle costs (fuel), time costs and road lighting costs. We are convinced that tele-management systems will provide the muchneeded flexibility in road lighting. How is flexibility important? Well, as mentioned already, because the lighting level is dependent on traffic volume. But also for providing extra lighting when and where school children cross the road in wintertime during dark hours. And then there is the ability to automatically correct the road lighting to allow for darker road surfaces immediately after resurfacing. Also, being able to automatically increase the light output in order to correct for dirt accumulation on lamps and luminaires and for lamp-lumen depreciation, will bring big savings on energy costs because higher initial levels are simply no longer needed. From an administrative point of view, what do you think is the most important benefit to be obtained from tele-management systems? Undoubtedly, the remote monitoring of the state of an installation for maintenance purposes. Maintenance costs will decrease considerably, simply because expensive scouting of installations is no longer needed. Where do you think that tele-management will bring us? First of all, looking to the total costs connected with road traffic, it will bring considerable savings. Ultimately, it will allow authorities to put the complete responsibility for good and efficient road-lighting firmly in the hands of one single body. Such a complete service will then include planning, installation and the complete maintenance of the road lighting project, as well as the supply of electricity.

6-8 Illustration of demanddependent lighting control with a telemanagent system. 6 High traffic volume with full lighting, 7 Low traffic volume on right hand side carriageway with dimmed lighting, 8 Lamp failure can be indicated on screen.

9 Correction of overlighting with telemanagement by virtually adjusting the lamp power actually required.

10 Correction of overlighting by applying the Constant Light Output function (CLOU) with telemanagement.

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06-03-2001

09:23

Pagina 38

Telemanagement – A study in progress Interview with Pentti Hautala

Lumen in %

100 90

150 W

80 70

˙ virtual ¨ 127 W lamp 60 50

Hours

Lumen in %

100

Nominal 90 lighting level 80

C.L.O.U. 70 60 50

Hours

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9 Correction of overlighting with telemanagement by virtually adjusting the lamp power actually required.

10 Correction of overlighting by applying the Constant Light Output function (CLOU) with telemanagement.

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o.iridium 40-43

06-03-2001

09:42

Pagina 40

Design

Iridium - designed to last 3

Juergen Leffers, Jo‘l ThomŽ, Taeke Halma and Dido van Klinken

An innovative road-lighting luminaire that combines a pleasing appearance with excellent performance and maintenance-friendly operation

1, 2 Iridium’s aerodynamic profile reduces the wind load and accentuates the ‘dynamic’ impact of the product design.

3, 4 Iridium offers a choice of three different transparent covers: flat glass bowl with sharp cut-off giving no light pollution and acceptable guidance; shallow glass bowl with soft cut-off giving a

balance between visual guidance and minimum light pollution; and a vandal-resistant polycarbonate bowl giving the best spacings and best visual guidance.

2 4

he world has changed a lot in recent years. This is particularly noticeable on the road. Compare motoring today with the situation twenty years ago: not only are there far more cars, they are also travelling much faster. Product manager Juergen Leffers: ÔThis is having a big impact on road lighting and luminaire design. It was clear to Philips that the existing road-lighting concepts did not fully meet the demands of the future, and that the next generation of roadlighting luminaires would have to meet ever-more-stringent performance requirements. For example, luminaires will have to be even more environmentally friendly, and this includes lower energy requirements, increased efficiency, easy and flexible installation, minimal maintenance, the avoidance of light pollution, and the need to be easily recyclable. There must also be a higher level of design perception for the total light point, both by day (visual appearance of luminaire, pole and bracket) and by night (light colour). And last but not least, the technical layout of the product must lend itself to the needs of traffic management, which means the ability to monitor the status of both the lamp and the luminaire.Õ With a view to arriving at an overall luminaire concept that would represent a balance of all these lighting aspects, a special development team from Philips initiated an intensive market research programme. Juergen: ÔKey players in European public lighting were interviewed, including municipalities, local authorities, power companies, governmental road authorities, installers and others. As a first step, trends and needs were identified. Then, during a second round of interviews, a new design concept was introduced. Lastly, in a final round, a working prototype was presented as an ultimate ÒtestÓ.Õ Iridium Ð a balanced approach to design And so, based on the outcome of this study and a thorough evaluation of the prototype, the design of the new Iridium road-lighting luminaire was finalised. The result is a wellbalanced design that fully addresses the various needs of all 1 those involved in road lighting. In the words of designers

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Dido van Klinken and Taeke Halma of Philips Design:ÔThis meant paying as much attention to the interior of the luminaire as to its overall aesthetic appearance. The ÔÔsmart and ergonomicÕÕ interior therefore embraces a number of optical, electrical, and mechanical design features aimed at making the unit versatile in application, easy to install, reliable in operation, simple to maintain, and friendly to all aspects of the environment. At the same time, the aerodynamic product profile reduces the wind load and accentuates the ÔÔdynamicÕÕ impact of the product design.Õ A complete product range Iridium is in fact a family of modular road-lighting luminaires, and comes in three sizes according to the needs of the application. For high mounting heights on major roads, motorways, cross-roads and roundabouts there is the SGS 254. This is the largest version of the luminaire, which can house the SON-T 400 W. Quite a few new installations employ this model, which makes possible very economical pole spacings. Then, for use on both major and minor roads, there is the medium-sized SGS 253 version. This can take lamps up to SON-T 150 W, and satisfies the need for a good optical performance on new and existing installations, especially where white light is becoming important. Finally, for lower mounting heights in residential areas and for minor roads, there is the small SGS252 version for lamps up to SON-T 70 W. A timeless product design What the designers were looking for was a product with an innovative appearance that would still fit a rather traditional market. Dido: ÔAfter all, the product would have a very long life cycle, and we wanted to avoid creating a fashionable product that would be judged obsolete within five years. What we were striving for was a timeless design. ÔPrevious road-lighting luminaires had a very boxy and technical appearance. What you now see is a pure monoshape, which is in line with the design of other Philips road-lighting luminaires such as Malaga and Residium.Õ The Iridium range combines three volumes with one coherent identity. The product range is identified by an elegantly-shaped design, with a clean handling of the detailing. The perception of the product volume ensures that the luminaire is in proportion to the pole height. Dido: ÔThe character of the product is such that you can employ it anywhere: it is neither

shocking in a classical environment, nor boringly traditional against a more modern architectural background. Furthermore, you now have visual consistency through a range of applications from residential street to ring-road to motorway.Õ Optical features The optical system offers a choice of two reflectors, three transparent covers, and two louvres. The highly successful T-POT reflector is for use with SON-T and meets the wet-road conditions, which is essential in Scandinavian countries, while the new CT-POT reflector has been developed in response to the rising demand for white light with CDM Mastercolour. Juergen: ÔThese reflectors can be mounted in seven different positions relative to the lamp so that the light is directed to precisely where it is needed on the road. And these settings cannot be disturbed by accident while carrying out maintenance.Õ The first of the three different transparent covers is a vandal-resistant polycarbonate bowl. This gives the best spacings and best visual guidance. Alternatively, there is a shallow glass bowl that offers a balance between visual guidance and minimum light pollution, and a flat glass which gives a sharp cut-off to avoid light pollution and glare. The simple-to-install front and back louvres help to eliminate spill light when a pole is placed in front of houses.

Maintenance Project manager Jo‘l ThomŽ: ÔMaintenance is always from above to ensure an ergonomically sound posture for the engineer. Furthermore, all operations can be performed without the use of tools.Õ There are two basic construction concepts, open optics (opti-O) and closed optics (opti-C). In the former, the reflector is attached to the canopy, so that when the luminaire is opened by swinging the canopy upwards, the lamp is revealed. With the closed optical system, on the other hand, the reflector forms one unit with the bowl in a sealed compartment. While the former facilitates maintenance through its ease of accessibility, the latter minimises maintenance due to its double IP 66 protection (optics and luminaire). Jo‘l: ÔThe double IP 66 protected opti-C construction offers maximum assurance that no dust and water will penetrate and reduce the light transmission of the bowl throughout its life. In combination with a glass bowl, this is even better: glass does not attract dust and does not yellow. This gives a highly efficient luminaire throughout its life.Õ A high protection IP66 has been chosen for the whole luminaire including gear tray in order to make the luminaire Ôfuture-proof.Õ In the years ahead, electrical components will become increasingly more important in connection with the need for telemanagement. But such components are very sensitive to humidity, and good protection is essential.

5 5 The reflector can be mounted in different positions relative to the lamp so that the light is directed to precisely where it is needed on the road, regardless

of where the pole is positioned. And a simple-to-install louvre keeps the light out of adjacent windows.

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06-03-2001

09:42

Pagina 40

Design

Iridium - designed to last 3

Juergen Leffers, Jo‘l ThomŽ, Taeke Halma and Dido van Klinken

An innovative road-lighting luminaire that combines a pleasing appearance with excellent performance and maintenance-friendly operation

1, 2 Iridium’s aerodynamic profile reduces the wind load and accentuates the ‘dynamic’ impact of the product design.

3, 4 Iridium offers a choice of three different transparent covers: flat glass bowl with sharp cut-off giving no light pollution and acceptable guidance; shallow glass bowl with soft cut-off giving a

balance between visual guidance and minimum light pollution; and a vandal-resistant polycarbonate bowl giving the best spacings and best visual guidance.

2 4

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5 5 The reflector can be mounted in different positions relative to the lamp so that the light is directed to precisely where it is needed on the road, regardless

of where the pole is positioned. And a simple-to-install louvre keeps the light out of adjacent windows.

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06-03-2001

09:44

Pagina 42

6 Maintenance is always from above.

Integrated front clip for easy, top-opening canopy

7 Integrated spigot for easy installation on the pole. 8,9 Lamp exchange, gear-tray exchange and bowl exchange for opti-O and opti-C, respectively. 10 The well-organized interior of Iridium, with the many possibilities offered.

Philips Optical Technology (POT), giving choice of: T-POT: Opti-O (open) CT-POT: Opti-O and Opti-C (closed).

Lamp choice: SON-E/T 50-150 W HPL 50-125 W CDM-TT 70-150 W PL-T 32- 42 W QL 55- 85 W

Clip for tool-less bowl exchange

Blue handle: for easy lamp positioning or replacement Clasp for easy gear access 7 8

8 The multi-disciplinary Iridium development team who developed the product and brought it to the market consisted, amongst others, of: Project management: J ThomŽ - Product management: J Leffers - Development: G J de Vries, C Goindet, D Svongchan, F Perrin, S Bassi, T Beaufour, P Falcoz Production: C Giraud, F Conchin - Optics: D Fournier - Laboratory: P Vinau - Design: T Halma, D v Klinken LiDAC: G. Giesbers - Purchasing: P Collange

Installation Installation is very straightforward. The mounting spigot is integrated in the luminaire, so no extra ordering or installation is needed. This so-called flexi-fit system offers the most efficient means of post-top or side-entry mounting, a built-in two-position cap serving to hide the unused entry position. Jo‘l: ÔThere is no product on the market that is so easy to install as Iridium.Õ Environmental considerations Iridium makes a significant contribution on a number of important environmental issues. Energy saving In situations where traffic is light, dimming of lamps will help to save energy. Either of two systems (an additional dim-ballast controlled by a pilot cable, or a Chronosense stand-alone system) dim the lighting level down to around 50 per cent to provide an energy saving of up to around 40 per cent. Uniformity is maintained, which is important for identifying obstacles on the road, while the good optical system that permits large spacings makes possible an enormous reduction in the installed watts per km.

bowls provide the answer by keeping the upward emission of light to the absolute minimum. Recycling All parts of Iridium can be disassembled and recycled at the end of life. An internationally-accepted coding system indicates the type of material used for the various injection moulded plastic parts. Protection Iridium has an additional protection on its glass-fibrereinforced-polyester canopy. Such canopies sometimes encounter the problem that glass fibres become exposed when the elements have acted upon the material and degraded the surface. IMC is a reactive fluid that when applied to a surface, bonds to it and provides a paint-like acrylic coating. This protects the canopy over a period of 15 years. The future Road lighting will continue to play an important role in helping to maintain road safety and driving comfort. And it is with products such as Iridium customer needs will be satisfied for years to come. Indeed, the success of the Iridium concept was assured even at the European launch campaign, during which many customers indicated that they will use Iridium as the standard for public lighting in their city. ■

Iridium – Lighting the road ahead Feeder road to A4 Highway in Weimar, Germany (left) The original luminaires installed in 1991 have been replaced by Iridium SGS 253 units. These incorporate the T-POT reflector Opti-O in combination with the SON/T PIA 150 W lamp. Mounting height is 8 m, outreach 1.5 m, and pole spacing 35 m. This has resulted in a 20 per cent increase in luminance level, better uniformity, and a reduced amount of glare. Also much appreciated by the client is the easier maintenance and the increased maintenance period of four years. Approach road A5 to Towcester, UK (right) This section of the Watling Street (an old roman road) was previously lighted by SOX. This installation has been upgraded using Iridium SGS 253 glass-bowl luminaires - incorporating the T-POT reflector Opti-O fitted with SON-T PLUS 150 W lamps - in a staggered installation to bring it up to the British Standard 5489 part 2 cat 2. Maintained average luminance level is 1.06 cd/m2. Mounting height is 10 m, with 5 degrees of tilt and zero overhang. Spacing is 40 m. The fact that the Iridum has a quick release on the lamp and that the complete lantern is protected to IP66 will enable any maintenance to be carried out very quickly. If light pollution could cause a problem, the louvres that are available for the fitting will be quickly installed to overcome this.

Light pollution Light should fall where it is needed, viz. on the road, and light nuisance must be at a minimum. IridiumÕs shallow and flat glass

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06-03-2001

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Pagina 42

6 Maintenance is always from above.

Integrated front clip for easy, top-opening canopy

Philips Optical Technology (POT), giving choice of: T-POT: Opti-O (open) CT-POT: Opti-O and Opti-C (closed).

Lamp choice: SON-E/T 50-150 W HPL 50-125 W CDM-TT 70-150 W PL-T 32- 42 W QL 55- 85 W

Clip for tool-less bowl exchange

Blue handle: for easy lamp positioning or replacement Clasp for easy gear access 7 8

Light pollution Light should fall where it is needed, viz. on the road, and light nuisance must be at a minimum. IridiumÕs shallow and flat glass

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06-03-2001

09:57

Pagina 44

photos: Philips Lighting France / Alain Béguerie

p.bordeaux 44-45

Christophe Dorian

Visual aspects of the Bordeaux ring road are enhanced to distinguish it from a classic highway, creating a lasting and positive impression

Rocade of Bordeaux The Bordeaux ring road, France

An aesthetic luminaire in a flexible V-shaped mast indicates to drivers when they are approaching a slip-road

xtensive expansion of the Bordeaux Rocade, or ring road, included the construction of two extra lanes, an additional central reservation, and noise abatement screens. With these modifications there was a distinct shift in the character of the road. The Rocade was transformed from a traditional highway into a motorway. Therefore it was important that the architectural renovation should project a positive image of Bordeaux, reflecting its position as a progressive, modern industrial city.

1 The Bordeaux Rocade, or ring road…junction ahead. This change in shape of the lighting masts also serves to increase the lighting level, of 38 lux, as the junction is approached. 2 Installation in progress.

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3, 4 The two extremes of mast configuration.

The Lighting The Direction DŽpartementale de lÕEquipement (Regional Construction and Planning Department) brought together a team of architects and lighting designers to realise an ambitious plan to improve the Rocade. The overall philosophy of the lighting design was that the distinctive V-shaped apex of the 15mhigh lighting masts, which are spaced 52 metres apart, should indicate to drivers when they are approaching a slip road. Along the stretches of uninterrupted carriageway, the normal V-shape is maintained, but approaching a junction this gradually opens out to assume a much wider, almost horizontal position. This wider V is maintained until after the junction is passed, after which it returns to its former shape. The whole process is repeated in waves along the Rocade. Besides serving as a warning, this change in shape of the lighting masts has the additional effect of lowering the light source and thereby increasing the lighting level on the road at points

where it is most needed. The luminaires used are those of the Modula series, with a T-POT optical system. Glare is minimised by the luminaireÕs flat front glass and its sharp beam cut-off. The T-POT optic produces a wide beam angle, and therefore fewer masts are needed to light the road effectively. A high IP rating (IP66) enables the luminaire to withstand harsh weather and the dusty conditions of a busy highway. The luminaires have been painted in metallic-grey so that they blend in with the iron mast. A specialist company made the brackets from composite materials. In the near future the lighting installation will be extended to cover the full 12 kilometres of the ring road. Used by many of BordeauxÕs 700 000 inhabitants, but also by thousands of business travellers and tourists, the Rocade provides a memorable first contact with the city. ■

Commissioner: Direction DŽpartementale de lÕEquipement, Bordeaux Lighting design: Louis Clair, Light Cibles, Paris Mast design: Jean de Giacinto , architect, Bordeaux Modula luminaires: Mazda, France Courtesy: Direction DŽpartementale de lÕEquipement; text is used from their magazine CarrŽ Bleu Author: Christophe Dorian has been working at Philips Lighting Luminaires, Miribel, France

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06-03-2001

09:57

Pagina 44

photos: Philips Lighting France / Alain Béguerie

p.bordeaux 44-45

Christophe Dorian

Visual aspects of the Bordeaux ring road are enhanced to distinguish it from a classic highway, creating a lasting and positive impression

Rocade of Bordeaux The Bordeaux ring road, France

An aesthetic luminaire in a flexible V-shaped mast indicates to drivers when they are approaching a slip-road

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3, 4 The two extremes of mast configuration.

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06-03-2001

Morten Reimann

10:04

Pagina 46

The first bridge across the ¯resund and the largest of its kind will become the primary means of transportation, communication and development between Denmark and Sweden

3 This particular road surface is lighted to a medium level of luminance of greater than 1.0 cd/m2, with an overall uniformity of 0.40 and a longitudinal uniformity of 0.30.

Photos: Philips Lighting Denmark

q.denmark 46-47

4 This permanent road and rail connection stretches for 16 km and consists of a tunnel, an artificial island and an 8 km elevated bridge.

5 Traffic crossing the link is conveyed on two levels, the upper deck is a four-lane motorway, the lower level carries a railway line.

Coast to Coast Connection Øresund Bridge, Denmark - Sweden

Much more than a triumph of engineering, the ¯resund Bridge is a work of art that cried out to be lighted. In addition, effective road lighting has been employed to provide safety and comfort for drivers 1 In low cloud, the pylons become shrouded in mist. This creates a spectacular effect as the white light is scattered through the vapour giving the bridge an almost ethereal quality.

he official opening of the ¯resund link on 1 July 2000 marked two historic occasions: the completion of one of Scandinavia's largest infrastructure projects ever, and the direct linking of two European countries. The coastal cities of Copenhagen and Malmš are now closely connected by a 16 km road and rail link. Almost half of the total link is made up of a cable-stayed elevated bridge carrying the motorway on the upper level and the rail track on the lower level. As regional suburban traffic is managed on the ¯resund Bridge, it was decided that the road should be designed as an illuminated motorway section.

2 The bridge is a cable-stayed structure with the cables arranged in the classical harp pattern.

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The Lighting The motorway lighting is designed in accordance with the Danish road-lighting regulations, which assign classifications to all roads to determine how each road type should be illuminated. The carriageway passing over the bridge is lighted using 100 W SON-T Plus lamps in combination with specially designed reflectors, which concentrate and direct the light on to the road. The luminaires, designed and manufactured in Copenhagen, are mounted on 12-m-high masts in a typical twin-central arrangement, with the masts spaced 40 metres apart along the length of the bridge. The particular road-lighting scheme employed in this case ensures that even under wet-weather conditions, the overall uniformity on the wet roads never falls below 0.15. The architectural centre-piece of the bridge is the pair of 204-m-high support pylons, which challenged lighting designers to use light to accentuate their aesthetic form. At night they are

Artificial Perinsula Saltholm Immersed Tunnel

Artifical Island

Bridge Lernacker

Denmark

Salthom

Sweden

dramatically illuminated in the neutral-white light from 48 ArenaVision floodlights housing a combination of 1000 W and 1800 W metal halide lamps, colour temperature 4200 K. In addition, 80 Decoflood units have also been employed. This lighting, installed at road level to facilitate maintenance and minimise disturbance to the road and air traffic, is aimed upward and downward to achieve a uniform illumination of the pylons. After only a few months, there are distinct indications that the ¯resund connection will provide an economic boost for the whole region, home to 3.5 million people. ■ Commissioner: ¯resundkonsortiet Consulting Engineers: ASO Group, ¯resund Link Consultants Lighting design and engineering: Hansen & Henneberg as Lighting equipment: Philips Lighting Denmark Authors: Morten Reimann and Gert Poulsen from Philips Lighting Denmark have contributed to the engineering and co-ordination of this project

5 ilr 003 roads/projects

06-03-2001

Morten Reimann

10:04

Pagina 46

The first bridge across the ¯resund and the largest of its kind will become the primary means of transportation, communication and development between Denmark and Sweden

3 This particular road surface is lighted to a medium level of luminance of greater than 1.0 cd/m2, with an overall uniformity of 0.40 and a longitudinal uniformity of 0.30.

Photos: Philips Lighting Denmark

q.denmark 46-47

4 This permanent road and rail connection stretches for 16 km and consists of a tunnel, an artificial island and an 8 km elevated bridge.

5 Traffic crossing the link is conveyed on two levels, the upper deck is a four-lane motorway, the lower level carries a railway line.

Coast to Coast Connection Øresund Bridge, Denmark - Sweden

2 The bridge is a cable-stayed structure with the cables arranged in the classical harp pattern.

ilr 003 roads/projects

Artificial Perinsula Saltholm Immersed Tunnel

Artifical Island

Bridge Lernacker

Denmark

Salthom

Sweden

5 ilr 003 roads/projects

06-03-2001

Philippe Joye

10:12

Pagina 48

Hatje Kanz Verlag

s.expo 48-50

The theme of this latest world exhibition, the first in the new millennium, was ÔHumankind Ð nature Ð technology: a new world arisingÕ

Lighting at the world exhibition in Hannover, Germany

ince the World Exposition in Brussels in 1958 ILR has regularly reported on subsequent Expos: New York in 1964/5, Montreal in 1967 Osaka in 1970 and Vancouver in 1986 (ILR issues 58/ 3 and 4; 64/4; 67/3; 70/2 and 3; 86/4). The theme of the latest world exhibition, the first in the new millennium, EXPO 2000 in Hannover Germany, was ÔHumankind - nature technology: a new world arisingÕ. The idea behind it was Ôto emphasise humanity's vast potential for shaping its own future in keeping with the principle of sustainable development and for achieving a change of consciousness that will bring about a harmony between humanity, nature and technologyÕ. EXPO 2000 attracted almost one and a half million visitors during the five months it was open Ð 1 June to 31 October Ð making good use of the world's largest trade fair grounds. Consequently, it is impossible to describe it completely here. In this article we have chosen to show some examples to demonstrate how the wide variety of lighting was used to help shape

ilr 003 roads/projects

the night-time environment of EXPO 2000. A test laboratory of the environment EXPO 2000 may be seen as a test laboratory of the environment for the future. Aspects such as architecture, planning of public space, protection of the environment, and all possible functions and feelings are part of this. Since lighting plays an important role in all these aspects, it is interesting to see what different types of lighting were used in Hannover to comply with these aims. A team of experts embracing different disciplines, including architects, engineers, lighting specialists, PR staff, economists and sociologists worked together, either for a thematic presentation or for a country presentation. There was a high degree of freedom of expression in what we call five dimensions: 1. constructions, including public spaces, parks and urban furniture 2. variability of processes following the daily life and schedule of EXPO from 09.00 to 24.00 hrs

3. rhythms of visitors (speed and intervals of events, pauses, places and occasions to be active or to do nothing, or to rest or to relax or to eat or to drink) 4. moods: smells, music, singing, hearing, touching, appreciating and seeing 5. message: last but not least, to bring over the essential message of the theme or the country. Different approaches to the lighting The way the lighting was approached in EXPO 2000 shows many different variants and is extensive and interesting. On the one hand we saw beautification of existing exhibition halls (of the annual Hannover Trade Fair, following fairs will be held in these buildings immediately after closing of EXPO 2000). In these two to three storey buildings the exhibitions of a variety of different, often smaller, countries, with relatively small budgets, were displayed or thematic areas constructed. Typical examples included Ôthe future of workÕ, Ôhealth futuresÕ and ÔmobilityÕ (with its panorama of mobility using translucent, bright

3 The Canadian pavilion makes use of one of the Hannover Trade Fair Halls.

Philippe Joye

1 The Expo roof has a good chance of remaining the most prominent feature of Expo 2000.

Kupf Solardesign

EXPO 2000

Some examples to demonstrate how the wide variety of lighting was used to help shape the night-time environment of the exhibition

2 Solar grasses in the Expo lake which is covered by the wooden Expo roof.

futuristic models of humans). It was interesting to see the large differences between the exterior decoration of these halls. Some had no decoration at all, while on the exterior walls of others a second temporary skin was added, usually with some basic exterior lighting. Other, often bigger, countries made use of the standard halls Ð Canada, for example, transformed the exterior view into spectacular sights. There were also specifically designed and constructed pavilions, often planned with visionary far-sightedness, offering exciting and unusual structures. Here the lighting sometimes went far beyond beautification and became essential in shaping the structure. In many cases this was done in a dynamic way to give a continuously-changing, three-dimensional image after dark.

A nice example in this respect was the pavilion of Mexico. It comprised five multi-storey buildings, and was designed as different-sized steel and glass cubes showing a substantial degree of transparency. The alternation between light and dark colours and transparent and opaque surfaces brought an element of motion to the facades. During the night, the interplay of dynamic, coloured light and the material qualities of glass provided a pleasant, playful image, which changed with different points of view. The artificial lighting gave to the main cube of the pavilion, with a huge cylinder in the building, a look which was far more interesting at night than in the daytime. The pavilion of Venezuela, whose theme was Ôa flower from Venezuela for the worldÕ was in itself dynamic. The roof of the glass building was a huge artificial flower with ten-metre-long

petals that opened and closed, the whole process being highlighted by a really rather simple, but effective, lighting installation. Largely thanks to the lighting, the Monaco pavilion radiated an image of luxury, pleasure and relaxation. The building consisted of glass, aluminium and wood in an open design so that light ÔplayedÕ through the building at night to give it its own almost Mediterranean setting. This almost festive lighting was in strong contrast to the seemingly simple but very effective and impressive lighting of the two buildings comprising the Norwegian pavilion. A rushing, 15-metre-high waterfall modelled on a real waterfall in a Norwegian fjord, which formed the bright separation of the two buildings, was lit with Ôhonest, white, naturalÕ artificial light.

ilr 003 roads/projects

06-03-2001

Philippe Joye

10:12

Pagina 48

Hatje Kanz Verlag

s.expo 48-50

The theme of this latest world exhibition, the first in the new millennium, was ÔHumankind Ð nature Ð technology: a new world arisingÕ

Lighting at the world exhibition in Hannover, Germany

ilr 003 roads/projects

3 The Canadian pavilion makes use of one of the Hannover Trade Fair Halls.

Philippe Joye

1 The Expo roof has a good chance of remaining the most prominent feature of Expo 2000.

Kupf Solardesign

EXPO 2000

Some examples to demonstrate how the wide variety of lighting was used to help shape the night-time environment of the exhibition

2 Solar grasses in the Expo lake which is covered by the wooden Expo roof.

ilr 003 roads/projects

06-03-2001

10:17

Pagina 50

Hatje Kanz Verlag

Norge på Expo2000 AS

Monaco Inter Expo

s.expo 48-50

ExpoÕs public lighting The ÔnormalÕ public lighting of Expo 2000 was in many places not of such impressive quality. For example, the walk-ways to and from the parking areas were too dark to ensure both safety and security. We could not perceive the Ôred threadÕ of the lighting plan in those zones. Intimacy of light was especially missing along the existing buildings of the Fair. The excellently lit walkway style bridges linking two separate parts of the grounds were an exception. The superstructures of slim steel poles varying in height from 8 to 14 metres were transformed by built-in lighting into a sea of luminous acrylicglass cylinders that could be seen from afar. What will be remembered? The final question to be answered for all of the designers of the different pavilions and exhibitions is Ôwhat memory stays with the visitor?Õ Is it related to economy or commerce? Is it ideological? Is it psychological? Is it conscious or subconscious? Only the future will reveal what people remember as being the most prominent feature of the World Exhibition 2000. There is a very good chance that that will be the ÔExpo roofÕ. It protects an area of 16 000 square metres (about the same size as five soccer fields!). It comprises ten huge wooden umbrellas, each over 20 metres tall and spanning an area of 40 x 40 metres. The

ilr 003 roads/projects

result is a demonstration of architectural skill and beauty. The interesting lattice framework of wooden shells was strongly emphasised by an impressive but simple floodlighting system. Whether or not the Expo roof indeed becomes the most prominent feature of this World Exposition in Hannover may well depend on whether or not the floodlighting remains after the final closing of EXPO 2000 at the end of October 2000. The Expo 2000 lake that is covered by the Expo roof is provided with flexible, stainless-steel Ôsolar grassesÕ. The visible photovoltaic elements on top of the nine-metre-long stalks are the blossoms. The solar cells are charged during the day and radiate light during the night. First the tops of the grasses are bright, and then spotlights come on to project bright, one-metre-diameter spots on the ground. These bright spots wander over the ground in response to movements caused by the wind. Finally, our impression is that the next EXPO will have to do much more towards fully integrating the Ôfive dimensionsÕ, which we mentioned at the beginning of our description. For sure, dynamic lighting, now and then also shocking, will then become, even more than in Hannover, integrated in the overall lighting concept. The numerous huge video screens that we saw, totally out of scale, kind of inundated

the plazas, but brought also a new relationship between video and people. On the other hand, all the subtle ingredients of what makes a city live, apart from the quality of it's buildings and spaces, will become more important: humanity, humanism in its most sophisticated significance, must again take the lead, so that the citizen will feel at ease, comfortable and peaceful. ■ Author: Philippe Joye, Dipl Arch ETH-ZŸrich, SIA, Atelier dÕArchitectes Philippe Joye & AssociŽs SARL

4 The pavilion of Monaco radiates especially thanks to the lighting an image of luxury, pleasure and relaxation. 5 The Norwegian pavilion with its thundering waterfall adds new dimensions of noise, movement and freshness to the visual aspect. The waterfall is lit with ‘honest, white, natural’ artificial light.

6 Visitors leaving the Expo in the direction of the car parks, walk into a ‘black hole’.

b.cover2-3DE-inside

05-03-2001

13:37

Pagina E

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ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires 15-19 March 2001, AMBIENTAR, International Furniture and Lighting Fair. BRASIL: Sao Paulo, April 2001, EXPOLUX, International Lighting Exhibition. USA: New York, 19-22 May, 2001 ICFF, International comtemporary Furniture Fair. Las Vegas, 29 may - 1 Lune, 2001, Lightfair International, 2001.

AUSTRIA: Vienna, 8-11 March, 2001, WOHN-Stil, Exhibition for Stylish Living. Vienna 18-20 October 2001, WOHNDESIGN, Domestic Design Exhibition. BELGIUM: Kortrijk, 119-21 March 2001, Inside Insight, International Trade Exhibition. CZECH REPUBLIC: Prague, 15-17 February 2001, PRAGOINTERIER – NEW DESIGN International Exhibition of Furniture, New Design, Lighting. FRANCE: Paris, 11-15 January 2001, PARIS SELECTION DECO Interior Decoration Exhibition. GERMANY: Frankfurt/Main, 16-20 February 2001, Ambiente Internationale Frankfurter Messe, Domus & Lumina. Hanover, 23-28 april, 2001 HANNOVER MESSE, World's leading Fair for Industry, Automation, Innovation. ITALY: Milan, INTEL, International Electrical Engineering and Electronics Exhibition. PORTUGAL: Porto, 28 Feb – 4 March 2001, Export Home – Expo of Furniture, Lighting. ROMANIA: Bucharest, 29 May - 4 June, 2001, EXPO SOUND & LIGHT, Exhibition for Sound and Light Equipment. Cluj-Napoca, 6-10 February 2001, AMBIENT-INSTAL, Heating and Sanitation Technology Exhibition. RUSSIA: St. Petersburg, 21-25 February 2001, LIGHTING, International Lighting Trade Fair. SWEDEN: Stockholm, 07-11 February 2001, LIGHTING, Lighting Fair.

ASIA/PACIFIC/AFRICA CHINA: Shanghai, LIGHTING CHINA, International Exhibition for Lighting Technology and Equipment. INDONESIA: Jakarta, 21-24 February 2001, BROADCAST TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA, Int. Professional Broadcast, Sound, Film, Video and Lighting Exhibition. JAPAN: Tokyo, 6-9 .March 2001, International Lighting Fair Tokyo. Tokyo, Juin 2001, Interior Lifestyle, International Trade Fair for Home Fashion. SAUDI ARABIA: Riyadh, 4-8 February, 2001 SAUDI LUMINEX, International Lighting Equipment show. TAIWAN: Taipei 5 -8 May, 2001, TILF, Taipei International Lighting Fair. THAILAND: Bangkok, 7-10 March, 2001, Lighting Thailand, International Lighting Equipment. TUNISIA: Tunis, March 2001, DAR, International Furniture, Furnishing, Lighting Exhibition.

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