Sustainable Landscape Architecture in Azraq Refugee Camp Development

Master Thesis Sustainable Landscape Architecture in Azraq Refugee Camp Development Written by Saja Al-Rifaie Matrikel-Nr. 4063464 Born on the 3rd of November 1991 Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg Faculty “ Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development” Course of Studies “ Master of Landscape Architecture” First Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Alexander Kader Second Supervisor: Dr.Torsten Lipp Bernburg, Germany. 2017

Master Thesis Sustainable Landscape Architecture in Azraq Refugee Camp Development

Written by Saja Al-Rifaie

Matrikel-Nr. 4063464 Born on the 3rd of November 1991 Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, Bernburg Faculty “ Agriculture, Ecotrophology and Landscape Development” Course of Studies “ Master of Landscape Architecture”

First Supervisor: Prof.Dr. Alexander Kader Second Supervisor: Dr.Torsten Lipp

Bernburg, Germany. 2017

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Abstract Refugee camps are the first step after a crisis happens , weather it is a natural disaster, a war , a flooding or any other reason that forces group of people to leave their land and seek refuge in the first close and safer area. Going back in the history, the image of the camp is not very different than today ; tents , caravans or cottages depending on the weather conditions and the local materials available around the site without taking into serious consideration the site potentials and constraints in the camp planning process.

As architecture always took a role in Humanitarian situations by suggesting economical and sustainable solutions, I decided to focus in my thesis on the role of landscape architecture and integrate it in the development process of the refugee camps choosing Azraq refugee camp in Jordan which was opened in July 2012 and was supposed to house around 20,000 persons ,but it grew up rapidly to accommodate over 100,000 persons. Many investment projects are currently taking a place such as restaurants and shops giving a sign that the camp is not temporary like other refugee camps . Besides being the first solar refugee camp including a solar field providing electricity for 20,000 people. Therefore , my thesis include both research and project proposing a sustainable design for re-planning and developing Azraq camp putting the light on major design problems such as the disconnection between the camp and the surrounding cities , the

transportation network on different scales , the lack of green areas and open spaces inside the camp and the caravans structure design . Besides , Studying the cultural background of the refugees helps in design development reaching their desires easily and giving them the chance to contribute and participate in both design and construction stages. The Site analysis and surveys based on interviews with refuges and volunteers led into knowing the site potentials and directing more the proposed design into a sustainable approach. This research and project aim mainly to change the image of refugee camps by showing convenient ,economic and sustainable solutions that can lead

into a better life condition in all levels including the education , the recreation and the social level in a way that could become an example for planning the refugee camps in the future.

Keyword : Disaster, crisis, landscape crisis , refugee camps , disaster recovery , post-war cities , Humanitarianism , sustainable landscape architecture .

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would never been possible to make this great step in my academic life without the great support of many.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude and acknowledgement in the first place to my great ideal, my father. He has always been a strong supporter in my master degree and a great guide in my academic journey.

To my mother who spent the nights taking care of me while I was going further in my studies.

To my sisters , brothers and my friends.

And last but not least, to my supervisors Prof.Alexander Kader and Dr.Torsten Lipp or the guidance and the motivation during my thesis .

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TABLE OF CONTETNT Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..I Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………………….………………….…….II Declaration ……………………………………………………………………………………………….…….III Chapter 01- Introduction…………..………………………………………………………………..…...….08 1.1. Research Introduction 1.2. Research & Design Objectives 1.3. Research Design Proposal 1.4. Research Approaches & Methods 1.5. Thesis Framework 1.6. Research Challenges Chapter 02 – Literature Review……………………………………………..………..………………..…..15 2.1. What is a Refugee Camp?

2.2. Refugee Camps in History 2.2.1. Camps Structure Formation 2.2.2. Different urban spatial structures of refugee camps 2.3. UNHCR Regulations

2.3.1. Facilities should every refugee camp has according to UNHCR 2.3.2. Camp structure according to the UNHCR 2.3.3. UNHCR Statistics 2.4. Urban Structure impacts on Refugee camps 2.5. Refugee camps impacts 2.6. Conclusion Chapter 03 - Case Studies …………………………..……………………………………….……….…….40 3.1. Al-Husn Refugee Camp 3.1.1. Al-Husn Camp Location 3.1.2. Historical Evolution of Al-Husn Camp 3.1.3. Al-Husn Camp Structure Development 3.1.4. Types of Open Spaces 3.1.5. Main Challenges and Struggles in the Camp 3.2. Vogt-Kölln-Straße Refugee Camp – Hamburg 3.3. Berlin Tempelhof Airport Refugee Camp

3.4.Conclusion

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Chapter 04- Site Analysis………....………………………………………………………………..………62 4.1. Site Selection 4.1.1. Syrian Crisis 4.1.2.Displacement Steps of Syrian Refugees 4.1.3.Displacement Steps in Jordan 4.1.4.Why Azraq Camp 4.2. Azraq Camp Location 4.2.1 Accessibility to the Camp 4.2.2.Azraq Town & Azraq Reserve 4.2.3. Weather Condition 4.3. Azraq Camp Planning Structure & Morphology 4.3.1. Azraq Camp Infrastructure Map 4.3.2. Main roads & Connections between the Villages 4.3.3. Chronological Construction development of Azraq Camp 4.3.4 Demography of Azraq Camp 4.3.5. Structure of Villages I,IIIII,V,VI 4.4.Shelter Design 4.5.Site Topography 4.6.Site Observation 4.7.Water supply-Tapstand

4.8. Refugees Cultural background in Azraq Camp Morphology 4.9.Solar Energy 4.10.Vegetation 4.11.Survey & Questionnaires 4.12.SWOT Analysis 4.13.Conclusion Chapter 05 - Design Proposal ……………………………………………………………………...........100 5.1. Green Node between Azraq camp & Azraq City 5.2.Azraq Eco-Camp 5.3.Arabesque Green Neighborhoods 5.4.Conclusion Chapter 06 - Lists……………..……………………………………………………………………….........134

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Chapter 01 Introduction

ill 01.

ill 02.

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1. Introduction 1.1. Research Introduction The terms crisis and disaster both have a common meaning describing a situation of an unpleasant change, a great disagreement, confusion or suffering. It could be a sudden harmful damage with the possibility of consisting death or a serious difficulty results. Postdisaster results are mostly less harmful, but they still could remain for longer than expected if no actions were taken to stop or reduce them. For example, living conditions , the environment, the health and the economic situation. Traumatic cases could also be a postdisaster result that needs a special treatment. Refugee camps is an example of a crisis result including many changes on different levels on the target people; Psychological, environmental, social and cultural. In this case we can specify it more by calling it a "crisis landscape" describing this sudden change in the urban context including both the community and the authority as an urban shift which means an urban modification . The

main components of such a changing points are: social , political , economic and urban .

The social and economic gaps as a result in the community are mutual and connected together.

The main question is how landscape architecture can play an active role in the disaster recovery and on which levels and which phase. What are the impacts of these new urban areas on the existing surrounding areas . Who are the main target people and the stakeholders and how far could public participation take a place in both the research and the recovery providing resilient solutions , what kind of open spaces are required according

to the type of the disaster , the target people and their cultural background .

The main target of this research is discussing the possibility of reducing such results by proposing applicable designs in a systematic plan concentrating in the refugee camps example by trying to convert them

into a healthy green small town considering the

transportation network between the camp , the surrounding cities and villages and inside it.

Also , considering the economic by providing more employment opportunities by involving the refugees not only in the planning phase but also in the development process rebuilding any social gaps in their community and with the local society . Azraq camp was chosen for this research .The location is in Jordan which is a bit challenging due to the weather conditions and the high number of refugees . The structure of the camp is quit different than other refugee camps in Jordan .

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1.2. Research & Design Objectives The main purpose of this research is to change the usual idea about the camps .When the word “ Camp” comes to someone’s mind , the first image is a poor district built with no design wise consideration and with basic infrastructure that leads into an unhealthy

housing neighborhoods . This typical image was not made up by nothing but by a long historical repetition of the same mistakes as a response to any disaster on the long term.

This research aims to change this concept by discussing the camps design development and by proposing design solutions for both the current camps and the future camps involving the

landscape architecture and urban design. Therefore, objectives will be

classified mainly in two categories ; objectives for the current camps and objectives for the future camps as a result of this question : “ Can the inhabitants with the help of Landscape Architects convert a Refugee Camp into a Green Town ? “ .

Objectives for current camps • Sustainable techniques for camps design development.

• Healing traumatic cases by providing green open areas .

• Improving the economic movement in the camp by encouraging more investment projects and involving the refugees in the camp building phase.

• Strengthen the transportation network mainly in two scales ; within the camp and between the camp and the surrounding towns .

• Enhancing social integration between the refugees and the locals .

• Emulating the harsh weather conditions.

• Reducing diseases infections.

Objectives for future camps • To add a department in the humanitarian organizations specialized in disasters recovery including a landscape architecture department.

• Refugee camps into green towns not poverty suburbs .

• More investment projects which will lead into more employment opportunities.

• Community involvement in the early design phases.

• 0% uneducated kids .

• Reducing the crimes .

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1.3. Research Design Proposal

The research include a theoretical search about refugee camps structures over history in general and will deal with Azraq refugee camp in Jordan in specific by analyzing the camp

current structure, in three main scales considering the historical camp construction phases and the social life of the camp.

The main three scales are : Urban planning 1:10,000, urban design and landscape architecture 1:5000/ 2500 and human architecture scale 1:500/200/50. Each scale is analyzed theoretically and a design is suggested as a solution proposal considering the sustainable approach.

In the urban planning scale proposal , the connection between Azraq refugee camp and the surrounding cities and villages is enhanced by a green connection . The second scale;

urban design and landscape architecture scale , the structure of the camp is analyzed and a proposal is suggested as a new solution for the transportation system and more functional open areas and green spaces . The third scale is dealing with a detail level which include an arabesque courtyard and pergolas inside the blocks creating a healthy and friendly environment.

1.4. Research Approach & Methods

The main approach in this research is a sustainable approach which means the need of using sustainable methods in solving problems or improving the current situation by suggesting sustainable design elements. The methods used in this research are very important in both collection data phase and the design phase. These methods identify the main concept of a camp formation as a disaster recovery in both theory and case studies.

In addition to involving the landscape architecture .

Due to the ramification of this research , I decided to choose five main methods including sub-methods. The literature review includes the history of camps development and the different structures of camps . In addition to the case studies which are a great experience and examples of building refugee camps as a recovery of different disasters in different periods. The site visit is very important for a closer observation for the site , the activities and other aspects. The third method is somehow related to the second method by including interviews and surveys .

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• Literature review : Dealing with such a topic was not easy in the literature and theory part . Finding information about governmental reactions of emergency recovery and disaster or post disaster including architects , planners and landscape architecture is mostly general . Therefore, it required wider search using more keywords related to the topic . The literature and theory are intensively in the second, the third and the fourth chapters dealing with three different subtitles that could lead into more understanding of the topic ending with an appropriate design upon this study. This method is not limited only to theories but also is open to reading about current case studies and former ones , learning from previous experiences , trying to avoid some points or to enhance some potentials . Literature review requires a lot of reading , revising , comparing and analyzing with a wider search base including books, theses , documentaries, news reports and magazines .

• Case studies : Case studies is the second method . It could be classified as one of the steps in the first method . By case studies , we could study the current and former similar cases taking into account the cons and pros of each experience. Some cases could be taken only due to the weather conditions similarity , others may have other common aspects. In addition to the need sometimes for a site visit to some current existing case studies .

• Site visit : The third method is very important for the fifth chapter ; design proposal and development . Visiting the site helps observing the situation closely . The selected

refugee camp is Azraq camp which is located in Jordan . The site visit helped me in collecting data by taking photos , meeting the refugees and making some interviews questioning about the daily life activities , the struggles and their desires for the camp development . Besides suggesting my landscape architecture proposal and taking their feed back by a questionnaire. Site visits can include also visits of other projects as a case study. Site visit will lead to a SWOT analysis as a conclusion for the following step which is the design .

• Interviews & Surveys : The fourth method is the interviews . Personal interviews helped me to get more information with details. Meeting the people and being close to them makes it easier for them to share some private information about the daily life struggles and their wishes . Interviews with refugees included mainly families , elderly, kids and women . In addition to interviews with UNHCR members and different NGO’s and charities working in the field .

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• SWOT Analysis: This method shows the Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the site.

1.5. Thesis Framework The Dissertation framework is formed by linked chapters which are connected to each other in sequence . The core chapters after the introduction are from the second to the sixth chapter . The second chapter is a literature review about camps going back from the history until nowadays . It analyzes the camps structural phases , the refugee camps in the urban context as an urban shift and the relation to the existing situation socially , economically and environmentally. In addition to showing some different cases in accordance to different crises.

The Third chapter represent three case studies , one local case study and two other

international case studies . In this chapter , the analysis of each case study is for a specific purpose in order to find some similar elements to my case .

The Site analysis comes in the fourth chapter starting with the selected site which is Azraq camp and explaining later why it was selected , what are the weather conditions , the potentials and constrains of the site , the vegetation issue , local plants and the result of the site visit including interviews and surveys . Finally coming up with a SWOT analysis as a conclusion result of the analysis.

The fifth the chapter is the design proposal . This chapter is a result of all the sequenced

previous chapters . The Proposal also include three scales ; •

Regional scale proposal

•

Urban design proposal

•

Architecture design proposal

Each chapter shows the message of involving the landscape architects more in this topic hoping to make a difference in the future .

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1.6. Research Challenges

Any research has its own challenge. My challenge in my research was different somehow due to the rarity nature of my topic. I explain it in the following points.

• Topic It was not easy to find previous studies similar to my topic which I can learn from or complete on them as a developing topic. Disaster recovery or relief were mainly about different kinds of crisis such as natural crisis. For example, volcanic recovery, earthquake recovery or flooding recovery. Only few studies were done lately on the same topic concerning refugees camps which were a very helpful .

• Site visit and permissions

In addition to the topic, the site visits were also kind of a difficulty. Traveling to Jordan and visiting the camp in July (high temperature) was a hard job. Getting a permission to enter refugee camps are not easy in general and could be sometimes not possible at all.

• Interviews Moreover, interviewing refugees is not an easy task ; many refugees still don’t feel safe to share their private life experience in the camp , some are afraid to tell their names and others are shy to be interviewed according to traditions and a cultural background .

•

Vegetation and site conditions

The site condition is another challenge as the desert is the nature of the site . In the end , I had to do more specific search on the plants luckily with a very positive result.

Overall , these challenges never stopped me from finding solutions to achieve the main goal of this thesis .

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Chapter 02 Literature Review Refugee Camps

ill 03. “ The Domiz Refugee Camp, located near Dohuk in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, is home to thousands of Syrian refugees” .

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2. Literature Review 2.1. What is a Refugee Camp ?

A refugee camp is a place or a settlement which receives a group of people seeking refuge

and safety after a crisis or a disaster . The main character of any camp is to be temporary and not a long lasting displacement. Therefore, refugee camp structure usually starts with tents and these tents might be replaced by caravans by the time depending on the crisis duration. The size of a refugee camp depends simply on the number of occupants . Some refugee camps has been shrunk by the time , others were closed totally after the end of the crisis and some are still existing and expanding .

According to UNHCR statistics , 45.2 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide as a result of persecution, conflict, generalized violence and human rights violations. By the end

of 2012 . Some 15.4 million people were refugees: 10.5 million under UNHCR’s mandate and 4.9 million Palestinian refugees registered by UNRWA. (IDPs) and nearly one million (937,000) asylum seekers. The 2012 level was the highest since 1994, when an estimated 47 million people were forcibly displaced worldwide. Source: UNHCR. Classifying the refugee camps could differentiate according to different standards. For example , the main classifications are the location and the supporter.

• Refugee camps according to the host country

Country of Host

Internal

External

UNHCR: "Displacement: The New 21st Century Challenge," 2012; p. 35.

External Displaced Persons Depending on the location of the crisis , the location of the camp is chosen . When a crisis is happening in a city on a border to another country ,the movement direction will be to the border country . For example Dara’a city is a Syrian city which is located to the Jordanian borders . As a result , many Syrian refugees flew from Dara’a to Al-Ramtha city ( Jordan) between 2011 -2013 . Nizip II Syrian refugee camp in Gaziantep, Turkey is also an example of an external refugee camp.

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ill 04. Aerial view of the sprawling Nizip II container camp in Turkey. (Photo: Tobias Hutzler, 2014)

Internal Displaced Persons (IDPs) IDPs definition according to a United Nations report is :

"persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border ”

ill 05. “IDP camp in Northern Uganda .

ill 06. to the left “Man walking through huts at Labuje IDP camp, Uganda-39” Photo : GiacomoFrigerio.

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• Refugee camps according to the supporter

Support

Official

Government NGOs Refugee

Unofficial

International Organizations

Source: Sean Smith. "Migrant life in Calais' Jungle refugee camp - a photo essay“. the Guardian.

Retrieved 8 February 2016.

camps are usually built with the support of the government , international

organizations such as ICRC or NGOs. Those camps which were settled without any support are very few but still they exist . For example , Calais Jungle Refugee camp in France and Idomeni Refugee camp in Greece. The image below shows the effect of such governmental ignorance for these camps .

ill 07. Calais Jungle. France

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• Refugee Camps Definition according to Ilana Feldman from the Anthropology Department, George Washington University , United States in her paper : What is a camp?

Legitimate refugee lives in spaces of long-term displacement.

“ The camp as a humanitarian space Camps are perhaps the quintessential humanitarian space in the sense of a space apart from the conditions of crisis (whether war or natural disaster) that enables the provision of assistance to people in need. The general commitment of humanitarian agencies and host governments to the idea of the refugee camp as a humanitarian space is the starting point for a set of conversations about what that means (and what are its limits) and what the

effects of these spaces are on their inhabitants. Among the many challenges and contradictions that define humanitarianism is the question of effect: to what extent should a crisis intervention focused on the task of saving lives have a broader impact on the societies and places where humanitarians intervene ? Is it possible to avoid such broader effects even if that is the aim ? In these sorts of discussions one can glean some very clear, even if contradictory and competing, ideas about what sorts of lives refugees are meant to be living.

A debate between UNRWA and the Syrian government in the late 1950s about the importance of camps was caught up in all these questions. For both Syrian and UNRWA

officials the question of ‘what is a camp?’ was closely linked to the question of ‘what is it to be a refugee?

The camp as a political space ‘‘How will I be represented as a refugee after moving to live in the suburb?’’ ‘‘As a refugee does the place where I live have anything to do with my political representation?’’ ‘‘What is my relationship to the camp going to be after I move to the suburb?’’ These are questions posed by a young resident of the Dheisheh refugee camp in Bethlehem as his family prepared to move from their home inside the camp to a new, larger, house in an area just beyond its boundaries: the suburb.

The camp as an emotional space One question that refugees regularly confront is: what kind of relationship can they have with a place that is both not wholly their own (inhabitants own neither the land nor the shelters) and that is intended to be temporary (even though experience belies that assumption)? “

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2.2. Refugee Camps in History Back in the history , there wasn’t such a place called a refugee camp as a disaster or a crisis respond. It used to be described with different expressions like “ Displacement “ .

Group of tribes would be expelled or asked to leave an area due to a natural disaster a war announcement or a pogrom. The examples in the history are many . The Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish war , World War I or World War II .

ill 08. French Huguenots land at Dover, fleeing to Britain when Louis XIV revokes the Edict of Nantes and sets out to stamp out Protestantism in France.

The first two official refugee camps were established in 1900 in Pretoria and Bloemfontein during South African War (Second Anglo-Boer War) by a military notice . The main purpose of these camps was to give the safety and protection to the families of Boers despite the fact that this aim was not really achieved.

ill 09 & ill 10 . Boer War, Refugee camp in Pretoria: weekly cleaning.

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By the end of World War II , there was more than 40 millions refugees in Europe. After that, the international law and the international organizations were established as an urgent respond to this huge crisis and remained until nowadays .

1938: Intergovernmental Committee on Refugees was created to facilitate a more coordinated approach to the resettlement of refugees.

1943: United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration.

1946: International Refugee Organization created.

1948: Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

1949: Geneva conventions - a series of four treaties (subsequently followed by three additional protocols) that set out in international law what is humanitarian conduct during armed conflict, including the treatment of civilians.

1950: Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was established.

1951: Convention relating to the Status of Refugees became the corner stone of international law on refugees.[1]

“They were in bad shape, thin, ill and in rags.... A friend of mine, a carpenter, used to make [coffins] for them. About 50 were dying every day�

GHOLAM ABDOL-RAHIMI, IRANIAN PHOTOGRAPHER ill 11. A woman decorates the front yard of her tent with a Polish eagle in a tent city houses Polish evacuees on the outskirts of Tehran.

[1] Source : www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/interactive/2013/jul/25/what-happened-history-refugees#World War I

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ill 12. UNHCR’s first task in 1951 was to help an estimated 1 million mainly European civilians, including these refugees in a camp in Germany, still uprooted in the aftermath of World War II. One of UNHCR’s first programs in Germany after World War II, was to construct basic housing so vulnerable refugees could leave the crowded camps where they had been living for many years. © UNHCR/1953

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Ballin stadt is a memorial park and was an immigration station in the port of Hamburg, Germany . It was established around 100 years ago when Albert Ballin ( 1857-1918), the director General of Hamburg America line built the first immigration hall in 1901 . The station design is formed with a complex of three main buildings that contain halls where the immigrations were distributed after the arrival . Provided food , care and safety . More than

five millions European emigrants flew from political and religious persecution or even the poverty via Hamburg . Therefore , Ballin Stadt was like a transit point for many emigrants .

It was a temporal solution for such a crisis.

ill 13. Above .

Emigration camp of the Hapag on the Veddel, Hamburg 1907

ill 14. Left. Food and logis in the BallinStadt were included in the ship's funeral. Up to 5,000 people stayed at the same time in the emigration pavilions.

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ill 15. Aerial View of Ballin Stadt Emigration station .

ill 16. Hamburg-America line. Master plan of emigration halls.

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2.2. Refugee Camps in History 2.2.1 Sequence Formation of Refugee Camps

The steps of any displacement ; whether it is an official one or unofficial , are usually the

same . The whole story begins when a group of people decide to leave their home with the minimum of life essentials to survive a war or a natural disaster . This part is the basic and the main part of a camp formation . There is no previous plan for such a sudden action , which means there are no governmental previous preparations including a structural camp formation . This leads to an improvisation in the nature formation of a refugee camp .The first choice for these displaced people is any unoccupied area where they can settle down and create a camp waiting hopefully for an official aid from the government. Those who get the chance to settle down and be hosted by the local community are very few and luckier

and their struggles are less.

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The examples of a well planned refugee camp are very rare . Most of the refugee camps as reviewed in the history are poorly planned. They start simple and extend randomly ending up as an overcrowded settlement. Camps often should look temporary and the facilities that make a camp look permanent are usually prohibited by the government of the host country.

This result will cause an unhealthy environment on all levels; Socially , medically and economically. After studying different cases of refugee camps over the history , the result was that the main structure of a refugee camp has basically main aspects .

•

Tents : usually most of the camps are unplanned which means they begin with tents and could develop into caravans when an official aid is provided.

•

Narrow spacing between shelters : The shelters are placed closely without considering the separation spacing between them which could lead into less privacy and compacted areas . If the basic planning is compacted , it could create in the far future a

random compacted housing with an agglomeration nature . For example , Al-Husun refugee camp in Jordan .

•

Irregular massing .

• Poor Infrastructure : Poor infrastructure is a result of a poor planning in the early stages. This will cause many other problems on different levels. For instance , Electricity problem causes less security and more possibility of crimes . The poor water supply leads into a hygienic problem and give the diseases the chance to spread .

•

No green features : The lack of green area and outdoor open spaces is very clear .

This could be due to the early poor planning and the lack of awareness about the green areas.

ill.17. Al-Husun camp , North Jordan.

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2.2.2. Different urban spatial structures of refugee camps The structural formation of a refugee camp depends on many factors . These factors are ; •

The Location ( including the weather conditions and topography ) .

•

The Local Material.

•

The level of the governmental support.

Refugee camps develop and grow differently according to the mentioned factors .Some refugee camps structural settlement is a grid , Others tend to grow more as a cluster .

These main structures are : •

Centralized

•

Decentralized

•

Clustered

•

Dispersed

•

Grid

Fig.01. Urban spatial structures .

The study of camps history shows how the government respond for an emergency has changed including the planning of a camp settlement . It was very clear in the past how the urban structures of the camps were more expanded as dispersed or clustered with no clear planning system. Lately , the governmental organizations started to think in managing these transitional settlements properly in early stages before growing up and expanding in a larger scale. The most common urban planning approach is the grid plan structure where the settlement look more like a military camp. In addition to the cluster approach where the roads grow in a hierarchy system creating kind of a privacy. Therefore, professionals should take into account the community cultural background besides the site conditions while setting a plan so that it meets both the displaced people needs and the locals.

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Examples of the urban structures of refugee camps • Grid Structure The camps morphology is based mainly on the political status . Camps in general should not look permanent since they are a temporary solution. One of the urban spatial structures is the grid structure. This Structure defines easily the roads and creates more accessible road network to the blocks and the shelters . This structure predominantly is built on flat fields . Governmental organizations find this structure more efficient and flexible in the service tasks and security control . On the other hand , displaced persons meet less privacy in such settlements. The repetitive aspect of this design could lead to kind of a confusion and a boring experience mainly to the occupants which can be an impact on the social daily life .Thus , refugee camps that took a planning phase from the beginning could grow in a more disciplined and ordered structures like the grid structure. One of the disadvantages of

this structure is the difficulty in reaching other services in the camp such as the education institutes , the health center or the shopping areas . The examples on this structure are many , like Zaatari refugee camp in Mafraq city and Dadaab refugee camp in Kenya.

ill.18. Dadaab Refugee Camp- Kenya .

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ill.19. Zaatari Refugee Camp – Jordan , Map not to scale.

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• Clustered Structure Refugee camps that are built with no planning in early stages might grow randomly and create cluster structure system . The examples of this structure are many . Like, unofficial camps tend to grow in a cluster structure .The main aspects of this approach is the road hierarchy system with no specific width differences , besides the organic shapes that could be created according to the topography and the individual needs . The social relationship in this structure is very strong due to the narrow spacing between the shelters .

ill.20,ill 21. Jaramana Refugee Camp – Damascus, Map not to scale.

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ill.22. Mae La Refugee Camp-Thailand

• Dispersed Structure

Fig.02. Dispersed urban city structure

ill.23. Darfur Refugee Camp – Chad.

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• Centralized Structure

One of the historical examples of a centralized structure camp is Anjar Armenian Refugee Camp in Lebanon . It was established in 1939 during the Armenian genocide by French Mandata and Armenians . The camp was constructed as a permanent place for the Armenians who had no hope in that time to return to their homeland . The centralized form of the camp is like an eagle . The camp was divided into six sections .

ill.24. Anjar Armenian Camp – Lebanon

ill.25. Up. Anjar Armenian Camp – Historical photo. ill.26. To the left. Anjar Armenian Camp – Urban Structure.

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• Decentralized Structure

Fig.03.

Decentralized urban city structure

ill.27. Sahrawi Refugee Camp – Algeria, View height 6.05 km.

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2.3. UNHCR Regulations 2.3.1.Facilities according to the UNHCR .

Recommended average area of a camp size is 45 sqm/person.

•

Administration headquarter ( inside or outside the camp area ).

•

Reception Center.

•

Sleeping accommodations ( tents , caravans or prefabricated shelters according to the local materials ).

•

Gardens attached to the family plot ( this is not very clear in most of the examples ).

•

Hygiene facilities ( separated by gender) , one shower / 50 persons and one latrine /20 persons .

Distance between shelters and toilets facilities should not be less that 6 meters and more than 50

meters.

•

Water collection point ( Tanks or standing water tap ).

•

Health center.

•

Schools and training centers *.

•

Food distribution center .

•

Communication equipment ( such as Radio).

•

Security ( checkpoints , barriers …etc.) .

•

Markets and shops *.

•

Cemeteries .

•

Religious centers (Mosque , church …etc. )

•

Solid waste areas.

ill.28.Refugee camp facilities.

Azraq camp,Jordan .

* Schools and markets may not be allowed by the government of the host country to discourage permanent camps.

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2.3.2. Camp structure according to the UNHCR According to the UNHCR . A refuge camp contains : • Settlements • Sectors • Blocks • Communities • Families A settlement is formed of four sectors, a sector is made by four blocks, 16 communities form a block which is formed by 16 families . Each block elect a leader to represent the block.

16 Families

16 Communities

ill .29.Self contained community

Block

Community

4 blocks

4 Sectors

Sector

Settlement

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2.3.3. UNHCR Statistics “ These truly are alarming numbers. They reflect individual suffering on a huge scale and they reflect the difficulties of the international community in preventing conflicts and promoting timely solutions for them. “ ANTONIO GUTERRES, UN HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES.

Fig.04

Fig.05

Table.01

Fig.06

Fig.07

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2.4. Urban Structure impacts on Refugee camps

Urban spatial structure and the morphology of a refugee camp play an important role in the refugee camp nature, refugees’ daily life and their future. When a refugee camp is unofficial or not planned well in the early stages , there well be many problems , such as : •

High population density in case the location of the camp is close to a clustered town or city with limited expansion possibility .

•

Overcrowding and poor hygiene causing a suitable environment for diseases to transfer easily.

•

High unemployment .

•

Poor infrastructure ( water, electricity supply …etc.)

•

Harsh winters and extremely hot summers due to the site selection .

•

Lack of availability of construction materials .

•

Airstrike on camps ( IDP camps cases )

•

contaminated water supply.

• Less security and more crimes .

2.5. Refugee camps impacts

Refugee camps have normally positive and negative impacts weather they are internal or external. These impacts could be social , economic, political or on the urban fabric .

Refugee camps act as an urban shifting on the rural areas and cities . Changes will take place on the local community in all levels including social level , economic level, environment level and urban level .

• Social impacts Social impacts could be both positive and negative . Depending on the level of integration with the local community . Social isolation will create a social gap in the society . The site selection plays an important role in shaping this isolation between displaced people and locals. The following governmental action could also play a role in defining the level of integration by starting different programs and activities or providing employment opportunities trying to avoid any social tensions between the two sides .

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• Economic impacts

More investment projects will start among the arrival cities and will spread by the time to other cities .In the other hand , the locals may complain about the less jobs opportunities in case of a poor country.

• Cultural impacts

When the cultures are very different between the displaced people and the locals , a culture shock could happen for both . For example , Syrian refugees who moved to Europe had more difficulties than those who moved to Jordan or Iraq .

However, experience and

culture exchange between both parties will improve the relationship that might lead to

marriage cases .

• Environmental impacts

The clustered refugees camps will have an overcrowds situation which will create a good environment for disease transfer , water pollution and air pollution . In addition to the raised rate of crimes as a result of a poor and unhealthy environments .

• Impacts on Urban fabric

Announcing an official camp is a big step in the urban fabric scale . Many elements should be taken into consideration such as the infrastructure , the financial support and other aspects . Mainly , Refugee camps are meant to be designed as a temporary solution with no intension to expand them . The samples of expanded refugee camps are many , such as the Palestinian refugee camps in Syria, Lebanon and Jordan . The urban fabric expansion is mostly according to the first planning design of the camp . The growth will follow the initial design . The growth of a refugee camp also depends on the location of the camp .

When it is located outside the city , the growth will be more free with no boundaries restrictions , the opposite of refugee camps inside the cities which should grow respecting the existing urban fabric .

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2.6. Conclusion

Going through the history , The change of the refugee camp concept is not clear enough .

The first impression of Refugee camps is almost the same with the idea of poverty , unhealthy place , carrying a lot of troubles such as malnutrition with no education opportunities. This image was not created by nothing . It was a result of many negative examples by the time . Nowadays , governments are trying to avoid these following problems by taking into consideration the main regulations of a healthy refugee camp . The whole scope of refugee camps is about providing a safe place to the refugees with good living conditions and this is the part which is missing in most of the examples . In addition to the main nature of refugee camps that should remain as a temporary solutions which means temporary life facilities and less chance of social integration . The permanent

examples of refugee camps are many as mentioned previously . Thus , the need of a future economic plan is necessary including financial solutions for both the host country and the displaced refugees. Solutions that could lead into financial flourishing for the host county avoiding any poverty suburbs in the urban fabric . Furthermore , refugee camps planning designs should be improved by considering the location of the camp , the weather conditions , shelter designs and the camp outdoor design spaces . For example, a desert is not a good choice when many other green areas are available to settle a camp on . Most of the designs lack outdoor open areas for kids and for occupants . In addition to the green

spaces which are clearly absent . These areas are very important specially for traumatized persons. Green spaces are not limited only on the recreational ones but they could also be for economic reasons like farming and food production. Site planning in early stages is highly recommended in order to avoid the overcrowding by considering the existing urban structure of the site surroundings . The cultural background and traditions of the displaced people should also be taken into consideration . The construction of shelters should be built by the refugees if possible and with local materials , providing them job opportunities and the chance to build them in variable design according to the family number of members and involving the refugees in the construction phase for more green economic solutions.

Finally, the landscape architects should have the chance to be part of the design team with the collaboration of the urban designers and the architects providing more resilient solutions.

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Chapter 03 Case Studies

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3. Case Studies Studying previous cases helps to analyze the project case better . Refugee camps have a lot of aspects in common . Such as site conditions, planning difficulties or social constrains.

In this chapter , three different cases from different countries are previewed and analyzed .

The main objective of this chapter is to learn more about previous experiences trying to avoid making some mistakes and concentrating on the good experiences.

The three

refugee camps are ; Al-Husn Refugee camp in Jordan , Vogt-Kölln-Strasse in Hamburg and Templehof Airport refugee camp in Berlin.

3.1. Al-Husn Refugee Camp Al-Husn Camp is a Palestinian refugee camp which is known locally as Martyr Azmi el-

Mufti camp . It was named “ Al-Husn” according to the location of the camp near A;-Husn town about 80 Kilometers north the Capital Amman. This camp was established in 1968 as an emergency camp for around 12,500 refugees who came from the West bank and Gaza strip . In the moment , 25,000 Palestinian refugees are registered in the camp .

ill.30. Husn camp. © 2008 UNRWA Photo by Nidal Ammouri

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3.1.1. Al-Husn Camp Location Al-Husn refugee camp is located near A-Husn town which is around 80 km away from Amman and 7 km from Irbid city . The camp has only one entrance and is located directly to the main highway which connects Amman with Irbid city .

Main Street to Irbid City Main Street to Amman

ill.31. Al-Husn Camp street map. Map not to scale. ill.32. Al-Husn Camp aerial view . Map not to scale.

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Connectivity

Shopping & Leisure

Jobs

Schooling

ill.33. Husn Camp ‘s relationship with it’s environment . Source : Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence.

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3.1.2. Historical Evolution of Al-Husn Camp In the beginning , the camp was formed by tents occupying an area of 774,00 square meters. Later on , Prefabricated shelters were constructed between 1969 and 1971 by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near

East (UNRWA) as a solution to overcome the harsh winters and hot summers, the roof material was mainly zinc sheet layer and is used widely in Refugee camps in Jordan . Over the years , refugees started building more durable structures using bricks as a main material .

According to interviews with old people who witnessed the exodus moments , historically , the people of Al-Husn camp were displaced twice once in 1948 inside Palestine in a village and again in 1968 to Al-Husn camp . The first displacement took place in a rural area with no previous planning

.

The

shape

of

the

settlement was more organic. In contrary to the second settlement which was prepared and planned before their arrival , Thus everyone has a tent number and it was not possible for the individual to choose

where to stay . As a result , the social relationships between the refugees

Fig.08. Change of Density and neighborhood structure through different moves. Source : Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence

themselves was weaker than the first displacement .

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ill.34. Historical photo of Al-Husn camp , UNRWA database.

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ill.35. Original Zinc Room . Historical photo of Al-Husn camp , UNRWA database.

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3.1.3. Al-Husn Camp Structure Development The camp was organized by the Red Cross and the UNRWA on a grid structure and was developed by the years according to the same structure. The sharp boundaries of the camp is very clear with no urban sprawl outside the camp’s borders . On the contrary to Al-Husn village expansion which has a centralized structure and grows gradually . The camp is surrounded mainly by agriculture fields . These lands are mostly private property with no intention to construct any residential projects near the camp since the camp has a weak

social reputation with a history of crimes . Thus, People tend to move out and stay closer to the city away from the camp . The grid structure led to the current street structure .This structure is not really convenient with the Arab social lifestyle . The people later started expanding their shelters vertically , the limit is only two storeys counting the ground floor as the first storey . The refugees started expanding their shelters horizontally occupying the whole given plot in order to fulfill their space needs. This explains why the green spaces like private gardens ,are not existing strongly . compared to other refugee camps , Al-Husn camp has a large amount of open spaces . Unfortunately, these open spaces are not

designed or planned for specific functions . Most of them are used for men gathering , football matches or not used at all . These spaces has a lot of potentials for future landscape projects . The camp currently

has a women's center, four schools in two

buildings, a health center, a food distribution center, and a rehabilitation center

ill.36. Al-Husn camp street grid structure. Source: OpenStreetMap. Map not to scale.

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The camp structure development from 1969 to1992.

Fig.09. Historical Evolution of Al-Husn Camp.Source: Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence

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Residential Commercial Ground Cover UNRWA Installations Olive Field Services Paved Play Areas Mixed Use Governmental Institutions M

Mosque

V

Vacant Shelters Brick Workshop

Garbage Collection

ill.37. Comprehensive Community Lead Analysis. Source: Razan.Khalaf.Husn Camp Improvement .

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3.1.4. Types of Open Spaces The open spaces system is better compared to other refugee camps . However, the green spaces and features are not strong enough within the camp spaces.

School yards

Open Space by DPA controlled by a keeper

Football Field

Camp Borders

Main Streets (Commercial , Men gathering ….)

Residential Streets

(Farming , Football , Animals keeping , Gardens)

(Parking , elderly sitting area, Children playing….)

ill.38. Open Spaces in Al-Husn Camp

3.1.5. Main Challenges and Struggles in the Camp •

High density .

•

Poor land and lack of decent foundations.

•

Poor infrastructure compared to Al-Husn village which explains the dark streets and poor ventilated shelters.

• Presence of crimes and drug dealing activities.

• Limitation of camp expansion horizontally and vertically.

• “Unemployment is the highest of the ten Palestine refugee camps in Jordan, with 18%

of refugee living in the camp unemployed. Female unemployment is also the highest of the ten camps with 25 % unemployed. “ UNRWA database.

• “ 49% of Palestine refugees living in Husn camp don’t have health insurance. ” UNRWA database.

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3.2. Vogt-Kölln-Straße Refugee Camp – Hamburg Vogt-Kölln-Straße Camp (Zentrale Erstaufnahme) is located in Stellingen, Hamburg. It is one of the three camps which are run by the DRK ;

German red cross. The camp has mainly four containers of two storeys , Parking space and small playgroung for kids. The camp capacity houses 500 residents who started moving in ,in January 2016. The special feature of the camp is the location in a residential area .The camp is accessible from two main sides as shown on the map and two other secondary entrances . The camp is reachable by bus, bikes

and foot for short distances. Each container has a hygiene unit , quarantine rooms and furnished with double-storey bed up to eight persons in each room.

ill.39. Camp Site accessibility. View height 456 m .

Main accessibility transportation system Main Entrance Secondary Entrance Bus Stops

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Tierpark Hagenbeck

Computer Science Department (HU)

Vogt-Kölln-Str. Camp

2017

Distance to Hagenbeck Zoo ≈ 1.5 km

Distance to HU ≈ 250 m

Distance to Care Center ≈ 300 m

Medical Care Center

ill.40. Camp surrounding main buildings.

View height = 768 m.

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Distance to Train Station ≈ 1.7 km

Amsinckpark Hagenbeck Zoo

Distance to Amsickpark ≈ 1.3 km

Distance to Football Field ≈ 900 m

ill.41. Camp surrounding main green areas. View height 1.61 km .

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Distance to Amsinckpark ≈ 500 m Community Gardens

Niendorfer Gehege

Distance to Community gardens ≈ 1.8 km

Distance to Niendorfer Gehege ≈ 1.4 km

ill.42. Larger green areas around the Camp. View height 5.22 km .

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ill.43. Two-Storey Containers .

2017

ill.43. Football Field near the Camp .

ill.44. Camp Social activities.

ill.45. Camp Aerial View.

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3.3. Berlin Tempelhof Airport Refugee Camp Berlin’s Tempelhof Airport Transforms into Germany’s largest refugee camp . Tempelhof Airport was built in 1927 in Berlin . The architect Ernst Sagebiel later on reconstructed the

massive structure adding a gigantic entrance emphasizing the power of the Nazi government in 1930s. The structure scale was obviously massive . The total covered area was 4 million square meters . Nowadays , the Tempelhof Airport becomes the largest refugee camp in Germany housing 7,000 refugees .

ill.46. Berlin's Tempelhof Airport, the 'mother of all airports'. image courtesy of CN Traveler.

Tempelhof Airport was always debatable due to its historical background and monumental architectural value . This massive structure was proposed to be transformed to many different architectural spaces through competitions . The last choice was to take a humanitarian approach transforming the Airport into a refugee camp for people coming from Syria , Iraq , Afghanistan and elsewhere .

It is very clear how different is the nature of this refugee camp compared to other examples in the middle east or even in Europe. It is an indoor camp with few outdoor activities .

Templehof Airport is an example of an existing structure where its function has been changed to fulfill totally different approach that the planned one. The way of organizing the interior spaces has different criteria according to the different nature of the occupied areas.

For example , there will be less privacy, more possibility of problems between the refugees due to the intense accommodation spaces. Currently , it has seven indoor hangers. The next plan is to build five further temporary buildings on the huge flat park of Tempelhof , as well as, sport areas, Kindergarten , a school and other facilities .

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ill.47. Tempelhof Airport refugee camp structure .

ill.48. Refugee camps in one of hangars. image Š Gordon Welters for The New York Times.

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Treptower Park

Volkspark Hasenheide

Cemetery Tempelhofer Park

Hans-Baluschek-Park

ill.49. Parks & Green Areas around Tempelhof Airport . View Height : 7.92 km .

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What Berliners say ?

Berliners have voted against Tempelhof Airport new proposal ,expressing their disagreement for transforming the outdoor field into a camp . Over 64% of locals were to keep the land as a public park .

What involved people say ?

ill.50. Sleeping areas from top in one of the hangars. image Š Gordon Welters for The New York Times.

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3.4.Conclusion The three examples were very important for my research to understand the way existing examples are working , what cons and pros these examples have and to learn from their experiences . The main goal of this thesis is not to repeat the previous mistakes and to

propose better solutions and ideas for the future and the existing camps as development projects . This table shows a comparison between the three cases.

Evaluation

Al-Husn Camp

Tempelhof Airport Camp

Vogt-KĂśllnStraĂ&#x;e Camp

Accessibility

One main entrance

Each hanger has an entrance

Two main entrances

Safety

General Saftey but Crime records

Safe

Safe

High level of Privacy

No privacy

Semi-private

Urban Isolation

Isolated

Semi-Isolated

No isolation

Social Integration

Slow

Normal

Fast

Open Spaces

23%

Large outdoor field

40% including the kids playground

Green Areas

Inside: No green areas Outside: Only agriculture areas

Large outdoor green field

Inside: Few Trees Outside: Sorrounded by parks and green areas

Educational Institutions

5 Schools

1 School 1 Kindergarten **

No official School

Infrastructure Facilities

Weak

Weak

Good

Internet Connection

Weak Connection

/*

Free Wifi

Psychological Therapy

No consultation

/

Consultation for traumatized

Religious Institution

Mosque

/

/

Shelters Privacy

Table 02. Case studies comaprison. Source: Author . * Unkown information ** Future Plan

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The previous three examples show the strong impact of the site selection and the previous readiness of settling a refugee camp . A social , economic and environmental study should be done before building a refugee camp . These precautions could limit the rate of crimes ,

the poverty and the social gap. Tempelhof example shows that taking the local impression is vey important before deciding on any step and that could help in changing on a high level. The size of the camp is also another factor in the site selection and this is noticed clearly in Vogt-KĂślln-StraĂ&#x;e Camp in Hamburg and has provided the camp the opportunity to be located in the middle of a mixed use urban area with the possibility of a faster social integration . The social integration will decrease the crime event and the fear of surrounding a refugee camp in an urban manner just the opposite to what happened in Al-Husn camp in Jordan. The surrounding agricultural lands are a high potential for investment projects

which can provide employment opportunities to the refugees and a financial return to the government.

Fig.09. Site Location to the surrounding existing urban fabric comparison.

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Chapter 04 Site Analysis

ill.51. Azraq Refugee Camp - Northern Jordan.

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4. Site Analysis 4.1. Site Selection

Selecting a refugee camp to analyze and develop was not an easy task unfortunately due

to the huge amount of refugee camps all around the world as a respond to the latest world crises. My orientation was towards Syrian refugee camps , specifically those located in Jordan .The choices were many and it was not easy to decide . Finally , Azraq refugee camp in northern Jordan was the one I chose to analyze and develop in the field of architecture , urban design and landscape architecture .

4.1.1 Syrian Crisis

Before explaining the reason behind choosing Azraq refugee camp in my research study and project . I will go back briefly to the Syrian crisis . Some call it the Syrian civil war , others give it a title as a Syrian crisis and many are still calling it the Syrian revolution.

Regardless the different naming , the main meaning is and will always be the same. In 15th March , 2011 , a revolution has started in Dara’a –Syria , as a continuous action to the Arab spring in that time . People came out to the streets asking for freedom and justice. The result that we see today was unexpected . A disappointing war has started and still going on until this day . Everyday , innocent people are being killed , tortured and displaced.

People were fleeing from around the end of 2011 until this day . the first displacement was according to the hot areas and the location of the bombed cities .For example , cities located on the borders like Dara’a had Jordan as the first option to flee to seek safety and security .

“The Syrian conflict has triggered the world’s largest humanitarian crisis since World War II.” (European Commission)

ill.52. Palestinian and Syrian residents of Yarmouk Palestinian Refugee Camp crowding in a destroyed street as food is distributed, Damascus, Syria Photo: EPA/UN.

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4.1.2. Displacement Steps of Syrian Refugees Syria has four borders . Turkey to the North , Jordan to the South , Lebanon and Palestine to the West and Iraq to the east . Syrian refugees were crossing these borders according to

the Syrian cities on each border seeking refuge, safety and security .According to UNHCR statistics , there are more than 800,000 Syrian refugees registered in Turkey , more than a million in Lebanon and around 637,859 in Jordan. 85% of the registered Syrian refugees in Jordan are integrated in the Jordanian urban population in Amman , the capital city and in Irbid , the second largest city in Jordan. The other 15% are living in two main refugee camps which are Zaatari and Azraq refugee camps. The borders between Jordan and Syria were close in January , 2015.This explains the rising internal refugee camps in Syria having around 6.3 millions of internally displaced people (IDPs) who remain at risk. The so

called “ safe zones� in Syria were created expecting the Syrian refugees in neighboring countries to return home.

1

4

2

3 ill.53. Syrian four geographical borders.

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4.1.3. Displacement Steps In Jordan Ruqban

Syria Hadalat

Ramtha

Irbid

Ruqban & Hadalat Camps

Al-Mafraq

Amman

Azraq

ill.54. Displacement steps in Jordan.

Fig.10. UN map reveals destination of Syrian refugees.

Credit: Twitter/UNHCRUK

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ill.55. Crossing Borders & Registered Syrian Refugees in Jordan .EC,ERCC.

• The number of people stranded at the border area between Syria and Jordan has continued rising. According to the Jordanian Border Guard Forces, more than 37 000 persons are around the crossing points of Rukban and Hadalat on the eastern border compared to the 17 000 recorded in late January. The number of admissions to Jordanian territory is tightly controlled and remains low compared to the continuous new arrivals at the berm area from within Syria. • Humanitarian assistance is organized from the Jordanian border. However, there are mounting concerns about aid not reaching those most in need; particularly at Rukban where the majority of those stranded concentrate. Source: EC,ERCC.

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4.1.4. Why Azraq Refugee Camp ?

Azraq camp opened in April 2014 to provide safety and security to Syrian refugees .It was settled differently than other refugee camps .It was build in response to the troubles faced

in Zaatari camp

and in response to the Jordanian government’s struggle to host this

number of refugees . This camp had the chance to be planned and designed before construction in contrary to Zaatari camp . There was no tents phase . Shelters were constructed from the beginning . The design took a year and was triple the size of Zaatari camp hosting the same number of refugees .The camp was planned to host 120,000 refugees . In fact ,until March 2016, only 32,000 refugees were settled in the camp .50,000 are registered until now according to the UNHCR Fact sheet in April 2017. The potentials of the camp are many due to the fact that it was pre-planned . The camp design has a

chance for more development and more opportunity to turn it into a green and sustainable camp . Besides being the first camp in the world to be totally powered by renewable energy. The Lack of green spaces and open areas are encouraging to choose this camp .

The design of the camp was based on the previous experience at Zaatari which was given only two weeks to be planned. The decentralized structure of the camp gives it an urban identity compared to the other grid structured camps .

Different opinions about the camp :

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4.2. Azraq Camp Location Azraq which means “ the blue “ is a small town in Zarqa Governorate. Azraq refugee camp is located 20 km west of Azraq town, 100 km east of Amman, 90 km of Jordan-Syria

border, 255 km of Iraqi borders and 75 km of Saudi Arabian borders .

Zarqa Governorate

Azraq Refugee Camp

ill.56. Amman Map. ill.57. Zarqa Governorate Map .

Zarqa

Amman

Azraq

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4.2.1. Accessibility to the Camp

The camp is approached by the main highway which connects Al-Zarqa city with Azraq town. The camp has one main Entrance which leads to the public entrance and first reception point . From that point , refugees are moved into the base camp which has the reception area where they register and have their welcome meal. The Main transportation vehicle into the Camp is the car then the bus. Refugees move within the camp by foot or

bicycle .

From Zarqa

Heavy vehicle Entrance

Emergency Exit

Main Entrance Reception

Entrance from Azraq

Village I (Base Camp)

Village III

Village II

Village V

Village VI

Main Highway Streets inside the camp

ill.58. Azraq Camp Accessibility Map . Source: Author.

ill.59. Scene from the camp.

ill.60. Re-modification of the bike into Rickshaws.

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4.2.2. Azraq Town & Azraq Reserve Azraq means “ the blue “ is a small town located in Zarqa governorate in eastern Jordan.

100 kilometers east Amman. The main attraction points are Azraq Wildlife Reserve , Azraq

Castle and the Muwaffaq Salti air base. The importance of the town that it is located in the middle of Azraq oasis which is the only permanent source of fresh water in approximately 12,000 sqkm of desert. Azraq castle was built by the Romans in the 3rd century . A water reservoir was constructed by the Umayyad . In the 20th , the castle was an important headquarter for T.E.Lawrence. Azraq wetland reserve is a nature reserve located near Azraq in the eastern desert of Jordan . This wetland was created around 250,000 years ago as a result to geological changes .It is very famous with the birds. It is a place for bird – watching. Azraq was on the trade route which attracted many traders to stop by the

freshwater and rest their camels which were holding the herbs and spices between Jordan, Syria and other countries. Another larger reserve is located 10 kilometers south the town and called Shaumari Reserve .

The site of Azraq refugee camp, was used previously as a transit camp for Iraqi’s and Kuwaitis in the Gulf war 1990-1991. In the moment , it is sheltering Syrian refugees.

ill.61. Qasr Al-Azraq “ Al-Azraq Castle” .

ill.62. Azraq wetland reserve

ill.63. Azraq Oasis.

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Azraq Town

Azraq Camp

7 km

8 km

Qasr Amra (Amra Castle)

Al-Azraq Airport & Military Base Azraq Wetlands

Albutum big Lake ill.64. Azraq Camp Surroundings. Map not to Scale. Source: Author .

Qasr Amra Qasr Amra or Qusair Amra is a Castle which is located in the eastern desert of Jordan. It is around 8 kilometers away from Azraq refugee camp . It was built early in the 8th century by the Umayyad caliph Walid II. It is very famous with its sustainable architectural design to overcome the desert weather conditions.

ill.65.Above, Qasr Amra. ill.66. To the right , Qasr Amra Plan .

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4.2.3. Weather Conditions

The climate of Azraq Refugee camp is similar to the climate of Al-Azraq town which is clearly a desert one. There is noticeable rainfall during the year compared to other cities in

Jordan like Amman or Irbid. The average annual temperature of Al Azraq town is 19.1 °C and the Precipitation average is 59 mm .The climate is classified as BWh according to KÜppen-Geiger climate classification . Sandstorms are expected especially in the desert.

ill.67. Annual average rainfall and precipitation. Source: Fanack after MWI.

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Fig.11. Al-Azraq Climate graph. Precipitation is the lowest in June, with an average of 0 mm. Most precipitation falls in December, with an average of 15 mm.

Fig.12. Al-Azraq Temperature graph. At an average temperature of 27.5 °C, August is the hottest month of the year. In January, the average temperature is 8.5 °C. It is the lowest average temperature of the whole year.

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4.3. Azraq Camp Planning Structure & Morphology

As mentioned before, Azraq camp was a decision by the Jordanian government as a result of the overcrowding in Zaatari camp . The planners spent one whole year planning the

camp . This explains strongly why the camp planning structure is different than other camps , The planners tried this time to avoid any struggles they experienced in Zaatari camp . The size of the camp area is 14.7 km² . Which is almost triple the size of Zaatari camp (5.2 km²) . It was planned to accommodate 120,000 refugees, However , only 50,000 refugees are registered until now. The camp structure was planned in a decentralized manner . The main concept of the design is building several villages with the intention of providing all kinds of facilities in each village . The structure is subdivided into seven villages. Five of them are built until now including the base camp as the first village .

Villages four and seven are still under construction. Each village has the capacity to house 10,000-12,500 people .Each village has its own community center , community police post, women and child friendly spaces , primary health post and recreation grounds. Other facilities like the formal school , the main supermarket , the hospital and the mosque can be reached by all the villages and have the capacity to accommodate all the refugees.

ill.68. Azraq Camp , Village III Main services .

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• Decentralized Structure of Azraq Camp

Village V Base Camp ( Village I )

Village II

Public Entrance Village III

ill.69.Azraq Camp Main Structural layers .

Source: Author.

Village VI Camp Boundary (Built Area )

Village IV (Under Construction) Village VII (Under Construction)

Reaching the Camp from Zarqa & Amman Reaching the Camp from Azraq town

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4.3.1. Azraq Camp Infrastructure Map The only centralization aspect of the camp is the bread distribution point and the large supermarket in the middle of the camp between village II and village IV.

Solar Farm

Facility Type

ill.70.Azraq Camp Infrastructure map. UNHCR.

The map shows the camp infrastructure. As a decentralized structure , each village has its own open space, community service center, care clinic, informal market and other facilities.

The first two villages were occupied are village III and village VI. For that, they are more developed with diversity of services. The only centralized aspect is defined by the garden

and the large market in the middle of the camp between village IV and village III. There is only two main schools and one mosque for the camp which is located near Village III to the west surrounded by an informal market emphasizing the typical old urban design of a mosque.

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4.3.2. Main roads & Connections between the Villages

Bread distribution & Formal Market Playground Football field Official school Bridge Hospital Mosque

ill.71. Distance Map, Scale 1:20,000 .

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4.3.3. Chronological Construction development of Azraq Camp

Early 2013

December 2013

May 2013

Early 2017

ill.72.Construction Development of Azraq Camp .

4.3.4. Demography of Azraq Camp

“ Total persons of concerns is 53,266 “ UNHCR, September 2017.

Fig.13. Azraq Camp Demography.

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4.3.5. Structure of Villages I, II, III, V, VI

The structure of each village will be described in details in the following analysis, beginning with the first village which is considered as the base camp . This village is located in the

west side of the camp and has the main first functions for the new arrivals .The refugees will have their welcoming meal in the reception area . Later on , they will be registered and given their shelter keys with the shelter number and a map of the camp. There is no clear structure of this village . NGO warehouses and the base camp are organized in a grid manner . The reception area is built somehow randomly. The main hospital of the camp is in this village and located to be more close and accessible from the other villages. . Visitors and new arrivals will reach this village after passing through the reception point at the north of the camp and being checked at the check point . The base camp has a police station

and a civil defense point to keep the safety and the security of the camp under control .A water tank is also located in this village to supply the main facilities of the village. In the beginning when the camp has no electricity and this was a major problem ,the refugees used to come frequently to the offices blocks to charge their mobile phone which were the only source of joy to kill the boredom.

NGO Warehouse

Base camp (TU Offices)

Police

Water Tank

Civil Defense

Reception & Distribution

IMC Hospital

ill.73. Village I, Base Camp . Scale 1:8000 . Source: Authors

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• Village II Many refugees were given the chance to built their own shelters choosing the location they prefer. This explains the clear different direction of the grid structure of the village II. Each

village should have three outdoor green areas . This village has a playground and a football field that is located to be reached by other villages.

ill.74. Village II. Scale 1:5000 . Source: Authors Water Tank Tap stand Playground Football Area NRC Distribution Point Police Station Care Warehouse Infant & Child feeding program

ill.75.Village II Grid Structure .

Source: Authors

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• Village III

The Grid structure of this village is clear with one orientation .

Tap Stand Infant & Child feeding program Playground Education Center Women Center Community Center Community Police Mosque

Informal Market

ill.76. Village III Map . Scale 1:2500. Source: Authors.

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• Village V Village V was constructed on two grids. Security points are located at the south on the top of the hill .

ill.77. Village V Structure on Two Grids .Source: Authors

Water Tank Tap stand Playground School NRC Distribution Point Police Station Warehouse Infant & Child feeding program Waste Water Station

`

Health Post

ill.78. Village V Map. Scale 1:5000 . Source: Authors

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• Village VI

Water Tank Tap stand Playground Police Station Infant & Child feeding program Community center Women Center Informal Market School IMC Clinic adolescent Space

ill.79. Village VI . Scale 1:4000 . Source: Authors

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4.4. Shelter Design Transitional Shelter ( T-Shelter)

Azraq camp is different than other

camps that it had no tents . Shelters were

placed

from

the

beginning.

Side Entrance Extension (Optional)

Metal Cladding

Shelters were constructed considering the

financial,

climatic

and

cultural

constraints. The shelters were built mainly by steel and zinc with concrete flooring in order to withstand the harsh

Aluminum Foam Insulation

weather. No concrete or cement were

used on a purpose to send a message that

the

camp

is

not

permanent.

According to the interviews with some refugees, concrete floorings were not

Steel Structure

placed directly and it took quite a long time . The shelter has high ceiling and sloping roof with two ventilation points.

"We used feedback from the refugees at Zaatari Camp to help us design these

Internal Roof (Plastic sheeting)

and they're also adapted to the weather conditions here," Ms. Castel explains.

The cabin space is 24 sqm and can host

Concrete Flooring

five individuals . A group of six cabins share lavatories. The

side entrance

extension is optional for enhanced

Metal Rebar

privacy .

ill.80. 3D Section Shows the six main layers of the T-Shelter

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ill.81.Shelters construction .Š Werner Schellenberg/UNHCR

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4.5. Site Topography

There is no steep slope in Azraq camp .Only a slope with an average of 2.7% . Security points

are located in a strategic positions on the top

I

II

of the hill surrounding the camp .In the winter ,

III V

rain water runs down the slope gathering in the lowest point between the villages III,II and

IV VI

VII

villages V,VI causing a flooding.

Village III

Village VI 658 m

645 m

3.6%

2.0% 2.0% 625 m

2.7%

3.04 km ill.82.Topography Section . Scale 1:20,000 .Source: Authors.

ill.83. View from North showing the slope .

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4.6. Site Observation

ill.84.

ill.85.

ill.86.

ill.87.

ill.88.

ill.89.

ill.90.

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Bridge between Village III & Village VI used mainly in the winter .

ill.90. ill.91. Source: Author . .

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4.7. Water Supply - TapStand Village 3 “ Tapstands are located at a maximum of 200 meters from shelters, while water and sanitation facilities containing latrines and bathing facilities are situated in each plot within close vicinity to the shelters.� UNHCR. Fig.14. Primary reported source of drinking water

ill.92. Distance from Tapstands in Village 3, May 2014,Map not to Scale.

Table.03.Distance from Tapstands in Village 3

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4.8. Refugees Cultural background in Azraq Camp Morphology

According to the site observations , refugees tend to re-form their shelters in a way that they will look similar to their houses in Syria fulfilling their needs respecting the cultural

background and the traditions. If we go back to the old Syrian house we can see the strong enclosure created by the courtyard , emphasizing the privacy and overcoming the climatic forces. Blocks enclosures are created in some parts of the villages like village V.

ill.93.Enclosures between blocks ,Village V.

ill.94.The Design of the Old Syrian House. ill.95.Old Syrian House.

ill.96.Sharing enclosures at Azraq Camp.

ill.97.Forms of Privacy using zinc sheets.

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4.9. Solar Energy Azraq camp is the world’s first refugee camp powered by renewable energy. Refugees at Azraq camp have lived two and a half year without electricity. One of them said that when it

got dark, the camp became scary like a ghost and no one could leave the shelter. People used to charge their mobile phone at the NGOs offices .Solar lights were used to light for 23 hours at night . People couldn’t store their food in a refrigerator and couldn’t run any kind of business. Kids had no chance to watch TV. Simply , the camp was dead without electricity. In May 2017 ,two megawatt solar plant was built by IKEA to supply 20,000 refugees living in the Camp. This renewable energy is considered to be a green economy in the camp by providing electricity to the refugees for free and employing them to help building the farm and maintaining it .

ill.98.The plant stretches out into the desert. © IKEA Foundation/Vingaland AB

ill.99.Azraq Camp solar lighting .

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4.10. Vegetation

Deserts have less variety in plantation compared to wet areas. However, there is a lot of different plants that grow in Jordan and specifically in the hot arid areas. After a long

research about plants that can grow in Azraq camp and with the help of xeriscape database, I have prepared a list of possible plants that will be used later on my project .

ill.100.Aizoon canariense

ill.101.Ixiolirion tataricum

ill.103. Androcymbium palaestinum

ill.104.Bellevalia desertorum

ill.106.Capparis spinosa

ill.107.Paronychia argentea

ill.109.Silene aegyptiaca

ill.110. Asparagus palaestinus

ill.102.Picris longirostris

ill.105.Pistacia palaestina

ill.108.Tulipa-agenensis

ill.111.Rhus coriaria

ill.112.Agave americana

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ill.113.Olive tree (Olea europaea)

ill.116.Vitex agnus-castus

ill.119.Sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) in Azraq Camp.

ill.114.Quercus coccifera

ill.117.Opuntia Ficus

2017

ill.115.Tamarix aphylla

ill.118.Artemisia arborescens

ill.120.Successful experience with Radish (Raphanus raphanistrum subsp .sativus) in Zaatari camp .

ill.121. Successful experience with Aubergine (Solanum melongena).

ill.122. Planting Project at Zaatari Camp.

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• Vegetation in Azraq Camp

ill.123. Vegetation in Azraq Camp . Source: Author.

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4.11. Survey & Questionnaires Target people : •

•

Kids

• Elderly

Women

• People with disabilities

• Wounded & Traumatic

Types of Questionnaires : • Typical questionnaire with different questions about the daily life at the camp .

Questionnaire Instructions : Please put a tick space next to the question .

Gender

Male

Age

10-18

in the box next to the answer of your choice or write in the

Female 19-30

31-50

above 50

Profession in Syria …………………………...................................................................................

Time of moving into the camp

2014

You live in Village

III

II

Is it easy get a permission for a visit

2015

2016

V

VI

Yes

No

2017

How often do you leave the camp Weekly

Monthly

Only occasions

Never

Your source of entertainment …………………………………………………………….……….......

Transportation difficulty from & into the camp Difficulty moving between villages

Yes

Yes

No

Do you find the bread center close to your village Is the tap stand close to your shelter

Yes

Yes

Is the school close to your village

Yes

Is the shelter convenient ( if not , why)

Yes

Transportation in the camp by

No

Foot

Do you have previous knowledge in Planting

No No No

Bike

…………………………….……….

Car

Yes

Did you visit Azraq town before (if yes, why ) Yes Do you work in the moment ( if yes , what)

No

Yes

No No No

………………………………. …………………………….

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• Picture questionnaire for kids and uneducated people .

Questionnaire Instructions : Please put a tick

in the box next to the photo of your choice.

1

ill.124..

ill.125.

2

ill.126.

ill.127.

ill.128.

3

ill.129.

ill.130.

• Questionnaires were translated from Arabic for research purposes .

• Kids and uneducated people were given help in both questionnaires .

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4.12. SWOT Analysis

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Strengths

Weaknesses

Camp location is safe & well secured.

Camp structure.

Green economic.

Solar farm.

Previous planting activities .

Existing outdoor Spaces.

Azraq town economic recovery.

Shelters construction by refugees with the freedom to choose the location within the selected village.

Variety of activities for all ages.

No overcrowding.

Good infrastructure compared to other refugee camps.

Bicycles are highly used.

Untight urban sprawl.

• Camp location ( isolated and disconnected from surrounding cities).

• Strict rules on refugees to leave the camp.

• No possible work opportunities in Azraq town or Zarqa city due to the location and the regulations.

• Boredom of emptiness.

• informal markets are not easily allowed which makes the camp rigid.

• No clear green areas.

• Schools are not easily accessible to villages II & III. • Water tap stands locations.

• Weather conditions (San storms, flooding, mice, snakes, scorpions…etc).

• No water features.

• Weak integration with locals.

• Low Population.

ill.131.

Refugees building their shelters themselves.

ill.132.Flooding in Azraq camp

Opportunities

Threats

• Sustainable approaches like the solar farm & the Hydroponic system.

• More investment projects in both the camp and Azraq town which means more employment opportunities.

• Urban connection point between Azraq, Zarqa city and Amman.

• More vegetation.

• Environmentally &aesthetically improvement of the camp landscape.

• Leisure activities.

• Bringing back the rural life.

• Potentials for future development.

• Flooding in winters.

• Big social gap between refugees & locals.

• Planting failure if no care and maintenance are provided frequently.

• Political situation in Syria.

• No change in movement regulations on refugees.

• Local economic recession.

• Poverty.

• Socioeconomic tension.

• Health troubles due to the sand storms.

• Villages dissociation.

• Criminal activities.

Table.04.SWOT Analysis. Source: Author’s.

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4.13. Conclusion

The site analysis is the most important step to show what are the potentials and the constrains of the camp . It is the base stone of the research design proposal . Therefore , I

have to admit that during the site visit and the data collection ,I was many times optimistic and some other moments pessimistic about the current situation. In my opinion , Azraq refugee camp has high potentials of turning into the best example of a crisis response .

Starting from the camp decentralized structure going into other details like the T-shelter design and the trials of bringing a new design to the crisis solution, skipping the tents and following the refugees requirements by listening to their complains in previous examples like Zaatari refugee camp . My question in this conclusion is mainly directed to those who are responsible about the first step of settling a refugee camp which is choosing the

location . Jordan doesn’t have only desert areas ,but also a lot of green abandoned areas in northern Jordan like Ajloun, Salt and Jerash , where these location are even closer to the border, Daraa, between Jordan and Syria. Our mission as Landscape architects is to help and to take a role in deciding the location of a refugee camp , considering the site forces like the weather condition and the accessibility . Focusing in the moment on Azraq camp , I found that the site in like a double-edge sword ; there are some clear threats on the socioeconomic level and the urban level and some other opportunities in making this camp the solution for existing local challenges . This camp could be an urban linkage point connecting Azraq town with Zarqa City and Amman, the capital. This step will help the economy of Azraq town to recover, following this with an urban expansion and a stronger integration between the locals and the refugees . In addition to this , the possibility of making this connection green is high according to the site observation and witnessing a variety of vegetation newly planted. If we take a closer look at the camp we notice how the sustainable approach that the camp administration has chosen was successful by placing a solar farm. The Electricity gave the camp a life and a chance to start some small projects like the small shops .Other sustainable and green projects should also take place like the food production by the Hydroponic system and the gardening activities that have been done previously . The land use map showed how the structure of the camp is decentralized by creating villages . The only centralized aspect was the bread distribution center and the formal market. There supposed to be a garden also in the center which doesn't exist.I Think

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the camp needs more than one Bread center and more shops. The center of the camp could be a hot spot where a recreation project could take a place , gathering the people from all the villages for different occasions and activities and connecting strongly the villages without losing their main structures. The Market could also be

expanded . Putting the light on the refugees cultural background impacts on forming the Azraq refugee camp , I should admit that this point should prove for us as landscape architects the importance of involving the target people in the design phase, Thus, I think that the villages IV and VII which are still under construction , could have a better chance in their formation. There might be stronger enclosure , creating an urban identity for the camp . These enclosures could have many design proposals from a green perspective into more simple and untied colored textures

matching the strong unity of the shelters which is the main identity of the camp ; the white camp .Another point is to be considered is the outdoor open spaces. The structure analysis has shown the main open areas in each village and the gender separation of these spaces emphasizing the social structure of a Syrian community.

More open spaces and green areas are to be added to each village structure .

Projects like allotment gardens ,ornamental or healing gardens could help in implementing this concept. Other weaknesses also should be thought of like the

water tapstands and the transportation system in the camp especially for kids attending the school. A new transportation network should be proposed including the bike and suggesting a bus line for the whole camp and between the camp and the surrounding cities. Thinking widely about solutions for Azraq camp could bring life to the camp and end the feeling of emptiness ,besides helping traumatic and wounded people to recover.

Solutions that can combine the aesthetics , the

economy and the environment . Such as planation projects like olive farms which is

considered to be one of the best business projects in Jordan. The positive returns of such projects on the refugees and the locals are many.

In the end , my main method in the design is a quote from Hasan Fathy which says: “ There is at least billion individuals who will die soon or live a desperate life due to the unhealthy living conditions “ .

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Chapter 05 Design Proposal

ill.133. Sketches . Source: Author.

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Design Proposal Hierarchy

The design Proposal of Azraq camp consists three sustainable designs to improve or even add the landscape feature to the camp with the consideration of the social , environmental and economical positive return. Starting from a bigger scale , the first proposal consists a design which would be a green connection node between Azraq town and Azraq camp trying to enhance the socio-economy between the camp and the town by an environmental solution. Moving closely into the camp scale , the second design will propose eco-solutions

for the existing villages of the camp and for the villages which are still under construction.

The third level will focus on the shelter blocks design , suggesting a community shared space which could reflect the arabesque design elements , strengthening

the

neighborhoods social outdoor spaces and emphasizing the Syrian cultural background.

Each design will be described separately showing the components and the main objectives for the present and the future . The hierarchy below descries the steps of the design from the bigger scale into more details.

Sustainable Landscape Proposal at Azraq Camp

Green Node Between Azraq Camp & Azraq City Scale 1:10,000

Azraq Eco-Camp Scale 1:5000/2500

Arabesque Green Neighborhoods Scale 1:500/100/50 Fig.15.Design Proposal Hierarchy

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5.1. Green Node Between Azraq Camp & Azraq City

This design propose an interactive green node between Azraq town and Azraq camp which its main function is to connect both the camp more with the town and to give the opportunity for more economic improvement and social integration. The design will lead also to a transportation facilities and infrastructure improvement and will involve both the refugees and the locals .

Design Components : Azraq Park

Recreational Gardens

Xeriscape Garden

Amusement Park

Zoo

Fig.16.Green Node Components. Source: Authors.

Design Objectives : • Strengthening the social integration and the relations between the refugees and the locals.

•

Provide more job opportunities for both locals and refugees.

•

Economic improvement for the host country.

• Urban expansion towards Al-Zarqaa and Amman which will lead into more investment projects in the future.

• Creating a green linkage between the town and the camp which could grow into other green corridors .

• Recreational spot for both refugees and locals.

•

Rising the awareness in the local xeriscape Landscape .

• Ecological improvement by vegetation and green transportation system which will lead into less dust , cooler environment, soil development over time and also a wildlife habitat.

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Sketches

ill.134.Green node sketches. Source : Author

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Sketches Azraq Camp Zoo

Park interactive center

Amusement Park

Recreational Garden

Xeriscape Garden

Azraq Town

Azraq Military Airport

ill.135.Green node zones Sketch. Source : Author

This proposal is suggested for the long term situation as it needs a strong financial fund besides the long period for construction. The design include also suggesting an improvement of the main highway from the camp to Azraq town and from the camp to AlZarqa city which consist planting more trees . The main components of the park are

structured in a semi-centralized manner. The Park interactive center is the gate point to the park and the gathering point from all the other functions . This project will help the refugees to overcome their catastrophe and to integrate socially . It will also decrease the stress happening between the locals and the refugees due to the economic struggles.

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ill.136.Azraq Park Conceptual Diagram . Source : Author

Azraq Refugee Camp

Azraq Green Node

Al-Azraq Air Base

Azraq Town

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Xeriscape Garden

A

Amusement Park & Zoo

ill.137.Azraq Park Master Plan. Source : Author

Azraq Refugee Camp

Meditation Garden

A

B

Parking Area 2

B

Park Interactive Center

Parking Area 1

Al-Azraq Air Base

Azraq Reserve

Azraq Town

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ill.138. Section A-A. Source : Author

ill.139. Section B-B. Source : Author

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ill.140. Xeriscape Garden ,3D Visualizations . Source : Author

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ill.141. Azraq Park ,3D Visualizations . Source : Author

The Topography of the site is an important element in shaping the main roads and creating the concept of the park . The park functions are connected by different curvilinear roads.

This park is to be a green-economic recovery for Azraq city in the fist place and for Azraq refugee camp in the second place since it is considered to be a temporary situation. The whole park can be reached mainly from tow sides with several entrances leading to two spacious parking plots. The amusement park is an important element for both locals and

refugees; it is a recreational place for kids and a strong economic to the city. This park will give the chance to many young people to work and will decrease the population crawling into the capital . The xeriscape garden is to be the first in Jordan and will introduce the locals and the refugees into the local plants that can grow in this environment. Students from the agriculture or the architecture department have the opportunity to visit this garden and learn more about the xeriscape landscape . The park interactive center is a gathering point where people can meet after spending the day playing , learning and enjoying the environment. In the center , people have the chance to camp , have a picnic and wait for

the sunset to watch the special desert sky. The central lake is an artificial lake and a simulation of the wetland in Azraq reserve .

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5.2. Azraq Eco-Camp This design suggest a re-thinking about the open spaces in the camp including more green spaces by proposing different projects for both aesthetic and economical purposes. Thus, a big central garden after the entrance area is proposed which will be the gathering point for all the refugees from all the villages. Besides the new green transportation network which will consist two photovoltaic bus lines transporting the refugees within the camp , helping the students to reach the schools more conveniently and taking care of the elderly, wounded people and handicapped. The design includes also a green courtyards structure for the blocks in each village , showing a detailed sample of this courtyard in the next design proposal . The hill on the south of the camp where the security points are located; will be planted with olive trees and fig trees . Olive is one of the strongest business in Jordan . Refugees will be part of this project in planting, harvesting and olives production in addition to the edible fig fruits which fig marmalades could be produced out of them .

Another location for olive and fig trees is suggested east the camp. Shared allotment gardens will strengthen the social life in the camp and will be also as a food production

project. The flooding problem should also be taken into consideration which impedes the movement between the south and the north . In addition to the land use map of each village which needs to be improved , for example , more markets, a clinic for each village and emphasizing the playground spaces.

Design Components : Azraq Eco-Camp

Green infrastructure

Transportation network

Shared allotment gardens (Community gardens)

Olive & Fig farms

Central Healing Garden Fig.17.Eco-Camp design components . Source: Authors.

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Design Objectives : •

Help refugees especially traumatized ones to overcome their crisis .

•

Killing the boredom ; which is one of the main complains from the refugees , by filling the refugees time with green-economic projects and entertainment open spaces.

• More employment projects for both locals and refugees which will improve the local economy .

• Encouraging more landscape projects in the region.

• Utilization of the heavy winter rain to solve the water supply problem in the camp.

• Improving the transportation network of the camp considering the elderly, people with special needs and students.

• Sustainable solutions to decrease the heat in the summer ( more vegetation, courtyards, pergolas ,grey water recycle ,natural urban ventilation channels according to wind direction….etc.) .

• Develop the land use structure of the villages.

• Strengthening the social relationships between the refugees.

• Decrease the criminal activities.

• Healthier Environment in the camp.

• No poverty in the camp in the future.

Environment al

Social

Economic

Fig.18.Sustainable Method.

Source: Authors.

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Sketches Flooding strip (Potential)

Plantation on the Hill

Central Healing Garden

Markets Center

Allotment Gardens

Shared Allotment Gardens

Olive & Fig Farms

Olive & Fig Farms

ill.142.Eco-camp Zones Sketch. Scale 1:30,000. Source : Author

ill.143.Eco-camp Zones Relations. Source : Author

112

Arabesque Courtyards

Olive & Fig Farms

Security Point

ill.144.Eco-camp Master Plan. Source : Author .

Flooding Zone

Main Entrance

Market

Market

Market

Shared Allotment Gardens

Security Point

Healing Garden

Mosque

Security Point

Security Point

Olive & Fig Farms

Allotment Gardens

Olive & Fig Farms

Allotment Gardens

Solar Panels Farm

Main Bus Station

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Block 5

Healing Garden

Street

ill.145.Section A-A. Source : Author.

Block 16

Block 14

Arabesque Courtyards

Street

Allotment Gardens

Olive & Fig Trees

ill.146.Section B-B . Source : Author.

Block 10 Arabesque Courtyards

Shared Allotment Gardens

Block 12

Block 11 Arabesque Courtyards

ill.147.Section C-C. Source : Author.

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ill.148.Eco-camp Green connections, Conceptual Diagram . Source : Author.

The design components of the eco-camp as mentioned before are a green infrastructure, a central healing garden , a green transportation system , shared allotment gardens , olive and fig farms and streets design. Each component has an eco-social function. Refugees have the chance in the allotment gardens to produce food from the agriculture and animals breeding. This project will help the local economic to recover and the refugees to afford living costs . The olive & fig farms surrounding from two sides give the exposed camp privacy and an environment for a biodiversity improvement and wildlife habitat . In addition to the main returns of planting them which are olives , olive oil production, fig fruits and fig marmalades. Two market blocks were added in addition to the existing ones to strengthen the decentralized structure of the camp. The design includes also a green space outside the hospital where people can have a healthy environment. More playgrounds were added to the camp structure in addition to the green courtyards inside the blocks where people can meet and spend more time together. The main bus station is located North east the camp near the main entrance. The flooding area is redesigned as a stepping terrain with a rain water collection technique for the winter and a green stepping landscape area for the summer. This solution will prevent any flooding troubles and will emphasis the accessibility between the camp villages.

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ill.149.Eco-camp , Village VI, 3D Visualization. Source : Base photo : Greenarea.me , edited by Author.

Allotment Gardens

Olive & Fig Farms

Olea europaea Raphanus raphanistrum subsp.sativus (Radish )

Solanum melongena

Opuntia Ficus

Mentha spicata

Ficus carica

ill.150. Green Houses in allotment gardens.

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ill.151. Healing Garden 3D Visualization. Source : Author.

Plants proposed in the healing garden Flower Plants and herbs with aroma were mainly chosen for the healing garden with the consideration of the weather conditions and the regional plants.

Helianthus annuus

Hibiscus trionum

Thymus capitatus

Hibiscus micranthus

Salvia aegyptiaca

Mentha pulegium

Iris aucheri

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Many Syrian refugees come from rural areas and villages . They have an

experience

harvesting

with

and

farming

plantation.

,

The

allotment garden will include both ornamental

plants

and

edible

vegetation. Successful experiences of planting in the site were mentioned in the site analysis before. Allotment gardens may consist green houses for food production. The central healing garden is the point which connects the de-centralized villages.

This garden will be also as a green

ill.152. Longitudinal Section Sketch . Source : Author.

gate after the reception area. The flooding area in the middle of the camp is dividing the camp in the winter into two parts . This water could be collected and pumped to the villages to supply more refugees.

ill.153.Flooding Solution Sketch. Source : Author .

Besides a landscape design for the area

which

can

facilitate

the

movement between the two parts in the winter instead of building bridges.

ill.154.Camp Green Courtyards . Source : Author.

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Flooding Area Solution

Rainwater Harvesting Plantation Wooden Bridges in Water pumped to filters

Flooding Periods

then water stations

ill.155.Flooding Area Solution . Source : Author .

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Transportation network

ill.156.Transportation Network Sketch , Scale 1:30,000. Source : Author

Two main bus lines are planned to provide accessibility to the whole camp. The line direction within the blocks is planned based firstly on the main target people; Handicapped, elderly and students and secondly the main essential functions of the camp such as the hospital and the shopping center.A main bus station is proposed in the north for both internal and external buses.

Bicycles are highly used in Azraq camp besides transforming some of them into Rickshaws . Thus , a bike network is important to enhance the usage of the bikes . A major line should be planned more clearly in order to enhance the

connection between the villages. ill.157. Major bike road between the villages.Source :Author.

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2017

ill.158. Transportation Network Map .Source :Author.

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Acer pseudoplatanus Two Lanes Road Aerva javanica

9m

Bike Lane

Vegetation strip

Pedestrian

ill.159. Street Design Section, Scale 1:100 .Source :Author.

The

transportation

network

improvement

includes streets design . The exposed site to the sun has encouraged the idea of using solar buses emphasizing the main goal of the eco-camp by providing healthier environment.

Shaded bike lanes and pedestrian roads are added to the street design in order to encourage the refugees to use walk and use the bicycle in addition to improving the

network between the villages. ill.160. Solar Buses .

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Acer pseudoplatanus

Aerva javanica

ill.161. Street Design ,3D Visualization . Source: Author .

The benefits of designing the main streets of Azraq camp are many. Starting from the environmental improvement , the vegetation and trees planted on the roads will provide a wildlife habitat , air purification and reducing the impact of sun rays as a shading element .

This will create a more convenient roads for pedestrians and bikes . In addition to that , these plants will give the blocks more privacy and will create a sense of enclosure to the shelters . Refugees will feel safer and healthier to move between the blocks.

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5.3. Arabesque Green Neighborhoods

This design proposal shows how the cultural background and the traditions could be integrated in the design process with the use of specific landscape element to fulfill the society needs. The arabesque courtyards or patios are a simulation of the Syrian sustainable Arabic house . These patios will be designed for the blocks , gathering the refugees together from all the shelters , providing a friendly cool green space. Pergolas will be used around the patio as an arcade element cooling the temperature and providing

shadow. These pergolas will also be used between shelters with short distances connecting the refugees inside the neighborhoods. Elements like a central fountain is proposed by the refugees since it reminds them of their home and it helps cooling down the temperature.

Design Components : Arabesque Green Neighborhoods

Arabesque Courtyards

Green Neighborhoods Grey Water Recycle

Fig.19.Arabesque Neighborhood Components . Source: Authors.

Pergolas

Trees & Plantation

Design Objectives : •

Improve the social life within the blocks.

• Create an urban identity for the camp by the architecture landscape design .

• Provide more convenient outdoor spaces for the refugees.

• Help traumatized people overcome the crisis.

• Healthier neighborhoods.

• More privacy to the shelters.

• Decrease the criminal activities.

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Sketches The design aims to provide more safe and green spaces inside the camp by green courtyards , pergolas that connect the shelters together and

vegetation within the blocks. A distance between the

shelters

elevation

recommended for

and

the

street

is

more privacy and could be

created by a landscape space .

Pergolas built with local materials; like straw, wood‌etc.

ill.162. Arabesque Courtyard Sketch. Source :Author.

ill.163. Arabesque Courtyard Section Sketch. Source :Author.

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ill.164. Arabesque Courtyard Section Sketch. Source :Author.

ill.165. Sketch explaining the Green blocks system .Source :Author.

ill.166. Connective Pergolas Sketch .Source :Author.

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Hedge

Arabesque Courtyard

Climbing Plants

Pergola A

B

B

A

Shelters with Roof Solar panels

Trees for Privacy

ill.167. Arabesque Courtyard Masterplan . Scale 1:1000.Source :Author.

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ill.168. Arabesque Courtyard Conceptual Diagram .Source :Author .

The main core of the design is the central arabesque courtyard . This concept is a result of the interviews with the refugees and the social and cultural background of the Syrian society. A central courtyard represents the arabesque old house with a sustainable function as a cooling element. The central arabesque courtyard consists a pergola made of wood as a main element representing the arcade in the Syrian old houses leading into a central patio with a central fountain and symmetrical green areas . The trees and the pergola are shading elements and the fountain is a cooling element . All these elements will provide a cool friendly zone for the residents of the block . In addition to that, this space will encourage the refugees to meet , talk and bring their kids to play strengthening the social life of each block . The

pergola proposal will also take place between the shelters

connecting them together and creating shaded corridors .These green corridors are considered as natural urban ventilation channels. The pergolas will take a non-repetitive structure in order to break the strong boring rhythm of the shelters’ order. Trees will be planted in the block and around it in order to give more privacy to the shelters. Fabric sheets between shelters are replaced by hedges and plants to give also more privacy to the refugees.

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Central Fountain

2017

Wooden Central Pergola

Shaded Corridors

ill.169. Section A-A. Scale 1:250 .Source :Author.

Shaded Sitting Space

Neighborhood Wooden Pergola

Front Planted Area

ill.170. Section B-B. Scale 1:100 .Source :Author.

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ill.171. Existing Situation . Fabric sheets as Privacy Element .

2017

ill.172. Existing Situation .Grey Water.

Neighborhood Wooden Pergola

Solar Panels

1%

1%

Grey Water Septic Tank ill.173. 3D Visualization – Healthy Neighborhoods Proposal. Source: Author .

Hedge as a Privacy element

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ill.174. 3D Visualization – Healthy Neighborhoods Proposal. Source: Author.

The pergolas will provide the refugees the protection from the sun; specifically the kids, and will create cooler and safer zones . The spaces between the shelters will be more friendly and welcoming to spend the time with the neighbors . This structure can be built by the refugees themselves. The grey water coming from the shelters is mostly water from

cooking or laundry . Very few refugees are using this water in the moment to water their plants or other uses. A recycling system is suggested to collect the grey water underground and reuse it for watering the plants in front of their shelters and in the washing units for the flushing cabins. In this way , there will not be water running in the roads between the shelters anymore and this will lead into a healthier blocks where the bacteria has less chance to grow and spread between the refugees. Strengthening the social life will make the camp a safer place to live in and will decrease the crime and the boredom which was the main complain by the refugees.

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ill.175. 3D Visualization – Solar Energy Lightening- Night Scene . Source: Author.

The design include a new modification on the shelters by adding a solar panel on the roof in order to bring up more light to the blocks and to decrease the amount of the irritating electrical wires between the shelters . The daily life will become more entertaining and more new activities can take a place in the evenings especially in the summer. The arabesque courtyard is a gathering point for social and cultural events like musical events, different workshops and educational activities.

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5.4. Conclusion

The design proposal might have a great possibility to be implemented if the attention from governmental organizations was given . Azraq refugee camp could be an example for other refugee camps all around the world in involving the landscape architects in designing the refugee camps in early or late phases encouraging the designers to think widely and find more creative solutions considering the sustainability. The camp development is flexible in a way that could remain even if the camp is planned to be removed in the future. The olive and fig farms will remain for the locals besides the allotment gardens . The camp location was already used before as a transit camp for the Iraqi and Kuwaiti refugees in the gulf war between 1990-1991. Thus, the opportunity to allocate the location for future crisis response is possible with some modifications. This research and previous experiments on site have proven that the list of possible plants and vegetation is clearly wide. This result shows the importance of the public awareness of frequent maintenance for the plants. Involving the refugees in both design and construction phase will make the design more valuable to them. Finally , some design components may be more logic and have more possibility to be implemented than others. This makes the discussion open to other professionals to share their suggestions for a better design .

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Chapter 06 Lists

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List of illustrations ill 01 Source : https://www.lowyinstitute.org/the-interpreter/new-refugee-compact-will-strugglelive-lofty-rhetoric ill 02 Source : https://atlasofthefuture.org/project/azraq-solar-array/ ill 03 Source :UNHCR: "Displacement: The New 21st Century Challenge," 2012 ill 04 Source : http://archinect.com/news/article/149944079/new-moma-exhibition-explores-thearchitecture-of-displacement ill 05 Source : https://www.flickr.com/photos/giacomofrigerio/3929090710 ill 06 Source : http://www.edpasy.co.uk/ ill 07 Source : https://www.theguardian.com/media/ng-interactive/2015/aug/10/migrant-life-incalais-jungle-refugee-camp-a-photo-essay ill 08 Source : Louis XIV Presentation by Stephanie Saiya ill 09 & ill 10 Source : http://de.alamy.com/stock-photo-boer-war-refugee-camp-in-pretoria-weeklycleaning-49905813.html ill 11 Source : http://mashable.com/2016/05/21/polish-refugees-iran/#IgC_FCupl5q8 ill 12 Source : http://www.unhcr.org/history-of-unhcr.html ill 13 Source : http://www.helgoland-genealogie.info/inselgeschichte/vor-100-jahren-evakuierungder-insulaner-bei-kriegsausbruch-1914/ ill 14 Source : https://www.pressebox.de/pressemitteilung/brillux-gmbh-co-kg/Neuer-Raum-fuerden-Hafen-der-Traeume/boxid/205359 ill 15 Source : http://www.rege.hamburg/projekte/referenzen/auswanderermuseum-ballinstadt/ ill 16 Source : http://www.christian-terstegge.de/hamburg/auswandererhallen/index.html ill 17 Source : www.dailymail.co.uk/home/you/article-2815715/Jemima-Khan-War-taken-awaychildhood.html

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ill.18 Source : www.the-star.co.ke/news/2016/05/11/dadaab-refugee-camp-will-be-closed-bymay-2017-kibicho_c1348618 ill.19 Source : www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2h-UEdgiQs ill.20 Source : Google earth ill.21 Source : wave2017.iuav.it/jaramana/ ill.22 Source : UNHCR ill.23 Source:www.thestar.com/life/2010/01/19/darfur_war_is_the_shabbat_subject_in_synagogu es_this_weekend.html ill.24 Source : howlingpixel.com/wiki/Armenians_in_Lebanon ill.25 Source : Studio Basel . Atlas Historical Camps ill.26 Source : Studio Basel . Atlas Historical Camps ill.27 Source : Google earth ill 28 Source : Transitional shelter (T-shelter) Design for Azraq camp , Jordan- UNHCR ill 29 Source : UNHCR Handbook for Emergencies, 2007 Ill. 30 Source : www.unrwa.org/where-we-work/jordan/husn-camp ill.31 Source : Google maps. ill.32 Source : Google maps. ill.33 Source : Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence, Authors: LOTTE DIETVORST CIEL GROMMEN, MARTHE THEUNS ill.34 Source : Historical Archive of UNRWA Database . ill.35 Source : Historical Archive of UNRWA Database

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ill.36 Source : OpenstreetMap ill.37 Source : Husn Camp Improvement . Razan.Khalaf. https://www.tasmeemme.com/en/project/119266/husn-camp-improvement ill.38 Source : Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence, Authors: LOTTE DIETVORST CIEL GROMMEN, MARTHE THEUNS ill.39.40.41 Source: Google Earth ill.42 Source: https://eimsbuettel-hilft.de/mitglied/erstaufnahmeeinrichtung-in-der-vogt-koellnstrasse/ ill.43 Source: www.wespe-online.de/2017/06/07/abschied-vom-sportplatzring-ankunft-an-derneuen-heimat-vogt-koelln-str/ ill.44 Source: www.eimsbuetteler-nachrichten.de/fluechlinge-in-der-erstaufnahme-informatikum/ ill.45 Source: Google Earth ill.46.,ill.47.

Source : worldarchitecture.org/articles/cecgz/berlins-tempelhof-airport-transforms-intogermanys-largest-refugee-camp.html ill.48 Source: http://roc2016.blogspot.de/2016/06/the-structure-ofrefugee-camps-from.html ill.49 Source: Google Earth ill.50 Source: http://www.politico.eu/article/berlin-terminal-refuge-tempelhof-refugee-ghettoairport-reception-center/ ill.51 Source: http://greenarea.me/en/68825/jordans-solar-energy-to-provide-electricity-to-azraqrefugee-camp/ ill.52 Source:http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/syria/11812146/Desperatesituation-in-Syrias-Yarmouk-refugee-camp-as-typhoid-breaks-out.html ill.53 Source: Base Map : Syria Maps - Perry-CastaĂąeda Map Collection - UT Library Online(1), Edited by Author .

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ill.54 Source: http://www.mapsland.com/asia/jordan/detailed-political-and-administrative-map-ofjordan-with-relief-roads-railroads-and-major-cities-1991, Edited by Author Ill.55 Source: http://reliefweb.int/map/jordan/jordan-syrian-refugees-echo-daily-map-01032016 Ill.56 Source: http://www.mapsland.com/asia/jordan/detailed-political-and-administrative-map-ofjordan-with-relief-roads-railroads-and-major-cities-1991 Ill.57 Source: Author.

Ill.58 Source: Base map : Openstreetmaps . Edited by Author.

Ill59 Source: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/azraq-refugee-camp-home-18000-syriansone-year-after-establishment Ill.60 Source: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-3063824/A-year-model-camp-Syrianrefugees-mixed-record.html Ill.61.ill.62 Source: http://www.learnabouttravelmaps.info/pics/a/azraq.html Ill.63 Source: http://iraqmarshrestoration.blogspot.de/2013/07/pictures-from-azraq-wetlands.html Ill.64 Source: Base Maps ,Google earth &openstreetmaps, edited by Author Ill.65 Source: http://yourenotfromaroundhere.com/blog/qasr-kharana-jordan/ Ill.66 Source: https://archnet.org/sites/4772/media_contents/44525 Ill.67 Source: https://water.fanack.com/jordan/geography-climate-population/ Ill.68 Source: UNHCR Ill.69 Source:Author.

Ill.70 Source: UNHCR Ill.71 Source: Base map:Openstreetsmap. Edit by :Author.

Ill.72 Source:CNES/Google, Digital Global/Google Source: http://www.vosizneias.com/news/photos/view/711306531

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ill.73.ill.74.ill.75.ill.76.ill.77.ill.78.ill.79.

Source: Author. ill.80 Source: UNHCR Database. T-Shelter design for Azraq Camp ill.81 Source: .Š Werner Schellenberg/UNHCR ill.82 Source: Author. ill.83 Source:www.jordantimes.com/news/local/paradigm-shift%E2%80%99-azraq-becomesworld%E2%80%99s-first-solar-powered-refugee-camp ill.84 Source: http://www.vosizneias.com/news/photos/view/711306531 ill.85 Source: http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/inpictures/2015/05/jordan-azraq-syrian-refugeecamp-stands-largely-empty-150526084850543.html ill.86 Source: http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/refugees-learn-vocational-skills-azraqcamp ill.87 Source: https://www.accioncontraelhambre.org/es/jordania-sensibilizamos-sobre-laimportancia-del-agua-en-el-campamento-de-azraq ill.88 Source: http://www.wvi.org/jordan/blogpost/azraq-%E2%80%93-another-stop-journeyhome ill.89 Source: https://apimagesblog.com/blog/2015/07/20/jordan-daily-life ill.90 Source: http://www.aledwan.com/projects/ ill.91 Source:Author. ill.92 Source: UNICEF, Comprehensive child focused assessment ,Azraq refugee camp.June,2015. ill.93 Source:Base Map : openstreetsmap, Edited by Author. ill.94 Source: http://www.brynmawr.edu/cities/courses/10-190/CITY190/frameset.html ill.95 Source: http://ebdaeng.com/wp/damascus/ ill.96 Source: http://www.aledwan.com/projects/

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ill.97 Source: http://www.msnbc.com/specials/migrant-crisis/jordan ill.98 Source: http://www.unhcr.org/news/latest/2017/5/591bfdbb4/jordans-azraq-becomesworlds-first-clean-energy-refugee-camp.html ill.99 Source: https://www.ikeafoundation.org/pressrelease/ikea-brighter-lives-for-refugeescampaign-raises-30-8-million-euros-for-renewable-energy-sources-for-refugee-families/ ill.100 Source: http://www.floradecanarias.com/aizoon_canariense.html ill.101 Source: http://www.panoramio.com/photo/70191829 ill.102 Source: www.wildflowers.co.il ill.103 Source: http://pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/Androcymbium ill.104 Source: http://www.wildlife-pal.org/en/life/type/3 ill.105 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistacia_palaestina ill.106 Source: http://www.thefloweringgarden.com/caper.htm ill.107 Source: http://www.wildlife-pal.org/en/life/type/3 ill.108 Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Yeruham-iris-reserve-tulipaagenensis.JPG ill.109 Source: http://www.thefloweringgarden.com/caper.htm ill.110 Source: http://www.wildflowers.co.il/arabic/picture.asp?ID=16937 ill.111 Source: http://www.maltawildplants.com/ANCR/Rhus_coriaria.php ill.112 Source: https://weeds.brisbane.qld.gov.au/weeds/century-plant ill.113 Source: http://www.biblewalks.com/info/Trees.html ill.114 Source: https://www.biolib.cz/en/image/id42608/

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ill.115 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamarix_aphylla ill.116 Source: https://australianseed.com/shop/item/vitex-agnus-castus ill.117 Source: http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Opuntia_ficusindica_(Sweet_Prickly_Pear).htm ill.118 Source: https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artemisia_arborescens ill.119 Source: Š Ru’a Al-Abweh/UNHCR ill.120 Source: http://www.johnnyseeds.com/vegetables/radishes/round-radishes/easter-eggradish-seed-617.html ill.121 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant ill.122 Source: https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/middle-east/syrians-unable-to-flee-westraise-a-desert-city-on-jordan-s-border-1.2363640 ill.123 Source: Author. ill.124 Source: Children's playground at the Azraq Refugee Camp. (Photo: 2014 Robert Neufeld/World Vision) ill.125 Source: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/824691/playground-safety ill.126 Source: http://www.pergolakitsusa.com/classic-cedar-pergola-kit/ ill.127 Source: https://www.pinterest.com/cbreve/bambu/ ill.128 Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergola ill.129 Source: http://www.istockphoto.com ill.130 Source: http://www.garden-shopping.co.uk/blog/ ill.131 Source: http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/opinion/azraq-is-a-changemaker-in-refugeeplanning-but-jordan-needs-more-to-survive_23417 ill.132 Source : http://www.acted.org/en/pushing-back-flood-water-azraq-refugee-camp

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ill.133.-ill.149.

Source: Author. ill.150.

Source: https://desertification.wordpress.com/2010/10/26/family-gardening-in-the-saharadesert-taleb-brahim-willem-van-cotthem/ ill.151.-ill.159.

Source: Author. ill.160.

Source: http://www.richardpriestley.co.uk/solar-buses-china/ ill.161-170.

Source: Author. ill.171.

Source: http://news.trust.org/item/20170308153600-c29k9/ ill.172-175.

Source: Author.

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Figures Fig.01 Source : https://imzhongchen.wordpress.com/2014/02/ Fig. 02 Source : http://www.lifo.gr/guide/cultureblogs/magic-circus/6610 Fig. 03 Source : http://www.lifo.gr/guide/cultureblogs/magic-circus/6610 Fig. 04 Source : Displacement , the new 21st century challenge . UNHCR Global trends 2012 Fig. 05 Source : Displacement , the new 21st century challenge . UNHCR Global trends 2012 Fig. 06 Source : Displacement , the new 21st century challenge . UNHCR Global trends 2012 Fig. 07 Source : Displacement , the new 21st century challenge . UNHCR Global trends 2012 Fig.08 Source : Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence Fig.09 Source : Husn Camp Island,Extending the Identity of a Palestinian Presence & Google Earth.

Fig.10 Source : https://pbs.twimg.com/media/BwSyJxRIcAAzMso.jpg:large Fig.11,Fig.12.

Source : https://en.climate-data.org/location/481915/ Fig.13 Source : UNHCR Database Fig.14 Source : UNICEF Database Fig.14 – 19 Source : Author.

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Abbreviations IDP: Internally displaced person UNHCR: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNRWA: United Nations Relief and Works Agency DPA: Deutsche Presse-Agentur DRK: Deutsches Rotes Kreuz ICRC: International Committee of the Red Cross EC : European Commission ERCC : Emergency Response Coordination Center UNICEF: United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund RSCN: Royal Academy for Nature Conservation NRC: Norwegian Refugee Council ACTED: Agence d’Aide à la Coopération Technique et au Développement NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

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