Biosphere nomination form Salzburger Lungau and Carinthian Nockberge by Bodo Rossberg

BIOSPHERE RESERVE NOMINATION FORM [February 2004]

INTRODUCTION Biosphere Reserves are areas of terrestrial and coastal/marine ecosystems, or a combination thereof, which are internationally recognized within the framework of UNESCO's Programme on Man and the Biosphere (MAB) They are established to promote and demonstrate a balanced relationship between humans and the biosphere. Biosphere Reserves are designated by the International Coordinating Council of the MAB Programme at the request of the State concerned. Individual Biosphere Reserves remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the State where they are situated. Collectively, all Biosphere Reserves form a World Network in which participation by States is voluntary. The World Network is governed by the Statutory Framework adopted by the UNESCO General Conference in 1995 which presents the definition, objectives, criteria and the designation procedure for biosphere reserves. The actions recommended for the development of Biosphere Reserves are set out in the "Seville Strategy". These documents should be used as basic references for the completion of this nomination form. The information presented on this nomination form will be used in a number of ways by UNESCO: (a) for examination of the site by the Advisory Committee on Biosphere Reserves and by the Bureau of the MAB International Coordinating Council; (b) for use in a world-wide accessible information system, notably the UNESCO-MABnet, facilitating communications and interaction amongst persons interested in Biosphere Reserves throughout the world. The nomination form consists of three parts: Part one is a summary indicating how the nominated area responds to the functions and criteria for Biosphere Reserves set out in the Statutory Framework, and presents the signatures of endorsements for the nomination from the authorities concerned. Part two is more descriptive and detailed, referring to the human, physical and biological characteristics as well as to the institutional aspects. An annex to be used for updating the Directory of Biosphere Reserves on the MABnet, once the site has been approved as a Biosphere Reserve. The form should be completed in English, French or Spanish. Two copies should be sent to the Secretariat, as follows: 1. The original hard copy, with the original signatures, letters of endorsement, zonation map and supporting documents. This should be sent to the Secretariat through the Official UNESCO channels, i.e. via the National Commission for UNESCO and/or the Permanent Delegation to UNESCO. 2. An electronic version (on diskette, CD etc.) of the nomination forms and if possible of maps (especially the zonation map). This can be sent directly to the MAB Secretariat: UNESCO Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences 1, rue Miollis F-75352 Paris Cedex 15, France Tel: ++33 1 45 68 41 51 Fax: ++33 1 45 68 58 04 Email: mab@unesco.org

Index PART I: SUMMARY................................................................................................................. 4 1. PROPOSED NAME OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE: .............................................................................. 4 2. COUNTRY: .................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. FULFILLMENT OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES ........................................ 4 4. CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION AS A BIOSPHERE RESERVE .............................................................. 8 5. ENDORSEMENTS....................................................................................................................................... 20

PART II: DESCRIPTION........................................................................................................ 23 6. LOCATION (LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE): ........................................................................................ 23 7. AREA............................................................................................................................................................ 23 8. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION:................................................................................................................ 26 9. LAND USE HISTORY:................................................................................................................................ 26 10. HUMAN POPULATION OF PROPOSED BIOSPHERE RESERVE: ...................................................... 27 11. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ............................................................................................................ 34 12. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS ....................................................................................................... 38 13. CONSERVATION FUNCTION................................................................................................................. 47 14. DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION .................................................................................................................. 50 15. LOGISTIC SUPPORT FUNCTION........................................................................................................... 56 16. USES AND ACTIVITIES .......................................................................................................................... 60 17. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS .................................................................................................................... 64 18. SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS: ..................................................................................................................... 72 19. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS (to be submitted with nomination form) .................................................. 75 20. ADDRESSES.............................................................................................................................................. 76 21. BIBLIOGRAPHY ....................................................................................................................................... 78

PART III: ANNEX................................................................................................................... 81 MAPS................................................................................................................................................................ 81 BIOSPHERE RESERVE MUNICIPALITIES IN SALZBURG AND CARINTHIA ...................................... 91 LIST OF SPECIES............................................................................................................................................ 95 TOURIST FACILITIES.................................................................................................................................. 105 ACTS, LAWS AND TREATIES.................................................................................................................... 107

List of figures Fig. 1: Solifluction, an important process in the alpine levels ................................................................................ 8 Fig. 2: Typical regional products, such as mountain hay and bacon from the Nockberge mountains .................. 17 Fig. 4: Population trends in the four municipalities in Carinthia 2003–2010 ....................................................... 30 Fig. 5: A close-up of a “Prangstange” from Zederhaus; traditional costume group and choir from Reichenau ... 32 Fig. 6: Climate chart of three locations in the Biosphere Reserve (Data and diagrams by WALTER-LIETH – data set by ZAMG, Average 1961 – 1990)............................................................................................. 35 Fig. 7: Subalpine larch and spruce forest in the core area of Lessach in the Lungau; larch and Swiss pine boulderstrewn forest in the Nockberge mountains.............................................................................................. 39 Fig. 8: Mountain meadow in the Nockberge mountains; meadows with fruit trees situated in a valley ............... 43 Fig. 9: Mt. Zechnerkar in a core area in the Lungau; Lake Nassbodensee with Mt. Zunderwand, near a core area in the Nockberge mountains ................................................................................................................... 44 Fig. 10: Small-scale field structures in the Lungau; larch pasture in the Nockberge mountains .......................... 46 Fig. 11: Alpine ibex and capercaillie, two well-loved heraldic animals ............................................................... 49 Fig. 12: The glutinosa primrose, known as “Blauer Speik” (“blue valerian”) in the Austrian vernacular, next to the “real” Alpine valerian ....................................................................................................................... 49 Fig. 13: The Pinzgau cow and the Tauernschecken goat, two old domesticated breeds, which were specially bred for life in the mountains.......................................................................................................................... 50 Fig. 14: Overnight stays Lungau in the period from 2002 to 2010 ....................................................................... 51 Fig. 15: Overnight stays in the Nockberge region in the period from 2002 to 2010............................................. 52 Fig. 16: Land use in Lungau ................................................................................................................................. 61 Fig. 17: Land use in the Nockberge region ........................................................................................................... 61 Fig. 18: Land tenure in Lungau............................................................................................................................. 66 Fig. 19: Land tenure in the Nockberge Core Areas............................................................................................... 67 Fig. 20: Land tenure in the Nockberge Buffer Zones............................................................................................ 68

List of tables Table 1: Area sizes of the Biosphere Reserve zones............................................................................................. 10 Table 2: Localization of the Biosphere Reserve ................................................................................................... 23 Table 3: Size of terrestrial Core Areas .................................................................................................................. 24 Table 4: Size of terrestrial Buffer Zones ............................................................................................................... 24 Table 5: Approx. size of terrestrial Transition Areas ............................................................................................ 24 Table 6: Human population of the core areas........................................................................................................ 27 Table 7: Human population of the buffer zones.................................................................................................... 28 Table 8: Human population of the transition areas ............................................................................................... 28 Table 9: Plant communities according to the first type of land cover ................................................................... 38 Table 10: Plant communities according to the second type of land cover ............................................................ 41 Table 11: Plant communities according to the third type of land cover................................................................ 43 Table 12: Plant communities according to the fourth type of land cover.............................................................. 45 Table 13: Priority habitat types in the Biosphere Reserve according to Appendix 1 of the Habitats Directive in Salzburg .............................................................................................................................................. 48 Table 14: Priority habitat types in the Biosphere Reserve according to Appendix 1 of the Habitats Directive in Carinthia.............................................................................................................................................. 48 Table 15: Representatives for specific species of cultural and historic significance............................................. 50 Table 16: Abiotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve in the past................................................. 56 Table 17: Biotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve in the past ................................................... 56 Table 18: Socio-economic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve in the past................................... 56 Table 19: Running abiotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve .................................................... 57 Table 20: Running biotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve ...................................................... 57 Table 21: Running socio-economic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve ...................................... 57 Table 22: Planned biotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve ....................................................... 57 Table 23: Planned socio-economic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve ....................................... 58

PART I: SUMMARY 1. PROPOSED NAME OF THE BIOSPHERE RESERVE: German: “Biosphärenpark Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge” English: “Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge” 2. COUNTRY: Republic of Austria 3. FULFILLMENT OF THE THREE FUNCTIONS OF BIOSPHERE RESERVES The Republic of Austria is a federal state. According to its constitution, nature conservation and many other legal matters relevant for the development of a Biosphere Reserve lie within the competence of the federal provinces, in this case Salzburg and Carinthia. Thus, the Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge has the nature of a cross-border Biosphere Reserve. It must take into account and bring together the constitutions, laws, ordinances and provisions of two separate provinces. In addition, completely different conditions exist in each of these federal provinces: on the Salzburg side, part of a National Park and a large number of protected areas of different categories are brought together under the umbrella of the Biosphere Reserve. On the Carinthian side, an existing National Park is being transformed into a Biosphere Reserve, which likewise integrates a whole series of other protected areas. In each federal province, the preparation of the Biosphere Reserve began at roughly the same time, in 2003 and 2004 respectively. The public, particularly land owners and land users, was involved in the development of the Biosphere Reserve in hundreds of events. The decision to make a joint application has been discussed and decided in both federal provinces by legitimised regional committees (Salzburg: Regional Association1, Carinthia: National Park Committee2). The present application for international recognition thus represents the conclusion of many years’ preparations and efforts, and was already concluded in the form of a state treaty (15a-Vertrag) between Styria, Carinthia and Salzburg in 1978, intended to regulate cooperation in matters concerning land-use planning in the Lungau - Murau – Nockgebiet area. The future Biosphere Reserve is to be developed beyond Austrian regional borders, whereby above all the research, education and regional development agendas have been identified as joint activities. Thus, in a jointly-coordinated effort of both provinces, the largest Biosphere Reserve in the Alpine arc is to be developed. The intensive involvement of the population ensures that the region offers optimal conditions for the development of model-type solutions for the future. In particular, it is intended to seek and develop the exchange with other mountain regions and mountain Biosphere Reserves. 3.1 "Conservation - contribute to the conservation of landscapes, ecosystems, species and genetic variation"

The Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge is a representative example of inner-alpine landscapes and ways of life. Due to the richly-structured landscape and the wide range of altitude, from 600 m to an altitude of just over 3,000 m above sea level, 1

Regionalverband Salzburg

Nationalpark-Komitee 4

the Lungau-Nockberge Region represents a large portion of the important and typical ecosystems of the Central Alps. What is particularly interesting is the large number of habitats, which have been created solely due to human usage along this altitudinal gradient and which would disappear if this traditional usage came to an end. Characteristic of this area are the mountain meadows with one to two mowings a year and the scanty alpine pastures, which are usually established on or below the climatic forest line, und are therefore under constant pressure to become overgrown by forest once more. The alpine grasslands and dwarf shrub heaths on and above the tree line are of great importance for the farmers, as they are used as upland pastures for cattle, so that the lower-situated alpine pastures have time to regenerate. The wetland meadows often found in valleys are mostly farmed extensively only, as mowing on the wet ground is time-consuming and only produces very small returns. The use of heavy machinery is precluded from the start in farming these wetland meadows, and it is therefore only possible to carry out the farm-work manually. The extensive farming of grassland results in a particularly high biodiversity, as highly competitive species are regularly removed through the mowing. Thus, light-loving species have the chance to bloom. Also, the established practice of increasing yield through manuring is largely omitted on the alpine pastures, as only the dung naturally dropped on the alpine pasture is available as manure there. In Überling mires, the Biosphere Reserve possesses the largest contiguous complex of bogs in Austria. As a Ramsar and Natura 2000 site, the raised bog of Andertal in St. Lorenzen, too, is a wetland of international importance. The concentration of different types of bog on the southeastern slopes of the Preber is certainly remarkable also, as they are the home of very rare plants such as the spoonleafed sundew (Drosera intermedia), felwort (Swertia perennis), cranberry (Vaccinium microcarpum), northern bog club moss (Lycopodium inundatum), dwarf birch (Betula nana), various rare species of moss and sedge, as well as the bog rosemary (Andromeda polifolia). 3.2 "Development - foster economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable"

The Lungau-Nockberge Region has been an area of human settlement for many thousands of years. The diverse structure and scenic beauty of this region are the main attractions for visitors from all over the world. This national and international interest in its distinctive cultural and natural landscape features constitutes a main economic mainstay of the region. The globally-increasing demand for ecologically-sustainable leisure time facilities and the chance to experience unspoilt nature makes the region a model area for sustainable tourism, while at the same time conserving its characteristic regional features. These ínclude: • • • • •

the long historical tradition of land cultivation in the Niedere Tauern mountains and the Nockberge mountains traditional farming methods in agriculture and forestry in the valleys alpine pasture farming as a distinctive feature high potential demand for the wide range of typical regional products an extremely multifarious mosaic of pristine nature and a cultural landscape shaped by human usage 5

• agricultural areas structured in very small units • numerous landscape elements • great potential for recreation and leisure time usage The planned Biosphere Reserve offers the chance to activate intraregional business cycles and to thus bolster up the economic autonomy of the region. This autonomy offers the possibility of promoting projects and developments in a more efficient and location-oriented way, at the regional level. 3.3 "Logistic support - support for demonstration projects, environmental education and training, research and monitoring related to local, regional, national and global issues of conservation and sustainable development".

•

Alpine pasture research station at Seppenalm: cooperation between the University of Salzburg and the Nature Park municipality of Zederhaus paved the way for intensive scientific research of alpine pasture farming and its importance for the region, and for the establishment of an Alpine pasture research station at Seppenalm in Riedingtal Nature Park. The main focus of attention are the connections between alpine pasture farming and tourist usage, in order to highlight the importance of the active farming of alpine pastures and the landscape conservation linked to that. • Algological bog research station at Überlingalm: the algological bog research station at Überlingalm was founded in 1980 by Prof. KIERMAYER as an outpost of the University of Salzburg. Based on the findings of an extensive survey of the Überling mires, a publication (“Algae zonation in the mires of the Austrian Alpine region”)3 was issued which represented the founding of modern bog algae sociology. This research station has been regularly used by the University of Salzburg right up to the present day. • Riedingtal Nature Park Centre/Nature Park School: 15 criteria valid throughout Austria have to be fulfilled in order for a school to be awarded the title “Nature Park School” by the Association of Austrian National Parks4, as is the case with Riedingtal Nature Park School. The leading principles developed by Zederhaus Primary School – “Marvel, experience, thank, conserve” – form the fundamental content and component of these criteria. • Wilfried Haslauer House: the high-alpine research station of the “Haus der Natur” (“House of Nature”) in the Wilfried Haslauer House on the Grossglockner High Alpine Road is an ideal support base for national park research, alpine field research and for scientific alpine courses. The research station is situated at an altitude of 2,273 m above sea level, in the midst of the alpine pastures and virgin alpine landscapes of the Hohe Tauern National Park. It offers space for up to 26 people, is equipped with a laboratory with furnished workstations (binoculars and microscopes) as well as a seminar room, which also contains a library with literature on research work in the area of the station. On the Carinthian side, as well as the central administrative building with seminar rooms in Ebene Reichenau, there are several other infrastructures, most of which present a central theme. These “Infopoints” can be used as a framework for conveying knowledge of many different kinds. These include:

German title: “Die Algenzonierung in den Mooren des österreichischen Alpengebietes”

Verband der Naturparke Österreich 6

• Pfandlhütte: the multimedia show presents one of the best-known representatives of the fauna of the Nockberge mountains – the marmot. Interactive models, preparations and picture-boards not only make it possible to present many interesting and worthwhile facts about the life of the marmot, but also to introduce other wild animals living in this landscape. • Almwirtschaftsmuseum Zechneralm (Zechneralm Alpine Meadow Farming Museum): here, one can gain an insight into the historical living and working environment of the dairy-workers. The large number of traditional hand-tools on display and a short film testify to their hard daily labour. • Karlbad: at this old farmhouse in the midst of the Nockberge mountains, located directly on the Nockalm Road at 1,693 m above sea level, an over 300-year-old bathing tradition is still preserved, for which this establishment continues to be wellknown and well-loved, and which has been attracting spa guests from all over the world since time immemorial. Stones heated in fire are thrown into water-filled wooden tubs made of larchwood, whereupon many stones crack due to being suddenly cooled. Thanks to this process, minerals dissolve into the water and a curative vapour is released, which is above all believed to cure skin diseases. The guesthouse, which is consciously run in a traditional way, also caters for its guests with typical Carinthian dishes made from its own produce. • Grundalm: the Grundalm houses an exhibition on the theme of “Mountain Forest” (“Bergwald”), which very vividly shows the importance of ecological forestry and wood processing. • Schiestlscharte: a multivision show offers a broad overview of the landscape, flora and fauna of the Nockberge mountains in a natural history exhibition in the Glockenhütte Hut. In addition, a relief vividly depicting the region aids orientation and the selection of a hiking route. • Türkhaus: the over-500-year-old building offers insights into the Nockberge National Park and a special exhibition held by the Folk Culture Museum in Spittal/Drau on the theme of “Watersports then and now”. In addition, the Türkhaus accommodates the Günther Frey Gallery and a permanent exhibition about mining around Kaning. The Kaning Watermill Hiking and Waterstepping Trail begins in the car park in front of the Türkhaus.

4. CRITERIA FOR DESIGNATION AS A BIOSPHERE RESERVE 4.1. "Encompass a mosaic of ecological systems representative of major biogeographic regions, including a gradation of human intervention"

The inner-alpine Biosphere Reserve bears the distinctive stamp of the characteristics of this alpine region. It is characterised by a comparatively harsh, cold climate, great altitudes and a topography that is, in part, extremely diverse. The typical vegetation zonation follows a pattern that is similar in all areas of the alpine region: it is only latitude that influences the actual altitude above sea level at which the different zones are situated. The further north they lie, the lower these zones descend, and the nearer the equator they lie, the higher they climb. The mixed forests of the montane level are composed of deciduous and coniferous trees, whereby in this region the hillsides close to the valleys are covered by high montane spruce forests, which gradually give way to larch and Swiss pine with increasing height. These mountain forests are structurally and floristically very similar to the boreal coniferous forest zone. In this zone, one often finds a multifaceted mosaic of zonal and azonal ecosystems. Thus, bogs, boulder piles, avalanche stretches and rock steps often interrupt the dense coniferous forests of the subalpine level. At the forest line, the dense forest gives way to thinned-out forest and dwarf-shrub mosaics, which are finally replaced by the alpine meadows above the tree line. These are extremely species-rich habitats, although a few species are dominant in creating structure. The final line is formed by the groups of vegetation-free, scree and rock landscapes of the subnival zone, which are dominated by just a few, highly-specialised plant species.

Fig. 1: Solifluction, an important process in the alpine levels

In the area of the planned Biosphere Reserve, azonal ecosystems – that is, those that are more heavily dominated by local environmental conditions than by the prevailing climate – are the grey alder forests of the lowland areas, as well as the numerous types of bog and river alluviums. Due to the geological conditions, a remarkable multiplicity of bogs has formed particularly in the southeast of the Preber. These include the Ramsar protected area called “Überling mires”, which, with 117 ha of oligotrophic bogland, represents the largest complex of bogs in Austria. Through human activity, the appearance of the landscape of the Alps has been changed enormously. Through the clearance of forest areas, alpine pastures were newly established as summer pastures for grazing livestock and already-existing open land was enlarged. In addition, there were mountain mowing systems in the region which represent very typical usages. They were extremely rich in species and, due to the harsh conditions, could basically only be farmed extensively. These areas were mostly mown once a year. Due to the low productivity, large areas were necessary in order to be able to bring in the hay for the long winter. Today, this form of usage has to a great extent disappeared; however, it has been possible to conserve selected mountain mowing areas through active promotion and support. The pasture farming in the alpine pasture area can be regarded as the characteristic, landscape-shaping usage of the Nockberge mountains. No other form of usage has shaped the upland areas as strongly (ecologically, economically and culturally). 4.2 "Be of significance for biological diversity conservation"

The broad spectrum of different, closely-interlocking habitats, as well as the many different forms of land use, result in a high degree of biodiversity. Of particular importance here is (among other factors) the wide range of altitudes, which, from the submontane level at 500 m above sea level, to the subnival level at 3,000 m above sea level, cover the majority of habitats that are typical for the Central Alps. Particularly worthy of mention are the many wetland habitats, which are partly natural, and partly anthropogenically influenced. Above all, those portions of the Lungauer Nockberge mountains that lie on the shaded side represent some of the most bog-rich areas of the Eastern Alps, which, with communities of cottongrass and sawgrass, dwarf pine bogs and tundra landscapes as relics of the Ice Age, harbour some outstandingly important types of biotope. Moreover, with the Überling mires, which have been designated a Ramsar protected area and Natura 2000 site, the Biosphere Reserve is also home to the largest complex of bogs in Austria. The slopes, naturally covered with forests up to the subalpine level, were cleared by human beings many centuries ago and turned into meadow and pasture land. Thus, according to soil type, exposure and altitude, a wide variety of grassland types have been able to establish themselves here. However, due to their dependence on human beings, these are subject to a higher risk of vanishing due to a change in land use. This is a cause of concern from a nature conservation point of view, as these anthropozoogic habitats often harbour a broad spectrum of animal and plant species, some of which are regionally and nationally classified as endangered. Especially interesting are those species which, as well as their importance for nature conservation, also possess cultural and economic relevance. Thus, the species of valerian called Alpine valerian (Valeriana celtica ssp. norica), which is a native of this region, is a base product for cosmetics, which has been used for many centuries and is exported worldwide. 9

It is difficult to precisely narrow down the number of medicinal plants that are gathered for the manufacture of naturopathic products and medications. By way of illustration, here are examples of just a few species: monkshood (Aconitum sp.), foxglove (Digitalis sp.), mountain arnica (Arnica montana), Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) and Masterwort (Peucedanum ostruthium). Rowan berry (Sorbus aucuparia), Swiss pine (Pinus cembra), European larch (Larix decidua) and spotted gentian (Gentiana punctata) have for many centuries been used for producing spirits. 4.3 "Provide an opportunity to explore and demonstrate approaches to sustainable development on a regional scale"

The valuation of this region as a tourist destination offers enormous potential for producers and direct marketers. The importance of regionally-produced high-quality products has been increasing for quite some time and can thus create a synergy between the farming and tourist industries, which also fosters the geographical networking of the area, as not all areas in the Biosphere Reserve function under the same conditions. This networking between the different zones of the Biosphere Reserve also relates to a level that transcends federal provincial borders. It is thus possible to place small-scale and decentralised regional development plans, which are adapted to the respective special features and demands, into a supraregional context. Greater value creation is possible in the region through the founding of intraregional business and marketing cycles. The potential of regional products and services is to be gradually developed; a series of new intraregional cooperation projects are to contribute to this process. There are opportunities for this in, for example, marketing collectives - a strategy already successfully applied in the Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald. 4.4 "Have an appropriate size to serve the three functions of Biosphere Reserves" Area sizes of the Biosphere Reserve zones: Core areas in Lungau

Area [ha] 5,690.76

Core areas in the Nockberge

2,501.00

Core area total

8,191.76

Buffer zones in Lungau

38,200.08

Buffer zones in the Nockberge

17,035.00

Buffer zone total

55,235.08

Outer transition areas in Lungau

57,024.00

Outer transition areas in the Nockberge

28,969.00

Outer transition area total

85,993.00

Total area in Salzburg Total area in Carinthia Total area of Biosphere Reserve Salzburg-K채rnten

101,095.21 48,505.00 149,600.21

in % of total BR area Lungau Nockberge BR area 5.63 5.16 5.52 37.79 35.12 36.96 56.58 59.72 57.52

100

Table 1: Area sizes of the Biosphere Reserve zones

4.5 Through appropriate zonation: "(a) a legally constituted core area or areas devoted to long term protection, according to the conservation objectives of the Biosphere Reserve, and of sufficient size to meet these objectives"?

According to the specifications of UNESCO, the core areas of a Biosphere Reserve are supposed to cover all the representative ecosystems that are important for the region. In these, according to the principle of process-oriented nature conservation, the totality of all natural processes should be allowed to run their course unhindered, thus serving as a natural model for science. The planned Biosphere Reserve is characterized by a diversity of land usages and altitudinal belts. The high-altitude areas are either extensively farmed as grassland or left unused. This makes it all the more important to protect the small-scale relict biotopes of the middle and lowland areas, which have, due to various circumstances, eluded all human influence. Thus, although natural forests, untouched waters and bogs exist on only a small scale here, that makes them all the more important. In selecting the core areas in the area of Lungau, special consideration was given to ensuring that as well as all the important ecosystems of the region, all the different types of geomorphological formations occurring here are also represented. Therefore, core areas were planned in the region of the Hohe Tauern mountains, the Niedere Tauern mountains and the Nockberge mountains. Furthermore, different types of bog, oligotrophic lakes and the montane spruce forests are characteristic for the Lungau, and therefore further core areas were also demarcated in precisely these areas. The core areas in the Salzburg portion of the Biosphere Reserve are subject to the official protected status of different protected area categories, pursuant to the Salzburg Nature Conservation Act5. These are: the core and outer zones of the Hohe Tauern National Park, the landscape conservation area in the Niedere Tauern mountains (which is based on supplemental agreements under private law), the Europe-designated protected areas of Überling mires and Lake Seetalersee, Rosanin nature conservation area, and Ullnwald natural forest reserve. A Biosphere Reserve Act and a draft regulation arranged with the region are currently being worked out. The necessary agreements for regulating land use exist in the form of model contracts, which have been drawn up by amicable arrangement with the farmers. The proportion of core areas in Carinthia is safeguarded through the official protected status of the Nockberge National Park core area, pursuant to the Carinthian Biosphere Reserve Act6 (laid down as part of the Carinthian National Park Act7): The core areas fulfil the required minimum size and constitute different natural landscape units that are typical for this area. However, due to the voluntary nature of the participation, they currently exist in a heavily fragmented form. In the medium term (within five to ten years), the aim is to enlarge and consolidate the core areas. A zonation map can be found in Appendix. "(b) a buffer zone or zones clearly identified and surrounding or contiguous to the core area or areas, where only activities compatible with the conservation objectives can take place..."

Salzburger Naturschutzgesetz

Kärntner Biosphärenparkgesetz

Kärntner Nationalparkgesetz 11

The buffer zones not only form a buffer zone around the core areas, but also represent selfcontained protection zones for the preservation of anthropogenic, biological and cultural diversity. One distinctive characteristic that may be mentioned is the close link between the history and practice of land use and biodiversity. It also serves as a catch basin and connection point for species and biotopes of the core and outer transition areas. Cultivation of the landscape in a gentle way, compatible with ecological standards, is regarded as possessing an equally high importance as research, environmental education, recreation and tourism. The buffer zones in the Salzburger portion of the Biosphere Reserve are subject to the official protected status of different categories of protected area, pursuant to the Salzburg Nature Conservation Act. These are: the landscape conservation areas of Niedere Tauern, the Bundschuhtal-Lungauer-Nockgebiet area, Lantschfeldtal valley, Oberes Zederhaustal valley, Oberes Murtal valley, Lake Seethaler See, the nature conservation area of Rosanin and Ă&#x153;berling mires, as well as the Lake Seethaler See Natura 2000 site. On the Carinthian side, the buffer zones are entirely situated on National Park territory, whereby this comprises both the core areas of the National Park, which have not been designated Biosphere Reserve core areas, and the National Park outer zones. Furthermore, the National Park core area has been designated a Natura 2000 site. Additional categories of protected area found in the buffer zone are the nature conservation areas of Innerkrems and Gurkursprung, and the landscape conservation areas of Turracher GrĂźnsee and PriedrĂśf. "(c) an outer transition area where sustainable resource management practices are promoted and developed"

The outer transition area represents that area of the Biosphere Reserve where the farmer is of central importance. Here, the objective is to develop the entire region at all levels, but always from a perspective of sustainability and environmental compatibility. The aim is to counteract specific problems, such as a strong trend to migrate from an area, or a fall in the number of overnight stays, by means of holistic conceptual planning, thus contributing to the development of a model region. The results of this development are to be documented by means of the accompanying research and long-term monitoring, thereby providing a basis for developing a policy recommendation for regions with similar problems. 4.6 "Organizational arrangements should be provided for the involvement and participation of a suitable range of inter alia public authorities, local communities and private interests in the design and the carrying out of the functions of a Biosphere Reserve."

Smooth-functioning, sound structures with authority to carry out the management tasks already exist in both federal provinces. In Salzburg, the Biosphere Reserve management will be integrated into the Regional Association in future, and will adapt its technical personnel to meet the requirements. All the municipalities are represented in the Regional Association and, in addition, all the special interest groups of the district are also involved in the integrated Biosphere Reserve management, in order to achieve a broad basis of participation here. In addition, in the course of Agenda 21 process, which is to start in 2012, the involvement and participation of stakeholders from civil society is to receive particular attention. In Carinthia, all the interests are currently represented in the National Park Board of Trustees8, or the National Park Committee. These are authorised representatives and make 8

Nationalpark-Kuratorium 12

decisions concerning all the important developments in the National Park. The development of the Biosphere Reserve has been continuously supervised by both committees. In the future Biosphere Reserve, these committees will be consolidated into one Biosphere Reserve Committee9. Collaboration is to then be continued in the successfully proven and tested manner. This committee can be constituted immediately after the legal establishment of the Biosphere Reserve. Both parts of the Biosphere Reserve have been set up in accordance with the legal stipulations and structures of their respective federal provinces. In accordance with the Austrian federal constitution, they have therefore been set up independently of one another. Just as the whole preparation has been developed in intensive collaboration, intensive collaboration and coordination is also necessary in the ongoing process of management. In the medium term (three to five years), this transfrontier steering of the park is to be made possible in the form of an unincorporated association. The relevant statutes and procedures have yet to be worked out. Initially, a work group is to prepare, i.e. process, the joint questions and projects. The joint tasks regarded as being most urgent are: • • • • •

Joint statement of objectives for long-term collaboration Joint management plan, which defines the activities of the Biosphere Reserve Joint projects in the area of research and education Municipal projects, according to need and the possibilities Development in close collaboration with other Austrian Biosphere Reserves

In addition, there is permanent exchange between the two Biosphere Reserve regions, as envisioned in the 15a–Agreement of 1978. In this joint statement of objectives, which came into effect on 10th June 1978, an agreement was drawn up by the provinces of Carinthia, Salzburg and Styria, concerning collaboration in land-use planning affairs in the Lungau Murau–Nockgebiet area. Due to the fact that, according to the existing economic and social structure and the natural conditions of the mountain region, the Lungau - Murau – Nockgebiet area represents an area with largely consistent land-use planning conditions, the aim is to secure as purposeful and cost-effective a deployment of public funds here as possible. 4.7 Mechanisms for implementation (a) mechanisms to manage human use and activities in the buffer zone or zones?

Any form of land use in buffer zones is regulated by means of a series of existing legal and planning instruments. The basic premise is the objective of operating a sustainable and ecologically-compatible cultivation of the cultural landscape in the buffer zone. Clear regulations to regulate, i.e. control, human influence in the buffer zones exist in both federal provinces. In forest buffer zones, the stipulations of the Austrian Forest Act10 and the nature conservation laws of the provinces are of particular importance. These are supplemented through what are called the “forest environmental measures”11 of the Province of Salzburg, which promote nature conservation measures in economically-utilised forest areas. Concerning buffer zones in grassland, planning instruments from the field of land-use 9

Biosphärenpark-Komitee

Österreichisches Forstgesetz

Waldumweltmaßnahmen 13

planning law (regional land-use planning programmes, area zoning plans and local development plans) and of nature conservation law are of primary relevance here. Furthermore, various funding programmes, such as the Austrian Agri-Environmental Programme12 and NABL, exist in both Salzburg and Carinthia regarding measures in grassland. Both are very strict programmes, which regulate the type and intensity of cultivation. In Carinthia, there exist agreements that have been additionally worked out especially for the buffer zones and drawn up in coordination with the land owners. (b) a management plan or policy for the area as a Biosphere Reserve

No management plan yet exists at the time of submission, but one is to be set up, based on partnership, within 3 years of establishing the Biosphere Reserve. As well as the UNESCO statements of objectives and basic principles, particularly the Seville Strategy, the management plan is to be based on the following programmes, strategies and regulations: • • • • • • • •

Biodiversity Convention Ramsar Convention Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage Alpine Convention Habitats Directive and Birds Directive European Landscape Convention European Water Framework Directive Agreement on the Conservation of Populations of European Bats

A whole series of management plans (Natura 2000), regional nature conservation plans, nature conservation plans for the alpine pasture and forest environmental measure plans exist for the area. These have been implemented with great success on both the Salzburg and the Carinthian side, and therefore constitute a fundamental element of the future management plan. The management plan is to be drawn up in the form of a joint, harmonised planning document for both federal provinces. The aim of a management plan for the Biosphere Reserve is to draw up a coherent development plan that follows the principles of sustainable, ecologically-compatible development. • Utilization of natural resources: water, wind, mineral resources, forestry & agriculture • Cross-border cooperation: joint projects • Implementation of the three pillars of the Biosphere Reserve concept: - Sustainable development - Nature conservation - Logistical support for long-term research and monitoring At the time of submission, special attention has been given to drawing up the regulations and management plans in accordance with the specifications of the CIPRA (Commission Internationale pour la Protection des Alpes). The discussion processes have made it clear that all the decision-makers regard it as being out of the question for the regulation to contradict a single point of the Alpine Convention. This is also in keeping with the clearly-communicated conceptions of the national MAB Committee. 12

Österreichisches Programm für umweltgerechte Landwirtschaft. 14

√

Yes No Planned At the national level, these tasks are to be undertaken by the Regional Association of Lungau on the Salzburg side, while in Carinthia they will be carried out by the future Biosphere Reserve Committee. Matters of overriding relevance will be dealt with by the joint Biosphere Reserve management. (d) programmes for research, monitoring, education and training

In the region as a whole, there are numerous activities in these fields. However, these are mostly scattered and are to be consolidated in the course of developing the Biosphere Reserve. Thus, the training courses for the National Park Rangers, and the training courses for nature and hiking guides and for forest educators are to be augmented through an additional Biosphere Reserve module. The subjects of research and monitoring are explained further on in this document. Within the framework of model projects, it has been possible to successfully upvalue regional products and distinctive features on a lasting basis, and also to use them to raise public awareness. The aim is to consolidate and align all these activities under the joint umbrella of the Biosphere Reserve. Model projects: • Valleys Bus: since 1989, based on the realization that the region Lungau-MurauNockberge region with its extraordinary ecological qualities deserves a more ecological transport system than increasing individual traffic and decreasing public transport, a wide network of public light-load traffic system was set up, which represents an integrating component of the planned Biosphere region. It consists of a carefully-planned combination of local railway, public buses, tractor trains, flexible taxibuses and horse-drawn carriages. Thus, all the important attractions in the natural landscape can be reached without a car. Innovative forms of operation such as fixed interval operation and electromobility have already been sought and implemented here for the past 2 decades. Over its 20-year history, this "Valleys Bus Project" has received over 15 environmental awards. • The ecological “St. Martin Chalets” holiday village in St. Michael im Lungau represents the implementation of a tourist concept that is strongly committed to the principle of “sustainability”. During the construction of the entire facility, care was taken to use regional, natural building materials; now in operation, the chalets are supplied with green electricity and heated using biomass. In combination with the chalets, an electromobility concept is also offered here. Both electric bikes and electric cars can be loaned, thus contributing further to reducing the carbon footprint of the whole project. This holistic tourist concept, in a form that is, to date, unique throughout the region, can be drawn on as a flagship project in the fields of sustainable tourism and ecological construction, in order to reflect the fundamental principle of the Biosphere Reserve concept. • Lungauer Eachtling: the Lungauer Eachtling is a typical variety of potato, which is only cultivated in the Lungau and has been awarded the title “Region of Delight”, a protected brand of Agrarmarkt Austria Marketing GesmbH and the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water. The aim of this award is to 15

•

strengthen the identification of a regionally-typical product with a specific geographic region. Nockberge Almrind cattle: semi-natural animal husbandry and obligatory summer grazing on one of the alpine pastures in the Nockberge area create the basis for welldeveloped, healthy animals. 14 innovative farmers and their employees see to the production of high-quality comestibles and luxury foods made according to traditional farm recipes through the farm marketing of “Nock meat” (Nock Meat Farmer’s Association). The title “Region of Delight” was awarded in 2006. Alpine valerian (Valeriana celtica ssp. norica) is a species of plant native to the Eastern Alps, which belongs to the valerian family. This plant, whose root contains a high concentration of essential oils, was allegedly already used for producing cosmetics and exported throughout the known world in antiquity. However, after centuries of long, intensive use, the stocks of Alpine valerian were heavily decimated and its use declined. Due to the rediscovery of valerian as a base product for numerous cosmetics, various studies on the use of valerian have been commissioned. These rate the limited harvesting of this protected plant species as being unproblematic from the nature conservation viewpoint. Since then, two farmers are entitled to harvest the plant in late summer. The reddish-coloured wood of the Swiss pine (Pinus cembra) has a strongly aromatic scent and, due to its vivid appearance, has for centuries been much in demand for making furniture and for building. It is highly resinous, soft, tough, extremely durable and exudes a pleasant scent. Independently-conducted studies even ascribe healthenhancing effects to Swiss pine furnished rooms. Swiss pines, the emblematic trees of the Nockberge mountains, dominate the landscape like no other tree species, thus creating a clear reference to the region. A regional carpentry at Radenthein in Carinthia has developed an innovative product from this regionally-prevalent type of wood: the ZIRbox® Infrared Cabin. In the “Granatium” garnet theme park in Radenthein, one finds a regional feature embedded in a multifunctional concept. Mineral resources and mining have shaped the development and cultural importance of the region for many centuries. This theme is highlighted and made tangible on a visit to the “Granatium” and the “Garnet Gorge”. In this concept, the interactive communication of information and experience quality are closely linked to one another, and it represents an important tourist facility in the region. The fragrant mountain hay for “Grubenbauer’s Herb & Hayflower Bath” comes from a 3 ha meadow, where over 100 varieties of herb and grass grow and which is neither fertilised nor grazed. The task of this pilot project was to develop cooperation with tourism, strengthen the collaboration between the producing farmers and to sensitise the public to the possibility of home application.

Fig. 2: Typical regional products, such as mountain hay and bacon from the Nockberge mountains

Environmental education Environmental education is a central theme in the Biosphere Reserve concept. Already, a multifaceted portfolio comprising a wide variety of educational programmes is offered by the Nockberge National Park and the Riedingtal Nature Park. Since 2007, the Riedingtal Nature Park has been working intensively on the establishment of a Nature Park primary school in which, in addition to the stipulated criteria that are valid throughout Austria, nature-parkrelated content will also be integrated into the experiential and learning areas in lessons. In addition, various further training measures in the field of nature and the environment, as well as projects with and for schools, are offered. One fundamental task of the Nockberge National Park and all its staff is the communication of knowledge. Thus, several programmes are offered especially for school students and accompanying adults. On hikes, adventure programmes and at public events, information about the Nockberge mountains, flora and fauna, history, tradition and culture can be communicated in a playful way. This content is presented in especially worked-out programmes on the themes of, for example, mountain forests, experience, culture, Alpine valerian, water or a journey through time. The National Park House in Ebene Reichenau represents the main educational institution, although facilities like the Pfandlh端tte, the Zechneralm Alpine Meadow Farming Museum, the Grundalm, the Schiestlscharte and the T端rkhaus are also used. Research For both parts of the Biosphere Reserve, science and research represent central tasks, and therefore they are currently the coordinating points in the region on the subject of research. The aim is to further expand the already-existing cooperations with university institutes and non-university research institutions, thus promoting educational projects and public relations work. In the Hohe Tauern National Park, Salzburg, which constitutes one part of the core area, a comprehensive research plan covers such specialised focuses as the drawing up of inventories, the development of long-term monitoring systems, the elaboration of basic scientific principles for implementing international obligations and interdisciplinary analyses and interpretations. This strategy paper represents a pooling of all research institutions and

research projects, and is to be gradually implemented by 2020. The research plan has been drawn up with international experts and is cited in the Annex. The Riedingtal Nature Park works in close cooperation with the University of Salzburg, according to an agreement concluded and signed on 20th May 2010. The aim of this agreement is the intensive scientific research of alpine pasture farming and its importance for the region, as well as the establishment of an alpine pasture research station in the Riedingtal Nature Park. The main focuses of attention are thereby the aspects concerning tourist-related utilization of alpine pasture farming in the Riedingtal Nature Park, in order to show the importance of the active cultivation of the alpine pastures and the landscape conservation linked to it. Research projects are led and conducted by the “Landscape and sustainable development” work group at the University of Salzburg. The Seppalm alpine research station was set up in order to conduct on-site training sessions and studies. In the course of developing the Biosphere Reserve, a first research agenda has been worked out. In 2007, the positioning of the research was worked out together with representatives of MAB, ISCAR, several universities and Carinthian research institutes. This positioning concept is intended to help focus the research projects and research objectives, work out the initial subjects of research and develop the basic principles for collaboration with various research institutions. To begin with, the role of the research is defined: • Means and instrument for steering and controlling: to make interventions and changes visible and measurable • Means and instrument of further development: to seek and find solutions for problems, make everyday working life easier and improve the living situation • Means and instrument for creating new perspectives: to give a new value to the known and the unrecognised, create a new picture of everyday life and acquire new perspectives • Means and instrument for creating new benefit: impetus for the regional economy, benefit for society, visible and directly utilisable results • Means and instrument of communication: to set up rules and paradigms for dealing with one another and to enable the flow of information • Means and instrument for networking and partnerships: possibility of contacting other Biosphere Reserves (protected areas) for the purpose of interdisciplinary collaboration • Means and instrument for raising awareness/attention: to awaken interest in the region outside the region (key word: model region); thus, public acceptance of research in the region simultaneously increases The team of experts selected three subject areas, concerning which it has already been possible to implement two projects: • The subject of participation: Project part_b (Participation in Biosphere Reserves)13 was funded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences 2008–2010. It brought extensive findings concerning the participation process in Austrian Biosphere Reserves and also influenced development in the Nockberge mountains. • The subject of identification numbers and monitoring: the BRIM project (Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring) is currently running. It is likewise funded by the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The purpose of this project is the development of suitable indicators to reflect various aspects of the performance of the Biosphere 13

Partizipation in Biosphärenparken 18

Reserve. In addition to ecological indicators, special attention is attributed to sociocultural and economic aspects. These indicators such as the quality of life of the local population, the quantity and quality of the Biosphere Reserve tourism, the image of the region etc. are an important starting point to address concrete issues such as monitoring and management of the influence of tourism on the natural environment. • The subject of Alpine valerian: despite its unobtrusiveness, valerian could define the profile of the Biosphere Reserve. As a historically extremely important plant with rarity value, it offers all kinds of points of connection for research. The aim is to offer an opportunity to experience multidisciplinarity in the research project. The project has not yet been implemented. Based on the preliminary elaboration of an initial research agenda, the aim is to work out a joint research concept for the Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge. Science and research are thereby regarded as a joint concern and joint task for both “sides” of the Biosphere Reserve. A map givinging an overview on the location of sites important for education and science are found in the Annex. Projects and monitoring In 2008, a study was conducted on the participation processes in Biosphere Reserves (PARTParticipation Processes in Biosphere Reserves – Development of an Intervention Theory, Analysis of Strategies and Procedural Ethics by example of Biosphere Reserves Nockberge, Vienna Forest and Grosses Walsertal (Austria)). Taking three Biosphere Reserves as examples, different processes were analysed, whereby particular attention was focused on four aspects: • • • •

Intervention science and intervention ethics Change management Diversity management Good regional / local governance

The insights thereby gained were deliberated in a Delphi opinion survey of experts and presented and discussed at Open Space events. A research and monitoring concept for the Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge is currently under development, and is intended to make the efficiency and development of the park visible and assessable. Up to now, the BRIM (Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring) could be found in Austrian Biosphere Reserves only in a rudimentary form. It is strongly oriented towards the specifications of the Seville Strategy and the conceptual work and papers on BRIM, BRIA (Biosphere Reserve Integrated Assessment) and Glochamore, as well as further initiatives (e.g. GLORIA, MONAP, etc.). This project offers the chance, in coordination with the Austrian Biosphere Reserves, to for the first time also apply the BRIM principles in a Biosphere Reserve in Austria in a practical and comprehensive way. One central element is a “relative performance indicator”, which is to be developed and is intended to enable a comparison with other Biosphere Reserves. For this purpose, the LBI concept (Longterm Biodiversity Index) is to be broadened to include economic, socio-cultural and interdisciplinary aspects as coequal factors. As this monitoring concept is naturally of great interest concerning the whole Biosphere Reserve, the indicators are selected in such a way that this concept can be expanded to include the Lungau with no problem. 19

5.5 Signed on behalf of the MAB National Committee or focal point:

Full name: Georg Grabherr Title: Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Date:

PART II: DESCRIPTION 6. LOCATION (LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE): Most central point

46°58’09’’ N

13°43’32’’ E

Northernmost point

47°17’44’’ N

13°48’465’’ E

Southernmost point

46°45’58’’ N

13°38’59’’ E

Easternmost point

47°07’57’’ N

13°59’47’’ E

Westernmost point

47°09’30’’ N

13°19’04’’ E

Table 2: Localization of the Biosphere Reserve

7. AREA Total: 149,599.84 ha (For maps see Annex) 7.1

Size of terrestrial Core Area(s):

Core area

Province

Size (ha)

Municipality

Protection status

Niedere Tauern mountains

2,931.21

Lessach

Landscape conservation area

Hohe Tauern NP core area

1,397.54

Muhr

National park core area Natura 2000 site (Habitats Directive + Birds Directive)

Hohe Tauern NP outer zone

272.69

Muhr

National park outer zone Natura 2000 site (Habitats Directive + Birds Directive)

Rosanin

1,022.26

Ramingstein, Thomatal

Nature conservation area

Lake Seetaler See

20.80

Tamsweg

Natura 2000 Directive)

site

(Habitats

Landscape conservation area Natural monument Ullnwald

7.86

Tweng

Landscape conservation area Natural forest reserve

Überling mires

38.42

Tamsweg

Natura 2000 Directive)

site

(Habitats

Ramsar protected area Nature conservation area Salzburg total

5,690.76

Grundalm

100

Reichenau

Austrian Federal Grundalm

Gurkursprung

approx. 400

Reichenau

Nature conservation area

Andertal raised bog

St. Lorenzen in Reichenau

Natura 2000 Directive)

site

Forests

(Habitats

Ramsar protected area Nockberge mountains core area

1,953 -

Bad Kleinkirchheim, Radenthein, Krems in Kärnten, Reichenau

Carinthia total

2,501

Bad Kleinkirchheim, Radenthein, Krems in Kärnten, Reichenau

Biosphere Reserve total

S+C

8,191.76

Natura 2000 Directive)

site

(Habitats

Table 3: Size of terrestrial Core Areas

7.2 Size of terrestrial Buffer Zone(s): Buffer zone

Province

Niedere Tauern mountains

Lake Seetaler See

Size (ha)

Municipality

Protection status Niedere Tauern mountains landscape conservation area

16,221.79

Göriach, Lessach, Mariapfarr, Tamsweg, Tweng, Weisspriach Tamsweg

Lake Seetaler See landscape conservation area

Tweng, Muhr, Zederhaus

Lantschfeld landscape conservation area., upper Zederhaustal valley, Oberes Murtal valley

Thomatal, Ramingstein

Bundschuhtal valley landscape conservation area

S 193,65

Lantschfeld., upper Zederhaustal valley, Oberes Murtal valley

Bundschuhtal valley/ Rosanin

19,849.31

1,935.33 Salzburg total

Gurkursprung

Nockberge mountains

17,035

Biosphere Reserve total

38,200.08

17,035

Carinthia total

S+C

Rosanin nature conservation area Reichenau

Nature conservation area

Bad Kleinkirchheim, Radenthein, Krems in Kärnten, Reichenau

Nockberge National Park outer zone Partially Natura 2000 site (Habitats Directive)

Bad Kleinkirchheim, Radenthein, Krems in Kärnten, Reichenau

55,235.08

Table 4: Size of terrestrial Buffer Zones

7.3 Approx. size of terrestrial Transition Area(s) (if applicable): Outer transition area

Land

Size (ha)

Lungau

57,204

Nockberge mountains

28,969

Biosphere Reserve total

S+C

86,173

Table 5: Approx. size of terrestrial Transition Areas

7.4 Brief rationale of this zonation (in terms of the various roles of Biosphere Reserves) as it appears on the zonation map. In the cases where a different type of zonation is also in force at the national level, please indicate how it can coexist with the requirements of the Biosphere Reserve zonation system:

The development of the Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge was done on a voluntary basis: any kind of change in land use was to take place exclusively in collaboration and with the express agreement of the land users and owners. Their conceptions had to be balanced with the specifications issued by UNESCO in a process that took several years. To begin with, core areas represent the central protected areas in a Biosphere Reserve. They serve the purpose of classical process-oriented conservation, with the aim of conserving both habitats that are as natural as possible and the processes that take place in them. Human interventions and influences are permitted to only a very limited extent. The adjoining buffer zone is reserved for ecologically-sustainable activities and forms of usage. The outer 24

transition area offers the general public space for living, working and recreation, which expressly includes areas of settlement and serves as a model region for sustainable development. In its “Criteria for Biosphere Reserves in Austria”, the Austrian MAB Committee has interpreted and specified the international standards for Austria. According to these, at least 5 % of the total area of a Biosphere Reserve must be designated as core areas that are subject to strict legal protection, whereby these core areas should include all the major ecosystems typical for the region. In these long-term protected areas, natural processes should be allowed to run their course uninfluenced by human interference, thus serving as a model for science. The zonation has been carried out according to the following principles: • • •

As complete as possible a representation of the individual ecosystems in all or in the relevant zones Core areas that are as large and as contiguous as possible and, as far as possible, directly adjoining buffer zones As complete as possible coverage of the different altitude levels in the individual zones.

The zonation was developed from the inside to the outside, whereby to start with, core areas that were as suitable as possible were identified; these were embedded in buffer zones that were as suitable as possible. In the process, it was important to take into consideration not only a large number of statutory and legal specifications (particularly the arenas of existing protected area), but also, in particular, the conceptions of the various interests involved. In this context, the current stock of buffer, but above all, of core areas, must be regarded as a minimum stock. The aim is to round out and develop these over the course of the next few years, on an exclusively voluntary basis. On the Salzburg side, the subalpine and alpine areas above the tree line currently represent the greater part of the core areas. As, due to the extensiveness of this area, the setting up of fences round the core areas would not be possible, and would also clearly run counter to the conceptions of the land owners, the areas have been deliberately selected in such a way that basically either no or very little grazing is possible. The basic principle of voluntariness has been given the utmost priority in selecting the areas, so that only land owners who are really convinced by the idea of the Biosphere Reserve are making their property available. For these reasons, the core areas lie mainly in the peripheral areas of the Biosphere Reserve territory situated on the Salzburg side, while, on the other hand, the buffer zones and outer transition areas are situated in the hillside and valley areas, where the settlement areas are also found. One finds the opposite situation in the Carinthian Nockberge mountains, where the core areas are likewise situated on and above the tree line in the alpine area, but more at the centre of the Biosphere Reserve. The buffer zones enclose the core areas like a belt and lie at medium altitude levels. The permanent settlement areas, as well as most other infrastructures, are found in the isolated valley areas. Some core areas are located directly at the outer border of the Biosphere Reserve. However, there are also buffer zones outside the Biosphere Reserve which protect these core areas. For instance, the two core areas ‘Hohe Tauern National Park core area’ and ‘Hohe Tauern National Park outer zone’ are directly adjacent on the Hohe Tauern Salzburg National Park. On the Styrian side of the border, the Lower Tauern core area lies adjacent to several protected areas. For instance, in the North and North-West of the core area, it borders on the 25

following: the Klafferkessel Nature conservation area in the Schladminger Tauern zone, the Krakau-Schöder Nature conservation area and the Schladminger Tauern landscape conservation area and the Sölktäler nature park. Towards the South-East, the Rosanin core area is limited by the Steirische Nockberge Nature conservation area. On the Carinthian side, the Gurkursprung Nature conservation area forms a protective coat around the Gurkursprung core area in the Reichenau community. The unspoiled, natural state of the core areas is safeguarded through special voluntary agreements with the land owners, who refrain entirely from grazing these areas. Core area areas above the forest line are of particular importance. These are situated almost exclusively on land belonging to the Austrian Federal Forests22 (Schneegrube natural forest reserve) and offer space for natural forest development. The area of the 5% core area that is required according to national stipulations cannot be significantly exceeded – which, however, presents no problem due to the extraordinary quality and high representativeness of the available areas; above all, the continuous expansion of the core areas represents one clear objective of the Biosphere Reserve. Also, the high quality of the buffer zones serves to confirm the chosen approach. 8. BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGION: The area of the planned Biosphere Reserve lies in the Eastern foothills of the Alpine arc, the biome zone of the temperate nemoral climate. The more low-lying areas are dominated by deciduous forests, which are bare of leaves in winter. The orobiome of the Alps is of course particularly dominant here, with a transition up to the coniferous forests of the higher-altitude areas all the way to the cold steppes of the high alpine areas. Floral elements of the Central European as well as the Arctic floral province are found here. The entire area is classified under the alpine biogeographical region, in accordance with the specifications of the European Environment Agency. The Biosphere Reserve Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge is clearly the biggest Biosphere Reserve in Austria, of which there are 7 in the country. But its special status is also derived from its geographical location and extension. Contrary to the Wienerwald, Lobau and Lake Neusiedler See Biosphere Reserves in the Eastern lowlands of Austria, this park covers all altitude categories, from the valleys of the mountainous stage to the peak regions in the Alpine zone. On the other hand, there is a clear difference between this and the Gössenköllesee, Gurgler Kamm and Großes Walsertal Biosphere Reserves which – being located in the Central Alpine Arc – are of purely Alpine character. The extensive range of different habitats in altitude-dependant climate zones make this Biosphere Reserve so unique within the UNESCO network und thus strengthens the resolve to preserve and sustainably develop all representative nature and cultural regions in the Biosphere Reserve. 9. LAND USE HISTORY: Human beings first penetrated the Lungau with the beginnings of sedentism and the transition to arable farming from the Neolithic period onwards (4000–1800 BC). At first, the valley areas were developed and made usable for agriculture. The forests of the bordering mountains were used for forestry and hunting. In the course of hunting, human beings pushed forward as far as the upland areas of the mountains.

Österreichische Bundesforste AG 26

There is evidence for use of the natural meadows above the forest line as grazing land in the Lungau reaching as far back as the Neolithic period and the Early Bronze Age. From the Bronze Age onwards, there was also mining in the iron-ore-rich Lungau. During the Hallstatt period, alpine pasture farming declined somewhat, due to a shift in trade and the climate, though it was still important for providing food for the workforce needed for mining. Evidence has also been found for trade in Alpine valerian from the Hallstatt period onwards. From 350 BC onwards, there was an increase in the use of upland areas by the Celts in the Lungau. The reasons for this were probably a shift in the climate and the resulting lowering of the tree line. After the Romans settled the area, they further intensified alpine pasture farming and grazed sheep and goats on the upland areas. During the Migration Period, the use of the upland areas was again very largely abandoned, with the exception of hunting, while agricultural and forestry use was limited to the favourable areas near the valley. Between 1000 and 1400 AD, a renewed intensification of pasture farming commenced in the upland areas of the Lungau. Favourable slopes were cleared and thereby turned into arable land. An analysis of archaeological finds shows that this was already for the purpose of cattle grazing. Due to their morphology and the absence of large access valleys, the Nockberge mountains were not permanently settled until the Middle Ages; before this, they were used only for hunting and also for gathering Alpine valerian. The 12th century saw the settlement of the Nockberge mountains. In 1207, the area of the Nockberge mountains passed into the possession of Millstatt Abbey. The Abbey oversaw the clearance of extensive forest areas and sent settlers into the Liesertal valley, who farmed it in small-holdings and stock-breeding farms. Besides agriculture, trade and mining constituted the backbone of the Lungau economy. In 1880, the Lungau was identified as the “poorest” region in the province of Salzburg. The reason for this was its geographical isolation and the decline of the iron-working business. Since the Late Middle Ages, valley areas and favourable hillsides in the Nockberge mountains have been cleared and intensively used, and largely shaped by mining settlements. Today, tourism is the most important economic factor in the Lungau and in the Nockberge mountains. 10. HUMAN POPULATION OF PROPOSED BIOSPHERE RESERVE: The data for Salzburg are based on Status 2010, Economic Chamber of Salzburg23, and the date for Carinthia is based on Status 2008, Austrian Statistical Office24. It is neither possible nor meaningful to divide the populations into permanent and seasonal inhabitants of the buffer and outer transition area. These have therefore been entered below as “not known”. 10.1

Core Area(s): Permanent

Seasonal

Salzburg

Carinthia

Total

Table 6: Human population of the core areas 23

Wirtschaftskammer Salzburg

Statistik Austria 27

10.2

Buffer Zone(s): Permanent

Seasonal

Salzburg

Not known

Carinthia

Not known

Total

Not known

Table 7: Human population of the buffer zones

10.3

Transition Area(s): Permanent

Seasonal

Salzburg

20,975

Not known

Carinthia

12,375

Not known

Total

33,350

Not known

Table 8: Human population of the transition areas

10.4 Brief description of local communities living within or near the proposed Biosphere Reserve:

On the Salzburg side, the outer boundaries follow the borders of the political district, except in Tweng, where one hamlet has withdrawn from the territory of the Biosphere Reserve for the time being due to fundamental concerns within the municipality (also see map in the Annex). The district of Lungau encompasses 15 municipalities (Göriach, Lessach, Mariapfarr, Mauterndorf, Muhr, Ramingstein, Sankt Andrä im Lungau, Sankt Margarethen im Lungau, Sankt Michael im Lungau, Tamsweg, Thomatal, Tweng, Unternberg, Weisspriach and Zederhaus), covering a total area of 1,004 km². The largest hamlets are Tamsweg, St. Michael im Lungau, Maria Pfarr and Mauterndorf. A concentration of 20,975 (Status 2010, Economic Chamber of Salzburg) can naturally be found in the urban agglomerations. The following graphic from the Jungmeier et al. study (2009) clearly shows the diversity of stakeholder groups that were strongly involved in the development process of the Biosphere Reserve. This participation-based approach had been defined as a priority from the very beginning. Therefore, the Biosphere Reserve application represents a classical bottom-up process. The overwhelming majority of the population is composed of local residents. As in other rural areas of Austria, two trends are also apparent in the region of the planned Biosphere Reserve. Firstly, the ageing of the population due, above all, to young people leaving the area, poses a problem here; secondly, the declining birth rate represents a continuing trend, resulting in a decline in the number of inhabitants. In the Lungau, the population figures confirm a regional trend – namely, that centrally-situated municipalities are remaining constant or are even seeing growth, while small municipalities in more isolated side valleys are increasingly thinning out. In some municipalities, such as Mariapfarr and Unternberg, it is possible to ascertain a slight tendency towards growth, while in Zederhaus and Muhr the population figures are in steady decline. The unemployment rate in the Lungau is, at 9.4 % (Status 2009, Economic Chamber of Salzburg), high compared to the other districts in Salzburg, and, as is the case everywhere else, has risen markedly over the past few years. The three sectors offering the most jobs – i.e. the construction industry, public health sector and retail trade, account for almost 50% of job offers in the municipalities of the central area. 28

On the other hand, in municipalities in the side valleys the service sector, including tourism, plays a superordinate role. Overall, approx. 75 % of the employed population find work in the region, while 25 % commute. The leading sectors are the tourist, construction and commercial goods industries, whereby these are dominated by three sectors: production of comestibles and luxury foods, the treating and processing of wood and the manufacture of rubber and plastic goods. Whereas the leading sectors are affected most by declining trends, trade, and the health and social services are displaying the biggest increases. The following diagram shows demographic development in the Lungau, divided by municipality (data source: Austrian Central Statistical Office25, 2011):

0 to <5% 0 to < - 5% -5 to < -10% less than -10% Fig. 3: Population trends in the Lungau 2001–2008

In Carinthia, the entire area of the municipalities of Radenthein, Döbriach, Eisentratten, Ebene Reichenau and Bad Kleinkirchheim lies within the territory of the planned Biosphere Reserve. The vast majority of the 12,375 inhabitants (Status 2008, Statisik Austria) live in the larger villages such as Ebene Reichenau, Radenthein, Döbriach and Eisentratten. The population figures for 2001 to 2008 reveal a slight trend towards decline in most of the municipalities, with the exception of Bad Kleinkirchheim, where the population figures have been rising for the past three years. The following diagram shows the demographic development in Carinthia, whereby the four Biosphere Reserve municipalities Reichenau, Radenthein, Krems in Kärnten and Bad Kleinkirchheim have been highlighted.

ÖSTAT 29

Fig. 4: Population trends in the four municipalities in Carinthia 2003–2010

10.5 Name(s) of nearest major town(s):

• Salzburg: Tamsweg • Carinthia: Spittal an der Drau, Feldkirchen in Kärnten 10.6. Cultural significance:

Archaeological finds reaching back into the Neolithic period are known in many places in the Lungau. Local museums present the long settlement history of the area. In the Hallstatt period the Lungau was settled by Indo-Germanic tribes, who were supplanted by Celtic tribes during the La Tène period. Around 200 BC, 13 Celtic tribes united to form the Kingdom of Noricum. The Kingdom of Noricum included the Lungau, as well as the still uninhabited Nockberge mountains. An important north-south trade route for salt, leather, furs, Alpine valerian and the famous Noric iron ran through the Lungau. In 15 BC, the Romans conquered the Kingdom of Noricum, the Lungau was secured militarily and roads were built. The Romans turned the Lungau into an important inner-alpine transport nodal point. (In the Nockberge mountains, there are no traces of Roman settlements, as the isolated, densely-forested valleys lay too far from the transport routes of that time.) During the Migration Period, the Lungau and the Nockberge mountains formed part of various kingdoms, such as the Ostrogothic Kingdom of Theoderich the Great or the Byzantine Empire of Justinian. From 600 AD onwards, the Alpine Slavs streamed into the Lungau from the east, which is the reason why many Lungau place-names are of Slavic origin even today – as is the case, for example, with Lessach (“with the people in the forest”). In the area of the Nockberge mountains, the first settlements of the Celto-Roman population as they retreated before the Slavs, were probably in the area of Reichenau. From the Middle Ages onwards, the Lungau was a Duchy. The castles and ruins in the Lungau testify to that period. The predominantly farming population of the Lungau lived from arable farming and animal husbandry. The alpine pasture farming that is still widespread today was probably already being carried on before the Slavs arrived. Besides agriculture, trade and mining constituted the mainstays of the Lungau economy. The most important

north-south trade route led through the Lungau. It offered employment for drivers of pack trains and for carters. The Lungau was also one of the most important mining areas in the province of Salzburg. Gold and silver were already being mined in the Murtal valley in 1287. Highly-poisonous arsenic, important for the production of medicines, was extracted at Rotgülden (Murtal valley) from the 14th century onwards. The area around Ramingstein distinguished itself due to its profitable gold and silver mining industry. From the 15th to the end of the 18th century, mining flourished in Ramingstein. In Kendlbruck, iron was mined to the rear of the Mühlbachtal valley, and the marble quarries and lead and silver mines were located in Ramingstein. In the Middle Ages, Ramingstein was one of the biggest mining areas in the Alpine countries. From about 1700 onwards, a lively trade in salt and iron flourished here, an important source of revenue for the citizens of Tamsweg for over 200 years. The 18th century witnessed economic changes and military conflicts. In 1838, there was a brief economic upturn due to the iron-working industry, namely the hammer mills, which however came to an end again around 1875, leading to the closure of the hammer mills shortly afterwards. Following the end of mining history here in 1880, the Lungau became the poorest region in the province of Salzburg, due to its isolation. In 1894, the Murtalbahn railway was opened between Mauterndorf and Unzmarkt, a distance of 72 km, making it the second-longest narrow-gauge railway in Austria. In fact, the Lungau did not regain its economic importance until the construction of the Tauern motorway (1974-1976) and the tourism that was linked to it. The region was awarded the title “Intangible Cultural Heritage” by the UNESCO for two cultural treasures that markedly highlight its cultural significance. “Samsontragen” One distinctive custom is that of “Samsontragen” (“carrying Samson”) in the Lungau and the district of Murau, which was included on the UNESCO list of “Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria” in 2010. It is a fixed component of the regional calendar of traditions, and always attracts a large number of spectators. The custom dates back to Baroque times, when, during the religious festivities held by the Capuchins at the Feast of Corpus Christi and on “Bruderschaftsmontag” (“Brotherhood Monday”), magnificent processions were held displaying scenes from the Bible on huge display wagons. The huge figure of Samson, one of the Judges in the Old Testament, formed part of the procession. Towards the end of the 18th century, at the latest, a reformation of this religious custom took place and carrying such huge figures in processions was forbidden, due to the Enlightenment. Since that time, these parades no longer form part of church processions, but take place before and afterwards instead. Similar huge processional figures are still known in other European countries, such as Spain, Belgium, Portugal and France. Processions of the “Vereinigten” fraternity The Vereinigten (“the united”) are a fraternity in the district of Tamsweg, which currently numbers almost 900 members and represents the oldest fraternity in Austria. The fraternity was founded by three master craftsmen in 1737 und made it its task to unite all those craftsmen who were not members of any Tamsweg craftsmen’s guild. The “Vereinigten” attend funerals, take part in church processions and form part of the cultural identity of the region. Each year, a festival week is held, during which various ritual festivals and processions are organised in both a public and internal framework.

This custom too, like that of “carrying Samson”, was included on the list of “Intangible Cultural Heritage in Austria” in 2010. In addition, there are numerous different, regionally-typical customs, quite a few of which are deeply enshrined in the cultural self-concept of the region. “Kasmandl” According to an old tradition, the dairy-workers and farmers finally leave their alpine pasture huts at Martinmas on 11th November, not to return there until 24th April, St. George’s Day. During this time, the little, gnome-like cheese-men “Kasmandl” use the huts as their winter quarters. Because they protect the dairy cows through the alpine summer, they find a small offering of food and firewood there, as a gift of thanks and also to put them in a benevolent mood for the next summer: otherwise, enraged Kasmandl might frighten the cows. Out of this superstition developed the custom of “Kasmandlgehen” (“Going Kasmandling”). Nowadays, on the eve of Martinmas, children still go door to door dressed as Kasmandl, reciting poems, singing alpine pasture songs and distributing alpine pasture specialities. “Prangstangen” In the municipalities of Muhr and Zederhaus, the custom of carrying “Prangstangen” poles is still practised. This is done in remembrance of a devastating plague of locusts in the Early Middle Ages. Tree trunks decorated with blossoms and wool are carried in a procession on church feast days in early spring and then set up in the church. The role of carrying them is taken on by the unmarried men of the village. Some hold the view that the up to eight-metre-high Prangstangen represent a counterpart to the magnificent candles that used to be carried by the upper middle classes at festive processions. “Preberschiessen” This custom, which is unique worldwide, has been practised for almost 200 years. The aim is to hit the target with a rifle by means of a rebounding shot on the surface of the lake water. This means that the projectile hits the target on the surface of the water and then rebounds from it - in order, ideally, to hit the real target. The high specific density of the bog-water of Lake Prebersee is the cause of this phenomenon, which is also known as a “ricochet shot”.

Fig. 5: A close-up of a “Prangstange” from Zederhaus; traditional costume group and choir from Reichenau

In about 772 AD, following various wars, the areas of the Lungau and the Nockberge mountains fell to the ancient Bavarians and became, for a brief period, part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, which itself became part of the Kingdom of the Franks shortly afterwards, in 778 AD. It has been possible to date the first Bavarian settlements in the Kirchheimer Tal valley to the mid-9th century AD. 32

The region of the Duchy of Carinthia had been independent from Bavaria since 976; however, Bavarian manorial lords continued to maintain control over their possessions. Thus, the Aribones, who had held an inherited Palatinate under the Dukes of Carinthia since 977, also had extensive possessions in Carinthia. They are regarded as being the first verifiable lords of the Kleinkirchheimer Tal valley. It is said that, after being wounded in battle in the 11th century, the Palatine Poto Graf von Pottenstein, a member of this ancient Bavarian dynasty, was the first to experience the healing effects of the spring in Bad Kleinkirchheim. According to the legend, to show his gratitude, he bequeathed the medicinal spring to Millstatt Abbey, which he had founded in about 1070. Irrespective of this, Kleinkirchheim was under the governance of Millstatt from, at the latest, the date of the above-mentioned documentary bequeathal in 1166, until the dissolution of the Abbey in 1773. In 1260, St. Lorenzen Church was consecrated, an event that ushered in the settlement of the Reichenauer Tal valley. The hot spring of Kleinkirchheim had certainly already been discovered and used at the time when the village was first settled. People used to set up wooden troughs along the outflow, to catch the water. To protect the spring catchment basin, Millstatt Abbey had a chapel built over it in 1492 and consecrated it to Saint Catherine (or “Katharina”, whose name means “the purifying” in ancient Greek). In the 17th century, next to the chapel, which has been preserved up to the present day and is situated above the “Sankt Kathrein” spa of the same name, a second spring was tapped and channelled through wooden pipelines to a small bathing house below the “Kathreinkirche” church, where the water was heated and poured into bathtubs. The oldest written mention of one such bathing operation dates from 1670. About a hundred years later, in 1762, we find a bathing ordinance which describes the use of the baths for a three-week health spa stay. The guesthouse “Zum Badwirth” (“The Bath Landlord”), as it was called in 1884, was certainly still the only large inn in the village in about 1900. From the 17th century onwards, there is evidence of “farmers’ baths” (“Bauernbäder”) in the Nockberge mountains, as can still be found at Karlsbad today. For a short time, the border of the Kingdom of Illyria created by Napoleon ran to the east of Ebene Reichenau. A boundary stone is still preserved and is on display at the Regional Museum in Klagenfurt. Today, the valuable cultural farming landscape areas, which are shaped by the distinctive scenic beauty and typical features such as the fenced landscapes and alpine villages, represent the most important cultural assets of the entire region. “Trachtengruppe Radenthein” The traditional costume group of Radenthein has become an important part of the cultural life of the borough. The spectrum of activities thereby ranges from events that have already become tradition, such as the “Kathreintanz” dance and the handicraft exhibitions, all the way to courses and works of art in the field of arts and crafts. The group is also active in the social, charitable and public utility fields. The artists’ town of Gmünd For 20 years, the small medieval town of Gmünd in Carinthia has been offering its visitors a very special experience of art and culture: during the six warm months of the year, contemporary visual art as well as arts and crafts dominate the historical buildings, squares and picturesque little streets of Gmünd. The town’s high-quality cultural supporting programme consists of an extensive range of music, theatre and literature. In 1999, the town of Gmünd was named the most liveable municipality in Carinthia, and in 2000 it was awarded the European Village Renewal Award for its high quality, multifaceted cultural opportunities. 33

However, above all – and this is what makes the town unique in the whole surrounding area – Gmünd offers its visitors the opportunity to get to know recognised artists from all over the world, who come to stay at the town’s international guest studios for a few months. Also worthy of mention are some of the many other regional customs in the Nockberge mountains, such as “Tafeln” (“dining”) in Plessnitz, “Kugelwerfen” (“ball-throwing”) in Nöring, “Ringen” (wrestling) in St. Lorenzen, “Almabtrieb” (bringing the cattle down from the alpine pasture) in Bad Kleinkirchheim, “Weisenblasen” (brass band music) at Falkert and “Klöckeln” (“going a-knocking”) in Radenthein, and “Zaunringbraten” (“fence-ring roasting”).

11. PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 11.1. General description of site characteristics and topography of area:

Maps showing the exact position of the proposed Biosphre Reserve are found in the Annex. The “Lungau” is the term given to one of the five old districts of Salzburg, and exactly covers the district of Tamsweg. The region is a large, high plateau in the southeast of the province of Salzburg, which is just over 1,000 km² in area and bordered all around by mountain ranges. To the north lie the Radstädter Tauern mountains, to the east the Schladminger Tauern mountains, both of which form part of the Niedere Tauern mountains, to the southwest the Hohe Tauern and to the south the Gurktal Alps. Due to their geology, the Radstädter Tauern mountains possess a very diverse topography. Areas of dolomite form rock walls and rugged shapes, while by contrast schist forms gentle mountain slopes, and areas of gneiss develop rocky, though gently-sloping, mountains. The charm of the topography lies in the juxtaposition of the crystalline and limestone alpine richness of forms, where heavily-fissured shapes alternate with scree deposits, gently rolling alpine pastures and extensive areas of broken rocks. In the Schladminger Tauern mountains, one primarily finds pyramid-shaped mountain peaks without extensive rock walls. A further unique feature of the Niedere Tauern mountains is the pennate arrangement of the rock ridges. The valleys of the Lungau are characteristic trough valleys. The Carinthian portion exactly covers the territory of the four municipalities of Krems in Kärnten, Radenthein, Bad Kleinkirchheim and Reichena, and covers the current territory of the Nockberge National Park in the north of Carinthia. The Nockberge mountains, a subzone of the Gurktal Alps, lie between the Liesertal valley and Mt. Flattnitzer Höhe. Multifarious rock composition characterises the region. However, its distinctive geological feature lies in the occurrence of a limestone and dolomite strip of rock running from north to south in a band up to 3 km wide. Characterised by their gently-rounded mountains and knolls, the Nockberge mountains present a marked contrast to the rugged appearance of the Niedere and Hohe Tauern mountains to the north and west. These characteristic mouldings of the terrain were caused by small glaciers during the last Ice Age, which has thus made the region ideal for alpine pasture farming since time immemorial. However, mining (iron ore, garnet, anthracite) has also played a major role in the region since the beginning of human settlement, whereby this was most productive in Radenthein, with the mining of magnesite. Today, tourist usage in the form of hiking tourism and winter sports represents the most important economic sector of the region. In addition, this area is well-known for its medicinal springs: thus, the Karlbad is

regarded as the oldest farmers’ spa in Austria. The village of Bad Kleinkirchheim is also famed far beyond Austria’s borders for its importance as a thermal and climatic spa. 11.2.1 Highest elevation above sea level:

• •

Salzburg: 3,076 m (Grosser Hafner) Carinthia: 2,440 m (Rosennock)

11.2.2 Lowest elevation above sea level:

• •

Salzburg: 945 m (Ramingstein) Carinthia: 558 m (Lake Millstätter See)

11.3. Climate:

The Eastern Alps have been shaped by a continental climate, which is partly characterised by big temperature differences. These differences exist both between daytime and nighttime and between summer and winter. Due to the Tauern range bordering it to the north, and the mountain ranges shielding it to the north and east, the basin location of the Lungau is protected from the wind and thus also has relatively low precipitation rates of 750 mm in Tamsweg and up to 830 mm in St. Michael im Lungau. To the south, both the temperatures and the precipitation volumes increase slightly. Thus, annual precipitation in Radenthein is already 900 mm.

Fig. 6: Climate chart of three locations in the Biosphere Reserve (Data and diagrams by WALTER-LIETH – data set by ZAMG, Average 1961 – 1990) 11.3.1 Average temperature of the warmest month:

15.6°C (calculated from the average figures for August for Turrach, St. Michael im Lungau and Radenthein) 11.3.2 Average temperature of the coldest month:

-5°C (calculated from the average figures for January for Turrach, St. Michael im Lungau and Radenthein) 11.3.3 Mean annual precipitation:

828 mm measured at an average altitude of 930 m (calculated from the average figures for January for Turrach, St. Michael im Lungau and Radenthein)

11.3.4 If a meteorological station is in or near the proposed Biosphere Reserve, indicate the year since when climatic data have been recorded:

• Automatically recorded since 1961 • Name and location of station: meteorological stations at St. Michael im Lungau, Radenthein and Turrach 11.4. Geology, geomorphology, soils:

Geologically, the planned Biosphere Reserve is divided into three main mountain ranges. To the north lie the Niedere Tauern mountains, to the southwest the Hohe Tauern mountains and to the south the Gurktal Alps. In the area of the Biosphere Reserve, the Niedere Tauern mountains are subdivided into the Radstädter Tauern to the west and the Schladminger Tauern to the east. The Radstädter Tauern are geologically very polymorphic. Their distinctive feature lies in a large proportion of limes and dolomites in their structure, which are subject to extensive overthrusts, and at the same time deeply folded together with their crystalline substratum. These mountains are composed mainly of limestones, dolomite, gneisses and, to the south, schists. Further types of rock found here are quartzite, red quartzite, limestone phyllites, granite, black-green phyllites, conglomerates, flysch and cellular dolomite. The Schladminger Tauern consist mainly of gneisses of the Eastern Alpine crystallines and mica schist, while in isolated places deposits of amphibolites are common. In the area of the village of Lessach, one finds the Lessach phyllonite zone, with phyllonite and isolated deposits of chlorite schist, serpentinite, ferrodolomite and marble. The Hohe Tauern mountains to the southwest are extremely complicated and multifarious in structure. In the area of the future Biosphere Reserve, they are subdivided into core gneiss to the west and in schist mantle, which adjoin the Radstädter Tauern mountains. In the core gneiss, the “Tauernfenster” (“Tauern window”) takes effect – which, due to tectonic heaving and subsequent erosion, brings deep, central gneiss cores to the surface, in a window-like form. Geologically, this process involves mainly granite, orthogneiss and migmatite. The schist mantle consists of the edges of the Mesozoic schist mantle, with calcareous rocks such as dolomite, calcschist, limestone phyllite and individual seams of marble, as well as isolated deposits of quartzite schist, greenstone and greenschist. In between these lies the Palaeozoic schist mantle, which consists mainly of mica schist and paragneiss. To the south lie the Gurktal Alps. These are divided into an eastern dolomite zone and a western Central Alpine crystalline zone, which is divided from the Upper Austroalpine by an up to 3 km-wide band of calcifareous and dolomite rock running in a north-south direction. In the area of Mt. Zunderwand, the change from whitish limestone to the darker silicate rock can be clearly seen on the Erlacher Bockscharte. This mountain range has been a focus of interest for the mining industry for many centuries, as it holds deposits of iron ore, magnesite, anthracite and garnet. The Wetterstein dolomite of Mt. Stangalmzug is the carrier of the thermal water in Bad Kleinkirchheim. The Central Alpine crystalline zone mainly consists of mesozonal crystalline, with mica schist, paragneiss and local deposits of amphibolite, eclogite, quartzite (Hohe Pressing) as well as in the area of the Wiesennock orthogneiss seams. To the east lies the band of rock mentioned above – the Central Alpine Permo-Mesozoic, with its dolomite. To the west of the municipality of Radenthein, there are individual seams of marble and marble-rich rock sections in the crystalline. The valley areas are mainly filled with moraines from the Pleistocene and Holocene periods. The Upper Austroalpine region lies to the east, adjoining the Central Alpine crystalline zone. The largest area is thereby taken up by the slightly metamorphic Early Palaeozoic of the Gurktal Nappe. This consists mainly of phyllite, schist, phyllonite and leucophyllite. To the 36

west of the Upper Austroalpine is an approximately 1 km-wide band of dolomite rock from the Upper Carboniferous-Permian, which is known as “Stangalm carbon”. In the area of Mt. Rinsennock, we find formations of tufa, tuffite and vulcanite rock. Furthermore, we find Triassic rocks in the area of the Grundtal valley and Grundalm. Smaller areas of this region possess deposits of diabas, greenschist, limestone phyllite, calcareous schist and conglomerates. To the north, in the area of Mt. Turracher Höhe and Mt. Kornock, sandstone, siltstone, mudstone and gypsum are found. The composition of the soils of the Lungau and the Nockberge mountains ranges mainly from podzolised rock brown soils to crystalline rock and rendsine and calcareous parent rock material. At a higher altitude, unweathered parent rock material is also found. In the valley areas, the soils are mainly composed of loose-sediment brown calcareous soil. In the flood areas of the valley streams as well as in caldera locations, areas of bog, grey alluvial soils, rock brown calcareous soils and skeletal soils are common. In areas with a calcareous substratum, rendsine soils are also found, and in the Lower Austroalpine phyllite zone, pararendsine soils also. The inner-alpine basin near Tamsweg, with its clays, represents a distinctive feature. Detailed maps showing geomorphological ane geological characteristics of the region are found in the Annex.

12. BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS The planned Biosphere Reserve covers what is, in many respects, an extremely diverse area. From marsh areas and alluvial forests in the valleys to cultivated meadows and woodland areas at intermediate altitudes, extending up to the glaciers of the alpine summit regions, a large proportion of the different types of vegetation native to both federal provinces can be found here. Some of these are listed here by way of example. The list of species and habitats below is by no means comprehensive, nor divided into regions. It is merely intended to provide a rough idea of the most common habitats and the species they typically support. The extent of the individual lists is dictated by the volume and availability of data to hand. The amount of data available from Salzburg is considerably more extensive, which is why it is more strongly represented. These databases were obtained from the Salzburg Biodiversity Data Bank of the “Haus der Natur”, Salzburg’s natural history museum. The findings were supplemented to some extent by evidence drawn from publications. For each of the biome types described in the following chapter, species lists specifying especially characteristic or noteworthy animal and plant species are enclosed as an annex. 12.1. First type of habitat/land cover: Forests (Regional/Local) Plant community

Scientific name

Regional

Grey alder forest

Alnetum incanae

Adenostyles and upland firspruce forest

Adenostylo alliariae-Abietetum

Sub-alpine silicate- spruce forest

Homogyne-Piceetum

Larch-Swiss pine forest

Larici-Pinetum cembrae

Carbonate-larch forest

Laricetum deciduaeluzuletosum sylvaticae

Siliceous dwarf pine scrub

Rhododendretum ferrugineiPinetum prostratae

Local X

Notes Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive

Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive X

Table 9: Plant communities according to the first type of land cover 12.1.1. Characteristic species:

Forest habitats in Austria are a refuge and a home for many animal species. Thus, many mammals, for instance bats such as the barbastelle bat and the whiskered bat (Barbastella barbastellus, Myotis mystacinus), as well as many predators such as badgers (Meles meles), lynx (Lynx lynx) and bears (Ursus arctos) spend a large part of their lives in forests. In addition, many species of bird such as the eagle owl (Bubo bubo), the black woodpecker (Dryocopius martius) and the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) find food – i.e. insects, seeds, fruit – as well as nesting sites in and on trees. In this context, a high share of old trees and deadwood favours high biodiversity. Often, typical plants of the forests are shadow-loving species such as ferns, mosses and orchids because the dense treetops block out a lot of the sunlight. 12.1.2. Important natural processes:

Forest ecosystems naturally dominate all locations in which trees are more competitive than other plants. In Central Europe, such conditions prevail over wide areas at altitudes below the climatic tree line, which is why they represent the potential climax community in any location 38

where forestation is possible. This type of habitat is usually characterised by an extremely long period of development. Valleys are obviously exposed at more or less regular intervals to heavy episodes of rainfall and, consequently, to subsequent localised incidences of flooding. Nature has adapted to these increased wet conditions by developing diverse forms of alluvial forest in the valleys. Thanks to large-scale embankment protection measures along the rivers and streams in the outer transition area, however, such incidents only occur in the event of extremely heavy rainfall. At intermediate and higher altitudes, the main occurrences are rockfalls, mudslides and landslides, as well as avalanches in winter. Other important processes which play a significant role include erosion, solifluction and storms. In the core areas, in particular, episodic events form part of the natural dynamics of an ecosystem and are of considerable importance from a scientific perspective for developing strategies for populated areas, where such processes can cause damage.

Fig. 7: Subalpine larch and spruce forest in the core area of Lessach in the Lungau; larch and Swiss pine boulderstrewn forest in the Nockberge mountains 12.1.3. Main human impacts:

The valleys are predominantly used as intensive grassland or for settlement. This form of usage has been practised for many centuries. The slopes closest to the valleys up to an altitude of approx. 1,700 m above sea-level are utilised for forestry purposes and managed under the clearcut-felling system or by selective felling. The main impacts on nature here are the relatively dense network of forestry tracks and the altered species composition of the forests. These subalpine spruce forests are relatively uniform in composition and, to some extent, lacking in structure and species diversity. The network of forest roads provides access to some of the more inaccessible higher altitudes for anyone in search of recreation, thereby increasing the risk of disturbing wild animals and causing the number of areas providing wild creatures with an undisturbed place of retreat to be limited to such areas as are unexploitable for forestry purposes due to the terrain. Hunting pursuits must also be viewed as one of the most important areas of human impact on the natural ecosystem. On the one hand, hunting has a direct influence on the composition and health of wild animal populations by controlling the numbers of wild animals and by selective hunting and protecting of specific species of fauna. At the same time, it also has an indirect influence on the natural regeneration and good health of forest fauna. Specific measures, such as winter feeding, can have a massive influence on the bark-stripping activities of hoofed game.

12.1.4. Relevant management practices:

The pine forests in the valley areas have always been exploited for human use. However extensive this may have been in the past, it has since intensified even further thanks to increased mechanization. Nowadays, clear-cut logging characterises large areas of the landscape. Other forms of forest utilization include the removal of individual trees where terrain and forestry management permit. A particular feature of mountain regions are forest pastures, an ancient method of farming which has recently recovered some of its acceptability after several decades when its reputation suffered. Hunting is an economic factor which plays an integral part in forest management. Its importance – in both financial and ecological terms – should not be underestimated. Excessively high game concentrations or poor feeding strategies can have a direct impact on bark-stripping or chewing damage in the forests. Furthermore, the forests have an important role to play as recreational areas. This form of usage is extremely diverse and ranges from sporting pursuits, such as mountain-biking and hiking to collecting berries, mushrooms and herbs. Ancient practices, such as the annual harvesting of fresh branches for winter fodder, or collecting leaf litter for bedding or feed, have virtually disappeared altogether nowadays and only survive in isolated cases. 12.2. Second type of habitat/land cover: Open land/Grassland Plant community

Scientific name

Crooked sedge grassland

Caricion curvulae

Community of three-leaved rush

Juncion trifidi

Regional

Local

Notes

X X

East Alpine fescue grassland

Pulsatillo albae-Festucetum variae

Siliceous tussock-forming sedge meadows

Caricetum sempervirentis

Subalpine-alpine matgrass pastures and meadows

Sieversio-Nardetum strictae

East-alpine violet fescue grassland

Festucetum picturatae

Calcareous alpine rocky slopes and scree grassland

Seslerietalia coeruleae

Fescue meadows

Campanulo scheuchzeri-Festucetum noricae

Tall oat grass

Arrhenatheretum elatioris

Golden oat grass

Trisetetum flavescentis

East alpine violet fescue grassland

Hypochaeris uniflora-Festucetum paniculatae

Nardus or matgrass

Aveno-nardetum

Moor grass-tussock-forming sedge

Seslerio-Caricetum sempervirentis

Sedge

Caricetum ferruginei

Red fescue

Festucetum rubrae

Fallow, former mountain hay meadows

Sheep’s fescue

Festucetum rupicolae

Violet fescue

Festucetum nigricantis

Alpine matgrass

Nardetum alpigenum

Fescue

Festucetum pseudodurae

Sedge

Caricetum firmae

Crowberry-Northern Bilberry

Empetro-Vaccinietum

Plant community

Scientific name

Regional

Local

Naked rush

Elynetum myosuroides

Dwarf shrubs heaths

Rhododendro-Vaccinietum extrasylvaticum

Alpine azalea wind heaths

Loiseleurietum procumbentis

Lichen-alpine azalea cover

Cetrario-Loiseleurietum

Notes

Table 10: Plant communities according to the second type of land cover 12.2.1. Characteristic species:

Contrary to forest habitats, open land habitats are preferably populated by light-loving species. The largest share of the biomass is made up of various grass species, whose dominance depends on the availability of water and nutrients, the composition of the soil and the grazing pressure. From the fodder meadows of the valleys to the mountain pastures at and beyond the tree line to the alpine grassland, we encounter a gradient of different habitats. A feature they frequently share is their astonishing diversity of variously coloured and shaped flowering plants, such as the large pink (Dianthus superbus), the sweetvetch (Hedysarum hedysaroides) or the black vanilla orchid (Nigritella nigra), whose flowers are strongly fragrant with a chocolate odour. For its part, this diversified flora sustains many insects and their direct beneficiaries. Butterfly species such as the apollo butterfly (Parnassius apollo) or marsh fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) are especially rare and magnificent grassland inhabitants, but there are also many species of bird that have over generations become specialists in the art of survival in the open land in the mountains. Examples include the rock partridge (Alectoris graeca) and the snow grouse (Lagopus mutus), but also their predator, the golden eagle. At greater altitudes, the Alpine grassland is dominated by mammals such as the Alpine ibex (Capra ibex), the chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) or the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota). 12.2.2. Important natural processes:

The present landscape of cohesive forest areas and open land is almost entirely the result of utilization by man. Forested areas, in all their different forms, generally constitute the climax community in Central Europe virtually wherever timber can thrive and develop into tree populations. The same also applies to the different types of meadow habitats below the tree line, which, without being managed in the form of regular mowing, would end up undergoing the natural process of re-afforestation. The grass communities at higher altitudes are free of a forest environment as a result of climatic conditions and consequently provide important grazing areas for many animal species. Most biological activity is evident in the transitional habitats. Due to the convergence of different habitats, the transition areas where forest meets pasture exhibit a particularly high degree of biodiversity. In addition to the seasonally-determined rhythm of biomass development, blossoming, seedforming and dying, various other processes also play an important role in areas of open land. These include wind and water erosion, cryoturbation, avalanches, mudslides and landslides. Nor should the pressure which wild animals place on pasture-grazing areas be underestimated. In the days before human beings settled the area, herds of herbivores kept open any grassland areas which appeared in a solid forest area as a result of some event that had upset the equilibrium.

12.2.3. Main human impacts:

The most important human influence on the ecosystem of open habitats is undoubtedly the prevention of re-afforestation. Hay-cutting and grazing makes the turf thicker and sprouting trees are cut back or checked at seedling stage, preventing the growth of shrubs, bushes and saplings. Depending on location, meadow type and use of the cut grass, the meadows are mown once, twice or, in some particularly favourable locations, several times a year. The alpine pastures, i.e. the hay-making pastures close to the alpine farm, are often used for grazing an additional time so that very little remaining grass is left in the pasture. This encourages re-growth to begin in spring as early as possible. Unusual habitats, such as litter meadows, which have been cultivated since time immemorial, were often unable to continue operating as expensive running costs produced only a low yield. Consequently, over the years, many habitats with a considerable diversity of species, fell victim to scrub encroachment and had to be reinstated at great expense in the interest of nature conservation. As a result, scrub encroachment, afforestation, or the grassing-over of nutrient-poor areas constitute the currently greatest threat to bio-diversity in open land. More intensive utilization of favourable locations goes hand in hand with some less desirable accompanying factors, such as soil compaction, erosion and a reduction in bio-diversity as a result of too frequent mowing or fertilization. High nutrient contents encourage fertilisertolerant species, which also leads to increased applications. Inexpert handling, however, can lead to contamination of the surface area or groundwater. Alpine pastures are even more important than the forest habitats as a playground for recreational purposes, especially in summer as a hiking area. The all-year round presence of human beings has displaced and considerably reduced wild animalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; retreat zones. 12.2.4. Relevant management practices:

The alpine pastures serve to provide additional grazing capacity during the summer months and to enable the fodder growing in the valleys to be set aside for the long winter months. In the past, when agriculture constituted the main income of many farmers and technological development had not reached such an advanced stage, it was necessary to utilise all productive areas for hay production. Even extremely steep or wet meadows were mown by hand and the hay stored in stacks up on the alpine pasture until well into the winter, when it was transported by sleigh down into the valley. As a result of rationalization measures and continuing mechanization, as well as the conversion of alpine dairies to intensive dairy-farming after the 1960s, it became increasingly common for some less favourable areas, then whole alpine pastures, to be left unused. Many alpine farmers are still battling to this day with the consequences of this decline in utilization, since scrub encroachment and re-afforestation swallowed up large areas of grazing within just a few years. Nowadays, alpine dairy farms have become rare relicts of the past, which can only sustain a living in tourist areas. The majority of alpine pastures are home to young cattle. The once widespread practice of herding large numbers of sheep, goats and horses up to the high alpine pastures has now dwindled considerably. As a result of this reduction in the demand for grazing, and the disappearance of custodians of the pastures, such as horses, alpine farmers now have to contend with natural succession processes, such as spreading heathland and afforestation. Due to the low profitability, most alpine pastures have been abandoned and are now simply used for grazing. Even arable farming, which was once an integral part of life up in the alpine pastures, now no longer takes place due to low yields and the considerable effort involved 42

Since time immemorial, alpine pastures have been a mainstay of tourism. Many alpine farms have only been able to resume operations because of a growing demand for â&#x20AC;&#x153;cultivatedâ&#x20AC;? alpine landscapes and staffed alpine huts. The gathering of berries and medicinal herbs is another common means of utilizing areas of open land.

Fig. 8: Mountain meadow in the Nockberge mountains; meadows with fruit trees situated in a valley

12.3. Third type of habitat/land cover: Special sites/Waters (Regional/Local) Plant community

Scientific name

Regional

Local

Notes

Calcareous fen fringe communities

Cardaminetum amarae

Quaking bog

Caricion lasiocarpae

Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive

Purple moor grass on alkaline soil, peaty and clayey-silt soils

Molinion caeruleae

Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive

Mountain pine upland bogs

Pino mugo-Sphagnetum magellanici

Brown sedge fens

Caricion fuscae

Bottle sedge

Caricetum rostratae

Calcareous fen

Caricetum davallianae

Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive

Dwarf willow

Salicetum herbacae

Haircap moss-snow patch communities

Polytrichetum sexangularis

Limestone scree and calcshist scree of montane to alpine levels

Thlaspietae rotundifolii

Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive

Silicate scree of montane to snow levels

Androsacetalia alpinae

Priority habitat according to Habitats Directive

Wall-rue with ivy-leaved toadflax

Cymbalario-Asplenion

Communities of sunny, calcareous rocky slopes, widespread

Table 11: Plant communities according to the third type of land cover 12.3.1. Characteristic species:

As their name already suggests, special sites are sites where special conditions represent exceptional challenges for their inhabitants. For instance, plants in wetlands have to develop strategies to cope with the permanent surplus of water. Various moss species, in particular peat moss (Sphagnum sp.), and sedges (Carex sp.) do this very successfully. Typically, these 43

habitats are home to many different amphibian species such as the Alpine newt (Triturus alpestris) and the yellow-bellied toad (Bombina variegata), but reptiles such as grass snake and the smooth snake (Natrix natrix, Coronella austriaca) also have a preference for wetland biotopes. Rocky sites demand the exact opposite of their inhabitants â&#x20AC;&#x201C; namely adaptation to dryness and frequently a lack of nutrients. This is where rock crevice communities such as the wall-rue fern (Asplenium ruta-muraria), the Alpine primrose (Primula auricula) and various saxifrage species (Saxifraga sp.) thrive. Reptiles such as the wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) and bird species such as the common rock thrush (Monticola saxatilis) are also well-adapted to these habitats. 12.3.2. Important natural processes:

The wetland habitats are influenced by the water cycle in all its different forms. These follow the classic pattern, ranging from precipitation and surface drainage, interception, infiltration, groundwater flow, all the way to evapotranspiration and condensation. In areas that are permanently water-logged, the lack of oxygen prevents the complete decomposition of plants, resulting in the formation of peat. Peat bogs contribute to the progressive acidification of these habitats. In addition to habitats influenced by flowing or standing water, small valleys where snow collects also constitute special sites.

Fig. 9: Mt. Zechnerkar in a core area in the Lungau; Lake Nassbodensee with Mt. Zunderwand, near a core area in the Nockberge mountains 12.3.3. Main human impacts:

In Carinthia as well as Salzburg all wetland habitats are protected â&#x20AC;&#x153;ex legeâ&#x20AC;? under the Nature Conservation Act. Practices which pose a massive threat to these sensitive habitats, such as fish restocking with non-native species, embankment construction, regulating watercourses, barrages, run-of-river power plants, water extraction, eutrophication, as well as the drainage systems for marshy areas and bogs, have been prevalent for a long time. However, thanks to stricter nature conservation laws and heightened public awareness over the past few decades, this situation has improved considerably. 12.3.4. Relevant management practices:

Marsh areas were used in the past for gathering straw. As a result of changing agricultural methods, this form of utilization has virtually disappeared completely. Nowadays, these sensitive areas are preserved for conservation purposes and maintained by mowing once a year. Rivers are used on a small scale to generate electricity and, together with other standing bodies of water, for fishing. The extraction of groundwater in the form of springs and wastewater discharge also has an impact on the hydrosphere. Special sites, such as scree slopes and other vegetation-free habitats, remain largely unaffected by human impact. 44

12.4. Fourth type of habitat/land cover: Settlement areas Plant community

Scientific name

Regional

Local

Larch and willow forest

Meadow with fruit trees

Notes

Arable fields Alchemillo-Poetum supinae grassland

Alchemillo-Poetum supinae

Table 12: Plant communities according to the fourth type of land cover 12.4.1. Characteristic species:

Settlement areas attract above all synanthropic species, i.e. plants and animals that have adapted to manmade structures and environments. Examples of these are bat species such as the lesser horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros) or the greater mouse-eared bat (Myotis myotis), which use attics and cellars as their nursery roosts and winter habitat, or birds such as the golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus) and the hoopoe (Upupa epops), which both live in orchard meadows. Swallows are also accustomed to living near stables. Among the plants, it is above all species which somehow benefit from the management of the land by human beings that prosper in settlement areas. 12.4.2. Important natural processes:

In many respects, settlement areas are not representative of the prevailing natural conditions. For example, the average temperature is often several degrees above the temperature of the surrounding environment since materials used for building begin storing heat sooner and release it for longer. Consequently, differences in pressure may occur, which can result in localised flow regimes. Rainfall is often prevented from infiltrating the ground since the surface is sealed off by buildings and infrastructure. The variety of structures does, however, provide a multitude of opportunistic animal and plant species with new habitats. 12.4.3. Main human impacts:

Compared with habitats which are not exposed to human impact, settlement areas generally exhibit a higher level of soil compaction and surface sealing, factors which can undoubtedly have an impact on the local climate. Indirect side effects from human settlements include significant factors such as raised levels of pollutant emissions, as well as noise and light pollution, which affect the environment. Structures likewise introduce new elements and fixed points in the landscape, which can have an impact on the orientation of certain animal species. A matter of growing concern in recent years has been the invasion of neobiota as a result of human activities. Although only a small percentage of these animal and plant organisms have invasive potential, they could, under certain circumstances, become a real threat to native species and species communities. The migration of such species may occur either by deliberate planting or the release of an individual species, or as a result of an accidental escape from cultures or gardens. The closely integrated network of small-scale, structured habitats is perfectly reflected in the kind of cultivation methods used, for example, in “Egarten” meadows, where cultivated fields, meadows and fallow areas occur in various stages of development as they are cultivated according to a rotational management system. Meanwhile, highly specialised companion species (often referred to colloquially as “weeds”), such as cornflowers, corncockle, hound’s tongue and field larkspur, are critically endangered

since the use of pesticides, fertilisers and new soil cultivation methods have marginalised these species. 12.4.4. Relevant management practices:

Settlement development is governed by regional planning laws or building regulations. Regional planning programmes lay down the rough outlines of future development in a particular province or region. The local development concept, land use plan and building plan regulate development at local level. In addition to agriculture and grassland management, other relevant forms of cultivation in settlement areas include orchards and vegetable garden small-holdings, which are home to a not-insignificant number of species which survive in human developments. Due to its favourable climate, the cultivation of potatoes has even proved possible in Lungau, resulting in the development of a local variety, the Lungau Eachtling potato.

Fig. 10: Small-scale field structures in the Lungau; larch pasture in the Nockberge mountains

13. CONSERVATION FUNCTION 13.1. Contribution to the conservation of landscape and ecosystem biodiversity

Priority habitat types in the Biosphere Reserve according to Appendix 1 of the Habitats Directive, divided by province: Salzburg Habitats Directive Code

Habitat type

Occurrence

3150

Natural eutrophic lakes with magnopotamion or hydrocharition-type vegetation

Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

3160

Natural dystrophic lakes and ponds

Lake Seetalersee Nature Con-servation Area

Nature

Hohe Tauern NP core area 4060

Alpine and Boreal heaths

Hohe Tauern NP core area

4070

Bushes with Pinus mugo Rhododendretum hirsuti)

6170

Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands

Hohe Tauern NP core area

6230

Species-rich Nardus grasslands, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in Continental Europe)

Hohe Tauern NP core area Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

Nature

6430

Hydrophilous tall herb fringe communities of plains and of the montane to alpine levels

Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

Nature

6510

Lowland hay meadows (Alopecurus pratensis, Sanguisorba officinalis)

Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

6520

Mountain hay meadows

N2000 site Überling

7110

Active raised bogs

Hohe Tauern NP core area

and

Rhododendron

hirsutum

(Mugo-

Hohe Tauern NP core area

Hohe Tauern NP core area Nature

N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area 7140

Transition mires and quaking bogs

Nature

N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

Nature

Hohe Tauern NP core area 7150

Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion

N2000 site Überling

7230

Alkaline fens

Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

7240

Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae

Hohe Tauern NP core area

8110

Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and Galeopsietalia ladani)

Hohe Tauern NP core area

8120

Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii)

Hohe Tauern NP core area

8230

Siliceous rock with pioneer vegetation of the Sedo-Scleranthion or of the Sedo albi-Veronicum dillenii

Hohe Tauern NP core area

91D0

Bog woodland

Hohe Tauern NP core area

Nature

N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

Nature

Habitats Directive Code

Habitat type

Occurrence

91E0

Alluvial forests with Alnus glutinosa and Fraxinus excelsior (Alno-Padion, Alnion incanae, Salicion albae)

Hohe Tauern NP core area

9180 9410

Tilio-Acerion forests of slopes, screes and ravines Acidophilous Picea forests of the montane to alpine levels (VaccinioPiceetea)

Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

Nature

Hohe Tauern NP core area N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Conservation Area

Nature

Hohe Tauern NP core area 9420

Alpine Larix decidua and/or Pinus cembra forests

Hohe Tauern NP core area

Table 13: Priority habitat types in the Biosphere Reserve according to Appendix 1 of the Habitats Directive in Salzburg

Carinthia Habitats Directive Code

Habitat types

Occurrence

6230

Species-rich Nardus grassland, on siliceous substrates in mountain areas (and submountain areas in continental Europe)

N2000 site

Active raised bogs

N2000 site

7110

National Park core zone National Park core area

7220

Petrifying springs with tufa formation (Cratoneurion)

7240

Alpine pioneer formations of the Caricion bicoloris-atrofuscae

N2000 site National Park core area N2000 site National Park core area

Table 14: Priority habitat types in the Biosphere Reserve according to Appendix 1 of the Habitats Directive in Carinthia

A detailed description of the landscapes, ecosystems and habitats is given in Chapter 12. 13.2. Conservation of species biodiversity

The main areas of incidence for the Lungau, as shown in these tables, are based on records from the Biodiversity Data Bank of the “Haus der Natur” Museum in Salzburg. No broadbased surveys were carried out, which is why the main areas of species incidence should not be viewed as an actual main focus of distribution but rather serve to illustrate. The Nockberge mountains are particularly noteworthy in terms of the large number of endemic species. This peripheral mountain range represents a part of the Alps which was only sparsely glaciated or which remained unglaciated during the Ice Age. It consequently served as an area of refuge during this period and is one of Austria’s most significant endemism hotspots (Rabitsch & Essl, 2009).

Fauna As a result of the characteristic landscape history and geomorphology, several endemic species emerged in the course of time. Because of their limited distribution and rarity, these species are of special interest for nature protection projects. Also, many endangered animal species in Austria have found a refuge in remote mountainous regions or isolated valleys where they have established important populations for the preservation of the species. Apart from many bird species listed in the Birds Directive, such as various grouses, the golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) and the bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), the high number of endemic insects and spiders catches the eye. In the annex, please find enclosed a list of the animal species listed in the Habitats (Directive 92/43/EEC) or Birds Directive (Directive 79/409/EWG) whose presence in the area is proven.

Fig. 11: Alpine ibex and capercaillie, two well-loved heraldic animals

Flora Due to the special situation of the Nockberge mountains during the last ice age and its role as an area of refuge, numerous endemic plant species emerged in addition to the animal species. Probably one of the most emblematic plant species of the entire region is the celtica subspecies of the speick plant (Valeriana celtica subsp. celtica). But less known plant species such as the villous primrose (Primula villosa) or the spatulate sundew (Drosera intermedia) also constitute special flora with a very limited area of distribution.

Fig. 12: The glutinosa primrose, known as “Blauer Speik” (“blue valerian”) in the Austrian vernacular, next to the “real” Alpine valerian

13.3. Conservation of genetic biodiversity: Scientific name

English name

Usage

Valeriana celtica ssp. norica

Alpine valerian

Cosmetics

Sorbus aucuparia

European Mountain ash/

Spirits

Rowan berry Pinus cembra

Swiss Pine

Spirits, timber

Gentiana sp.

Gentian

Medicines, spirits

Solanum tuberosum

“Lungauer Eachtling”

Food

Potato Capra aegagrus hircus

Domestic goat

Meat, milk

Bos primigenius taurus

Pinzgauer Rind cattle

Meat, milk

Table 15: Representatives for specific species of cultural and historic significance

Fig. 13: The Pinzgau cow and the Tauernschecken goat, two old domesticated breeds, which were specially bred for life in the mountains

14. DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION 14.1. Potential for fostering economic and human development which is socio-culturally and ecologically sustainable:

Given the existing features of the natural landscape, tourism and agriculture constitute the most important sectors for the Biosphere Reserve region whilst industry is of little significance. Furthermore, the entire region is characterised by a wealth of cultural heritage, arising from its varied history in terms of utilization and a wide range of influences. This strong sense of cultural awareness shapes both the landscape and the local population. Both regions are economically disadvantaged due to their situation whilst the negative population trend is being exacerbated by the exodus of young people and lack of people moving into the region. Its distance from other large towns and poor transport connections are additional factors. The Biosphere Reserve will facilitate and encourage stronger connections both within the region and beyond its boundaries. Furthermore, the Biosphere Reserve provides a means of counteracting the “brain drain”, in other words, the loss of intellectual capacity resulting from the exodus of well qualified, young people. Diverse research projects can make the region more attractive to scientists and innovators. The question of mobility is another key criterion with regard to establishing and developing a region. Pioneering work was carried out in Lungau in this respect. In addition to improvements in the public transport system and nighttime taxis, considerable investment has been made in e-mobility, a promising field for the future. 50

With respect to the population, increasing peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s knowledge of ecological, natural, cultural, social and economic issues and fostering a stronger identification with regional opportunities are of key importance. In order to make the region more interesting to people, particular attention must be paid to issues such as education, mobility, childcare, communication and local supply. 14.2. If tourism is a major activity:

â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

how many visitors come to the proposed Biosphere Reserve each year? is there a trend towards increasing numbers of visitors?

Tourism represents one of the central, economic mainstays of the region. However, it is difficult to ascertain how many visitors actually come to the region or spend a holiday here. The figures relating to overnight stays are not a reliable source as many visitors come here just for the day and will not be included in these statistics. Since there is no central tourist facility which could carry out a proper count, the number of one-day visitors cannot be calculated with any accuracy. However, in the absence of any better information, the overnight figures for the municipalities of Lungau District and the four Carinthian Biosphere Reserve communities are included here for analysis:

Fig. 14: Overnight stays Lungau in the period from 2002 to 2010

Taking an average from all 14 Lungau municipalities (actually 15, but the village of Tweng was excluded due to an inconsistency in the records), a distinct positive trend is evident in the figures for overnight stays up to 2007. From 2007 onward, however, this trend was reversed. Since then, figures have continued to fall sharply, a trend which has persisted throughout 2011. Furthermore, the figures peak twice during the summer months of July and August as well as during the winter months of January, February and March. During the in-between seasons of spring and autumn, the numbers of overnight stays drop sharply.

Fig. 15: Overnight stays in the Nockberge region in the period from 2002 to 2010

Statistics relating to overnight stays in the four municipalities on the Carinthian side, namely Radenthein, Bad Kleinkirchheim, Krems in Carinthia and Reichenau, reveal an indifferent picture. Since 2008, however, a distinct downwards trend has emerged in Carinthia too, which has persisted throughout 2011. The reasons for this may possibly lie in the economic crisis during the summer of 2007. As was the case in Lungau, the peak times for visits to Carinthia are likewise from January to March and from July to August. The quietest months are April and November. 14.2.1. Type(s) of tourism

Apart from some regions which are “under-developed“ in terms of tourism, the Salzburg Lungau & Carinthian Nockberge Biosphere Reserve also comprises regions of considerable tourist significance and appeal. First among these are the ski regions: • •

Salzburg: Fanningberg, Grosseck-Speiereck and Katschberg-Aineck Carinthia: Bad Kleinkirchheim, Innerkrems

The fact that these skiing regions are partly situated in the transition areas of the Biosphere Reserve poses a particular challenge for future management. The economic significance for the region and fundamental issues of sustainability must be treated in tandem in this respect on a model basis. Winter sports opportunities in the region extend far beyond a simple skiing holiday. In addition to skiing, other popular activities include tobogganing, ice-skating, horsedrawn sleigh rides, as well as ski tours and snowshoe excursions, which is why some alpine huts remain staffed throughout the winter months. The typical Austrian Advent markets are also a big attraction during the winter months. During the rest of the year, the vast network of hiking trails and mountain bike routes forms the basis of summer tourism. The activities on offer also include horse-riding excursions, fishing, paragliding, archery and a wide range of leisure activities. In Lungau, the Tourism Masterplan has already prepared several projects which focus on tourism-related perspectives within the framework of the Biosphere Reserve (selection). 52

• • • • • • • • • •

Development of a platform for nature excursions (in collaboration with nature and landscape guides, mountain guides) Congress and seminar tourism on the subject of biospheres e.g. Biosphere Reserve summer academy Certified Biosphere Reserve tourism companies Biosphere Reserve mountain tours Farmhouse holidays in the Lungau Biosphere Reserve Cultural tourism in the Biosphere Reserve (highlights in conjunction with the Regional Cultural Association) Health-oriented tourism in Lungau Biosphere Reserve (altitude, air quality, etc.) Biosphere Reserve holiday packages Alpine Pearls projects Tourist-based PR and media involvement on the Lungau Biosphere Reserve

The development of Carinthia’s Nockberge region as a tourist area began with the discovery of hot springs near Bad Kleinkirchheim in the early 17th century. The above-mentioned skiing regions and the Nockalmstrasse, the nearby lakes and the beautiful scenery now form a solid basis for a well-developed tourist industry in the region.

14.2.2. Tourist facilities and description of where these are located and in which zone of the proposed Biosphere Reserve:

Only a small selection of particularly noteworthy tourist structures will be listed here, a comprehensive list of visitor facilities can be found in the Annex: Salzburg: • Murtalbahn Tamsweg narrow-gauge railway (outer transition area) • Ramingstein silver mine (outer transition area) • Schloss Mosham castle (outer transition area) • Burg Finstergrün castle (outer transition area) • Burg Mauterndorf castle (outer transition area) Carinthia: • Granatschlucht garnet gorge in Radenthein (outer transition area) • Karlbad farmers’ spa on the Nockalmstrasse road (buffer zone) • Nockalmstrasse road (buffer zone) • Speik (Valerian) Trail Innerkrems (outer transition area) • Sagamundo house of tales in Döbriach (outer transition area) • Römerbad thermal spa (outer transition area) • Kathreinbad thermal spa (outer transition area) 14.2.3. Indicate positive and/or negative impacts of tourism at present or foreseen:

In principle, the region’s favourable location as a tourist area (both in Salzburg and in Carinthia) offers a range of opportunities for the development of a Biosphere Reserve: • Wide publicity focusing on the region, culture and nature (more with respect to summer tourism than winter tourism) • Some strong, leading firms, brands and intensive analysis of the subject • Good basis for an expansion of environmental development, nature tourism and recreational opportunities. • Well-developed opportunities and logistics also for the Biosphere Reserve’s support functions. In the Biosphere Reserve, emphasis is to be placed on the development of “soft” and sustainable tourism. This will throw up the question of intelligent and prudent visitor management to ensure that a potential increased influx of visitors can be properly channelled. Occasionally, conflicts already arise between visitors, nature conservation interests and usage (especially hunting). The Biosphere Reserve can be of use in this respect in helping to develop exemplary solutions. With regard to “hard” tourist infrastructures (ski runs, car parks, snow-making equipment, etc.) the Biosphere Reserve should help to produce various kinds of models and solutions aimed at fostering a growing sense of awareness and smooth out potential conflicts between the interested parties. 14.3. Benefits of economic activities to local people:

The Biosphere Reserve has the potential to bundle the smaller regions together. In this way, tourism, as part of the concept of interdisciplinary partnerships, can become the driving force for the region’s entire economic sector. A direct benefit from increased local tourism will be 54

felt by all service industries and producers, who are in direct contact with customers. This is particularly true of the following sectors: • • • •

Gastronomy and the hotel industry Production with direct marketing (organic products, niche products, etc.) The leisure industry and tourist service providers (mountain guides, hiking guides, horse-riding excursion operators etc.) Specialist service providers (brand developers, planners, consultants, etc.)

This increased activity will provide massive stimulus to the region, which could also have indirect ramifications for the local economy. For example, demand for local products and services may increase, which would lead in turn to the creation of new jobs. Supplying local tourist establishments with food, medical facilities, pharmacies and similar basic supply structures would also have the knock-on effect of making the region more attractive for the local population.

15. LOGISTIC SUPPORT FUNCTION 15.1. Research and monitoring 15.1.1. To what extent has the past and planned research and monitoring programme been designed to address specific management questions in the potential Biosphere Reserve?

In accordance with the guidelines and at the express wish of the MAB Committee, the BRIM (Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring) was created for the Carinthian sector as a customised long-term monitoring instrument for this region, for the purpose of illustrating the region’s performance against that of comparable regions. This monitoring instrument is to be extended in the medium-term to encompass the whole Biosphere Reserve. Furthermore, intensive collaboration is to take place in Lungau with MAB projects, as well as the Austrian Academy of Sciences and universities such as Klagenfurt’s Alpen-Adria University. 15.1.2. Brief description of past research and/or monitoring activities

• Abiotic research and monitoring Research topic Carried out by Hydrological monitoring and vegetation mapping of the mires to the University of Vienna southeast of the Überling Hut – scientific monitoring of a renaturization project Table 16: Abiotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve in the past

Year 2009

• Biotic research and monitoring Project title Carried out by Alpine Newts Nockberge NP Red deer Nockberge NP 1st Day of Species Diversity Hohe Tauern NP 2 nd Day of Species Diversity Hohe Tauern NP 3 rd Day of Species Diversity Hohe Tauern NP Bats in Hohe Tauern NP Hohe Tauern NP HABITALP – Alpine habitat diversity Hohe Tauern NP Biotope and landscape mapping in Hohe Tauern NP, Salzburg Hohe Tauern NP Biotope and landscape mapping in Nockberge NP Nockberge NP Natural science bibliography on Hohe Tauern NP Hohe Tauern NP N2000: Mapping the marsh fritillary butterfly Euphydryas aurinia Hohe Tauern NP Table 17: Biotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve in the past

Year

2008 2009 2010

• Socio-economic research Project title PART – Participation Processes in Biosphere Reserves ERA - Eco Regio Alpe Adria Acceptance analysis of Nockberge National Park FANALP Giro dei Parchi Visitor count, value creation and motive survey in Hohe Tauern NP Tourism strategy

Carried out by Nockberge NP Nockberge NP Nockberge NP Nockberge NP Nockberge NP Hohe Tauern NP Regional Association of Lungau Miscellaneous

Year

Diverse basic studies for regional development plans, leader projects, EU incentive programmes Table 18: Socio-economic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve in the past

15.1.3. Brief description of on-going research and/or monitoring activities:

•Abiotic research and monitoring Project title Carried out by Rainfall measurement Falkert, Innerkrems, St. Oswald Carinthian Hydrographic Services Groundwater measurement Radenthein, Patergassen Carinthian Hydrographic Services Rainfall measurement Thomatal, Lessach, Seethal, Zederhaus, Muhr Salzburg Hydrographic Services Water level measurement Thomatalbach in Madling Salzburg Hydrographic Services Water level measurement Göriachbach in St. Andrä Salzburg Hydrographic Services Water level measurement Lessachbach in Lessach Salzburg Hydrographic Services Water level measurement Taurach in Mauterndorf, Tamsweg Salzburg Hydrographic Services Water level measurement Mur in Muhr, St. Michael im Lungau, Salzburg Hydrographic Services Mörtelsdorf, Tamsweg, Kendlbruck Water level measurement Zederhausbach in Zederhaus Salzburg Hydrographic Services Table 19: Running abiotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve

Year ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing

• Biotic research and monitoring Project title Carried out by Bearded Vulture Monitoring Hohe Tauern NP Golden Eagle Monitoring Hohe Tauern NP Alpine Valerian Monitoring Nockberge NP Grouse Monitoring Nockberge NP Biodiversity Archive of Hohe Tauern NP Hohe Tauern NP Table 20: Running biotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve

Year ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing ongoing

•Socio-economic research Project title BRIM – Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring Statistical data survey

Carried out by Nockberge NP Austrian Central Statistical Office26 Table 21: Running socio-economic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve

Year ongoing ongoing

15.1.4. Brief description of planned research and/or monitoring activities:

Abiotic research and monitoring No further surveys are planned in this area but, if necessary, can be initiated at any time. Biotic research and monitoring Project title Notes Connection to the Lter-Net Connection to the GLORIA Site Network Selected endemisms Observations of changes in land usage structure Table 22: Planned biotic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve

Year

ÖSTAT 57

•Socio-economic research Project title Notes BRIM – Biosphere Reserve Integrated Monitoring For the whole Biosphere Reserve Dissemination of traditional sustainability information Study Socio-cultural parallel research on identity, culture, governance, Systematic investigation conflicts…..) Table 23: Planned socio-economic research and monitoring in the Biosphere Reserve

Year

15.1.5. Estimated number of national scientists participating in research within the proposed Biosphere Reserve on:

• a permanent basis: in the medium term one permanent staff member • an occasional basis: 25 co-workers on a project basis 15.1.6. Estimated number of foreign scientists participating in research within the proposed Biosphere Reserve on:

• a permanent basis: none • an occasional basis: as required 15.1.7. Estimated number of masters and/or doctoral theses carried out on the proposed Biosphere Reserve each year:

• Five in the whole Biosphere Reserve 15.1.8. Research station(s) within the proposed Biosphere Reserve:

Permanent: • Riedingtal Nature Park Centre • Planned research station in the Nockberge mountains • Temporary: • Seppenalm alpine research station • Überling mires research station 15.1.9. Permanent research station(s) outside the proposed Biosphere Reserve:

• Wilfried Haslauer House research station of the “Haus der Natur” natural history museum on the Grossglockner Hochalpenstrasse pass • “Haus der Natur” museum in Salzburg • Carinthian Landesmuseum (provincial museum) 15.1.10. Permanent monitoring plots

Salzburg: not available at the present time Carinthia: A monitoring plot is situated on Mt. Niederer Käser, where, within the framework of monitoring Alpine valerian, the impact of moderate usage on the valerian stocks is examined at intervals of 2 years. A number of further monitoring plots are planned for the future, whereby a main focus of study will be on climate change and its impact on man and nature. 58

15.1.11. Research facilities of research station(s)

Not currently available 15.1.12. Other facilities

Not currently available 15.1.13. Does the proposed Biosphere Reserve have an Internet connection?

Salzburg: http://www.biosphaerenpark.eu/ Kärnten: http://www.nationalparknockberge.at/ In addition, a joint internet platform is planned in the medium term to provide information about transfrontier projects and opportunities. 15.2. Environmental education and public awareness 15.2.1

• •

Describe environmental education and public awareness activities, indicating the target group(s):

National Park Weeks for schools Development of a Biosphere Reserve school

15.2.2. Indicate facilities for environmental education and public awareness activities

A detailed list of these facilities can be found in Chapter 14.2.2 under “Tourist facilities” 15.3 Specialist training There is as yet no facility for providing training or further training for skilled personnel or specialists but one is planned in the medium term. In particular, it is hoped to establish close collaboration with universities, for example with the international “Management of Protected Areas” Master Programme being conducted by the Alpen-Adria University of Carinthia. 15.4 Potential to contribute to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves 15.4.1. Collaboration with existing Biosphere Reserves at the national level (indicate on-going or planned activities):

Since the Biosphere Reserve spans two separate federal provinces, it will be developed in accordance with two sets of regulations. Although specific provincial regulations will apply, the main priority will be transfrontier cooperation. A joint steering group is to draw up the framework conditions in this respect so that joint projects can be expedited. The name, appearance and image are likewise intended to underline that this is a single Biosphere Reserve aimed at the joint pursuit of research and educational projects and initiatives. 15.4.2. Collaboration with existing Biosphere Reserves at the regional or subregional levels, including promoting transfrontier sites and twinning arrangements (indicate on-going or planned activities)

A partnership agreement is in place between Nockberge National Park and Triglav National Park and Biosphere Reserve in Slovenia, on the basis of which several projects have already been jointly implemented. In addition, a number of informal contacts are in place with the Rhön Biosphere Reserve in Germany and the Entlebuch Biosphere Reserve in Switzerland. 59

15.4.3 Collaboration with existing Biosphere Reserves in thematic networks at the regional or international levels (indicate ongoing and planned activities)

Due to the position of the Biosphere Reserve in the middle of the Alps, it would be preferable to seek cooperation with Biosphere Reserves in mountain regions. Of particular interest would be collaboration with areas situated in the Andes or Caucasus and this will be one of the long-term goals. 15.4.4 Collaboration with existing Biosphere Reserves at the international level (indicate ongoing and planned activities:

In the medium term, it is planned to participate in the Mountain Research Initiative (MRI), a multi-disciplinary, scientific organization, which deals with issues of global change in mountain regions throughout the world. There is also considerable interest in working within the framework of the EuroMAB to develop projects, on which various partners could collaborate. The EuroMAB is one of the largest and oldest MAB Regional Networks and its objective is ecological research for sustainable development. Participation in the “International Society for Cultural and Activity Research” (ISCAR), is also of great importance for future activities within the Biosphere Reserve. This organization is committed to developing multi-disciplinary, theoretical and empirical research in the field of social, cultural and historic dimensions of human practice and to promoting mutual scientific communication and research cooperation among its members. The ALPARC Network of alpine protected areas as an association of large conservation areas within the catchment area of the Alpine Convention constitutes another, important, future partner in the development and implementation of relevant research topics and projects. 16. USES AND ACTIVITIES General Local conditions for agriculture and forestry in Lungau are relatively difficult: this is partly due to its location at least 1000 meters above sea level and the climatic conditions consistent with this and partly because significant portions of cultivatable area are situated on steep slopes, especially in villages located in the lateral valleys. According to the 1995 Agricultural Structure Survey, Lungau farms worked 54,142 ha. of agricultural land. The majority of this – around 80% – was comprised of extensively utilised alpine pastures and mountain meadows (43,160 ha). In recent decades, alpine dairy farming has become increasingly important again: during the period 1983 to 1995, the amount of alpine pasture farmed rose by 4,287 ha. More intensive farming, with hay being cut several times, was carried out over 4,700 ha, in other words, approx. 9 % of the cultivated area. The figures for arable farming in Lungau are traditionally high: arable crops were planted over 2,972 ha (5.5 %), with the “Lungau Eachtling” potato enjoying a reputation even beyond the district boundaries. Thanks to its mountain climate of cold winters and dry, warm summers, seed production in potato and grain cultivation is also of considerable importance. A total of 2,223 ha. of production area (approx. 4%) was utilised as extensive pasture land. Other types of agricultural utilization, such as cultivated pasture land or fruit-growing, are only of secondary importance in Lungau. In addition to the agricultural areas, a further 35,748 hectares of forest are also cultivated. More than half the forest area is owned by large private forestry concerns (Schwarzenberg) or is state-owned forest (Austrian Federal Forests). Forest ownership and timber usage rights with Austrian Federal Forests, a forest management company, and the Schwarzenberg’schen Forstverwaltung forest management company 60

represent an important source of revenue for most farmers, which is largely dependent on Lungauâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s importance as a commercial wood-processing centre. The intensified use of biomass for regional energy supplies means that farmers will continue in future to have the opportunity to sell their timber. The following diagram illustrates land usage in Lungau in the Salzburg sector as the average value of all the communities:

Fig. 16: Land use in Lungau

The following diagram shows land usage in the four municipalities of the Biosphere Reserve on the Carinthian side as the average value of all the communities:

Fig. 17: Land use in the Nockberge region 61

16.1 Core Area(s): 16.1.1 Describe the uses and activities occurring within the core area(s):

According to UNESCO and Austrian MAB Committee guidelines, core areas are areas in which human utilization is not permitted in order to allow natural processes to continue undisturbed, thereby providing scientists with models to help them understand and analyze these processes. Forestry usage, road-building, hay-cutting and intensive grazing are activities which will no longer be permitted in core areas. Exceptions are ecologically friendly utilization for hunting purposes and wide-scale grazing, e.g. of sheep, which will still be allowed. 16.1.2. Possible adverse effects on the core area(s) of uses or activities occurring within or outside the core area(s):

The core areas were deliberately chosen in such a way as to avoid any notable negative effects impacting on the core areas. It still remains, of course, to work out the details of how potentially negative effects can be prevented and specify them in the management plan. 16.2. Buffer zone(s) 16.2.1 Describe the main land uses and economic activities in the buffer zone(s):

Buffer zones contain those areas in which the cultivated landscape is fairly representative. Traditional and sustainable forms of land management not only provide farmers with a livelihood but are also essential for preserving the natural landscape. A mosaic of meadows, pastures, arable fields, orchards and gardens covers wide swathes of valleys which have been developed. Another appropriate name for this zone is the term “cooperation zone”. Increased cooperation with regions situated outside the Biosphere Reserve is intended to help these areas learn about sustainable farming practices and gain experience regarding sustainable development. In this way, the Biosphere Reserve, as a model of sustainable development, can also benefit adjoining areas. The open land is characterised by a century-old history of farming which has, over the course of time, led to the development of an extremely diverse landscape. In order to guarantee that these areas continue to be managed in an eco-friendly manner and are thereby preserved for the future, they have to remain an attractive and profitable prospect for farmers. Conserving this landscape purely for the sake of the landscape itself does not, however, reflect the basic tenets of the Seville Strategy. Wooded areas, situated in the buffer zones, will also continue to be cultivated. The goal in this respect is to shift away from conventional clear-cut felling towards gentler methods, such as “Plenterwirtschaft”, a forestry tradition which supports a perpetual, mixed-age forest through selective harvesting, or the removal of individual trees. The mixture of different species should also be allowed to occur as far as possible through natural regeneration rather than re-afforestation. In this way, an area of woodland, appropriate to the habit, will develop again in a few decades.

16.2.2. Possible adverse effects on the buffer zone(s) of uses or activities occurring within or outside the buffer zone(s)in the near and longer terms:

Since buffer zones, as the name suggests, encompass those areas of the Biosphere Reserve in which land utilization occurs, it is here that the main conflicts of interest are likely to arise between the different interest groups. In order to ensure that these areas are managed in a way that conforms with UNESCO guidelines, it is necessary first of all to carry out an exact inventory of what must be protected so that management concepts and action plans can be drawn up in collaboration with farmers and people who work the land. The goal of the Biosphere Reserve concept is both to preserve and encourage sustainable land and resource use as well as to reverse any negative trends or developments in this respect. Any radical change in land management concepts can pose a threat to the actual or intended condition of buffer zones. This may result from an intensification or abandonment of agricultural usage or construction work and overdevelopment of the area, together with the attendant consequences, such as soil sealing and water, soil, air, light and noise pollution. Increased use for leisure activities, if not wisely controlled, can lead to undesirable effects on buffer zones; either as a result of heavier traffic, increased rubbish or new infrastructure. These plans are fundamentally and entirely concordant with the goals of the Alpine Convention, and can serve as a perfect model for the implementation of the individual protocols of the Alpine Convention. 16.3. Transition area

The transition area is the area of the Biosphere Reserve in which the goal is to promote sustainable development on an economic and socio-cultural level in harmony with ecological guidelines. In Lungau, this zone will focus on the existing settled areas in valley locations, in other words in the geographical centre of the region. In complete contrast to this is the Carinthian part of the Biosphere Reserve where the transition areas tend to be located in the peripheral areas around the valleys. 16.3.1 Describe the main land uses and major economic activities in the transition area(s):

The most important land uses and main economic activities in the transition area are agriculture, forestry and tourism, leisure and recreational use as well as the settlement areas and living space supporting an increase in traffic. The region is of little importance as a site for industrial use. 16.3.2 Possible adverse effects of uses or activities on the transition area(s):

Any of the potential gains from a Biosphere Reserve, such as making a region more attractive as a place to live, are bound to be accompanied by some negative aspects, such as overdevelopment and soil sealing as well as increased traffic. Here again, there are several important links to the Alpine Convention and its protocols. In this area, in particular, the Biosphere Reserve offers an opportunity to develop a model programme of regional and land-use planning, which can set new standards both in terms of regional planning as well as development planning.

17. INSTITUTIONAL ASPECTS 17.1. State, province region or other administrative units:

State:

Republic of Austria 149,600.21 ha

Federal provinces:

Salzburg Carinthia

101,095 ha (67.45% of the overall area) 48,505 ha (32.55% of the overall area)

Districts:

Salzburg Carinthia

Tamsweg Feldkirchen Spittal an der Drau

17.2 Units of the proposed Biosphere Reserve: 17.2.1. Are these units contiguous or are they separate?

The proposed Biosphere Reserve encompasses two provinces, Carinthia and Salzburg. Under the Austrian Constitution, agenda relating to nature conservation fall under the exclusive competence of the respective provinces. The Biosphere Reserve must consequently be incorporated into two legislative contexts. These differ on account of their historical background. The sections of the Reserve in the two different provinces will therefore be set up separately but be managed and developed in close collaboration with each other. The mountain ranges of Hohe Tauern and Niedere Tauern, which are so important to the Central Alps, as well as the Gurktal Alps, will all become part of this Biosphere Reserve. The option of expanding the Biosphere Reserve to include parts of Styria’s Niedere Tauern remains open for the time being but is a goal to be aspired to in the medium term by all parties This joint Biosphere Reserve brackets the two provinces together, whilst their individual sectors will be administrated at different levels. Below are listed the regulations pertaining to the individual zones with a short summary. The full texts of the laws are supplied in the Appendix. The Salzburg sector consists of the following core areas: • Parts of the Hohe Tauern National Park • Existing nature conservation areas and parts of Natura 2000 sites • Landscape conservation areas, the protected status of which is anchored in conservation agreements. Parts of the buffer and transition areas are designated as different protected areas; the Salzburg Nature Conservation Act (with an adaptation to cover parts of the Hohe Tauern National Part) applies universally. The Biosphere Reserve is to be regulated on the basis of a law still to be adopted. In the Carinthian sector, the core areas will be comprised of: • Parts of the Natura 2000 sites in the core areas of the existing Nockberge mountains national park, which have additional protected status thanks to nature conservation agreements. • Parts of nature conservation areas and Natura 2000 sites, which have additional protected status thanks to nature conservation agreements.

Parts of the buffer and outer transition areas are designated as different kinds of conservation areas. The Carinthian Nature Conservation Act, in particular conservation of the Alpine zone, applies universally. The buffer zones provide models for nature conservation agreements. The existing National Park is regulated on the basis of the Carinthian National Park Act. The establishment of the Biosphere Reserve can be implemented on the basis of the extended National Park Act. The statute to this effect is currently under review. There will be instances where sovereign protection and private contracts overlap between the two provinces. Included in the Annex for each province are specimen agreements for core areas (Carinthia: agreed preliminary agreements, Salzburg: final draft agreement) as well as for buffer zones (Carinthia: agreed preliminary agreements). 17.3. Protection Regime of the core area(s) and, if appropriate of the buffer zone(s) 17.3.1. Core area(s):

Legal protection status of core areas in Salzburg The Salzburger portion of the Biosphere Reserve is based on different protected area categories. The validity of the protected areas shall also remain in effect even in the event that the status “Biosphere Reserve” should be denied. Brief summaries of the contents of the relevant paragraphs of the respective valid laws are presented below. You can find the complete texts of these laws in the Annex, including type and date of coming into force. Salzburg Nature Conservation Act (selected relevant paragraphs) Section 16 – Landscape Conservation Areas: regulates the protection and conservation of areas outside built-up areas that are of particular scenic beauty or importance as cultural landscapes. Section 19 – Nature Conservation Areas: regulates the protection of areas outside built-up areas that are important either for the conservation of rare, original native species and biocoenoses, as well as original natural habitats. Section 22a Europe-Designated Protected Areas: applies to protected areas that possess that status on the basis either of having been placed under protection by the institutions and agreements of the EU, or of Habitats Directive sites, bird protection areas and other forms of protection through the Natura 2000 network. For these, landscape maintenance plans and detailed plans must be drawn up, and also instructions and prohibitions issued, in order to maintain or to restore a beneficial state of conservation for the subjects of protection. This state of conservation must be regularly inspected by the provincial government, whereby special consideration must be given to priority natural habitat types and to priority species. Section 22b Temporary Protection: regulates measures that potentially contradict the prohibition of deterioration in the state of conservation of the species and habitats listed by the Habitats Directive or Birds Directive, whereby any more extensive protection provisions shall remain unaffected. Legal protection status of core areas in Carinthia In contrast to Salzburg, the core areas in the Carinthian portion of the Biosphere Reserve are based on only one single protected area category – namely, that of the Natura 2000 site, which is represented in two areas: the Nockberge National Park core area and the Hochmoor Andertal raised bog. The establishment of the Biosphere Reserve has been laid down as part of the National Park Act. The complete text of the Act can be found in the Annex.

17.3.2 Buffer zone(s):

The buffer zones on the Salzburg side have been planned on the basis of sections of landscape to which the official protected area categories of landscape conservation area and nature conservation area predominantly apply, and which have already been placed under long-term protection. Various conservation programmes for maintaining this region are safeguarded by the provincial government in the form of special contractual nature conservation programmes, the nature conservation plan, alpine pasture conservation plan, forest environmental measures as well as the possibilities offered by the Austrian Agri-Environmental Programme. 17.4. Land use regulations or agreements applicable to the transition area (if appropriate)

Both in Salzburg and in Carinthia, restrictions or regulations regarding land use are laid down in their respective legally-valid Nature Conservation Acts or in the regulations governing individual protected areas. In addition, the area zoning plans also come into effect here. 17.5. Land tenure of each zone:

About a quarter of the area of the Salzburg portion of the future Biosphere Reserve is owned by the Republic of Austria (Austrian Federal Forests27). Apart from a few small shares of land owned by the province and the municipalities, 67% of the area belong to private land owners.

Fig. 18: Land tenure in Lungau

Data on the land tenure in Carinthia is currently only available for the core and buffer zones (see below), not however for the whole region.

Ă&#x2013;sterreichische Bundesforste AG 66

17.5.1. Core area(s):

Data on the land tenure in Salzburg is currently only available for the whole region, not however for the individual zones. In the Carinthian portion, about a fifth of the core area is publicly-owned (Austrian Federal Forests), while 78% of the areas are privately-owned. Inclusion in the core areas takes place voluntarily, based on contractual agreements.

Fig. 19: Land tenure in the Nockberge Core Areas 17.5.2. Buffer zone(s):

Data on the land tenure in Salzburg is currently only available for the whole region, not however for the individual zones. In the Carinthian portion, about one twentieth of the core area is publicly-owned (Austrian Federal Forests), while 95% of the areas are privatelyowned.

Fig. 20: Land tenure in the Nockberge Buffer Zones 17.5.3. Transition area(s):

Data on land tenure cannot currently be given for the outer transition areas; it is less relevant with regard to the development here. The greater proportion of the areas are privately-owned. 17.5.4. Foreseen changes in land tenure:

Changes to land tenure are not planned, nor do they constitute an objective of the Biosphere Reserve. The aim is only to adapt and further develop the land uses, based on contractual agreements set up in partnership. 17.6. Management plan or policy and mechanisms for implementation 17.6.1. Indicate how and to what extent the local communities living within and next to the proposed Biosphere Reserve have been associated with the nomination process

The organizational structures in both provinces ensure that regional interests and decisionmakers are involved in the management. This applies to both the Regional Association of Lungau28 and also the future Biosphere Reserve Committee. The preparation of the Biosphere Reserve has been conducted in intensive discussion with the regional representatives of different interests and with those land owners with whom the Reserve will conclude voluntary agreements. These two bodies represent and look after the institutionalized interests of the region. The discussion process, which has been going on for several years, already involves large parts of the population and civil society. Many ideas and projects that support the development of a Biosphere Reserve have been developed and partly already implemented in a bottom-up process. Most locals are highly familiar with the Biosphere Reserve concept; various studies (e.g. Huber, 2011, ProjektTeam part_b, 2010) show that a large majority of the population is positively disposed towards the Biosphere Reserve. 28

Regionalverband Lungau 68

17.6.2 Main features of management plan or land use policy

At the time of submitting the nomination form, no management plan exists either for the two provinces individually, or for the Biosphere Reserve as a whole. Such a plan is to be drawn up within a period of three years at the latest. According to this plan, a complete inventory will, first of all, be made of the distinctive cultural, economic and ecological features of both regions. Then, potential hazards are to be analysed, developmental possibilities worked out, success-oriented monitoring systems set up and all existing forms of management plans, development strategies and tourism concepts are also to be incorporated. One difficulty is that of combining the different statutory bases to create one harmonised document. In drawing it up, particular attention is to be given to participative planning. The management plan is to incorporate, and to build on, the instruments that have already been developed (e.g. science agenda, BRIM, etc.). 17.6.3 The designated authority or coordination mechanisms to implement this plan or policy

Salzburg: the Biosphere Reserve management is to be set up as an autonomously-operating unit, embedded in the Regional Association of Lungau. At the time of submission, personnel are being appointed to this organizational unit. Carinthia: here, the decision-making authority lies with the Biosphere Reserve Committee and its members. These have mainly been drawn from the existing National Park Committee. The operational implementation is carried out by the Biosphere Reserve management, which is based on the personnel and organizational structure of the present National Park administration. In a meeting of the present National Park Committee on 6.12.2011, it was decided to make a joint submission together with the Salzburg Lungau region. 17.6.4 The means of application of the management plan or policy

The administration of the three zones through the management plan will be carried out at three hierarchical levels: â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘ â&#x20AC;˘

Official instruments forming the basis Agreements concluded on a voluntary basis Raising public awareness

17.6.5 Indicate how and to what extent local communities participate in the formulation and the implementation of the management plan or policy

Due to the fact that the majority of members of the committees have to be made up of mayors and municipal representatives, a direct involvement of the public in formulating and implementing the management plan is assured. Particular attention is to be given to the involvement and participation of stakeholders from civil society. 17.6.6 The year of start of implementation of the management plan or policy

As agreed with the MAB Committee, the completed management plan is to be submitted later on: within, at the latest, three years following the approval of the Biosphere Reserve.

17.7. Financial source(s) and yearly budget:

For the Lungau, there is an annual budget of € 250,000 for the Biosphere Reserve management. The budget is financed by the federal state and the province. In Carinthia, there is a fixed budget for personnel, project-related expenses, operating expenses, materials and related services. In addition, approx. € 230,000 is available for contractual nature conservation. Furthermore, in the Carinthian National Park and Biosphere Reserve Act,29 Section 30 – Supervision (effective date: 24. 09. 1983), the administration of the Biosphere Reserve Fund30 is stipulated as follows: (1) The Biosphere Reserve Fund is subject to the supervision of the provincial government. The provincial government is at any time entitled to inspect the fund administration. The taking out of any loans by the Biosphere Reserve Fund, any encumbrance of its assets, or the acquisition of shares in companies relating to the Biosphere Reserve, requires the approval of the provincial government. (2) The business management must submit a progress report and a balance sheet for the previous year, as well as a draft estimate of cost for the following year, to the provincial government, in order to obtain its authorization, by 30th June every year.

Kärntner Nationalpark und Biosphärenparkgesetz

Biosphärenparkfonds 70

17.8. Authority(ies) in charge 17.8.1. The proposed Biosphere Reserve as a whole:

Regionalverband Lungau31 Obmann Bürgermeister Wolfgang Eder32 A-5570 Mauterndorf 52 Austria Biosphärenpark-Komitee33 Vorsitzender Bürgermeister Karl Lessiak34 A-9565 Ebene Reichenau 117 Austria

17.8.2. The core area(s):

Regionalverband Lungau Obmann Bürgermeister Wolfgang Eder A-5570 Mauterndorf 52 Austria Biosphärenpark-Komitee Vorsitzender Bürgermeister Karl Lessiak A-9565 Ebene Reichenau 117 Austria

17.8.3.The buffer zone(s)

Regionalverband Lungau Obmann Bürgermeister Wolfgang Eder A-5570 Mauterndorf 52 Austria Biosphärenpark-Komitee Vorsitzender Bürgermeister Karl Lessiak A-9565 Ebene Reichenau 117 Austria

Regional Association of Lungau

Mayor Wolfgang Eder, Chairman

Biosphere Reserve Committee

Mayor Karl Lessiak, Chairman 71

18. SPECIAL DESIGNATIONS: 18.1 Salzburg

Ramsar sites • Moore am Überling • Moore im Sauerfelder Wald • Moore am Schwarzenberg National parks • Hohe Tauern National Park Natura 2000 sites • Moore am Überling • Seetaler See Nature conservation areas • Rosanin • Überlingmoore Landscape conservation areas • Bundschuhtal-Lungauer Nockgebiet • Lantschfeld-, Oberes Zederhaustal, Oberes Murtal • Niedere Tauern • Oberhüttensee • Preber See • Seethaler See • Twenger Au Protected landscape areas • Alter Klostergarten (Tamsweg) • Althofener Moos (Mariapfarr) • Lonka beim Lahntörl (Weißpriach) • Lonka-Mäander Teil Nord (Weißpriach) • Lonka-Mäander Teil Süd (Mariapfarr, Weißpriach) • Mooshamer Moos (Unternberg) • Murmäander (St. Michael) • Naturwaldreservat Ullnwald (Tweng) • Saumoos bei Oberbayrdorf (St. Margarethen, St. Michael) Natural monuments • Schneefichte in Zankwarn • Bergahorn beim Wirt in Pichl (beide Mariapfarr) • Zirben beim Kramaterkreuz in Fanningberg • Gletschermühlen in Mauterndorf • Rotbuche in Hammer (jew. Mauterndorf) • Oberer Schwarzsee, Oberer Rotgüldensee • Kandelaberfichte im Gantal • Lärche am Plölitzweg • Peter Raber-Lärche (jew. Muhr) • Mörtler Linde (Ramingstein) • Kugellärche a.d. Gp. 1336 St. Margarethen • Linden bei St. Augustin (jew. St. Margarethen) • Bergahorn bei Kaltenbachkapelle • Eiche beim Trautl in Oberweißburg (jew. St. Michael) 72

• Zirbe am Granitzlmoos in Sauerfeld • Langmoos in Sauerfeld • Zirbe beim Kreuz Schloßgut in Penk • Rotbuche nahe dem Gappmaieranwesen Sauerfeld • Zirbe beim Wengergut in Tamsweg • Seetaler See • Dürrenecksee im Lungau • Zwei Ahornbäume beim Standlhof • Schirmlärche bei der Langeralm (alle Tamsweg) • Kugellärche a.d. Fötschlleiten (Thomatal) • Schneefichte auf der Schlickenalm (Weißpriach) • Brünnwand-Quellen in Arngraben (Zederhaus) Nature parks • Riedingtal In addition, the following are also protected “ex lege” under Section 23(1) of the Nature Conservation Act: a) Mires, bogs, fringe springwater areas, fen woodland, riverine forests and other wooded areas adjoining rivers, streams and other bodies of water b) Rivers and streams above-ground, including any dammed up areas and floodwater drainage areas c) Any above-ground, natural or semi-natural bodies of standing water, including their banks and reed and cane brake beds, which measure a minimum of 20 m² and a maximum of 2000 m² in area. d) Alpine wasteland, including glaciers and the areas surrounding them. Section a) also includes all mires situated in Lungau, particularly those in the Mire Protection Catalogue35, which comprises over 80 bogs, approx. 30 of them fens and approx. 40 raised bogs. Most of the bogs are situated in the Tamsweg district around Überling, a region which comprises some unique mire complexes (“step mires”), which lie mainly in the Niedere Tauern landscape conservation area. Likewise not directly endangered by specific measures relating to land-use planning are a large number of bogs around Mt. Sattelkopf. Situated more in the central zone and likewise not especially singled out as designated nature conservation areas are the bogs around Haiden (Tamsweg municipality) and the fen near Hinterlasa (St. Andrä municipality). Section b) also covers the main watercourses of the Taurach river, with all its tributaries comprising the Lonka, Lignitz, Göriach and Lessach, as well as the Mur river, with its tributaries of the Riedingbach and Zederhausbach, Sauerfeldbach (Leissnitzbach), Feldbach and Thomabach, Klölingbach and Kendlbach (Mühlbach) streams. However, other smaller tributaries are also included as protected habitats. According to the current amendment to the Nature Conservation Act (1997), the floodwater run-off area, which is similarly protected, covers at least 10 m on either side of the respective water course within the 30-year floodwater run-off (HQ 30), provided these are not protected habitats (e.g. marshes, etc.). The protected habitats under Section c) comprise numerous smaller standing waters and some semi-natural tarns in the valley areas. Other ecologically-significant biotopes will be identified by the provincial government through biotope mapping and will then be regarded as protected habitats according to Section

Moorschutzkatalog 73

23. On the basis of the biotope mapping, it will then be possible to promote biotope management in line with the Nature Conservation Act.i 18.2 Carinthia

Ramsar site • Hochmoor Andertal bei St. Lorenzen National park • Nockberge National Park (in its present form as a basis for the development of the Biosphere Reserve) Natura 2000 sites • Hochmoor Andertal bei St. Lorenzen • Kernzone Nationalpark Nockberge Nature conservation area • Gurkursprung (parts) Protected landscape areas • Innerkrems • Turracher Grünsee • Priedröf Natural monuments • Kandelaberfichte in Reichenau • Zirbe in Ebene Reichenau • Kirchenlinden bei St. Peter Gemeinde Radenthein Furthermore, under the wording of Section 8 of Carinthia’s Nature Conservation Act, all wetland areas are protected “ex lege”. “In bog and marsh areas, reed and sedge beds, as well as alluvial forest and fen woodland, any depositing of soil, drainage, excavation or other measures which could seriously endanger the habitats of flora or fauna in this area are forbidden”.

19. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS ()

General location map (See Annex)

A GENERAL LOCATION MAP of small or medium scale must be provided showing the location of the proposed Biosphere Reserve, and all included administrative areas, within the country, and its position with respect to major rivers, mountain ranges, principal towns, etc.

()

Biosphere Reserve zonation map (See Annex)

[A BIOSPHERE RESERVE ZONATION MAP of a larger scale showing the delimitations of all core area(s) and buffer zone(s) must be provided. The approximate extent of the transition area(s) should be shown, if possible. While large scale and large format maps in colour are advisable for reference purposes, it is recommended to also enclose a Biosphere Reserve zonation map in a A-4 writing paper format in black & white for easy photocopy reproduction. It is recommended that an electonic version of the zonation map be provided ]

()

Vegetation map or land cover map (See Annex)

[A VEGETATION MAP or LAND COVER MAP showing the principal habitats and land cover types of the proposed Biosphere Reserve should be provided, if available].

()

List of legal documents (See Annex)

[List the principal LEGAL DOCUMENTS authorizing the establishment and governing use and management of the proposed Biosphere Reserve and any administrative area(s) they contain. Please provide a copy of these documents, if possible with English or French translation].

()

List of land use and management plans (See Annex)

[List existing LAND USE and MANAGEMENT PLANS (with dates and reference numbers) for the administrative area(s) included within the proposed Biosphere Reserve. Provide a copy of these documents]

()

Species list (See Annex)

[Provide a LIST OF IMPORTANT SPECIES (threatened species as well as economically important species) occurring within the proposed Biosphere Reserve, including common names, wherever possible.]

()

List of main bibliographic references (See Annex)

[Provide a list of the main publications and articles of relevance to the proposed biosphere reserve over the past 5-10 years].

20. ADDRESSES 20.1 Contact address of the proposed biosphere reserve:

Regionalverband Lungau Obmann Bürgermeister Wolfgang Eder A-5570 Mauterndorf 52, Austria Tel: +43(0)6472 7740 E-mail: info@lungau.org Web site: http://www.biosphaerenpark.eu/ Biosphärenpark-Komitee Vorsitzender Bürgermeister Karl Lessiak A-9565 Ebene Reichenau 117 Austria Tel: +43(0)4275 665 Fax: +43(0)4275 7089 E-mail: nockberge@ktn.gv.at Web site: http://www.nationalparknockberge.at/ 20.2. Administering entity of the core area:

Fax: +43(0)4275 7089 E-mail: nockberge@ktn.gv.at Web site: http://www.nationalparknockberge.at/

21. BIBLIOGRAPHY ANONYMUS., 2000: Besprechung "Anpassung Kulturlandschaftsprogramme der Nationalparks Hohe Tauern und Nockberge an ÖPUL 2000". Tischvorlage, 70 S. + Anhang. BAUMGARTNER, CH., 1993: Sozial- und umweltverträglicher Tourismus im Nationalpark Nockberge. , Naturfreunde Österreich, Wien, 121p. EMPL, U., 1994: Almgeographische Untersuchungen im Hinteren Murtal / Lungau mit (besonderer) Berücksichtigung nationalparkrelevanter Aspekte. Diplomarbeit Universität Salzburg, 189p Festlegungen zum Regionalprogramm. Wortlaut der Verordnung. Beschluss der Regionalversammlung vom 4. und 24. November 1998 und vom 30.. Juni 1999. Regionalverband Lungau- Arbeitsgruppe Raumplanung. GZ RP 01/96-225. FHEODOROFF, B., 2004: Die Kärntner Nationalpark Nockberge im Spannungsfeld zwischen Nutzung und Naturschutz. Dissertation Universität für Bodenkultur, 207 S. + Anhang. FRANZ, W.R., 1986: Auswirkungen von Wind, Kammeis und anderen abiotischen Faktoren auf verschiedene Pflanzengesellschaften im Kärntner Natur- und Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Nockberge". Sauteria Band 1, 6588. FRITZ, A., 1989: Nationalpark Nockberge. , Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, 199p. GRABHERR, G. 1993: Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil II: Natürliche waldfreie Vegetation. Gustav Fischer-Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, 107-567 GRABHERR, G., 1987: Tourismusinduzierte Störungen, Belastbarkeit und Regenerationsfähigkeit der Vegetation in der Alpinen Stufe. Sonderdruck aus MaB-Projekt Obergurgl, Wagner`scher Universitätsdruckerei, Innsbruck, 245-256. GRABHERR, G., 1989: On community structure in high alpine grasslands. Vegetatio: the international journal of plant ecology 83, 1989, 223-227. GRABHERR, G., 1993: Naturschutz und alpine Landwirtschaft in Österreich. Z. f. Ökologie und Naturschutz 2, 113-118. GRABHERR, G., 1993: Nationalparke in Biotopverbundsystem. CIPRA Schriften Band 7/1990, 19-26. GRABHERR, G., 1994: Climate effects on mountain plants. Nature 369, 1p. GRABHERR, G., 1995: Alpine vegetation in a global perspective. Schriften zur Forstökonomie Vegetation Science in Forestry, 441-451. GRABHERR, G., 2008: Klimaeffekte in alpinen Schutzgebieten. Nationalpark Nr. 142, 04/2008, 34-37. GRÄBNER, H., 2001: Die Kärntner Nockberge - Ringen um ein Schutzgebiet (1980). Alpine Raumordnung; Fachbeitr. des Österr. Alp.ver. 19, 82p. GUTLEB, B., 1991: Populationsökologische Untersuchungen am Bergmolch im Nationalpark Nockberge. Kärntner Nationalparkschriften Band 6, 43p. GUTLEB, B., 1992: Die Lebensweise des Bergmolches auf dem Firstmoor (1920 m) im Nationalpark Nockberge. Carinthia II 182 Jhg. - Teil 1. GWINNER, M. 1987: Geologie der Alpen. , Stuttgart, 329-333 HAFNER, T., 2002: Jagdwirtschaft im Nationalpark Nockberge. Eine Raumnutzungs- und Konfliktanalyse unter Anwendung eines geographischen Informationssystems. Diplomarbeit Universität Klagenfurt, 85p. HARTL, H., 2000: Besonderheiten im Nationalpark Nockberge. Nationalpark Nockberge 1/2000, 8-10. HARTL, H., PEER, T.1995: Die Pflanzenwelt der Hohen Tauern. 4. Auflage. Universitätsverlag Carinthia, Klagenfurt, 173 S. HARTLIEB, F., 2004: Nationalpark Nockberge: Was wird im Biosphärenpark anders? Kärntner Bauer Jg. 162, Nummer 13, 4-5. HUBATSCHEK, E., 1988: Almen und Bergmähder im oberen Lungau., Innsbruck, 182P. HUBER, M. 2011: Akzeptanz und Partizipation in der Bevölkerung im geplanten Biosphärenpark Lungau, Diplomarbeit . Universität für Bodenkultur Wien, 177 S. ILLICH, P., 2003: Die Heuschrecken (Orthoptera: Saltatoria) des Nationalparks Nockberge (Kärnten, Österreich):Verbreitung und Ökologie. Carinthia II Teil 2, 369-412. JUNGMEIER, M. & KÖSTL, T., 2011: Biosphärenpark Lungau-Nockberge. Schritte und Anerkennung. Studie im Auftrag von: Regionalverband Lungau & Nationalpark Nockberge, Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, 9+Anhang. JUNGMEIER, M. & PICHLER-KOBAN, C., 2007: Almwirtschaft und Natura 2000 im Nationalpark Nockberge Konfliktpotenziale und Lösungen. Studie im Auftrag von: Amt der Kärntner Landesregierung, Abt. 20 Landesplanung, Uabt. Naturschutz, Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, 18p. JUNGMEIER, M., PAUL-HORN, I., ZOLLNER, D., BORSDORF, A., GRASENICK, K., LANGE, S. & REUTZ-HORNSTEINER, B., 2009: Participation Processes in Biosphere Reserves - Development of an Intervention. Theory, Analysis of Strategies and Procedural Ethics by example od BRs Nockberge, Vienna Forest and Großes Walsertal. In: NATIONALPARK HOHE TAUERN (HRSG.): 4th Symposium of the 78

Hohe Tauern National Park für Research in Protected Areas. 17.-19. September 2009, Kaprun Castle, Salzburg, Nationalpark Hohe Tauern, Matrei i. O., 137-140. JUNGMEIER, M., PAUL-HORN, I., ZOLLNER, D., BORSDORF, F., LANGE, S., REUTZ-HORNSTEINER, B., GRASENICK, K., ROSSMANN, D., MOSER, D. & DIRY, C., 2009: Part_b: Partizipationsprozesse in Biosphärenparks - Interventionstheorie, Strategieanalyse und Prozessethik am Beispiel des Biosphärenpark Wienerwald, Großes Walsertal und Nationalpark Nockberge. Band I: Zentrale Ergebnisse, Studie im Auftrag von: Österreichisches MAB-Nationalkomitee und Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaft, Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, 107p JUNGMEIER, M., PAUL-HORN, I., ZOLLNER, D., BORSDORF, F., LANGE, S., REUTZ-HORNSTEINER, B., GRASENICK, K., ROSSMANN, D., MOSER, D. & DIRY, C., 2009: Part_b: Partizipationsprozesse in Biosphärenparks - Interventionstheorie, Strategieanalyse und Prozessethik am Beispiel des Biosphärenpark Wienerwald, Großes Walsertal und Nationalpark Nockberge. Band II: Spezielle Ergebnisse und Dokumentation., Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, 140p. JUNGMEIER, M., PICHLER-KOBAN, C. & ZOLLNER, D., 2008: Biosphärenparkentwicklung Nockberge Tätigkeitsbericht. Im Auftrag von: Nationalparkverwaltung Nockberge, Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, 15 + Anhang. JUNGMEIER, M., PICHLER-KOBAN, C. & ZOLLNER, D., 2008: Biosphärenparkentwicklung Nockberge Dokumentationsband. Im Auftrag von: Nationalparkverwaltung Nockberge, Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, o. A.p. KÄRNTNER BERGWACHT (HRSG.), 1997: Kärntner Nationalparkgesetz. Verordnung Nationalpark "Hohe Tauern" Verordnung Nationalpark "Nockberge". , Eigenverlag, Klagenfurt, 25+Anhang. KÄRNTNER NATIONALPARKFONDS (HRSG.), 1998: Wissenschaft im Nationalpark Nockberge. Kärntner Nationalparkschriften Band 10, 80p. KARRE, B., 2002: Nutzungsgeschichte und Vegetation der Bergmähder bei Saureggen (Naturschutzgebiet Gurkursprung, Nockberge). Diplomarbeit Unversität, 115p. KATSCHNER E., 1989: Erlebnis Nockberge. , Graz.. KRAINER, K., 1998: Die Bedeutung der Nockberge für den alpinen Deckenbau. In: MILDNER, P. & ZWANDER, H.: Kärnten Natur. Die Vielfalt eines Landes im Süden Österreichs. , Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, 241-248. KRAINER, K. 1998: Geologie Kärntens im Überblick. In: MILDNER, P. & ZWANDER, H.: Kärnten Natur. Die Vielfalt eines Landes im Süden Österreichs. Verlag des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Kärnten, Klagenfurt, 179-188 LANGER, J., 1991: Nationalparks im regionalen Bewußtsein-Akzeptanzstudie Hohe Tauern und Nockberge in Kärnten. Kärntner Nationalparkschriften Band 5, 75p. LEEB, G., 2004: Alpenforum: Biosphärenpark Lungau? Planet Alpen 5. Jahrgang, 64-64. MACHATSCHEK, M., 2003: Der Balsam, der aus dem Lungau kam. Österreichische ForstZtg. Heft Nr. 2, 4041. MAIER, R., 1985: Beitrag zur Ökophysiologie eines Betula-nana-reichen Hochmoores am Überling im Lungau (Salzburg). Zoologisch-Botanische Gesellschaft in Österreich 123. Band, 151-174. MOIK, H., 2009: Nockberge. , Akademische Druck- u. Verlagsanstalt, Graz, 143p. MUCINA, L., GRABHERR, G. & ELLMAUER, T. (Hrsg.) 1993: Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil I - Anthropogene Vegetation. Gustav Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, 578p MUCINA, L., GRABHERR, G. & WALLNÖFER, S. (Hrsg.) 1993: Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil III - Wälder und Gebüsche. Gustav Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, 353p NOVAK, S., 1993: Qualität und Nutzung - Standortsökologische Untersuchungen und Ertragsermittlungen von Almweidebeständen im Nationalpark Nockberge. , Klagenfurt, 83p. PETUTSCHNIG, W., 1989: Ökologische Untersuchungen an Gesteinsflechten bezüglich ihrer ubstratansprüche im Nationalpark Nockberge. Zwischenbericht, Graz, 19p. PETUTSCHNIG, W., 1990: Die Nockberge - Geologie, Klima und erste Ergebnisse lichenologischer Studien. Seminararbeit, Eigenvervielfältigung, 10p. PETUTSCHNIG, W., 1990: Ökologische Untersuchungen an Gesteinsflechten bezüglich ihrer Substratansprüche im Nationalpark Nockberge. 2. Zwischenbericht, Graz, 20p. PICHLER-KOBAN, C. & JUNGMEIER, M., 2006: Biosphärenpark Nockberge - Planungsleitfaden. Im Auftrag von: Nationalparkverwaltung Nockberge, Bearbeitung: E.C.O. Institut für Ökologie, Klagenfurt, 22p. POELT, J. & TÜRK, R., 1984: Die Flechten des Lungau. Herzogia : Z. der Bryologisch-Lichenologischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Mitteleuropa Band 6, 419-469. RABITSCH, W. & ESSL, F. 2009: Endemiten - Kostbarkeiten in Österreichs Pflanzen- und Tierwelt. , Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein für Kärnten und Umweltbundesamt GmbH, Klagenfurt + Wien, 923p. SLAMANIG, H., 1986: Nationalpark Nockberge - Modellregieon mit differenzierten Entwicklungszielen. Kärntner Naturschutzberichte 25. Jhg., 181-182. STEINER, G.M. 1982: Österreichischer Moorschutzkatalog. Grüne Reihe des Bundesministeriums f. Umwelt, Jugend u. Familie , 269p (Sig.: L02669, Standort:Spiralisierte Kopien) 79

STÜBER, E., WINDING, N. 1992: Die Tierwelt der Hohen Tauern – Wirbeltiere. 2. aktualisierte Auflage. Universitätsverlag Carinthia, Klagenfurt 183Sp VERWALTUNG DER NOCKALMSTRAßE (HRSG.), o. A.: Nockalmstraße. Nationalpark Nockberge. Klagenfurt, 14p. VIERHAPPER, F. 1935: die Vegetation des Lungau. Abh. der zoologisch-botanischen Ges. Wien 35, 28-65 WENDEL, A., 1999: Die bäuerliche Architektur im Nationalpark Nockberge. Geschichte und Probleme der Erhaltung. Magazin des Nationalpark Nockberge 1/99, 3-5. WITTMANN, H. & TÜRK, R., 1990: Die Flechten im Nationalpark Nockberge (Kärnten,Österreich). Kärntner Nationalparkschriften Band 4, 112p. WOLFSTETTER, K.F., 1982: Botrychium matricariifolium A.Br. ex Koch im Lungau. Floristische Mitteilungen aus Salzburg Nr. 8, 18-19

PART III: ANNEX MAPS Biosphere Reserve Overwiew Central Europe

Biosphere Reserve Overwiew Austria

Biosphere Reserve Overview Salzburg - Carinthia

Biosphere Reserve Overview Aereal Photograph

Biosphere Reserve Overview Zonation

Biosphere Reserve Overview Protected areas

Biosphere Reserve Overview Geomorphology

Biosphere Reserve Overview Geology

Biosphere Reserve Overview Forests and Open Land

Biosphere Reserve Overview Education and Science

BIOSPHERE RESERVE MUNICIPALITIES IN SALZBURG AND CARINTHIA Municipality

Location

Inhab.

Size km²

Inhabitants/ km²

Judicial Ciruit

Type

Göriach

368

44,15

8,34 Tamsweg

Community

560

72,23

7,75 Tamsweg

Community

2.383

47,36

50,32 Tamsweg

Community

1.740

32,71

53,19 Tamsweg

Market town

573

115,99

4,94 Tamsweg

Community

Lessach

Mariapfarr

Mauterndorf

Muhr

Ramingstein

1.198

94,15

12,72 Tamsweg

Community

727

10,5

69,24 Tamsweg

Community

781

24,47

31,92 Tamsweg

Community

3.494

68,8

50,78 Tamsweg

Market town

5.724

117,36

48,77 Tamsweg

Market town

Sankt Andr채 im Lungau

Sankt Margarethen im Lungau

Sankt Michael im Lungau

Tamsweg

Thomatal

347

75,71

4,58 Tamsweg

Community

488

86,54

5,64 Tamsweg

Community

1.001

18,95

52,82 Tamsweg

Community

318

80,2

3,97 Tamsweg

Community

1.200

130,55

9,19 Tamsweg

Community

Tweng

Unternberg

WeiĂ&#x;priach

Zederhaus

Reichenau

1.958

113,99

17,18

Feldkirchen Community

1.909

207,11

9,22

Spittal an der Drau Community

1.781

74,01

24,06

Spittal an der Drau Community

6.276

89,3

70,28

Spittal an der Drau Township

Krems in K채rnten

Bad Kleinkirchheim

Radenthein

LIST OF SPECIES 12.1.1. First type of habitat/land cover: Forests Fauna Scientific name

English Name

German Name

Notes

Cervus elaphus

Red deer

Rothirsch

Largest species of hoofed game

Capreolus capreolus

Roe deer

Reh

Most common species of hoofed game

Ursus arctos

Brown bear

Braunbär

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Lynx lynx

European lynx

Europäischer Luchs

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Meles meles

Badger

Dachs

Widespread everywhere

Vulpes vulpes

Red fox

Fuchs

Widespread everywhere

Martes foina

Beech marten

Steinmarder

Follower of human habitation

Barbastella barbastellus

Barbastelle

Mopsfledermaus

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Myotis mystacinus

Whiskered bat

Kleine Bartfledermaus

Highest nursery in Austria Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Myotis brandtii

Brandt’s bat

Grosse Bartfledermaus

Highest occurrence in Austria Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Common pipistrelle

Zwergfledermaus

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Eptesicus nilssonii

Northern bat

Nordfledermaus

Priority species according Habitats Directive

Dryocopus martius

Black woodpecker

Schwarzspecht

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Picoides tridactylus

Eurasian three-toed woodpecker

Dreizehenspecht

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Bubo bubo

Eurasian eagle-owl

Uhu

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Aegolius funereus

Tengmalm´s owl

Raufusskauz

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Glaucidium passerinum

Eurasian pygmy owl

Sperlingskauz

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Tetrao urogallus

Capercaillie

Auerhahn

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Tetrao tetrix

Black grouse

Birkhuhn

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Nucifraga caryocatactes

Spotted nutcracker

Tannenhäher

Main propagator of Swiss pine

Salamandra salamandra

Fire salamander

Feuersalamander

Spawns in streams

Scientific name

English Name

German Name

Notes

Picea abies

Spruce

Fichte

Larix decidua

Eurpean larch

Lärche

Pinus cembra

Swiss pine

Zirbe

Indicator species for LariciPinetum cembrae

Pinus mugo

Dwarf pine

Latsche

Differential species of siliceous dwarf pine scrub

Alnus virids

Green alder

Grünerle

Flora

Alnus incana

Grey alder

Grauerle

Adenostyles alliaria

Adenostyles

Filziger Alpendost

Differential species of Adenostylo alliariae-Abietetum

Cicerbita alpina

Alpine blue-sowthistle

Alpenmilchlattich

Differential species Adenostylo alliariae-Abietetum

Listera cordata

Lesser twayblade

Kleines Zweiblatt

Typical spruce forest species, indicator plant

Moneses uniflora

One-flowered wintergreen

Einblütiges Wintergrün

Luzula luzuloides

White wood-rush

Weisse Hainsimse

Lycopodium annotinum

Stiff clubmoss

Sprossender Bärlapp

Homogyne alpina

Alpine coltsfoot

Alpenbrandlattich

Doronicum austriacum

Austrian doronicum

Österreichische Gemswurz

Mountain forest species Typical spruce forest species

12.2.1. Second type of habitat/land cover: Open land/Grassland Fauna Scientific name

English Name

German name

Notes

Marmota marmota

Marmot

Murmeltier

Lepus timidus varronis

Snow hare

Schneehase

Rupicapra rupicapra

Chamois

Gämse

Capra ibex

Alpine Ibex

Steinbock

Gypaetus barbatus

Bearded vulture

Bartgeier

Long-term re-introduction project Priority species according to Birds Directive

Aquila chrysaetos

Golden eagle

Steinadler

Stable population Priority species according to Birds Directive

Aloctoris graeca

Rock partridge

Alpensteinhun

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Lagopus mutus

Rock ptarmigan

Schneehuhn

Priority species according to Birds Directive

Pyrrhocorax graculus

Alpine chough

Alpendohle

Widespread alpine species

Montifringilla nivalis

White-winged snowfinch

Schneefink

Charadrius morinellus

Eurasian dotterel

Mornellregenpfeifer

Anthus spinoletta

Water pipit

Bergpieper

Salamndra atra

Alpine salamander

Alpensalamader

Viperus berus

Common European viper

Kreuzotter

Zootoca vivipara

Common lizard

Bergeidechse

Stable populations

Priority species according to Birds Directive Rare, common in places

Chorthippus mollis

Verkannter Grashüpfer

In danger of extinction according to Salzburg Red List

Stauroderus scalaris

Gebirgsgrashüpfer

In danger of extinction according to Salzburg Red List

Metrioptera saussuriana

Gebirgs-Beissschrecke

In danger of extinction according to Salzburg Red List

Euphydryas aurinia

SkabiosenScheckenfalter

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Alpenapollo

Priority species according to Habitats Directive Critically endangered, according to Carinthian Red List

Parnassius apollo

Apollo

Flora Scientific name Mountain meadows

English Name

German name

Hedysarum hedysaroides

Sweetvetch

Alpensüssklee

Anthyllis vulneraria

Kidney vetch

Alpen-Wundklee

Nigritella nigra

Orchid

Schwarzes Kohlröschen

Campanula scheuchzeri

Campanula

Scheuchzers Glockenblume

Arnica montana

Mountain arnica

Arnika

Crepis aurea

Golden Hawk´s beard

Goldpippau

Pulsatilla vernalis

Spring pasque flower

Frühlings-Küchenschelle

Festuca paniculata

East-alpine violet fescue

Goldschwingel

Phleum pratense

Timothy-grass

Wiesen-Lieschgras

Trisetum flavescens

Golden oat-grass

Goldhafer

Arrhenatherum elatius

Tall oat-grass

Glatthafer

Avenula pubescens

Downy oat-grass

Flaumiger Wiesenhafer

Molinia caerulea

Purple moor-grass

Blaues Pfeifengras

Alchemilla alpina

Alpine Lady's Mantle

Frauenmantel

Crepis aurea

Hawk's beard

Gold-Pippau

Geum montanum

Alpine avens

Berg-Nelkenwurz

Potentilla erecta

Common Tormentil

Blutwurz

Poa alpina

Alpine meadow-grass

Alpen-Rispengras

Phleum rhaeticum

Alpine timothy-grass

Alpen-Lieschgras

Carex sempervirens

Sedge

Hortsegge

Carex curvula

Sedge

Krummsegge

Carex ferruginea

Sedge

Rostsegge

Sesleria albicans

Moor grass

Blaugras

Festuca rubra

Red fescue

Rot-Schwingel

Festuca violacea

Violet fescue

Violett-Schwingel

Festuca ovina

Sheep´s fescue

Schaf-Schwingel

Nardus stricta

Matgrass

Borstgras

Valeriana celtica ssp. norica

Alpine valerian

Echter Speik

Dianthus superbus

Large pink

Alpenprachtnelke

Gentiana acaulis

Stemless gentian

Stengelloser Enzian

Gentiana lutea

Yellow gentian

Gelber Enzian

Leontopodium alpinum

Edelweiss

Notes

Critically endangered according to Red List

Alpine pastures

Alpine grasslands

Critically endangered according to Red List

Dwarf shrub heaths Rhododendron ferrugineum

Alpine rose

Rostrote Alpenrose

Juniperus communis

Common juniper

Zwergwacholder

Vaccinium vitis idaea

Blueberry

Preiselbeere

Vaccinum myrtillus

Lingonberry

Heidelbeere

Vaccinium uliginosum

Northern Bilberry

Rauschbeere

Loiseleuria procumbens

Alpine azalea

Gemsheide

12.3.1. Third type of habitat/land cover: Special sites/Waters Fauna Scientific name Wetland habitats

English Name

German Name

Notes

Neomys fodiens

Eurasian water shrew

Wasserspitzmaus

Lutra lutra

European otter

Fischotter

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Bombina variegata

Yellow-bellied toad

Gelbbauchunke

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Triturus alpestris

Alpine Newt

Bergmolch

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Coronella austriaca

Coronella

Schlingnatter

Critically endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Cottus gobio

European bullhead

Koppe

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Eudontomyzon mariae

Ukrainian brook lamprey

Bachneunauge

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Salmo trutta

Trout

Bachforelle

Salvelinus alpinus

Arctic char

Seesaibling

Thymallus thymallus

Grayling

Äsche

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Actitis hypoleucos

Common sandpiper

Flussuferläufer

Critically endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Cinclus cinclus

White-throated dipper

Wasseramsel

Motacilla cinerea

Grey wagtail

Gebirgsstelze

Motacilla alba

White wagtail

Bachstelze

Emberiza schoeniclus

Reed bunting

Rohrammer

Gallinago gallinago

Common snipe

Bekassine

Saxicola rubetra

Winchat

Braunkehlchen

Vanellus vanellus

Northern Lapwing

Kiebitz

Monticola saxatilis

Rock thrush

Steinrötel

Alectoris graeca

Rock partridge

Steinhuhn

Assumed to be endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Omocestus haemorrhoidalis

Rotleibiger Grashüpfer

In danger of extinction according to Salzburg Red List

Anonconotus italoaustriacus Nadig

Nadigs Alpenschrecke

In danger of extinction according to Salzburg Red List

Apollo

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Extinct, according to Carinthian Red List

Rock habitats

Parnassius apollo

Apollo

Flora Scientific name Wetland habitats

English name

German name

Salix bicolor

Willow

Zweifarbige Weide

Alnus glutinosa

Black alder

Schwarzerle

Juncus triglumis

Three-hulled rush

Dreiblütige Binse

Carex davalliana

Davall´s sedge

Davall-Segge

Carex echinata

Star sedge

Sternsegge

Carex rostrata

Bottle sedge

Schnabelsegge

Trichophorum cespitosum

Deer-hair sedge

Rasenhaarbinse

Molinia caerulea

Purple moor grass

Blaues Pfeifengras

Eriophorum scheuchzeri

White cottongrass

Scheuchzers Wollgras

Parnassia palustris

Bog star

Sumpf-Herzblatt

Pinguicula alpina

Alpine butterwort

Alpen-Fetttkraut

Saxifraga aizoides

Yellow saxifrage

Quell-Steinbrech

Saxifraga stellaris

Star saxifrage

Stern-Steinbrech

Primula farinosa

Bird´s-eye primrose

Mehl-Primel

Viola palustris

Marsh violet

Sumpfveilchen

Swertia perennis

Felwort

Sumpfenzian

Drosera rotundifolia

Common sundew

Rundblättrige Sonnentau

Notes

Rock habitats Thlaspi rotundifolium

Round-leaved Penny-cress

Rundblatt-Täschelkraut

Androsacae hausmannii

Rockjasmine

Dolomiten-Mannsschild

Asplenium ruta-muraria

Wall-rue

Mauerraute

Primula auricula

Auricula

Aurikel

Saxifraga caesia

Saxifrage

Blaugrüner Steinbrech

12.4.1. Fourth type of habitat/land cover: Settlement areas Fauna Scientific name

English name

German name

Hirundo rustica

Barn swallow

Rauchschwalbe

Notes

Delichon urbicum

Common house martin

Mehlschwalbe

Phoenicurus ochurus

Black redstart

Hausrotschwanz

Emberiza citrinella

Yellowhammer

Goldammer

Lanius collurio

Red-backed shrike

Neuntöter

Asio otus

Long-eared owl

Waldohreule

Upupa epops

Hoopoe

Wiedehopf

Jynx torquilla

Eurasian wryneck

Wendehals

Saxicola rubetra

Whinchat

Braunkehlchen

Myotis myotis

Greater mouse-eared bat

Grosses Mausohr

In danger of extinction according to Carinthian Red List. Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Lesser horse-shoe bat

Kleine Hufeisennase

Critically endangered according to Carinthian Red List. Priority species

Critically endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Scientific name

English name

German name

Notes according to Habitats Directive

Myotis mystacinus

Whiskered bat

Kleine Bartfledermaus

Endangered according to Carinthian Red List.

Plecotus auritus

Brown long-eared bat

Braunes Langohr

Endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Lepus europaeus

European hare

Feldhase

Parnassius phoebus

Phoebus apollo

Alpenapollo

Probably endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Parnassius apollo

Apollo

Apollofalter

Critically endangered according to Carinthian Red List

Flora Scientific name

English name

German name

Notes

Bryonia alba

White bryony

Weisse Zaunr체be

Lungau

Chenopodium foliosum

Strawberry sticks

Bl채tter-Erdbeerspinat

Neotinea ustulata ssp. aestivalis

Burnt orchid

Sommer-BrandtKnabenkraut

Arnika montana

Mountain arnica

Berg-Arnika

Aconitum napellus s.str.

Monkshood

Blauer Eisenhut

Trollius europaeus

Globe flower

Trollblume

Matteuccia struthiopteris

Ostrich fern

Straussenfarn

Crocus albiflorus

Spring crocus

Fr체hlingskrokus

Eriophorum sp.

Cottongrass

Wollgras

Campanula glomerata

Clustered bellflower

Kn채uel-Glockenblume

Juniperus sabina

Savin juniper

Stink-Wacholder

Sempervivum arachnoideum

Cobweb houseleek

Spinnweb-Hauswurz

Gentiana cruciata

Star gentian

Kreuz-Enzian

Iris pseudacorus

Yellow iris

Sumpf-Schwertlilie

Lilium bulbiferum

Orange lily

Feuer-Lilie

Dianthus superbus

Large Pink

Pracht-Nelke

Aster alpinus

Alpine aster

Alpen-Aster

Populus balsamifera

Balsam poplar

Balsam-Pappel

100

13.2. Conservation of species biodiversity Fauna Habitats Directive Code

Scientific name

English name

Main areas of occurrence

Protection status

A223

Birds Aegolius funereus

Tengmalm´s owl

Tamsweg

A109

Alectoris graeca

Rock partridge

Weisspriach

A091

Aquila chrysaetos

Golden eagle

Muhr, Zederhaus

A215

Bubo bubo

Eurasian eagle-owl

Tamsweg, Zederhaus

A139

Charadrius morinellus

Eurasian dotterel

A236

Dryocopus martius

Black woodpecker

Mariapfarr, St. Michael i.L. Tamsweg, Mariapfarr

A217

Glaucidium passerinum

Eurasian pygmy owl Tamsweg, St. Michael i.L.

A081

Gypaetus barbatus

Bearded vulture

Muhr, Zederhaus

A022

Ixobrychus minutus

Little Bittern

N2000 site Überling

A106

Lagopus mutus

Rock ptarmigan

Thomatal, Zederhaus

A241

Picoides tridactylus

Tamsweg

A107

Tetrao tetrix

Eurasian three-toed woodpecker Black grouse

A108

Tetrao urogallus

Capercaillie

Tamsweg

Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive Priority species according to Birds Directive

Tamsweg

Mammals 1308

Barbastella barbastellus

Barbastelle

Ramingstein

Anh. 4

Eptesicus nilssonii

Northern bat

Tamsweg, Zederhaus

1355

Lutra lutra

European otter

Tamsweg, Zederhaus

1361

Lynx lynx

Eurpean lynx

Muhr

Anh. 4

Myotis brandtii

Brandt’s bat

1324

Myotis myotis

Ramingstein

1330

Myotis mystacinus

Greater mouseeared bat Whiskered bat

1309

Pipistrellus pipistrellus

Common pipistrelle

Tweng

1303

Rhinolophus hipposideros

Ramingstein

1354

Ursus arctos

Lesser horse-shoe bat Brown bear

Bombina variegata

Yellow-bellied toad

Muhr, Ramingstein

Triturus alpestris

Alpine Newt

Ramingstein

Zederhaus, Göriach

Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Amphibia 1193

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Fish 1163

Cottus gobio

European bullhead

1098

Eudontomyzon mariae

Ukrainian brook lamprey

Zederhaus, St. Michael i.L. Priority species according to Habitats Directive Zederhaus, St. Michael i.L. Priority species according to Habitats Directive

101

Habitats Directive Code

Scientific name

English name

Main areas of occurrence

Protection status

Anh. 5

Thymallus thymallus

Grayling

St. Margarethen, Muhr

Priority species according to Habitats Directive

Muhr

In danger of extinction, according to Salzburg Red List In danger of extinction, according to Salzburg Red List In danger of extinction, according to Salzburg Red List

Insects Grasshoppers Anonconotus italoaustriacus Chorthippus mollis

Lesser Field Grasshopper

Ramingstein

Metrioptera saussuriana

Muhr

Miramella carinthiaca

Endemit der K채rnter Nockberge Ramingstein, St. Michael i.L.

Omocestus haemorrhoidalis

Orange-tipped grasshopper

Stauroderus scalaris

Large mountain grasshopper

Beetles Amara alpicola

Ramingstein, Muhr

Nockberge, Lungau

Carabus fabricii koralpicus Leptusa assingi

Nockberge

Nebria dejeanii dejeanii

Nockberge, Lungau

Neocrepidodera simplicipes Pterostichus kokeilii kokeilii Pterostichus morio morio

Nockberge, Lungau

Reicheiodes alpicola

Nockberge

Trechus constrictus franzi

Nockberge, Lungau

Caddis flies Consorophylax styriacus

Nockberge

Leptotaulius gracilis

Nockberge

Rhyacophila bonaparti

Nockberge

Butterflies Crocota niveata

Lungau, Nockberge

Nockberge, Falkert

Nockberge, Lungau Nockberge, Lungau

1065

Euphydryas aurinia

White Speck Ringlet Marsh fritillary

1057

Parnassius apollo

Apollo butterfly

Erebia claudina

Cicadas Neophilaneus exclamationis alpicola Zygina hypermaculata

Lungau, Nockberge Muhr Muhr

Nockberge Nockberge, Lungau

In danger of extinction, according to Salzburg Red List In danger of extinction, according to Salzburg Red List Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Northern and Central Alps Endemic to the Northern and Central Alps Endemic to the Southern and Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Northern and Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Priority species according to Habitats Directive Priority species according to Habitats Directive Endemic to the Northern and Central Alps Endemic to the Northern and Central Alps

Arachnids

102

Habitats Directive Code

Scientific name

English name

Main areas of occurrence

Protection status

Ischyropsalis kollari

Nockberge

Leiobunum subalpinum

Nockberge

Nemastoma schuelleri

Lungau, Nockberge

Tenuiphantes jacksonoides

Nockberge

Endemic to the Northern and Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps

Flora Scientific name

English name

German name

Occurrence

Andromeda polifolia

Bog rosemary

Rosmarinheide

Androsace wulfeniana

Wulfs androsace

Wulfen-Mannsschild

N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lungau, Nockberge

Avenula adsurgens

Betula nana Carex lasiocarpa Carex limosa Carex pauciflora Dactylorhiza traunsteineri

Dwarf birch Slender sedge Mud sedge Sedge Traunstein´s Dactylorhiza

Delphinium elatum subp. Austriacum Depranocladus vernicosus

Kneiff´s Hook moss

Südtiroler Aufsteigender Wiesenhafer

Lungau

Zwergbirke Fadensegge Schlammsegge Wenigblütige Segge Traunsteiners Knabenkraut Österreichischer Rittersporn

N2000 site Überling N2000 site Überling N2000 site Überling N2000 site Überling N2000 site Überling

Rollblattsichelmoos

Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area

Eigentliche GletscherGamswurz

Doronicum glaciale subsp. Glaciale

Desmidiaceae sp. Spoonleafed sundew Common sundew

Mittlerer Sonnentau Rundblättriger Sonnentau VierhapperHabichtskraut

Lilium bulbiferum

Fire lily

Feuerlilie

Meesia longiseta

Meesia moss

Bruchmoos

Menyanthes trifolia

Menyanthes

Fieberklee

Drosera intermedia Drosera rotundifolia Hieracium sparsum subsp. Vierhapperi

Myosotis decumbens

Kerners KälteVergissmeinnicht

Oxytropis triflora

Dreiblütiger Spitzkiel

Pedicularis portenschlagii

Zweiblütiges Läusekraut

Protected status

Endemic to the Eastern Alps Endemic to the Central Alps

Endemic to the Central Alps

Endemic to the Northern, Southern and Central Alps Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Ebene Reichenau Endemic to the Central Alps Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lungau, Nockberge Endemic to the North, South and Central Alps Nockberge Endemic to the Southern and Central Alps Nockberge Endemic to

103

Scientific name

English name

German name

Occurrence

Pedicularis palustris

Marsh Lousewort

Sumpfläusekraut

Potamogeton alpinus

Alpine pondweed

Alpen-Laichkraut

Potamogeton natans

Floating pondweed

Schwimmendes Laichkraut Zottige Primel

N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Nockberge

Primula villosa

Norischer GoldschopfHahenfuss

Ranunculus noricus

Lungau Nockberge

Rhozocarpon schedomyces

Saxifrage stellaris

Brut-Stern-Steinbrech

Nockberge N2000 site Überling Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area N2000 site Überling

Scheuchzeria palustris

Pod grass

Blumenbinse

Trientalis europea

Arctic starflower

Siebenstern

Utricularia sp

Bladderwort

Wasserschlauch

Vaccinium microcarpum

Cranberry

Vaccinium oxycoccus Vaccinium uligionosum Valeriana celtica subsp. Norica

Cranberry Northern bilberry

Kleinfrüchtige Moosbeere Moosbeere Rauschbeere Östlicher Echter Speik

Viola palustris

Marsh violet

Sumpfveilchen

N2000 site Überling N2000 site Überling Lungau, Nockberge

Protected status the Northern and Central Alps

Endemic to the Northern Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps Endemic to the Central Alps

Endemic to the Eastern Alps

Lake Seetalersee Nature Conservation Area

104

TOURIST FACILITIES Salzburg Facility NATURPARK RIEDINGTAL FREIBAD DENKMALHOF MAURERHOF PFARR- UND WALLFAHRTSMUSEUM MARIAPFARR LUNGAUER LANDSCHAFTSMUSEUM HOCHOFENMUSEUM BUNDSCHUH LUNGAUER HEIMATMUSEUM WILDPARK SCHLÖGELBERGER MURTALBAHN TAMSWEG ÖKODORF KRAMETERHOF SILBERBERGWERK RAMINGSTEIN SCHLOSS MOSSHAM BURG MAUTERNDORF BURG FINSTERGRÜN RUINE THURNSCHALL LESSACH BIENENLEHRPFAD WALLFAHRTSKIRCHE ST. ÄGIDIUS WALLFAHRTSKIRCHE ST. LEONHARD WALLFAHRTSKIRCHE MARIAPFARR WALLFAHRTSKIRCHE MARIA HOLLENSTEIN

Location St. Michael, Mauterndorf, Mariapfarr Mariapfarr

Type Naturerlebnis Freizeit Museum Museum Museum

St. Ägidius

Museum Sehenswürdigkeit Naturerlebnis Sehenswürdigkeit Naturerlebnis Sehenswürdigkeit Sehenswürdigkeit Sehenswürdigkeit Sehenswürdigkeit Sehenswürdigkeit Themenweg Sehenswürdigkeit

St. Leonhard

Sehenswürdigkeit

Mariapfarr

Sehenswürdigkeit

Tamsweg Thomatal Ramingstein Mauterndorf Ramingstein

Sehenswürdigkeit

Kärnten Facility ALMZEIT ALMWASSERSTEIG URSULAQUELLE ALPENWILDPARK ARBORETUM AUF DEN SPUREN DER NATIONALPARKTIERE BARBARA WEG BEGEGNUNGEN AM MORGEN AM FALKERT DIE HEILENDE LANDSCHAFT DRUNTER UND DRÜBER AM KNAPPENWEG ENTDECKERPFAD SCHATZ DER DONNERSCHLUCHT GEFÜHRTE KRÄUTERWANDERUNG GLOCKENHÜTTE GRANATIUM GRANATSCHLUCHT HIASL ALMMATURA INFO-ZENTRUM GLOCKENHÜTTE KARLBAD KATHREIN-THERME KNAPPENWEG - INNERKREMS KNEIPPWEG AM LAUFENBERG KULTURWANDERWEG VON ST. KATHREIN NACH

Location Turracher Höhe Sirnitz Feld am See Gnesau Bad Kleinkirchheim Turracher Höhe Falkert Bad Kleinkirchheim Innerkrems

Type Themenweg Themenweg Themenpark Themenpark Themenweg Themenweg Themenweg Themenweg Themenwanderung

Innerkrems

Themenweg

Falkert Nockalmstrasse Radenthein Radenthein Sirnitz Nockalmstrasse Nockalmstrasse Bad Kleinkirchheim Innerkrems Radenthein St. Oswald

Themenwanderung Gastronomie Museum Naturerlebnis Themenwanderung Infopoint Sehenswürdigkeit Sehenswürdigkeit Themenweg Themenwanderung Themenwanderung 105

ST. OSWALD MÜHLEN- UND KNEIPPWANDERWEG KANING IM NATIONALPARK NOCKBERGE NATIONALPARKINFORMATIONSZENTRUM TÜRKHAUS NATURLEHRWEG WINDEBENSEE ALPINE LEBENSGEMEINSCHAFTEN NOCKALMSTRASSE NOCKALMHOF NOCKY FLITZER PFANDLHÜTTE REPTILIENZOO NOCKALM SAGAMUNDO SAGENWANDERWEG SILVA MAGICA - GRUNDALM SKIGEBIETE TURRACHER HÖHE SPEIK TRAIL SPEIK-SPAZIERGÄNGE THERME RÖMERBAD WALD- UND WASSERLEHRWEG GRUNDALM WASSERIX-SINNESPARK WASSER-SONNENWEG NÖRING WASSERWEG WEG DER ELEMENTE WEG DES BUCHES ZECHNERALM

Kaning

Themenweg

Kaning

Infopoint

Windebensee

Themenweg

Nockamlstrasse Turracher Höhe Nockalmstrasse Reichenau Döbrisch Döbriach Nockalmstrasse Turracher Höhe Innerkrems St. Oswald Bad Kleinkirchheim Nockalmstrasse Bad Kleinkirchheim Krems in Kärnten Bad Kleinkirchheim Nockalmstrasse Feld am See Nockalmstrasse

Sehenswürdigkeit Gastronomie Sehenswürdigkeit Gastronomie Sehenswürdigkeit Sehenswürdigkeit Themenweg Themenweg Skigebiet Themenweg Themenwanderung Sehenswürdigkeit Themenweg Themenpark Themenweg Themenweg Themenweg Themenweg Gastronomie

106

ACTS, LAWS AND TREATIES Salzburger National Park Act, version from 19. Oktober 1983 (pdf) Draft of the Salzburger Biosphere Reserve Act (pdf) Draft of the Salzburger treatries for core areas (pdf) Carinthian National Park and Biosphere Reserve Act (pdf) Carinthian appraisal draft Act (pdf) Contracted Carinthian treatries for core areas and buffer zones (pdf)

107