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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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urban Re-fabrication An Alternative Preservation / (re)development Model Shanghai’s Traditional Neighborhoods in the Modern Context
Urban Design Thesis Final Report Harvard University Graduate School of Design
Lu Zhang Thesis Advisor: Alex Krieger, Peter G. Rowe
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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table of contents 006 022 042 056 124 000
context lilong framework proposal model appendix
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Chapter One:
Context of Shanghai’s Transformation
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
context A rising desire for “globalization” and
“modernization”, combined with an increasing demand for large-scale construction, became the driving force for Shanghai’s ascent to modern metropolis, but also for a “ bulldozer” urban regeneration especially in the central Shanghai. Anything old or in a traditional style was considered of little value and was torn down or, at best, ignored.
It has taken a long time for Chinese planning
authorities, designers and relevant professionals to realize that local tradition, as the resource for restoring cultural identity, is extremely important for the integrity of built environment. Ironically, it was the massive demolition that provided the stimulus for a more serious consideration of alternative development model.
During Shanghai’s structural transformation towards a manufacture and international trading center around in 1980s, large urban parcels of manufacturing industry were relocated to the peripheral to provide stimulus for peripheral development. Then intensive new construction took place in the empty plots due to the foregoing displacement. Therefore, a mixture of uneven developed urban figuration of the contemporary high-rise (commercial/ public use)and the traditional low-rise (residential/mixed-use) gives Shanghai its distinctive urban characteristics. 8
This rich mixture of low-rise,mid or highrise structure, traditional fabric and modern artifacts have accomodated emerging industries and programs while reserving affordable choices for Shanghai’s original residents. Therefore, the mixture epitomize the hamonious relationship between preservation and further growth. However, Shanghai is undergoing another
stuctural transformation towards ‘Creative City’, which is likely to trigger another wave of bulldozer development with limited preservation attention. Since ‘Creative Industry’ appreciates local culture and spatial diversity of traditional neighborhoods, the new impact zone would be exactly around Shanghai’s historic core where Lilong Districts locate.
Lilong, as one type of low to medium risehigh density, multi-functional community, is a hybrid typology between a European row house and a traditional Chinese courtyard house, and a mediating agency between Western modernity and Chinese locality. Lilong districts have originated from 1840s, and already went through intensive demolition in two time periods, from 1972 to 1976 and from 1982 to 1988, which brought Lilong’s ratio among residential structures from 73% to 20%. There would not be long before Lilong becomes a extinct urban typology by further demolition triggered by ‘Creative Industry’.
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
A-side: the past, the traditional fabric, the preservation pressure,... 10
B-side: the new era, the new density, the development pressure,... 11
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
There is unceasing tension between preservation and de For the integrity of build environment, an alternative m
Ironically, it was the massive demolition of the Lilong districts that provided the stimulus for a more serious consideration of preservation, adaptive reuse, rehabilitation, revitalization and other potential approaches. Lilong District, as one of traditional urban development typologies, crystalizes meaningful cultural patterns and local traditions. It has taken a long time for planning authorities, designers and relevant specialists to realize that local tradition, as resource for restoring cultural identity, is extremely important for the built environment.
A-side: the past, the traditional fabric, the preservation pressure,... 12
evelopment pressure. Like Side A and B of a book. model to balance Side A and Side B is needed.
Being “global” has become a primary goal of most cities in the contemporary developing worlds. The competition to become a global city has been intensified in Chinese cities, especially in Shanghai. The desire for “modernization” by municipal government and decision makers led them to believe that only new and “modern” construction was worthwhile. Currently Shanghai is undergoing industrial transformation towards “ creative city”, however, without planning conciousness, it is likely to lead to another wave of bulldozer development.
B-side: the new era, the new density, the development pressure,... 13
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Shanghai’s Historic Transformation over 70 Years 15
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Lilong Districts concentrated in Shanghai’s Historic Core 17
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
This graph indicates a comparison between the ratio of Lilong residents among the whole population, and the ratio of Lilong’s building area among the whole residential building area. In 1949, 73% of the residential building area (Lilong) was housing approximately 75% of whole population; while in 1997, 17% of the residential building area (Lilong) was housing approximately 33% of whole population. This comparison reveals the severe over-crowdness of Lilong districts.
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Diachronic Ananlysis of Shanghai and Lilong District’s Transformation 19
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Lilong used to compose about 3/4 of the city’s dwellings until the middle of the 20th century and has long served as ‘mediator’ of western dwelling culture and native housing concept. However, after the independence of PRC, the central government began massive working unit planning following U.S.R.R model, and Lilong’s ratio among housing typologies shrunk substantially, both for the increasing amount of working units and for the piecemeal demolition of Lilong dated back to 1950s.
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Lilong’s ratio among Different Housing Typologies 21
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Chapter Two:
Lilong as an Urban Typology
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Lilong Districts could have multiple variations in terms of Configuration and Scales. Typically a lilong district would be featured with ‘Fish Bone’ structures. 24
Lilong Structures occupying Entire Block 25
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Sometimes Lilong occupies the entire block, sometimes it mediates other typologies, such as industrial structures, mid or high-rise structures. Therefore Lilong districts show enormous flexibility for appropriation for multiple programs and on different scales. 26
Lilong Structures mediating Other Typologies 27
2 STORY RESIDENTIAL
3M
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
5M
10M
COMMERCIAL
PUBLIC AMENITY
3-10M
5-15M
3-10M
1930s FAR=1.8 A thorough understanding of Lilong as an urban typology serves as a base of design. The perimeter blocks mediate between the residential structures inside and the street life, and accommodates commercial and public use. The enclosed residential structures are usually two-storey row houses organized in a ‘Fish Bone’ structures with main secondary alleys. Without planning interventions, Lilong could self-densify based on the original module.
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3M
2 STORY RESIDENTIAL 10M
50M
4 STORY RESIDENTIAL
5M
15M COMMERCIAL
PUBLIC AMENITY
3-10M
5-15M
3-10M
2010s FAR=3.2
Lilong District as an Urban Typology 29
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Lilong Districts have densifies themselves adaptive to the comtemporary development. Facing the major transportation network, lilong usually densifies its frontage with mid or hishrise. While facing the development pressure on the secondary roads, lilong usually densifies on the corner. Sometimes it results in a 50 (mid or high-rise)- 50 (lilong) hybrid block.
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Lilong District’s Densification/Diversification Process 31
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
73%
1949
1855
32
1840
1850
1855
5
1950
1960
1970
1
1865
1860
1865
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
Lilong has originated from 1840s when foreign businessmen designed and provided housing structures for migrant workers seeking job opportunities in International Concession District of Shanghai. Therefore lilong structures were originally designed as high-density low-rise communities with low rent and insufficient facilities. Around 1940s there has been another wave of lilong construction for the intellectural seeking better living environment in Concession District. During that time period, Lilong has been designated to be influenced by western planning principles.
57%
1978
41%
1980
1937 1941
1988
17%
1990
2000
1997
1978
1949
2.5%
8%
2010
2007
1988
1997
2020 2020
2030
2040
2007
73%
57%
41%
17% 8% 2.5% 1940 1937 1941
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
73%
1949
1855
34
1840
1850
1855
5
1950
1960
1970
1
1865
1860
1865
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
Shanghai started to transformed to a major manufacturig and trading center around 1950s, with both large or small-scale industrial structures has been erected, sometimes interwoven with lilong structures. This type of hybrid block provide both housing and working opportunities within close distance.
57%
1978
41%
1980
1937 1941
1988
17%
1990
2000
1997
1978
1949
2.5%
8%
2010
2007
1988
1997
2020 2020
2030
2040
2007
73%
57%
41%
17% 8% 2.5% 1940 1937 1941
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
35
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
73%
1949
1855
36
1840
1850
1855
57%
1950
1960
1970
197
1865
1860
1865
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
To further satisfy the increasing demand of housing structures, Lilong district has opened to multiple typologies such as mid-rise working units.
%
78
41%
1980
1937 1941
1988
17%
1990
2000
1997
1978
1949
2.5%
8%
2010
2007
1988
1997
2020 2020
2030
2040
2007
73%
57%
41%
17% 8% 2.5% 1940 1937 1941
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Around 1990s, Shanghai has been erecting glass-walled hotels and office towers, digging subway lines and building elevated highways, and in the process demolishing swaths of traditional lanes of lilong, resulting in uneven developed 50-50 hybrid block consisting enclaves of high-rise and lilong segregated from each other.
73%
1949
1855
38
1840
1850
1855
1950
1960
1970
1865
1860
1865
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
0
57%
1978
41%
1980
1937 1941
1988
17%
1990
2000
1997
1978
1949
2.5%
8%
2010
2007
1988
1997
2020 2020
2030
2040
2007
73%
57%
41%
17% 8% 2.5% 1940 1937 1941
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Up till 2000s, merely 20% of lilong structures survived massive demolition and typological transformation. However, around 30% of whole municipal population are accomodated in lilong, and thus lilong remains one crucial component of housing typology, especially to provide affordable and pedestrian friendly choices.
73%
1949
1855
40
1840
1850
1855
1950
1960
1970
1865
1860
1865
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
57%
1978
41%
1980
1937 1941
1988
17%
1990
2000
1997
1978
1949
2.5%
8%
2010
2007
1988
1997
2020 2020
2030
2040
2007
73%
57%
41%
17% 8% 2.5% 1940 1930
1937 1941
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
2020
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Chapter Three:
Framework of Alternative Model
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Currently in Shanghai, two municipal institutions, the Shanghai Urban Planning and Land Resources Bureau (the UPLRB) and the Historic Building Preservation Committee (the HBPC), provide two divergent trajectories of legislation concerning the preservation of Lilong districts. The UPLRB ratified the ‘Historic Preservation District’, in which preservation and rehabilitation will be implemented with subdivisions ranging from 5 to 100 blocks. So far 44 ‘Historic Preservation District’ have been identified, 12 of the central city and 32 of the peripheral. 4 out of 44 ‘Historic Preservation Districts’ are intended for preserving the surrounding environs of historic Lilong communities.
Lilong Districts overlapped with Historic Preservation Districts 45
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Large-scale development project taking place in the historic core, especially along the river, would easily demolish unpreserved lilong districts. In addition, most emerging projects would lead to gentrification and overcommercialization of their impact zones, which would derive residents of surrounding lilong districts of their affordable choices of everyday life.
Lilong Districts overlapped with Emerging Urban (re)development 47
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Only by overlapping the preservation and development pressure onto the map of existing lilong districts, we would be able to understand the intricacy of lilong’s situation facing both preservation and development pressure. There is moderate coverage of ‘Historic Preservation District” on lilong district while many largescale development projects would take place in lilong districts, too. There in constant tension in lilong district, especially along Yangtze River and Suzhou Creek
Various Senarios of Lilongs facing Preservation / Development Pressure 49
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
+ Limited Preservation Attention on Lilong Districts
+ A Missing Link of Preservation on Sub-district Level
+ A Missing Unit of Preservation on Block Level
+ Identification of Preservable Subjects limited to Artifacts + Inadequate Research on Flexibility/Potential of Adaptive Reuse + Preservation Practice to Fossilize/Mammify a Living Neighborhood 50
+ Industrial Transformation to Re-envision Shanghai as ‘Creative City’ + Increasing Demand of Densification / Diversification / New Typology fo New Industry
+ A Missing Link of Development on Sub-district Level
+ A Missing Unit of Development on Block Level
+ Bulldozer Development Model + Inadequate Research on Co-existence of (re)development Practice and Preservation Practice
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
criticism / new framework
Compared to landmark buildings or industrial heritage emblematic of Shanghai as a historically significant city, Lilong, as a housing typology, suffered more from the everyday usage, alternation and reconstruction. Therefore the historical and architectural value have been greatly curtailed. The criteria of preserving building, streetscape and urban configuration of “Historic Preservation District” basically underrates the values of social life, occupancy structure and dwelling culture within Lilong. With limited preservation endeavor towards
lilong, especially its integrity and its social life, lilong districts are extremely vulnerable towards development pressure. There are missing links on sub-district and block level, which are two important scale/unit in western preservation legislation and practice. On the single preservation practice level, preservation tends to fossilize and mammify a living neighborhood, rather than fully comprehending its true culture value. Lilong district is a living concept with enormous flexibility to be appropriated for comtemporary programs, such as the creative industry development.
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Creative industry development has passed the stage of appropriating single industrial structures for event space of exhibition/festival/ work-live units, etc. Now it is moving on to a new stage that creative industry appreciate the culture value and spatial diversity of historic neighborhoods and seek opportunities to accomodate different actors of the whole creative industry. During the ten years from 1990 to 2000, the municipal population of Shanghai increased by 3,000,000 while displacement of 12,650,000 people was generated by Lilong’s demolition of 1,800,000 square meters. Due to the overcrowdness of the central Shanghai district, it is highly likely only the peripheral development, like new towns or satellite cities in the Yangtze River Delta could embrace the ‘new’ residents and job-hunters. In this light, the intensive demolition of Lilong districts cast great pressure onto the peripheral urban development of Shanghai. For lilong’s redevelopment, it is also moving onto a new stage that lilong’s original residents would be relocated on site, other than casting pressure on the peripheral. The marriage of adaptive-reuse of lilong districts and creative industry answers the previous two questions.
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
+ Historic Preservation Agenda on District Level + Preservation Value/Adaptive Reuse Potentials of Existing Typologies + Identification of Historic Preservation/Adaptive Reuse Subjects + Integrated Package of Preservation/Adaptive Reuse Stretagies
+ Hierarchy of Preservation/Adaptive Reuse in Different Sub-districts + Prediction of Future Population/Urban Density/Typology + Statistical Analysis of Preservation/Adaptive Reuse (Block as Unit) + Export---Receive Dynamic on Sub-district Level
+ Parcelization as a way to understand Intricacy of Preservable Block + Identification/Statistical Inventory of Preservable Parcels + Parcelization as Preservation Device---Module/Typology + Toolkit to Preserve Culture Values/Urbanistic Orders
+ Statistical Guideline of Setback/Alley/Height/Density,etc. + Toolkit to Preserve Culture Values/Urbanistic Orders 54
+ Planning Vision on District Level + Current/Emerging Pressure by District (re)development + Idnetification of (re)developable subjects + Integrated Package of Urban (re)Development Stretagies
+ Hierarchy of (re)Development in Different Sub-districts + Prediction of Future Population/Urban Density/Typology + Statistical Analysis of (re)Development (Block as Unit) + Export---Receive Dynamic on Sub-district Level
+ Parcelization as a way to understand Intricacy of Developable Block + Identification/Statistical Inventory of Developable Parcels + Parcelization as Development Device---Open Space/Intermediate Scale + Toolkit to Densify / Diversify / Introduce Creative Industry
+ Statistical Guideline of Setback/Alley/Height/Density,etc. + Toolkit to Densify / Diversify / Introduce Creative Industry 55
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Chapter Four:
Proposal on four urban scales
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Lilong District mixed with Historic Industrial Structures 59
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
1937 Historic Grid 60
2013 Current Condition 61
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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1930s 1950s 1980s 2000s
This diachronic analysis reveals a conundrum that how the preservation and (re)development could both preserve the hallmark of the spatial and programmatic mixture, but also take advantage of structures of different time period and appropriate them into a synergy for future development.
Various Senarios of Lilongs facing Preservation / Development Pressure 63
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
District Level
+ Historic Preservation Agenda on District Level + Planning Vision on District Level + Current/Emerging Pressure by District (re)development + Identification of Historic Preservation/(re)development Subjects 64
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
STAGE ONE Block (W) Block (L) Block Area 60 150 9000 70 70 4900 90 90 8100 90 180 16200 105 120 12600 120 180 21600 120 200 24000 130 180 23400 130 150 19500 150 150 22500 150 180 27000
1940S
STAGE TWO Block (W) Block (L) Block Area 60 105 6300 70 100 7000 90 180 16200 120 160 19200 120 210 25200 150 190 28500 150 210 31500 180 210 37800 180 210 37800 180 210 37800 180 240 43200
1960S
Spatial Distribution of Lilong Block Typology 66
STAGE THREE Block (W) Block (L) Block Area 60 240 14400 60 110 6600 90 210 18900 90 250 22500 120 150 18000 120 270 32400 120 210 25200 120 150 18000 120 160 19200 150 210 31500 150 210 31500 210 240 50400
1980S
STAGE FOUR Block (W) Block (L) Block Area 50 120 6000 90 210 18900 90 150 13500 120 210 25200 150 210 31500 150 300 45000 150 180 27000 150 180 27000 180 240 43200 180 240 43200 180 210 37800 210 330 69300 300 360 108000
1990S
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
A Vision of Pedestrian-Friendly Creative Riverside Neighborhoods 68
Densification / Diversification Pressure along Major Roads 69
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Visulization of Preservation / Adaptive Reuse Pressure 70
Visualization of Densification / Development Pressure 71
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Lilong District most Sensitive to Preservation/(re)development 72
Preservation pressure to remain a pedestrian-friendly lively neighborhoods is visualized along the river-network. Development pressure to densify and diversity is visualized along the transportation network. Overlapping preservation and development pressure we would be able to differenciate blocks with higher tension or conflicts, to put them in prioriaty level in both preservation and development.
Various Senarios of Lilongs facing Preservation / Development Pressure 73
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Sub-district Level
+ Hierarchy of Preservation/Devel
+ Statistical Analysis of Preservatio
+ Export---Receive Dynamic on Su
74
lopment in Different Sub-districts
on/(re)Development
ub-district Level
75
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Sub-district One: Hybrid Block of Lilong / Mid/High-rise 76
Sub-district Two: Hybrid Block
of Lilong / Industrial Structures Sub-district Three: Hybrid Block of Lilong / Highrise Communities 77
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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LILONG PERCENTAGE EXPORTING PARCEL 100% 35% 80% 30% 0% 100% 0% 0% 50% 65% 40%
1 2 5 2 1 1 0 1 3 5 2 23
HYBRID PARCEL
0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 2 3 1 10
RECEIVING PARCEL
1 4 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 5 2 18
OPEN SPACE PARCEL
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
PARCEL TOTAL
2 7 7 10 1 1 1 1 6 13 6 55
The importatn concept on the sub-district level is export-receive dynamic. For example, in sub-district two with a mixture of lilong structures and industrial structures, we propose a preservation-development package, where developers could invest in one preservable parcels and they could choose either industrial structure to develop creative industry, or developable parcel for commercial/residential/mixed-use development.
Export-Receive Dynamic in Sub-district Two 79
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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LILONG PERCENTAGE EXPORTING PARCEL 100% 90% 30% 100% 0% 100% 100% 0% 100% 100% 100% 50%
4 3 3 4 0 1 2 0 0 3 6 3 25
HYBRID PARCEL
0 4 2 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 5 17
RECEIVING PARCEL
0 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3 9
OPEN SPACE PARCEL
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 3
PARCEL TOTAL
4 7 11 6 1 1 5 1 1 6 6 11 56
Similar concept applies in sub-district three. Instead of developing lilong structures directly adjacent to the major roads, we proposed them to be preservable parcel in order to preserve the integrity of the lilong structures, while mid-block parcels in between lilong and mid or high-rise stuctures could be designated as developable parcels for further densification and diversification.
Export-Receive Dynamic in Sub-district Three 81
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Block/Parcel Level
+ Parcelization as a way to understand Intricacy of Blocks + Identification/Statistical Inventory of Preservable/Developable Parcels + Parcelization as Preservation Device---Module/Typology + Parcelization as Development Device---Open Space/Intermediate Scale
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
2012
2012
2012
2012
2012
1937 1800 1800
84
NEW ORLEANS 1800
NEW ORLEANS NEW New ORLEANS Orleans
B
1997
BOGOTA
Be
PARCELIZATION 2012
2012
1937
2012
CO-1
2012
2012
1833
erlin
2012
2012
2012 2012
2012 2012
2012
2012
2012
1833
1937 1937
1800
1997
1800
NEW ORLEANS 1800
BE-3
1997
BO-1 1997 BO-1 BOGOTA Bogota
1937
CO-3
COPENHAGEN
BE-1 NO-2 1800 NO-2 COPENHAGEN BE-1 Copenhagen
1997
NEW ORLEANS
1833
TYPOLOGICAL CHANGE
BOGOTA
SPECULATIONS
BE-2
1833
2012
PARCEL/BLDG
2012
How Parcelization Serves as a Device to Transform Urban Blocks 85
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
WIBAUTSTRAAT, COPENHAGEN
PARCELIZATION INFILL ALLEY DENSITY
86
Parcel as Important Preservation/(re)development Unit 87
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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As shown before in case studies, parcelization serves as an important device to understand the intricacy of hybrid blocks, some of which there are different lilong neighborhoods, and some of which there is co-existence of lilongs and mid or highrise development.
Parcelization to understand Intricacy of Lilong Districts 89
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90
+ Perimeter Parcel as Frontage Buffer
+ Perimeter Parcel as Intermediate Scale
Perimeter blocks are important components of lilong’s integrity in terms of both configuration and programs. In addition, perimeter blocks serve as protective structures of lilong facing major transportation network.
Perimeter Parcel to re-establish Lilong Configuration 91
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Preservable and developable parcels are designated based on the criteria of the integrity of lilong’s structure, the senarios of co-existence, the interplay between lilong and other structures.
Parcelization for Preservable / Developable Parcels 93
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94
Since the design project focus on the hybrid blocks due to the goal of preserving the spatial diversity, it is important to introduct new parcel to re-structure the hybrid block to better the co-existence condition, such as the Open Space parcel serving as a shared device to bring original and new residents together, or Inner Street Parcel to insert a lively frontage in-between two divergent parcels.
Block Re-structure of co-existence between Preservable / Developable Parcels 95
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
96
Open Space Parcel instilled into Hybrid Parcel
Active Frontage Parcel instilled into Hybrid Parcel 97
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(re)Development Project Level
+ Statistical Guideline of Setback/Alley/Height/Density,etc. + Toolkit to Preserve Culture Values/Urbanistic Orders + Toolkit to Densify / Diversify / Introduce Creative Industry
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Sample-One
100
Sample-Two
Two sample hybrid blocks are selected to test how interventions on single preservation/development project level would balance the conflicting elements while providing new typologies for creative industry, as a new opportunity to bring preservation and development on the same page. The first sample block epitomizes the co-existence of lilong structures and industrial structures. The concept is re-channelling the pressure along the riverside and major roads to certain developable parcels. Creative venues are built along mid-block connections and according to existing structure. The second sample block epitomizes the co-existence of lilong structures and highrise structures. The concept is harmonizing the co-existence with open space parcel and inner street parcel. Connectivity is enhanced on multiple layers and densification is built onto existing structures.
Two Sample Hybrid Blocks on the Prioriaty Level 101
Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Sample Block-One: Hybrid Block of Industrial Structure and Lilong Neighborhood 102
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Cross-river Skybridge
Multi-layered Connectivity
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Mid-block Promenade
Mid-block Promenade
Mid-block Promenade
Creative Venues embeded in (re)development Project
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Sample Block-Two: Hybrid Block of High-rise and Lilong Neighborhood 112
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
Creative Venues ‘sandwiched’ in Residential Structures
Creative Venues and Public Amenities
116
Public Amenities cantilivered over Open Space
Densification upon Existing Footprint
Mid-level Connection
Densification with respect to Existing Urban Module
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Chapter six:
Appendix
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Urban RE-Fabrication: An Alternative Preservation/(re)development Model
literature bibliography
Fei Chen. Traditional architectural forms in market-oriented Chinese cities: Place for localities or symbol of culture? Habitat International. Warr, Anne. Shanghai’s lilongs: Shanghai’s housing blocks offer lessons for creating dense urban neighborhoods. Urban land, 2007 May, v.66, n.5, p.84-89 Non Arkaraprasertkul. Towards modern urban housing: redefining Shanghai’s lilong. Journal of Urbanism; Mar2009, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p11-29, 19p. Lü, Guo-zhao. “A Study on Taipingqiao Area and Xintiandi Based on Preservation Legislations.” Shi dai jian zhu = Time & architecture.5 (2007): 130-3. Print. Wang, Jun. ‘Art in capital’: Shaping distinctiveness in a culture-led urban regeneration project in Red Town, Shanghai. Cities; Dec2009, Vol. 26 Issue 6, p318-330, 13p Wang, Stephen Wei-Hsin. Commercial Gentrification and Entrepreneurial Governance in Shanghai: A Case Study of Taikang Road Creative Cluster. Urban Policy & Research; Dec2011, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p363-380, 18p Shin, Hyun Bang. Urban conservation and revalorisation of dilapidated historic quarters: The case of Nanluoguxiang in Beijing. Cities; Jun2010 Supplement 1, Vol. 27, pS43-S54 Lu, Hanchao. Away from Nanking Road: Small stores and neighborhood life in modern Shanghai. Journal of Asian Studies; Feb95, Vol. 54 Issue 1, p92, 32
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Auyeung, Poyin. “Art, Urbanism, and Public Space: Critical Spatial Responses to Urban Redevelopment in Beijing (1976--2000).” Ph.D. City University of New York, 2008. Dowall, David E. “Urban Residential Redevelopment in the People’s Republic of China.” Urban Studies (Routledge) 31.9 (1994): 1497. Print. He, Shenjing, and Fulong Wu. “Socio-Spatial Impacts of Property-Led Redevelopment on China’s Urban Neighborhoods.” Cities 24.3 (2007): 194-208. Print. Ren, Xuefei. “Forward to the Past: Historical Preservation in Globalizing Shanghai.” City & Community 7.1 (2008): 23-43. Print. SHIH, M. (. “The Evolving Law of Disputed Relocation: Constructing Inner-City Renewal Practices in Shanghai, 1990-2005 (English).” Int.j.urban reg.res. 34.2 (2010): 350-64. Print. Wang, Stephen Wei-Hsin. “The Evolution of Housing Renewal in Shanghai, 1990-2010: A ‘Socially Conscious’ Entrepreneurial City?” International Journal of Housing Policy 11.1 (2011): 51-69. Print. Weinstein, Liza, and Xuefei Ren. “The Changing Right to the City: Urban Renewal and Housing Rights in Globalizing Shanghai and Mumbai.” City & Community 8.4 (2009): 407-32. Print. Whitehand, J. W. R., et al. “Urban Morphology and Conservation in China.” Cities 28.2 (2011): 171-85. Print. Zhao, Chunlad. “From ‘Shikumen’ to New-Style: A Rereading of ‘Lilong’ Housing in Modern Shanghai.” Journal of architecture 9.1 (2004): 49-76. Print.
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acknowledgements
Thesis Advisor: Co-Advisor: Thesis Prep Faculty:
Alex Krieger Peter G. Rowe Micheal Hooper
Here I would like to thank Professor Alex Krieger, Peter G. Rowe and Micheal Hooper for their guidance and encouragement throughout the past one year journey. I am also very grateful for professor Felippe Correa, professor Joan Busquets, teaching fellow Christina Crawford, and other design critic who have provided insightful comments and suggestions during multiple reviews, to help me improve the thesis project. This thesis project would not be as comprehensive without the support from my beloved boyfriend, my family and my fellow students. Here I would like to express my gratitude to them all.
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