Freedom from fear(ျမန္မာျပန္)

(a&SŒrsufESmzHk;) a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; atmifqef;pk=unf (a&SŒrsufESmzHk;twGif; pmrsufESm) “ppfom;r[kwfayr,fh EdkifiHtwGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH/ trsKd;rsKd;pGef‹pm;vkyf=uwJh vlawGvnf; &SdwmyJ? tJh'ga=umifh ppfom;rS ppfom;qdkwJh pdwf"mwfudk ajymif;=u&r,f? igwdk‹[m vufeufudkifawG jzpf=uaomfvnf; rw&m;rvkyf/ EdkifiH&JŒ &efolawGr[kwf/ EkdifiH&JŒ rdwfaqGawGjzpfw,fqdkwmudk oabmayguf&r,f?” (atmifqef;) “atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ jrefrmESifh urBmh tajccHt,ltrsm;udk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEdkifyg?” (Am;pvAf[mAJvf) “atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_tarGtESpf. taumif;qHk; t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqxm;onfrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr# jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfonf?” (EdkbJvfaumfrwDOuUX/ 1991) (tzGifhpmrsufESm)

a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; (tzGifhpmrsufESm) atmifqef;pk=unf a=umuf±GHŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;a&; ESifh tjcm;pmwrf;rsm; a'gufwmatmifcif wnf;jzwfonf?

La Haule Books

(xkwfa0olrsm;. pmrsufESm) ra=umufr±GHŒESifh vGwfvyfrSefuefpGm a&;om;ajymqdkydkifcGifh&aprnfh EdkifiHa&;pepfukd awmifhwaeol jrefrmwdkif;&if;om;taygif;tm; &nf!$ef;ygonf?

This collection copyright © Aung San Suu Kyi, 1993 The moral right of the author has been asserted.

ISBN 0 86120 049 7

This first edition of Freedom from Fear and Other Writings in the Burmese language first published in 1993 by La Haule Books West Lodge La Haule Jersey Channel Islands United Kingdom The Buddhist symbol on the title and spine is the abhayamudra, the "gesture of fearlessness"

Printed in England by Biddles Ltd., Guildford

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vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; orkdif;q&m-q&mrrsm; a&muf&Sdaecdkufjzpfojzifh atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfwGif wae‹ pka0;=uonf? xdkae‹Yyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfwdk‹ ZeD;armifESHu olwdk‹tdrfwGif vBuf&nfyJG jyifqifxm;ojzifh usaemfwdk‹ orkdif;tkyfpk oGm;=uonf? usaemfESifh usaemfhZeD;tygt0if tm;vHk; {nhfonf &Spfa,muf &Sd.? a':pkudk,fwkdif vkyfxm;aom udwfrek f‹rsm; pm;aomufI waysmfwyg; &SdvSonf? usaemfonf a':pk.cifyGef; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhom pum;ajym&onfursm;+yD; a':pkrSmrl trsKd;orD;0kdif;wGif vufrvnfEdkifatmif {nfhcH&if; pum;vufqHk usaeonfu rsm;.? a':pkwdk‹tdrfrSm tawmfav;us,f0ef;onf[k qdkEkdifaomfvnf; ukvm;xdkifrsm;/ pm;yJGrsm;ESifh pmtkyfpifrsm;uvJGI usaemf bmr# rawG‹rd? vifr,m;ESpfa,mufpvHk; ±dk;±dk;ukyfukyfESifh pmayvdkufpm;olrsm; jzpfonf[lIom usaemfhpdwfxJY rSwfcsufcsrdonf?

(2) xdkae‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemufydkif; usaemfESifh a':pkwdk‹ZeD;armifESH vHk;0 tquftoG,f r&Sdoavmuf jzpfoGm;onf? 1988 ckESpfa&mufrS jrefrmjynf 'Drkdua&pDta&;awmfyHkwGif a':pk aZmufcsI vkyfudkifaeonfrsm;udk owif;pmrsm;wGif zwf&onf? vlóuHrsm;ESifh ygvmaom AGD'D,dktacGrsm;wGifvnf; a':pkudk awG‹&onf? usaemfonf rqvacwfudk pufqkyf±GH&Sm+yD; rqv'%fudkvnf; rcHEkdifonfhtqHk; EkdifiHjcm;xGufvmcJholjzpfonf? a':pkrSmrl vGwfvyfae&mrS trdEkdifiHodk‹jyef&if; rdrd. ,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif; 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;a&;twGuf wkdufyJG0if ±kef;uefaeoljzpfonf? a':pkudk ±kd;om;ajzmifhrwf odrfarG‹aom tdrf&SifrwOD;tjzpfom od&Sdxm;cJhojzifh a&&SnfwkdufyJGwGif cHEkdif&nf&Sdyghrvm;[k tpwGif usaemf oHo,jzpfrdonf? odk‹aomf a':pk OD;aqmifonfh 'Drkdua&pDwdkufyJG tcsdef=umvmonfESifhtr# xdkoHo,pdwfwdk‹ vGifhpifuG,faysmufukefawmhonf?

(3) a':pk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifha&;om;I cifyGef;onf a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pf wnf;jzwfxkwfa0aom "Freedom From Fear" pmtkyfudk 1991 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif zwfvdkuf&onf? xdkpmtkyfudk jrefrmbmom jyefqkdxkwfa0oifhonf[k usaemf awG;rdonf? xdkpmtkyfudk wu,fwrf; jrefrmjyef&mwGif usaemf t"dutcef;rS yg0ifvm&rnf[k xdkpOfu rxifrSwfcJhyg? usaemf aemufqHk; jrefrmjyefqdk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhonfh tawG‹tóuHrSm 1971 ckESpfu jzpfonf? ESpfaygif; 20 ausmfcef‹ jrefrmjyefxkwfa0onfh tavhtx jywfvyfaecJhojzifh tpwGif a':pkpmtkyfudk jrefrmjyef&ef r0Hhr&J jzpfrdaomfvnf; jrefrmwkdif;&if;om;wkdif; zwf±_oifhonfhpmtkyf[k ,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf twwfEdkifqHk; tm;xkwfjyefqdkcJh&onf? txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf &nfpl;xm;onfhtavsmuf t*FvdyfpmtkyfESifhrwlbJ wrlxl;jcm;aerSm trSefjzpfonf?

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EkdifiHa&;tarGudk qufcHrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ +idrf;csrf;aomenf;jzifh wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &,lEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if;/ wyfrawmfom;wdk‹u ±dkaoav;pm;&oltjzpf‚if;/ trsm;jynfol. ,Hk=unfudk;pm;r_ &,lxm;oltjzpf‚if;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;udk vkyfaqmifEkdifrnfholtjzpf‚if; ay:xGufvmygonf?

(4) uG,fvGefol orkdif;ynm&Sif Adkvfrª;b&Sif a&;om;I 1950 ckESpfu yxrqHk;t}udrf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cJhonfh “jrefrmEdkifiHawmforkdif;” pmtkyfwGif jrefrmha&S;a[mif;orkdif;ynm&Sif}uD; ygarmuQ *sD/ tdyfcsf/ vkpf u “Armr[kwfaom EkdifiHom;rsm;tay: uG,fvGefol atmifqef; xm;&Sdaom oabmxm;rsm;udk usaemf rsm;pGmav;pm;rdyg.? jrefrmEdkifiH pnf;vHk;a&;udk "m;jzifhr[kwfbJ EdkifiHhacgif;aqmifyDopGm av;av;eufeuf t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd óud;yrf;&mwGif ‘usefppfom;’ vGefonfrSpI atmifqef;onf yxrqHk;aom Armjzpfonf[k usaemf ,lqygonf”[k ‚if;. trSmpmwGif rSwfwrf;wifxm;onf? a':pkonf zcifvkyfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vkdufEkdifrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHY 'Drkdua&pDxGef;um;&ef a':pkwOD;wnf; tepfemcHóud;yrf;I &rnfr[kwf/ vlwkdif;u rdrdwkd‹. udk,fusKd;oufoufudkom =unfhraebJ/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDta&;wdk‹twGuf wwfEkdifoI wm0efodod ulnDrSom jrefrmEdkifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pDxGef;um;I ppfrSefaom wkdif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk &&SdEkdifrnfjzpfonf? pmtkyfyg toHk;tE_ef;rsm;udk ae‹pOfoHk; jrefrmpum;ESifh teD;pyfqHk;jzpfap&ef &nf&G,fxm;ojzifh Oyrm “u|efr-u|efawmf” [laom pmvHk;aygif;udk roHk;bJ “usr-usaemf” jzifh tpm;xdk; oHk;pJGxm;onf? rl&if; jrefrmpum;wGif rdrdudk,frdrd “ig”[lI &nf!$ef;aomfvnf; tm%m&Sifbk&ifrsm;acwfwGif “u|ef” [laom a0g[m& acwfpm;vmcJhI “ig” [laom rlvtoHk;tE_ef;rSm bk&m;pmrsm;wGifom usefaeawmhrnf jzpfonf? pmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf tzufzufrS ulnD=uonfh vef'efòrd‹rS t&SifOwW&/ OD;pdefausmfv_difESifh tjcm; jrefrmjyefqkdulnDolrsm;tm; txl;v_dufvSJpGm aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf? jrefrmjyefqdk&mY wpHkw&m c|wf,Gif;r_&Sdrnfqdkv#if usaemfhwGifom wm0ef&Sdygonf? a'gufwmatmifcif vef'ef 7-9-93 Am;pvAf [mAJvf. pum;OD; Am;pvAf[mAJvf (Vaclav Havel) onf txl;±dkav;pm;jcif;cH&aom jyZmwfESifh pma&;q&mjzpf+yD; ,cktcgwGif csuf (Czech) EkdifiH. orwjzpfonf? csmwm-77 [k xif&Sm;aom vl‹tcGifhta&;v_yf&Sm;r_udk 1977 ckESpfY pwifwnfaxmif&mwGifvnf; yg0ifcJhonf? Tv_yf&Sm;r_a=umifh csufudkpvdkAm;uD;,m; (Czechoslovakia) wGif 'Drdkua&pDudk usifhoHk;vmEkdifjcif; jzpf.? wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcscH&jcif;/ aetdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfjzifh zrf;qD;cH&jcif; ponfh tawG‹tóuHrsm; &SdcJholjzpfojzifh Am;pvAf [mAJvfonf atmifqef;pk=unftay:wGif txl; pmemaxmufxm;/ ±dkaoav;pm;ol jzpfonf? olrudk 1991 ckESpfY EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkay;&ef tqkdðyolrsm;xJwGif ‚if;yg0ifonf?

* * * a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJh+yDjzpfonf? vGwfvyfr_ESifh vl‹*k%foduQmtwGuf tm%m&Sifpepftm; qef‹usifonfh olr. wkdufyJGudk ,cktcg tjynfjynfqkdif&mu todtrSwfðyvdkufjcif;yifjzpfonf? olronf TqkESifh tvGefyif xdkufwefolwOD;jzpfonf? olronf &Sif;vif;jywfom;cdkifrmpGm ajymqdkoljzpfonf? olrtm; E_wfqdwfoGm;ap&ef &nf±G,fI EkdifiHjcm;odk‹ t+rJwrf; oGm;a&mufaexkdifyg&ef qJGaqmifurf;vSrf;vmonfudk olru vufrcHbJ jiif;y,fxm;ygonf? tus,fcsKyf uscHae&onfhb0wGif opPmw&m;udk apmifhxdef;vsuf&Sdonf? tm%mrJholwdk‹. pGrf;tm;udk olru tvGefxif&Sm;pGm Oyrmjyaeygonf? EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qktwGuf olrtm; tqdkðycJh&onfudk usaemf av;eufpGm *k%f,lrdonfhtavsmuf olrtm; a&G;cs,fvdkufonfudk aumif;csD;=obmay;=uolrsm;wGif usaemftygt0if jzpfonf? jrefrmjynfY 'Drdkua&pDESifh vl‹tcGifhta&;&&Sd&ef OD;wnfaom wkdufyJGwGif b0udk ðryfESHxm;jcif;jzifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr. wkdif;jynfY w&m;r#wr_&Sd&eftwGufomru rdrdwdk‹. yef;wkdifudk rdrdwdk‹udk,fwkdif vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fvdkol tm;vHk;twGufyg &J&ifhpGm ajymqkdaejcif;jzpfygonf? urBmwcGifvHk;wGif vGwfvyfr_&&Sda&;twGuf óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&ef vdktyfaeor# umvywfvHk; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xkwfazmfajymqdkcsufuJhodk‹aom ajymqdkr_rsm;onf tjcm;olrsm;udkyg v_H‹aqmfodrf;oGif;vmvdrfhrnf jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfa&; awmifhwonfh [pfaºuG;oHonf Oa&mytv,fydkif;rS xGufay:vmonfjzpfap/ ±k&Sm;rSjzpfap/ tmz&durSjzpfap/ odk‹r[kwf tm&SrSjzpfap woHwnf;xGufaeygonf? ‚if;rSm vlom;tm;vHk;udk vl‹*k%foduQmESifhtnD qufqHyg&efESifh vlom;tm;vHk;wGif ar#mfvifhcsuf&Sd&ef vdktyfonf[laom [pfaºuG;oHyifjzpfygonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf trSefw&m;udk ajymqdkaeI‚if;/ olr. pum;rsm;onf jrefrmESifh urBmhtajccHt,ltqudk a&mifjyef[yfaeI‚if;/ olrtm; E_wfqdwfatmif rðyvkyfEkdifyg? “vlom;. oaE<yg *k%foduQm/ vlom;ESifh cJGcGmIr&aom nDr#aom tcGifhta&;rsm;udk todtrSwfðyonfh t,ltq/ vlwkdif;wGif trSm;trSef a0zefydkif;jcm;Ekdifaom todOm%fESifh qifjcifwHkw&m;&Sdonfudk vufcHxm;aom t,ltq/ vlvlcsif; nDtudkarmifESrozG,f arwWmxm;&ef t}uHðyaom t,ltq ponfh tawG;tac:t,ltqwdk‹onf rdrdwdk‹. wefzdk;xm;r_rsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹ qef‹usifbufjzpfEdkifrnfudk jrefrmEdkifiHol EkdifiHom;rsm;taeESifh em;rvnfEdkifatmif jzpf&ayonf”[k a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fwkdif a&;om;xm;ygonf? &J&ifhowWd&Sdaom TtrsKd;orD;tm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhjcif;onf w&m;r#wr_udk óud;pm;&SmazGae=uol usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk;twGuf olru ajymqdkaeonfudk &Sif;vif;pGm jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfygonf? a':oef;at;a&;om;aom ‘pk’ESifh rdwfqufjcif; a':oef;at; ynmawmfoiftjzpf t*FvefEkdifiHY a&muf&SdaepOf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh awG‹qHkcJhonf? xdk‹aemuf olronf a':cif=unf. rdwfaqGjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;pk=unfESifh b0wavsmufvHk;wGif cspfcif&if;ESD;oljzpfonf? a':oef;at;udk xdkacwfu tqdkawmf ‘bdvyfjyefoef;’ [k vlodrsm;cJh.? q&mrtjzpf‚if;/ wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aomtcgwGif urBmhukvor*~Y yxrqHk; tr_xrf;aom jrefrmtrsKd;orD; jzpfvmonf? ukvor*~wGif ESpfaygif; (25) ESpf=um tr_xrf;+yD;aemuff t+idrf;pm;,lum ,cktcg =op}wD;,m;EkdifiHY aexdkifvsuf&Sdonf?

* * *

p=wmpfabmufòrd‹ (Strasbourg) Y (12) EkdifiHyg0ifaom Oa&myygvDrefonf 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv (19) &ufae‹wGif wnf+idrfoduQm&Sdaom txl;pnf;a0;yJGusif;yum jrefrmEkdifiHrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vGwfvyfpGm awG;ac:r_twGuf 1991 ckESpf qmcga&mh (Sakharov) qkudk csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf? ,cifESpfrsm;u awmiftmz&durS e,fqifref'Jvm; (Nelson Nandela)/ qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkrS temwdkvDrmcsefudk (Anatoly Marchenko) ESifh csufudkqvdkAufuD;,m;EdkifiHrS tvufZENm;'kAfcsuf (Alexander Dubcek) wdk‹tm; tvm;wl *k%fðycJhygonf? ygvDrefOuUXjzpfol bm±Gifc&uf(pf)ydk (Baron Crespo) u cef‹nm;x,f0gaom pydefbmompum;ESifh ¹rGuf=um;vdu k faom a=unmcsufudk usrwdk‹ em;=uyfrsm;xJrS bmomjyefu t*Fvdyfpum;ESifh jyefajymvdkufonfrSm ‘usaemfwdk‹onf Tqkudk &J&ifhaom tm&SolwOD;tm; csD;jr‡ifhvdkufygonf?

TtrsKd;orD;. trnfonf vGwfvyfjcif;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf t=urf;rzufaomenf;ESifh wdkufyJG0ifjcif;wdk‹ESifh xyfwlxyfr#yif jzpfygonf’? rdef‹cGef;t+yD;Y OuUX}uD;onf tcrf;tem; pifjrifhay:Y zcifESifhtwl xkdifaeaom uifrf (a':atmifqef;pk=unf. om;i,f armifxdefvif;) tm; qkvufrSwfudk tyfESif;vdkufjcif;jzifh wdkawmif;aomfvnf; pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,ftwdjzpfaom tcrf;tem;udk ed*Hk;csKyfvdkufygonf? rdwfaqGoli,fcsif;rsm;u ‘pk’ [lI ac:avh&Sdaom olronfum; Tqkudk ukd,fwdkifvma&muf vufrcHEkdif&Smyg? olonf jrefrmppftpdk;&. tusOf;uscHwOD;taeESifh &efukefòrd‹Y txdef;odrf;cHb0 ‘oHk;’ ESpfajrmuf oufwrf;udk pwif&ifqkdifvsuf &Sdygonf?

Tzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif;ESifh T*k%fðycsD;jr‡if;jcif;wdk‹udk jzpfay:vmapcJhaom pk. b0vrf;a=umif;udk pOf;pm;oHk;oyf&if; usrudk,fudkusr (Tae&mwGif "gwfyHkrsm; xnfhygonf) ("gwfyHkatmufrSpmom;rsm;) tay: - rdcifudk,fpm; om;i,fuifrf (xdefvif;)u vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:r_qkdif&m qmcga&mhqkudk 1991 ckESpf Zlvkdifv 10 &ufae‹wGif vufcH&,lpOf atmuf - ,ck axmif'%fuscHae&aom OD;=unfarmifESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf +Adwdo#0ef}uD;csKyf twWvD. trSwf (10) a'gif;eif;vrf; vef'efòrd‹aetdrfwGif 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DY awG‹qHkpOf (0JrS ,m) OD;bab/ rpPwmuvDref‹twWvD/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ OD;wifxGwf/ avmh'fyDopfavm&ifh (a':oef;at;aqmif;yg; tquf) ar;cGef;trsKd;rsKd; xkwfaerdygonf? ‘'gawG[m b,fvdkub,fvdk jzpfay:cJhwmygvdrfh/ 'Dvdktajctaeqdk;awG/ zdpD;csKyfcs,fr_awGudk cHEkdifpGrf;ay;wJh }uHŒcdkifwJhpdwf"mwf&JŒ t&if;tjrpf[m bmygvdrfh/ b,fursm; xGufay:vmygvdrfh/ b,favmuf =umOD;r,frodatmif qufvufxdef;odrf;cHae&OD;rSmeJ‹ jrefrmhEkdifiHa&;ZmwfuGif;xJ olr pGrf;aqmifcJhor#udk ppftpdk;&u wrifwum wdkufzsufaewmawGudk olr b,fvdkrsm; jrifygvdrfh?’ olronf xdkZmwfuGif;xJodk‹ 1988 ckESpfY EdkifiHa&;ygwDw&yf wnfaxmifpOfu 0ifa&mufcJhygonf? olrtm; zrf;qD;vdkuf+yD; (10) vcef‹t=umwGif usif;ycJhaom 1990 ckESpf a±G;aumufyJGY xdkygwDu tjywftowf tEdkif&cJhygonf? usr. txiftjrift&/ pk. tEkdifrcH t±_H;ray;pdwf"mwfESifh trsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;aom oabmobm0wdk‹. ckdif+rJaom Zpfjrpfonf arhaysmufI r&Edkifaom olr. zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. owd&wrf;wzG,f&m t&nftcsif;rsm;ESifh olr. xl;jcm;aomrdcif a':cif=unf. ðypkysKd;axmifr_wdk‹yif jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0Zmwfvrf;onf jrefrmhordkif;. wpdwfwydkif;jzpfI trsm;uod+yD;/ rSwfwrf;wif+yD; jzpfygonf? (aemufqHk;rSwfwrf;w&yfudk ol‹orD;udk,fwkdif ðypkcJhygonf?) +Adwdo#vufatmufcH jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;odk‹ *syefwyfrawmfESifhtwl a&SŒOD;rS csDwufrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyfacgif;aqmiftjzpf *syefwdk‹xHrS ppfynmoif=um;cJhyHk/ *syefwdk‹vufatmufcHtjzpf aecJh&aom

twkta,mifvGwfvyfa&;umv aemufydkif;Y jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef 0ifa&mufvmaom r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufcJhyHk/ aemufqHk; ppf+yD;acwfY vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;awmif;qdkcsufudk +Adwdo#wdk‹ vdkufavsm&onftxd tywfwukwf óud;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJhyHk ponfwdk‹udk pma&;q&mtrsm;u tao;pdwf a&;om;wifjy+yD; jzpfygonf? a':cif=unf. twˆKy`wWdudkrl aphaphiSiS rSwfwrf;wifxm;jcif; r&Sdyg?

AdkvfcsKyfESifhywfoufI usr owd&aeaom tcsuftcsKdŒrSm txl;atmufarhvGrf;qGwfzG,f jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;udpPrsm;udk twWvD (Attlee) tpdk;&ESifh aqG;aEG;&ef udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹udk acgif;aqmifum AdkvfcsKyfa&mufvmaom 1947 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvrSm t*FvefEkdifiHY tqdk;qHk;aqmif;umv. &moD'%fudk tvl;tvJcHae&csdef jzpfygonf? vef'efòrd‹v,fY ESif;pdkifESif;cJrsm;onf &Sif;vif;I rxm;Edkifavmufatmif xlxyfpGmyHkae+yD; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹ wnf;cdk&m a':csuf(pf)wm[dkw,f (Dorchester Hotel) oGm;vrf;udkyif ydwfqdk‹vkrwwf jzpfaeygonf? ppf+yD;pacwf òcd;+cHpGmaexkdifa&;pepfonf tm;vHk;tay: oufa&mufr_&Sdojzifh jrefrmrsm;vnf; tjcm;vef'efwGif aexkdifol vltrsm;enf;wl ae‹pOf em&Daygif;rsm;pGm v#yfppf"mwftm; jzwfawmufcH&onfh'kuQudk aumif;aumif;}uD; &ifqkdifae=u&ygonf? [dkw,fcef;rsm;wGif rD;aoG;rD;/ xif;rD;wdk‹ESifh [kef;[kef;awmufaeaom rD;vif;zdk}uD;rsm; r&Sdyg? ao;i,faom "mwfrD;vif;zdkuav;rsm;om &Sdygonf? tae&txdkif& roufomvSaom tcsdefjzpfaomfvnf;/ ar#mfvifhjcif;ESifh pdwf"mwfwufºuGjcif;wdk‹ jrifhrm;aecsdefvnf; jzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfonf vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;tm;vHk;ESifh awG‹qHkEkdif&ef *±kwpdkuf pDpOfcJh.? vef'ef&Sd jrefrmrsm;qdkonfrSm ynmoifaeolrsm;/ tvkyfvkyfudkif aexdkifaeolrsm;/ c&D;oGm;&if;vm&if; c%wðzwf &yfem;aeolrsm;ESifh usruJhodk‹ cyf=um=um tvnftywfa&mufaeaom {nfhonfrsm; jzpf=uygonf? pdk[dk&yfuGuf (Soho) &Sd jrefrmxrif;qkdifwqkdifwGif AdkvfcsKyftm; *k%fðyonfh {nfhcHyJGusif;y=uygonf? tawmftwef jynfh=uyfaeaom {nfhy&dowfudk E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfu usrwdk‹wOD;csif;ESifh cifrif&if;ESD;pGm pum;ajymygonf? AdkvfcsKyf. &eH‹oif;aom *k%fowif;rsm; usrwdk‹xH a&mufcJhonfrSm twef=umyg+yD? vltrsm; todtrSwfðy&aom ol. t&Sdeft0g/ awmufajymifvSaom ol. wnf=unfajzmifhrwfr_/ twdkuftcHrsm;tm; udkifwG,f&mY vdrRmyg;eyfyHk/ *syefacwftwGif;u *syefrsm;ESifh ppf+yD;cgeD;ESifh ppf+yD;acwfY t*Fvdyfrsm;tygt0if/ olESifh qufqHvkyfudkif&olrsm;ESifh tqifhtjrifhqHk; tm%mydkifrsm;. av;pm;jcif;udk &,lEkdifyHk/ olvdkvm;onfh vGwfvyfa&;aqG;aEG;yJGrsm;tm; taumiftxnfazmfEkdifonfh tqifhwdkifatmif jrefrmEkdifiHudk o,faqmifvmcJhaom ol. v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ponfh udpPtaygif;udk tm;vHk; odESifh=u+yD; jzpfygonf? TtrsKd;om;ol&Jaumif;}uD;onf usrwdk‹ wOD;csif;pD. euf±_dif;aom ±dkaoav;pm;r_ukd &&Sd+yD; jzpfygonf? ol. ±dk;om;I [efyefrygaom cifrifr_onf usrwdk‹. toJESvHk;rsm;udkyg odrf;óuH;vdkufygawmhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfESifh udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0ifrsm; tvkyfwm0efrS tm;vyfaom naersm;wGif usrudk AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹wnf;cdkaeaom [dkw,f{nfhaqmifY xrif;pm;&ef zdwfac:avh&Sdygonf? xrif; pm;aomuf+yD;aomtcg "mwfrD;vif;zdk cyfrSdefrSdefav;udk 0dkif;&Hum ppfrjzpfrDu ta=umif;rsm;/ *syefrsm;xHrS ppfynmoif=um;pOfu ta=umif;rsm;/ tem*wftwGuf ar#mfvifhcsufxm;Edkifaom ypPKy`efumv ta=umif;rsm; ponfwdk‹udk aqG;aEG;=uygonf? ppftwGif; jrefrmjynfta=umif;ESifh ppf+yD;pumvY +Adwdo#tpdk;&u AdkvfcsKyf. awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk vufcHvmap&ef v_yf&Sm;±kef;uefcJh&yHk ta=umif;wdk‹udkum; rsm;pGm ajymavhajymxr&Sdyg? tzJG‹wzJG‹vHk;twGuf udk,fa&mpdwfyg oufomap&ef tyef;ajzcsdefyif jzpfygonf? ppftwGif;umvwGif usru e,l;a'vD&Sd tdENd,jynfvHk;qkdif&m toHv$ifhXmeY tvkyfvkyfaecJhygonf? xdkXmerS bmompum ("gwfyHkrsm;) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unf 1942 ckESpfwGif xdrf;jrm;vufxyfpOfu

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OD;aqmifwdkufcdkufygawmhonf? ‘pk’ rnfuJhodk‹ ukvor*~Y tvkyfvkyfaeygoenf;/ rnfonfhEdkifiHul;vufrSwf udkifaqmifxm;ygoenf;/ olrrdcifonf oHtrwf}uD; r[kwfawmhojzifh ‘pk’ taeESifh oHwrefrsm;qdkif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwf jyeftyf&rnf jzpfygonf? ,ckxd jyefrtyf&ao;qdkonfrSm rSefygovm;? oHwrefrsm;qkdif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk qufvufudkifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESifhrnDa=umif; olr odrnfjzpfygonf? tvGefrS enf;vrf;rusaom udpPjzpfojzifh tjrefqHk;jyifqif&ef vdkygonf? wpkwa0;vHk;u OD;vGifajymor#udk rsufESmvdkrsufESm& atmufusKdŒaomtoGifjzifh axmufcHoHrsm;ðyum ‘pk’ udk 0kdif;=unfhae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’ u taerysuf wnf+idrfpGm&Sdaejcif;rSm usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? olru Áa¹EN&Sd&Sd avat;at;ESifh jyefajzygonf?

EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef vef'ef&Sd jrefrmoH±Hk;Y olr av#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeftawmf=umoGm;+yD jzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwdkif tajzr&ao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhodk‹aom ta=umif;a=umifh Tr# xl;xl;jcm;jcm; =uef‹=umae&onfudk rajymEkdifa=umif;/ e,l;a,mufodk‹ olr ynmoif&ef vmcJh&mY &Sdvufp EkdifiHul;vufrSwfudkyif udkifaqmifcJh&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaexdkifa&;twGuf tvkyf&Sm&ef vdkaeonfhtcsdefY uHtm;avsmfpGm ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&SdcJha=umif;/ jrefrmEdkifiHom;jzpfa=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vdktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJhaom EdkifiHul;vufrSwfudk vef'efoH±Hk;rS ydk‹ay;&ef apmifhaevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ EkdifiHul;vufrSwf topfa&mufonfESifh ta[mif;udk 0rf;ompGmjyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/ EdkifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfudkifEkdif&ef EkdifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqdkif&myJjzpfap/ ±dk;±dk;yJjzpfap) wrsKd;rsKd; vkdtyfonfudk tcef;wGif;&Sd OD;av;tm;vHk; em;vnf=urnf[k olr ,lqa=umif;/ ‘pk’ u ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹aom toHaetoHxm;ESifh wdusaumif;rGefaom jrefrmpum;vHk;rsm;udkoHk;I ajymoGm;ygonf? vef'efrS jrefrmoHtrwfu xum ‘pk’ taeESifh EdkifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef av#mufxm;cJhonfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &Sd+yDjzpfa=umif;udk twnfðyum xHk;pHtwdkif; av#mufv$mudk &efukefodk‹ydk‹xm;a=umif; ajymygawmhonf? tb,fha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; ta=umif;rjyefao;onfudk ol rod&a=umif;vnf; ajymygonf? trSeftm;jzifh jrefrmjynfY Todk‹enf;wl aESmifhaES;=uef‹=umr_rsm;udk jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonfh AsL±dku&uf,EW&m;ESifh tvkyftudkifryDjyifr_rsm;ta=umif;udk tcef;wGif;&Sd usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&Sd+yD;jzpfygonf? xdktcgrS tjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESifh rdrdvyk fcJhyHkrSvJGI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJh[k oabmwl=uygawmhonf? udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹t}uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; rwifrusjzpfvm.? awmif;yefouJhodk‹aom avoHESifh tputajctaeudk vHk;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJha=umif;/ &efukefjyefa&mufaomtcg EkdifiHul;vufrSwf±Hk;u vkyfp&m&Sdonfrsm;udk vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef oludk,fwkdifn$ef=um;vdkufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajymygonf? Tyk*~Kdvf}uD;rsm;rSm ‘pk’ xuf touftm;jzifh }uD;=uolrsm;jzpf=uaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsi;f tm;jzifh }uD;olrsm;r[kwf[k usr xifrdygonf? usrvnf; csufaumif;,lum ‘EdkifiHul;vufrSwfawG vHk;vHk;rvdkawmhwJhae‹ jrefjrefa&mufygapvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar#mfvifh&rSmyJ’ [k ajymvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf usrwdk‹ ae‹v,fpmpm;=uygonf? t+rJwrf;udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaersm;udk usrwkd‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; aqG;aEG;I&aom rdwfaqGwOD; yg0ifygonf? xdkrdwfaqGum; “pk. a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k ,lqaomtcgrsm;Y ‘pk’ u ,Hk=unfcsuft& owWd&Sd±Hkru/ tquftEG,ft&vnf; owWd&Sdwmudk;”[k aemufajymifavh&Sd.? olr qdkvdkonfrmS ‘pk’ onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh a':cif=unfwdk‹. orD;jzpfojzifh awmfawmfESifh ESdrfvdk‹&rnfr[kwf/ usrtxifrSmawmh ‘pk’ onf aoG;om;t&xuf pdwf"mwft& olr rdbESpfyg;. orD; yDoygayonf? ukvor*~±Hk;Y oHk;ESpf=um wm0efxrf;aqmif+yD;aemuf ‘pk’ onf qufvufwm0efrxrf;awmhbJ om;orD;rsm;ESifh odkufodkuf0ef;0ef;&Sdrnfh tdrfaxmifonfb0udk a&G;cs,f&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? odk‹ESifh

b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSm trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? cifyGef;jzpfol rdkufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEdkifiHav;jzpfaom blwefY bk&ifhom;orD;rsm;. pmjyq&mtjzpf‚if;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXme t}uD;tuJtjzpf‚if; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; blwefY wESpfcef‹ aecJhygonf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzJG‹wGif;odk‹ r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJhojzifh ‘pk’ onf csufcsif;yif blwefEkdifiHjcm;a&;±Hk;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qkdif&m t}uHay;t&m&Sdtjzpf tvkyf&ygonf? ‘pk’ wdk‹ ZeD;armifESHonf om;OD; tvufZENm;tm; rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefodk‹ jyefvmygonf? rdkufu,fum; vef'efwuUodkvfY yg&*lbJG‹oifwef; pwif+yD;/ rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk‹'fY ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ0ifvdkufygonf? 'kwd,om; uifrfudk 1977 ckESpfwGif zGm;jrifygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; uav;rsm;tm; ðypkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&Sd rdcifxH tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wdk‹jzifh at;aq;pGm aecJhygonf? rdom;pkudk =unfh±_xdef;odrf;&if; ‘pk’ pmayrsm; pIa&;om;ygonf? pmzwf0goemoefonfhtavsmuf olronf t*FvdyfESifh jyifopfbmompmtkyf tajrmuftjrm; pkaqmif;xm;ygonf? rdkufu,f. wdAufpmaya&;&m okawoersm;ESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;vnf; wae‹xufwae‹ rsm;jym;vmygonf? odk‹ESifh olwdk‹. atmufpzdk‹'faetdrfrSm pmtkyfrsm;ESifh jynfhv#Haeygonf? uav;rsm;vnf; pmzwf0goemygolrsm;tjzpf }uD;jyif;vmygonf? ‘pk’ onf olr zcif. txky`wWda&;&ef pwifpOf;pm;ygonf? *syefbmompum;udk ZJG}uD;pGmjzifh pl;pl;pdkufpdkufoifygawmhonf? jrefrmjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh jrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/ *syefjynfta=umif; a&;xm;aom t*FvdyfESifh *syefpmtkyfrsm; wjznf;jznf; pkaqmif;rdvmonf? zcif txky`wWdpmtkyfðypk&ef okawoepwifygonf? vef'ef&Sd ta&SŒwdkif;ESifh tmz&duqdkif&mausmif;Y yg&*lbJG‹,l&efvnf; pwifpDpOfygonf? xdktcsdefu olr. vkyfudkifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onf vHk‹v}uD;jcif;ESifh oEMdÏmefcdkifjcif;udk jyoonf[k qdk&ayrnf?

1985 ckESpfwGif *syefESifhqufpyfaom olr zcif. b0tpdwftydkif;ESifhywfoufI okawoeðy&ef wdkusKdwuUodkvfu urf;vSrf;aom ynmoifqkukd ‘pk’ vufcHvdkufygonf? *syef-jrefrm tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk awG‹qHkum/ ‚if;wdk‹rSwqifh olrzcifESifh odu|rf;cJhaom touf&SifqJ&Sdaeonfh *syefrsm;ESifh tquftoG,fðycJhygonf? awG‹qHkolwkdif;u olrtm; xdkpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;ta=umif; wckr[kwfwck ajymjy=uygonf? *syefrsm;ta=umif; A[kokwwdk;yGm;vm+yD; tquftoG,f ("gwfyHkrsm; vmonf) ("gwfyHk) pk vufxyfxdrf;jrm;aomae‹/ ZEM0g&Dv 1 &ufae‹ 1972 ckESpf tay: - blwefEkdifiH awmifay:c&D; 1971 ckESpf atmuf – cifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pfESifhtwl/ armfvòrdifòrd‹wGif 1973 ckESpf om;OD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) ESifhtwl 1973 (aqmif;yg;tquf) rsm;vnf; us,fjyef‹vmygonf? xdktcsdefY rdkufu,fonf tdENd,jynfajrmufydkif; qif;rvm;òrd‹&Sd tdENd,EkdifiH tqifhjrifhpmayavhvma&;XmeY okawoeynm&SifwOD;tjzpf a&muf&Sdaeygonf? om;}uD;u atmufpzdk‹'fwGif ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm;tjzpf aecJh+yD;/ om;i,fu ‘pk’ ESifh wdkusKdòrd‹odk‹ ygvmygonf? 1986

ckESpfwGif usrudk wdkusKdwuUodkvf tjynfjynfqdkif&m &dyfomY olwdk‹ESifhtwl vmae&ef ‘pk’ u zdwfac:ygonf? usrvnf; oHk;vcef‹oGm;aejzpfygonf? *syefrsm;ESifh‚if;/ bmom&yftrsKd;rsKd;avhvm&ef *syefynmoifqkrsm; &&Sdxm;aom EdkifiHwumrS ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh‚if; ‘pk’ cifcifrifrif &if;&if;ESD;ESD;&Sdygonf? *syefY jzpfajrmufr_tawmf&Sdonf[k ‘pk’ ,lqygonf? aemufESpfESpfwGif qif;rvm;&Sd rdkufu,fxHodk‹ ‘pk’/ om;i,fESifh t*FvefrS om;}uD;yg a&mufvmum rdom;pktm;vHk; jyefqHk=uygonf? rdkufu,f tvkyfvkyfaeaomXmeY ‘pk’ vnf; okawoeynm&Siftjzpf cef‹tyfjcif;cH&ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif usr tdENd,Y &Sdonfjzpf&m okawoe&Sd olwdk‹wkdufcef;Y wvcef‹ aysmfaysmfyg;yg; oGm;vnfEkdifcJhygonf?

Xmewnf&Sd&m taqmuftOD;}uD;onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD tcsdefumvu +Adwdo#bk&ifcHcsKyfrsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. ±Hk;tzJG‹rsm; aEG&moDwGifaexkdif&mtdrfawmfjzpfygonf? xdkESpfwGifyif a':cif=unfonf rsufaphrSwdrfukd cJGpdwfuko&eftwGuf vef'efodk‹a&mufvmygonf? cJGpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&Sdojzifh aq;ukor_a=umifh roufrom&Sd&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf? ‘pk’ onf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfudk &yfxm;cJhum rdcifudk ðypk&ef a&mufvmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexkdiftvkyfvkyfaeom olrtudkvnf; q,f&ufcef‹ tvnfa&mufvmygonf? usrvnf; vef'efY &Sdonfhtavsmuf a':cif=unfudk ae‹wkdif;vdkvdkyif awG‹jzpfygonf? tjcm;rdwfaqGa[mif;rsm;/ rdwfaqGopfrsm;vnf; vmIowif;ar;=uum &,f&,farmarm a&S;a[mif;aESmif;jzpfrsm;ta=umif; ajymvdkuf=uESifh &$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,fjzpfygonf? a':cif=unf wnf;aeaomwdkufcef;onf opfoD;rsm;/ yef;rsm;ESifh jrefqefpGm a&m*gaysmufuif;usef;rmap&ef qkawmif;ydk‹oaom u'frsm;ESifh jynfhaeygonf? ‘pk’ onf tdrfaxmifrðyrDu‚if;/ tdrfaxmifðy+yD;aomtcgY‚if; jrefrmjynf&Sd rdcifxH rSefrSeftvnfoGm;cJhygonf? a':cif=unfonf om;ajr;rsm; }uD;jyif;vmonfudk jrifcJh&+yD; rsuaf phrcJGrDESpfwGif rdrd.&efukeftdrfY uav;rsm;. &Sifðyr*FvmyJGudk udk,fwkdif}uD;=uyf+yD; usif;ycJhygonf? vef'efwGif ESpfESpf=umae+yD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf rsufpdrsm; tawmf tajctaeaumif;vm+yDjzpfI jrefrmjynfokd‹ &$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;ygonf? vef'efudk tvnfa&mufpOfu rnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJha=umif;/ ("gwfyHkvmygonf) tay: - pk/ om;i,f uifrf (xdefvif;)ESifh rdcif}uD;wdk‹ tmZmenfae‹tcrf;tem; wufa&mufpOf 1986 ckESpf atmuf – om;rsm;udk 1987 ckESpfwGif &SifðypOfu (0JrS,m) uifrf (&SifawZ)/ OD;yO…if;/ a&$=uuf,ufq&mawmf-ysHvGef/ OD;yO…if;/ tvufZENm; (&Sifynm) (aqmif;yg;tquf) ‚if;wdk‹ESifh awG‹qHkcJh&onfudkvnf; yDwdjzpf&a=umif; pojzifh rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;udk pma&;today;ygonf? odk‹aomf &efukefjyefa&mufIrS q,fvrjynfhrD aemufESpf 1988 rwfvukefydkif;wGif jyif;xefaom avjzwfjcif;'%fudk cH&ygonf? pk/ rdkufu,fESifh om;ESpfa,mufonf tdENd,rS atmufpzdk‹'fodk‹ 1987 pufwifbmvtwGif; jyefa&mufvmcJh=u+yD; wuUodkvfynm&Sifrsm;avmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;usptcsdefY a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif;owif; a&mufvmygonf? ‘pk’ vnf; csufcsif;yif &onfhav,mOfjzifh rdciftm; ðypk&ef &efukefodk‹ vdkufoGm;ygonf?

1988 ckESpf jrefrmjynftwGif; tjzpftysufrsm;udk trsm;od+yD;jzpfygonf? ESpfOD;ydkif;u qENjyausmif;om;rsm; aoewfypfcwfjcif; cH=u&pOfupI jy\emrsm;/ ay:aygufrnfhtvm;tvmrsm; &SdcJhygonf? aemifwGif qENjyyJGrsm; ydkrdk}uD;xGm;vmum t=urf;zufr_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:vmavonf? ‘8-888’ ae‹onf jynfolaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm csDwufqENjy=u+yD; 'Drdkua&pDawmif;qdkaomae‹ jzpfygonf?

TqENjycsDwufyJGrsm;udk ESdrfeif;&ef tpdk;&wyfrsm;u ypfcwfowfjzwfcJhI usqHk;'%f&m&olrsm;ta&twGufrSm aemifwESpf=umwGif yDuif;òrd‹ wD,Htmrif&ifjyifY aoa=uysufpD;rnfh

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*syefodk‹oGm;aomtcgY zcifjzpfol. ajc&mtwkdif; vdkufaeouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;&ygonf? 'kwd,urBmppftwGif; atmifqef;onf *syef&Sd ppfpcef;wckwGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifjcif;yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfudk *syefu usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmonfhtcgwGif atmifqef;wdk‹tzJG‹vnf; twlvdkufygvmcJhygonf? odk‹aomf r=umrDwGif ‚if;wdk‹onf +Adwdo#udkvdkeDtpdk;&udk wdkufcdkufae&mu *syefudk awmfvSefykefuef+yD; r[mrdwfrsm; jrefrmjynfudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&mwGif tultnDay;=uygonf? ppf+yD;onfhtcgwGif ‚if;uOD;aqmifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;EkdifcJhojzifh aemufqHk; vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdygonf? vGwfvyfaom jrefrmEkdifiHb0odk‹ a&muf&SdvmaomjzpfpOfudk avhvm&efESifh EkdifiHa&;udkxdef;uGyfxm;onfh tjrifhqHk;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;udk em;vnfoabmayguf&ef ta&;w}uD;vdktyfaeonf[k atmifqef;pk=unfu cHpm;aeyHk&ygonf? tdENd,ESifh jrefrmEkdifiHwdk‹. udkvdkeDacwftawG‹tóuHudk E_dif;,SOfxm;onfh ajymifajrmufaom pmwrf;wapmifwGif jrefrmjynf,Ofaus;r_ ±dk;&mtarGtESpf. xl;jcm;aom vuQ%m&yfrsm;udk olru a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf? orkdif;onf ta&;}uD;.? rdrdonf rnfonfh±dk;&mtpOftvmwGif yg0ifonfudk rdrdbmomqHk;jzwfjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdrnfoljzpfonfudk qHk;jzwf&ma&mufonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonf trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_ ±dk;&mtarGtESpf. taumif;qHk;t*FgvuQ%mrsm;[k olru ,lqaomt&mrsm;udk *±kðyvmap&ef óud;pm;I olrudk,fwkdifvnf; ,if;t*FgvuQ%m&yfrsm;ESifh xyfwlxyfr#jzpfap&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfygonf?

Todk‹ av;eufaomtodynmjzifh rdrd.tcef;u¾udk eufeJpGm oabmaygufjcif;onf EkdifiHa&;óud;yrf;r_wGif tvGef}uD;rm;aom tiftm;yifjzpfygonf? xl;jcm;onf[kqdkEkdifaomfvnf; 1988 ckESpfY atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmjynfodk‹jyefoGm;&onfh ta=umif;rSm EkdifiHa&;tajctaea=umifh r[kwfbJ rdciftdk}uD; aexdkifraumif;jzpfaeaoma=umifhyif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;rkefwkdif; pwifwdkufcwfae+yDjzpfygonf? qENjyyJGrsm;/ &JESifh&ifqkdif xdyfwdkufawG‹r_rsm; jzpfyGm;cJh+yD; vlaygif; (200) cef‹ aoqHk;cJh&+yD;jzpfygonf? aeraumif;ol rdcif}uD;tm;ðypkaepOf r+idrfroufjzpfr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;ygonf? ,if;odk‹aom tajctaewGif “'kwd,ajrmuf trsKd;om;vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_” [k olrudk,fwkdifac:qdkaom wdkufyJGwGif wufwufºuGºuG yg0if&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufjcif;yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmjynfwGif ppfwyfu 1962 ckESpfY tm%modrf;,lygonf? 1988 ckESpfwGifjzpfyGm;aom qlylr_rsm;rSm ydkrdkwdk;yGm;vmaom zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fr_rsm;udk wefjyefjcif;yif jzpfygonf? xdkESpf aEG&moDtajctae ra&&mao;onfhtcsdefwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf tpdk;&xH tdwfzGifhay;pm a&;om;I ygwDpHka&G;aumufyJGusif;yonftxd wkdif;jynfukd OD;aqmifoGm;&eftvdk‹iSm ±dkaoav;pm;&aom/ oduQm&Sdaomyk*~Kdvfrsm;yg0ifonfh twdkifyifcHaumfrwDudk zJG‹pnf;cef‹tyf&ef wifjycJhygonf? xdkpmwGif pnf;urf;pepf&Sd=u&efESifh tiftm;oHk;r_udk ESpfbufpvHk;u a&Smif=uOf&ef vdktyfa=umif; tav;xm;Iazmfjy+yD; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef awmif;qdkxm;ygonf? &uftenf;i,f=umaomtcgwGif &efukefòrd‹ a&$wd*HkapwDa&SŒwGif axmif/ aomif;csDwufa&mufaom vlxkpnf;a0;yJGY olr rdef‹cGef;ajymqdkI vl‹tcGifhta&;/ 'Drkdua&pDESifh t=urf;rzufa&;tay:wGif rlwnfaom EkdifiHa&;tpDtpOfw&yfudk wifjyygonf? vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;onf &ufowWywftawmf=um wkef‹qdkif;ae+yD;rS pufwifbmv (18) &ufae‹wGif ydkI wif;=uyfpGmcsKyfudkifjcif;jzifh wefjyefvdkufygonf?

“EkdifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹” (e0w) udk zJG‹pnf;um tpnf;ta0;yJGrsm;udk ydwfyifwm;jrpfvdkuf+yD; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'udk usifhoHk;I tr_ppfjcif;r&SdbJ tjypf'%fay;ygawmhonf?

EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;udkrl ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;r&Sdyg? (tpnf;ta0;rsm;rvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;+yD;jzpfI ydwfyif&efrvdkawmh[k ,lqxm;[ef&Sdygonf)? e0wzJG‹pnf;+yD; &ufowWwywft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfESifh tjcm; twdkuftcHtcsKdŒu trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf (tift,f'D) udk wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? olronf EdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;wGif tm;oGefcGefpdkuf qufvufyg0ifum

tpnf;ta0;rsm; ydwfyifxm;onfudk‚if;/ ppfwyfu +cdrf;ajcmufonfudk‚if; vGefqefI vlaygif;rsm;pGm wufa&mufaom EkdifiHa&;pnf;a0;yJGrsm;udk wjynfvHk;wGif usif;yEkdifcJhygonf? olr EkdifiHa&; pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;&mwGif xl;jcm;xif&Sm;aom vuQ%mw&yfrSm tpOftvmt& wOD;ESifhwOD; rwnfh=uaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;udk qJGaqmifEkdifjcif;yifjzpfygonf? olr.*k%foduQma=umifh ppftpdk;&onf tawmf=umwGef‹qdkif;aecJh+yD;rS 1989 ckESpf ZlvdkifvrSmyif olrtm; aetdrfwGif xdef;odrf;vdkufjcif;jzpfayonf? 1990 ckESpf arvwGifusif;yaom a&G;aumufyJGwGif trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf t}uD;tus,ftEdkif&&Sd+yD; v$wfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fOD;a& (80) &mcdkifE_ef;ausmf tEkdif&&SdoGm;ygonf?

TonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unf. atmifyJGyifjzpfonf[k vlwkdif;u oabmwl=uygonf? e0w onf rnfonfhtwGuf vGwfvyfaoma&G;aumufyJGudk usif;ycGifhðyygoenf;? ‚if;wdk‹u qef‹usifzuf&v'fwrsKd; xGufvmrnf[k ar#mfvifhxm;yHk&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹ tm%mqufvuf&,l&eftwGuf w&m;Oya't& vkyfydkifcGifhay;rnfh a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk ar#mfvifh=u[efwlygonf? Todk‹aom tpdk;&rsKd;. t=uyftwnf;rSm rdrd.vdrfvnfajymqdkcsufwGif rdrdyg jyefydwfrdaejcif;yifjzpfygonf? rnfodk‹yifjzpfap e0w onf a&G;aumufyJG&v'fudk vufcH&efjiif;qefvdkufygonf? a&G;aumufyJGudk zsufodrf;vdkuf&onfh oabmyifjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf e0w url w&m;0ifonfhoabm ydkrdkenf;yg;aomfvnf; qufvuftkyfcsKyfaeygonf? w&m;0ifr_r&Sdjcif;a=umifhyif ydkI&ufpuf=urf;wrf;pGm vkyfaqmifae=u&ygonf? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; t}uD;tus,f qufvufazmufzsufaeonfudk tifrepfwD (Amnesty) urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;tzJG‹u tpD&ifcHxm;ygonf? e0w tpdk;&onf ,ae‹urBmwGif tzdESdyftcsKyfcs,fqHk;aom tpdk;&tjzpfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;+yDjzpfygonf? vGefcJhaom q,fpkESpfrsm;wGif vl‹tcGifhta&;qkdif&m vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk todtrSwfðyonfhtaejzifh aemfa0; EdkbJvfaumfrwDonf +idrf;csrf;a&;qktcsKdŒudk csD;jr‡ifhcJhygonf? +idrf;csrf;a&;. tajccHvdktyfcsufonf vlom;tm;vHk;. b0&Sifoefr_ESifh ±dkaoav;pm;cH&r_qkdif&m tcGifhta&;wdk‹ukd todtrSwfðyjcif;jzpfonf[laom ,Hk=unfcsufjzifh csD;jr‡ifhcJhjcif;jzpfygonf?

Todk‹csD;jr‡ifh&jcif;. tjcm;&nf&G,fcsufw&yfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh vl‹tcGifhta&;t,ltqonf taemufwkdif;t,ltqom r[kwfbJ ,Ofaus;r_tm;vHk;wGifvnf; &Sdonfudkjyovdkaom &nf&G,fcsufyifjzpfygonf? Tta=umif;ESifhpyfvsOf;I atmifqef;pk=unf. “'Drkdua&pD&SmyHkawmf”pmwrf;rS pmydk'fwydk'fudk udk;um;wifjyygrnf? w&m;r#wr_r&Sdaom ae&ma'owGif pdwfcs&aom+idrf;csrf;r_vnf; r&SdEkdifyg? +idrf;csrf;a&;[lonfrSm twdkuftcHtm;vHk; E_wfqdwfaejcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if;/ vHkòcHa&;[lonfrSm rdrdwdk‹tm%mwnf+rJa&;udk aocsmatmifðyvkyfjcif;jzpfonf[lI‚if; t"dy`m,faumuf,l=uaom oabmxm;usOf;ajrmif;olwdk‹uomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;wdk‹. tajccHjzpfonf[laom tcsufudk jiif;qdk=urnfjzpfygonf? jrefrmwdk‹onf +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;oabmudk at;jraomt&dyfESifh wJGzufxm;=uygonf? “opfyif.t&dyfonf at;jrayonf xdkxuf rdb.t&dyfonf ydkI at;jr. xdkxuf q&morm;.t&dyfonf ydkIyif at;jr. xdkxuf rif;.t&dyfrSm ydkIyifom at;jrayonf? odk‹aomf tat;jrqHk;rSm Ak'<jrwfpGmbk&m;. t&dyfyif jzpfayonf?”

xdk‹a=umifh jynfolvlxkudk +idrf;csr;f a&;ESifh vHkòcHa&;[lonfh at;jraom t&dyftm0goay;Ekdif&eftwGuf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹onf Ak'<&Sifawmf. tqHk;tr=o0g'rsm;udk vdkufem&rnfjzpfygonf? ,if;=o0g'rsm;xJwGif opPmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ w&m;"rR apmifhpnf;jcif;ESifh *±k%mxm;jcif;wdk‹onf t"dujzpfygonf? Todk‹aom t&nftcsif;rsm;ay:wGif tajcðyaom tpdk;&udk &&Sd&ef&nf&G,fI jrefrmjynfom;wdk‹u 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJG0ifae=ujcif;yif jzpfygonf? jynfwGif;Y EdkifiHa&;tzdESdyfcHae&ojzifh EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwdkif rvma&mufEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf yxrt}udrf r[kwfyg? [pfwvm. wckaom tusOf;pcef;wGif zsm;emaeol umvf;AGef atmfpDtufpuD (Carl Von Ossietzky) onfvnf; 1936 ckESpfu rvma&mufEkdifcJhyg? tif'a&qmcga&mAfh (Andrei Sakharov) ESifh vufbdk0ifpm (Lech Walesa) wdk‹onfvnf; xdkenf;wlyifjzpfcJh&ygonf? atmfpDtufpuDonf emZDtpdk;&rðywfusrD aoqHk;oGm;&+yD; qmcga&mhAfESifh bdk0ifpmwdk‹rSmrl ‚if;wdk‹. óud;yrf;r_rsm; atmifyJGcHonfudk awG‹jrif=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; olr. óud;yrf;r_atmifyJGcHonfudk jrif&rnf[k usaemfwdk‹ ar#mfvifhygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; +idrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifudk,fwkdif a&mufrvmEkdifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf aemufqHk;jzpfcsifrS jzpfrnf[laom tvm;tvmudkvnf; usaemfwdk‹ od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹aexdkif&m urBmrsKd;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh aphpyfjzefajza&;udk wcgwnf;ESifh r&Edkifonfudkvnf; owdðy=u&rnf jzpfygonf? usaemfwdk‹. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;udkvnf; edrfhusoGm;atmif ðyvkyfEkdifrnfr[kwfyg? xdkodk‹rvkyfbJ ydkrdkaumif;rGefaomavmuudk vdktyfygu usaemfwdk‹ ydkI Edk;=um;zswfvwf&ef a=umuf&GHŒr_rS ydkI uif;&Sif;&ef ,ckESpfqk&SifajymouJhodk‹ “euf±_dif;aom ±dk;om;r_” &Sd=u&ef usaemfwdk‹ óud;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf?

TonfrSm usaemfwdk‹tm;vHk; wOD;pDðyvkyf&rnfh udpPjzpfaomfvnf; tm%m&mxl;tqifh&Sdolrsm; usifhoHk;&ef txl;vdktyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfuJhodk‹yif ±dk;om;ESdrfhcsr_ESifh a=umuf&GHŒjcif;uif;r_udk jy=uyg? ydkI aecsifzG,faumif;aom urBmavmu ay:aygufvmrnf jzpfygonf? (wrsufESmpm a':pk"gwfyHkvmonf) (wrsufESmvHk;wGif wyf&rnfhacgif;pOf}uD;)

tydkif;-u

1984 ckESpf – 1993 ckESpftwGif; a&;om;aom pmwrf;rsm;ESifh taxGaxGrdef‹cGef;rsm; (aemufxyfwrsufESm aqmif;yg;) atmifqef;

t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif yHkESdyfxkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 3-37 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

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udkausmf+idrf;ESifh udkodef;azwdk‹om or*~tr_aqmifrsm;tjzpf ta&G;cs,fcH&onf? odk‹aomf aemufydkif;wGif xufoefaom trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh ZGJvHk‹vwkd‹. tusKd;tjrwfrsm; xGef;um;vm.? wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;. pdwfaepdwfxm;vnf; ajymif;vm.? v_yf&Sm;wufºuGaom jynfcspfpdwfv$rf;rdk;vm.? 1935-36 pmoifESpftwGif; ausmif;om;or*~tr_aqmif a&G;aumufyJGwGif t"duae&mtm;vHk; trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwf xufoefaomvli,frsm;u &&SdoGm;=u.? udkatmifqef;onf tr_aqmiftzJG‹0ifwOD;tjzpf ta&G;cH&+yD; or*~ r*~Zif;. t,f'Dwmvnf; jzpfvmygonf? or*~ r*~Zif; “tdk;a0” wGif “i&JacG;}uD; vGwaf e+yD” [laom aqmif;yg;udk xnfhoGif;cJhjcif;onf us,fjyef‹pGm xda&mufr_&SdcJhonfh 1936 ckESpf wuUodkvfausmif;om;oydwfudk oG,f0dkufaomenf;jzifh v_H‹aqmfay;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? Taqmif;yg;onf wuUodkvft&m&SdwOD;tm; ykyfcwfwdkufcdkuf a&;om;xm;jcif;jzpfonf[k tm%mydkifrsm;u ,lqum aqmif;yg;&Siftrnfudk azmfxkwf&ef t,f'Dwmudkatmifqef;tm; awmif;qdkvmawmh.? udkatmifqef;uvnf; ,if;uJhodk‹ azmfxkwfjcif;onf owif;pmq&musifh0wfESifh udkufnDrnfr[kwf[kqdkum jiif;qefvdkuf.? tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckuJhodk‹ jiif;qefr_udk tcGifhaumif;,l+yD; udkatmifqef;tm; ausmif;rSxkwfy,fvdkufawmh.? r=umao;rDuyif udkEkonfvnf; ausmif;tkyf}uD;tm; ypfypfcgcg a0zefr_jzifh ausmif;xkwfcHcJh&aoma=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;xJwGif rauseyfr_/ a'goxGufr_ ydkIrsm;jym;vmavonf? odk‹jzifh oydwfarSmuf&ef qHk;jzwf=uygawmhonf? wuUodkvfpmar;yJGrsm;ppfcsdef jzpfav&m TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm txl;av;eufonfh udpPw&yfjzpfygonf? oydwfowif;rSm csufcsif;yif [dkav;wausmfjzpfoGm;avonf? owif;pmrsm;ESifhwuG wEdkifiHvHk;u oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;udk =uifempGm axmufcH=uygonf? TuJhodk‹ trsm;axmufcHr_ukd &,lEkdifjcif;/ av;pm;avmufatmif pDrHuGyfuJEkdifjcif;/ pnf;urf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh ausmif;om;rsm;. vkyf&nfudkif&nfESifh ausmif;om;tiftm;. wefcdk;tmedoifudk vl}uD;ydkif; EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; todtrSwfðyvm=u&onf? tpdk;&taejzifhvnf; oydwfarSmufolrsm;. rauseyfcsufrsm;udk av;eufpGm rpOf;pm;I rjzpfawmhyg? aemufqHk;Y Edkifvlrif;xufðywwfaom ausmif;tkyf}uD;rSm t+idrf;pm;,lvkduf&.? wuUodkvftufOya'wGif ausmif;om;rsm;xnfhoGif;vdkaom jyifqifcsufrsm;udk avhvm&ef aumfrwDw&yfudkvnf; zJG‹pnf;vdkuf&+yD; ta&;rygvSaom awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udkrl vdkufavsmvdkufavonf? vli,ftrsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm;. EdkifiHa&;zHG‹òzd;wdk;wufr_wGif ta&;}uD;onfh rSwfwdkifwwdkifjzpfaom 1936 ckESpfoydwfa=umifh udkatmifqef;onfvnf; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf vlodrsm;vmygonf? ol‹*k%foduQmvnf; t&SdefrSefrSefjrifhrm;vm+yD; &efukefwuUodkvfausmif;om;or*~ESifh oydwfarSmuf+yD;aemuf wnfaxmifcJhaom jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~wdk‹. tr_aqmiftzJG‹rsm;wGifvnf; wqifhxufwqifh ydkrdkta&;ygaom tr_aqmifae&mrsm;wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&.? 1938 ckESpfwGif or*~ESpf&yfpvHk;. OuUXjzpfvmygonf? xdktcsdefY udkatmifqef; wuUodkvfrS 0dZ…mbJG‹&+yD;I Oya'0dZ…mwef;wGif wufa&mufae.? xdkuJhodk‹ Oya'wef;qufwufaejcif;rSm wuUodkvfwGif qufvufaexdkif v_yf&Sm;EkdifcGifh&&Sd&ef[laom ta=umif;vnf; yg0ifygonf? ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfjcif;/ ZJGvHk‹v}uD;jcif;/ tvkyfvkyfEdkifpGrf;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef;taejzifh av;pm;jcif;cH&aomfvnf; tjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uJhodk‹ ,Ofaus;odrfarG‹I qufqHa&;ajyjypfjcif;r&Sdaom vl‹*GpmwOD;yif jzpfygonf? okefokefr_efr_efaewwfjcif;/ royf&yfjcif;/ pdwfrygv#if olwyg; tae&=uyfavmufatmif wHk%Sdbma0aewwfjcif;/ pdwfygjyefawmhvnf; olwyg; rcHEkdifavmufatmif pum;azmifzJG‹jcif;ESifh tjcm; axmifhrusKd;aom trltusifhwdk‹a=umifh udkatmifqef; r=umc%ta0zefcH&ygonf? oludk,fwkdifvnf; “&Hzef&Hcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh tom;ruscJhacs/ rsufaphaemuf jrifjyif;uyfvmonf? xdktcg vl‹,Ofaus;rsm;ESifh ig vl±dkif;[k ZmwdcJGypfcsifonfh ("gwfyHkvmonf) ("gwfyHk)

atmifqef; jrefrmEdkifiHvHk;qkdif&m ausmif;om;or*~OuUX 1937 (aqmif;yg;tquf) pdwfrsm;&Sdvmonf” [k a&;om;cJhzl;.? odk‹aomf vl±dkif;rsm;udk atmifqef;jrifyHkrSm pdwful;,Ofqef.? ±dk;ajzmifhwnf=unf/ usef;rmoefpGrf;+yD;/ vGwfvyfcsrf;ompGmaexkdifolrsm;[k olu tr$ef;wifxm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf?

1938 ckESpfwGif udkatmifqef;onf 1930 ckESpf ukvm;-Armt"du±k%f;rSjrpfzsm;cHaom 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;xJodk‹ 0ifa&mufv_yf&Sm;Ekdif&ef wuUodkvfrS xGufvdkufygonf? xdktpnf;t±Hk;onf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfjyif;jyI EkysKdwufºuGonfh tajccHvuQ%m&Sd+yD; tpnf;t±Hk;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ouf}uD;EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifhrwl wrlxl;jcm;=uygonf? rsKd;cspfta&;awmfyHkY b0udkjr‡KyfESH&ef tmoDojyif;xefaeaom acwfopfynmwwfvli,frsm;u xdkouf}uD;EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;onf &Joifhonfavmufr&J/ jrefrmqefoifhonfavmufrqef/ tajccHrS ajymif;vJGr_rsm;vkyf&ef qEN&Sdoifhonfavmufr&Sd/ i,f&G,foifhoavmufvnf; ri,f&G,f[k ,lq=uygonf? 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;udk vlwkdif;u óuduf=uonfawmhr[kwfyg? tcsKd‹u olwdk‹udk uavuacs jy\em&Smaeaom vlrdkufvlqdk;av;rsm;[lI txifao;+yD;/ trnfa&SŒwGif ‘ocif’ wyfI ac:a0:jcif;udk }uD;us,fonf/ rvkyfoifhrvkyfxdkuf[k a0zef=uygonf? +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfa&;orm;rsm;udk vufatmufcHjzpfaeaom Armwdk‹u ‘ocif’ [k ac:avhac:x&Sd&m/ Armrsm;onf u|efrsKd;r[kwf udk,fhudkudk,f tkyfpdk;Edkifonfh arG;&mygtcGifhta&;&Sdolrsm;jzpfa=umif;udk &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &J&Jwif;wif; az:jyonfhtaeESifh tpnf;t±Hk;0ifrsm;u ‘ocif’ bJG‹udk oHk;pJGjcif; jzpfygonf? twGif;oabmxm; rwdkufqkdifr_rsm;a=umifh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; ESpfjcrf;uJGoGm;ygonf? ociftrsm;pkyg0ifonfhtydkif;udk acgif;aqmifolrSm jrefrmhpmayESifh EdkifiHa&;avmuwGif txifu&yk*~Kdvf}uD;jzpf+yD; rlvu tpnf;t±Hk;. em,ujzpfaom q&m}uD;ocifudk,fawmfr_dif;jzpfygonf? udkatmifqef;vnf; ocifudk,fawmfr_dif; OD;aqmifonfh 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;0ifwOD; jzpfvmygonf? ‘r_dif;ocif’ rsm;teuf udkEk/ udkvSazESifh udkodef;azwdk‹tjyif ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; r[kwfcJhaomfvnf; jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;wGif xif&Sm;ta&;ygvmrnfh ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifpdk;wdk‹vnf; yg0ifygonf? r=umrD ocifatmifqef;onf 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk; taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª; jzpfvm+yD;aemuf tpnf;t±Hk;. a=unmpmwrf;udk pD&ifa&;om;cJhygonf?

1938-1939 ckESpfrsm;wGif ‘1300 jynfh ta&;awmfyHk’ [k trnfwGifrnfh ta&;tcif;rsm; jzpfay:cJhygonf? a&eHajrtvkyform;rsm; csDwufyJG/ awmifolv,form;rsm; csDwufyJG/ &J. eHygwfwkwf'%fjzifh Adkvfatmifausmf usqHk;cJh&aom ausmif;om;qENjyyJG/ xdkjzpf&yfa=umifh ay:ayguf&aom EkdifiHt0Srf; ausmif;om;oydwfrsm;/ Armwdk‹ESifh tdENd,tEG,f rlqvifrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;cJhaom t"du±k%f;/ tvkyform;rsm;oydwf/ &J. vufcsufjzifh tmZmenf (17) OD; usqHk;cJhaom rEWav;qENjyyJG/ a'gufwmbarmftpdk;& ðywfusoGm;jcif; ponfwdk‹ woDwwef;}uD; jzpfay:cJhygonf?

Tta&;tcif;rsm;a=umifh EdkifiHtwGif; róuHpzl; r+idrfrouf qlqlyGufyGufjzpfvm+yD; trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefjyif;xefvmonf? odk‹aomf Tr#pdwfv_yf&Sm;zG,fjzpf&yfrsm; t=um;uyif jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;. uyf}uD;ESpfyg;jzpfaom *dk%f;*%0g'ESifh remvdkrkef;wD;a&;0g'wdk‹. qdk;0g;aom t&Sdef=oZmrsm; v$rf;rdk;vm.? tkyfpkwtkyfpk/ vlwOD;csif;wdk‹taeESifh rdrdwdk‹omv#if txda&mufqHk;/ rsKd;cspfpdwftxufoefqHk;/ tawmfqHk;[lI *k%fwk/ *k%fòydifvkyfvdkaom pdwf±l;rsm;0ifum/ tjyeftvSef pGyfpJGykwfcwfr_rsm;/ cg;oD;r_rsm; ysHŒESH‹vmavonf?

*dk%f;*%pdwfESifh remvdk0efwdkpdwfrsm;rS uif;&Sif;onf[ktrsm;u owfrSwfxm;aom vlenf;pkav;wGif ocifatmifqef; yg0if.? olonf vuf0J0g'rsm;zufodk‹,drf;I 1939 ckESpfwGif ay:aygufvmaom tcsKdŒu rmhufqf0g' avhvma&;tkyfpk[lI‚if;/ tcsKdŒu yxrOD;qHk; jrefrmuGefjrLepfuvyfpnf;[lIvnf;‚if;/ ac:a0:onfh tkyfpkudkwnfaxmifcJholwOD;jzpf+yD;/ xdktkyfpk. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh.? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf uGefjrLepf0g'udkaomf‚if;/ tjcm;wif;=uyfaom 0g'rsm;udkaomf‚if;/ rqifrjcif tpGef;a&muftjrifjzifh ,Hk=unfvufcHjcif; r&SdcJhyg? us,f0ef;axGjym;aom qdk&S,fvpfoDtkd&D t,ltqtrsKd;rsKd;teuf ol‹tm; qJGaqmifEkdifaom oabmw&m;rsm; tawmftwef&SdcJhygonf? odk‹aomf ol. t"du&nfrSef;csufrSm ol‹wkdif;jynftwGuf vGwfvyfa&;ESifh pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; pGrf;aqmifay;Edkifrnfh tawG;tac:rsm;/ enf;AsL[mrsm;udk avhvmoHk;pJG&efomjzpfygonf?

1939 ckESpf Oa&mywkdufwGif 'kwd,urBmppfrD; pwifavmifu|rf;+yD; rsm;r=umrD ‘udkvdkeD0g'tcuf/ vGwfvyfa&;tcsuf’ [kjrifum ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ wnfaxmifEkdif&ef ocifatmifqef; ulnDay;cJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmf. qif;&Jom;ygwD/ 'dk‹Armtpnf;t±Hk;/ ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh yk*~vduEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm; pkaygif;zJG‹pnf;vdkufaom xdk ‘xGuf&yf*k%f;}uD;’ onf ocifatmifqef;. wDxGifr_jzpfonf[k ocifEku owfrSwfcJh.? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;}uD;’ . jynfolvlxu k dk wdkufwGef;aqmf=ocsufrSm ppf+yD;onfESifh vGwfvyfa&;ay;&ef oabmwlaom uwd&rSomv#if +Adwdo#ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk ulnDyHhydk;&rnf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&taeESifh xdkuJhodk‹ uwda=unmcsufrðyygu ppfa&;óud;yrf;csufrsm;udk tifwkduftm;wdkuf qef‹usif&rnf? wHk‹jyefonfhtaeESifh +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeol trsm;tjym;udk zrf;qD;vdkufygonf? 1940 ckESpf ukefqHk;csdefY ocifacgif;aqmif tajrmuftjrm;ESifh a'gufwmbarmfwdk‹rSm axmifxJa&mufae=uay+yD? ocifatmifqef;udk zrf;qD;&ef 0&ef;trdef‹xkwfcJhaomfvnf; tcsdefrDowday;csuf&ojzifh olonf ajc&mazsmufum wdrf;a&SmifoGm;EkdifcJhonf? *syefESifh r[mrdwfzJG‹jcif; ocifatmifqef;onf vufeufudkifwdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef vdktyfaumif;vdktyfrnf[k ,lqcJhonfrSm umvtwef=umuyif jzpfygonf? uav;b0u wdkufcdkufawmfvSef&ef pdwful;,OftdyfrufcJhaomfvnf; vGwfvyfa&;udk tajccHOya'abmiftwGif;rS EkdifiHa&;enf;jzifh &,lEkdifrnfh tvm;tvmudk tpOfwpdkuf y,fxm;cJholr[kwfyg? wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0u tpdk;&0efxrf; (xdkpOfu tkdifpDtuf/ bDpDtuf) pmar;yJGajzqdkum ‚if;wdk‹. ynm&SifyDopGm EkdifiHa&;vkyfudkifr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfxufoefr_wdk‹a=umifh oludk,fwkdifav;pm;aom tdENd,EkdifiHa&;orm;tcsKdŒ. erlemtwdkif; vkyfudkif&efudkvnf; ocifatmifqef; pOf;pm;cJhzl;.? trsm;od ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfvm+yD;aemufydkif;Y &efukefwuUodkvf t*FvdyfpmygarmuQtm; ay;ydk‹aom pmwapmifwGif olonf ‘+idrf;csrf;aom awmfvSefa&;orm;’ om jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJha=umif; =um;od&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;.

'Da&v_dif;onf ol‹tm; oabmxm;ajymif;vJapcJhonf? 1940 ckESpfu ol. awG;ac:yHkudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf? “usaemfwOD;csif;taeESifhum; usaemfwdk‹. ta&;awmfyHktwGuf urBmh0g'jzef‹r_ESifh urBmhtultnDvdkonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; t"duvkyfief;rSm jynfwGif;wGifom&Sdonf? t"duvkyfief;rSm trsKd;om;a&;wkdufyJGtwGuf jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;&efjzpfonf[k ,lqcJhonf? usaemfhrSmvnf; t=urf;rsOf;tpDtpOfwck&SdcJhonf? ‚if;tpDtpOfrSm +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒpepfudk wjynfvHk;wGif qef‹usif&ef/ Tv_yf&Sm;r_udk urBmhtajctae ArmhtajctaeESifhtnD wqwqwdk;csJŒ&ef/ òrd‹aetvkyform;

awmaetvkyform;wdk‹. a'otvdkufoydwfrsm;rSpI taxGaxGoydwfrsm;/ tcGeftcay;a&;oydwfrsm;txd wdk;csJŒqifEJ$&ef/ wufºuGvmaom 0g'jzef‹csdr_rsm;jzpfonfh vlxkqENjyyJGrsm; csDwufyJGrsm;rSpI jynfolwdk‹. tm%mzDqefa&;wdkufyJGtxd qufvufqifEJ$&ef/ pD;yGm;a&;t&wGifvnf; +Adwdo#ukefypPnf;rsm;udk oydwfarSmuf&mrSpI vlxkESifhcsDI tcGefray;a&;wdkufyJGtxd qifEJ$&ef ppfzuftkyfcsKyfa&;zufESifh ykvdyfzufuif;pcef;rsm; qufoG,fa&;vrf;a=umif;rsm;udk ajymufusm;enf;ESifh 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufI ArmjynftwGif; +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_pepfudk vHk;0oGufcsmyg'vdkufonftxd wdkufyJGqifEJ$&ef/ xdktcg urBmjzpfay:wdk;wufr_ESifh wòydifeuf aemufqHk;ydwf tm%modrf;yJGudk qifEJ$&ef tpDtpOfyifjzpfonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&. vufeufudkifwyfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh +Adwdo#vlrsKd;r[kwfaom wyfrsm;onf usaemfwdk‹zufodk‹ ul;ajymif;vm=uvdrfhrnf[kvnf; usaemfwGufcJhonf? TtpDtpOfwGif *syefrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr_udkvnf; rSef;qcJhonf? odk‹aomf Tae&mwGif usaemfrSm &Sif;vif;aomtjrif r&SdcJhay? xdktcgu usaemfwdk‹txJrS rnfolr# &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;r&SdcJh? odk‹aomf ,ckjzpfysuf+yD;oGm;onfhtcgwGifum; vltcsKdŒtaeESifh usefvlrsm;xufydkI odjrifcJh[ef [efaqmifaumif; aqmif=urnf?)” txufygt}uHtpnfrsm;rSm ol. “}uD;rm;aomtpDtpOf” omjzpfa=umif; ocifatmifqef; 0efcHcJhygonf? ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;wGif xdkpDrHudef;udk axmufcHol rrsm;vSyg? xdkuJhodk‹raxmufcHjcif;rSm ocifatmifqef;tjrift& “usaemfwdk‹rSm "e&Sifaygufp Zmwd&Sdolrsm;jzpf&m pOf;pm;p&m ajymqdk&mwGif &J&ifhoavmuf/ jywfom;aom aqmif&Gufcsufudkvkyf&mY wGef‹qkwfavh&Sd=uavonf? jynfolvlxkudk E_d;qG&rnfhvkyfief; =um&SnfcufcJrnfudkvnf; pdwfr&Snf=uay? usaemfwdk‹trsm;pkrSm vlxkwdkufyJGta=umif; ajyma[m=uaomfvnf; vlxkwdkufyJG tusKd;tmedoifukd oabmrayguf=u” ponfwdk‹a=umifhyif jzpfygonf? odk‹aomf ocifatmifqef;onf trsKd;om;a&;0g'Drsm; ajymufusm;wkdufyJG qifEJ$Ekdif&ef vufeufrsm;&Sd&efvdkonf [laom xifjrifcsufudk tcdkiftrmqufvufqyk fudkifxm;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif ‚if;wdk‹teufrS wOD;OD; jrefrmjynfjyifyodk‹oGm;+yD; tultnD/ taxmuftyHhESifh vufeufrsm;&Sm&ef qHk;jzwfvdkufygonf? “xdktcgu usaemfwOD;wnf;om ajratmufY aeae&aoma=umifh xdkodk‹oGm;&ef usaemfhudka&G;cs,fcJh=uavonf” [k ocifatmifqef; rSwfwrf;wifcJhygonf?

1940 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (aemiftcg Adkvf&efatmif[kxif&Sm;ol) wdk‹ jrefrmjynfrS [kdifvDtrnf&Sd oabFmESifhxGufcGmcJh&m w±kwfEkdifiH trGdKifòrd‹&Sd ‘tjynfjynfqkdif&ma'o’ jzpfaom ulvefpkodk‹ a&mufoGm;=uygonf? xdkae&mY olwdk‹ESpfOD; vtenf;i,fr# aomifwifae+yD; w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh qufoG,f&ef óud;pm;csufrsm;vnf; atmifjrifjcif;r&SdcJhyg? w±kwfuGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,frvkyfEkdifcJhaomfvnf; *syefudk,fpm;vS,fwOD; olwdk‹tm; csOf;uyf+yD; *syefwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluDautD*sDESifhawG‹&ef wdkusKdokd‹ av,mOfESifh ydk‹vdkufygonf? xdkAdkvfrª;}uD;onf aemiftcgY ‘jrefrmjynf vGwfvyfa&;udk ulnD&efESifh w±kwfjrefrmvrf;r}uD;udk ydwfqdk‹&ef’ &nf&G,fcsufrsm;ESifh wnfaxmifaom rDemrDuDuef v#KdŒ0Suftoif;. acgif;aqmiftjzpf xif&Sm;rnfholjzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESifh *syefwdk‹t=um; tquftoG,f&Sdjcif;rSm topftqef;r[kwfacs? a'gufwmbarmfae&mY 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmaom OD;apmonf *syefaxmufyHhr_a=umifh csrf;omºuG,f0vmol[lI emrnfxGufcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmfudk,fwkdifvnf; ‘xGuf&yf*kd%f;’ twGuf *syefwdk‹xHrS tultnD&SmcJhygonf? a'gufwmbarmf. tpdk;&twGif; 0ef}uD;wOD;jzpfcJhaom 0g&ifhEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD; a'gufwmodrf;armifurl *syefodk‹ tvnftywfoGm;a&mufcJh+yD; *syef-Arm cspf=unfa&;toif;udk a&SŒaqmifwnfaxmifcJhygonf? 1940 ckESpfv,fwGif Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD; jrefrmjynfokd‹ tvnfa&mufpOfu a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh awG‹cJh.? TawG‹qHkqufoG,fr_rSwqifh *syefrsm;u trdGKifa&muf ocifESpfOD;tm; &SmazGawG‹&SdEkdifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? ‘xGuf&yf*dk%f;’0ifrsm;teuf

*syeftultnDvufcHoifh/ rcHoifhESifhywfoufI pdwfoabmxm;uJGjym;r_rsm; &SdaecJhygonf? uGefjrLepfrsm; (‚if;wdk‹teuf txif&Sm;qHk;rSm ocifpdk;/ ocifA[def;/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifodef;az) u txl;ojzifh zufqpf*syefESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udk qef‹usif=uonf? ocifatmifqef;uawmh tultnDudk &onfhae&mrS,l+yD; tajctaersm; rnfuJhodk‹ ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmrnfudk apmifh=unfhoifhonf[k vufawG‹tusKd;jzpfrnfh enf;vrf;tjrif t,ltqudk pJGudkifcJh.? odk‹aomf ol.pum;twkdif;qdk&v#if olonf *syefwdk‹ESifhyl;aygif;jcif;a=umifh aemifjzpfay:vmrnfh tusKd;qufrsm;udk taotcsm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; wGufqcJhyHkray:? wkdusKdwGif ocifatmifqef;ESifh Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD;wdk‹ESpfOD; em;vnfr_,lEkdifcJh=u.? odk‹aomf ESpfOD;ESpfzufvHk;wGif xdefcsefxm;aom oabmrawG‹r_av;rsm; &SdcJhyHk&ygonf? Adkvfrª;}uD;plZluD;onf ocifatmifqef;. ajzmifhrwfwnf=unfr_ESifh rsKd;cspfpdwfwdk‹udk av;pm;aomfvnf; ‘ol.

EkdifiHa&;tawG;tac:rsm; r&ifhusufvSao;’ [k xifjrif.? Ta0zefcsufonf xdkpOfu taetxm;t& "rR"dVmefrus[k rqdkEkdifyg? ocifatmifqef; udk,fwkdifa&;cJhonfrSm olESifh ol‹&Jabmf&Jbufwdk‹ *syefrsm;tm; jrefrmEkdifiHudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf&ef zdwfac:ouJhodk‹ jzpf&onfrSm “zufqpfpepfudk vdkvm;Ir[kwf/ usaemfwdk‹. vlyg;r0r_a=umifh "e&Sifaygufp pdk;&drfr_a=umifhwkd‹om jzpfavonf?” olonf *syefjynfokd‹toGm;Y pdk;&drfa=umifh=updwfrsm; jzpfay:cJhonf? a&mufoGm;aomtcg olpdk;&drfcJhoavmuf rqdk;vSojzifh pdwfoufom&m&aomfvnf; pdwfrcszG,f/ rESpfoufzG,f udpPav;rsm; usefvsuf&Sdaeygonf? *syefvlrsKd;wdk‹. rsKd;cspfpdwf/ oef‹jyef‹pGmaexkdifyHkESifh udk,fhtvdkudk,frvdkuf/ òcd;òcd;+cH+cH aeEkdifaom t&nftcsif;wdk‹udk ocifatmifqef; av;pm;aomfvnf; ‚if;wdk‹. ppf0g'Dqefaom oabmxm;tcsKdŒ. ±dkif;pdkif;=urf;ºukwfr_udk ol rESpfòrd‹onfhtjyif *syefrsm; trsKd;orD;wdk‹tay:qufqHyHkrSm ol‹tjrifwGif tHh=oxdwfvef‹zG,f&m jzpfae.?

1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif ocifatmifqef;onf w±kwfoabFmom;toGifjzifh jrefrmjynfokd‹ jyefa&mufvmavonf? olrSwqifh *syefwdk‹urf;vSrf;vdkufonfh oabmwlnDcsuft&/ awmfvSefykefuef&ef vufeufrsm;ESifh aiGa=u;axmufyHhrnf[k jrefrmwdk‹u em;vnfcJh.? xdk‹jyif vufa&G;pifvli,fwpkudk ppfoifwef;ay;rnf? xdkvli,frsm;udk jrefrmEkdifiHrS cdk;xkwfoGm;&efvdkayrnf? ocifatmifqef; jrefrmjynfY =umjrifhpGmraeyg? *syefodk‹ ocifvSazESifh tjcm;vli,foHk;OD;wdk‹ESifhtwl jyefoGm;ygonf? xdktkyfpkrSm ‘&JabmfoHk;usdyf’ . a&SŒajy;wyfOD; jzpfygonf? aemif ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. r¾dKifozG,fjzpfvmrnfh T&JabmfoHk;usdyf0if yk*~Kdvfrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mY tvG,fwul vdkufygEkdifr_ESifh ocifygwDtwGif;&Sd *dk%f;*%toD;oD;u auseyfvufcHEkdifr_wdk‹tay: rlwnfcJhojzifh tusOf;uscHae&aom trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rygjzpfonfhtjyif aemif tcsif;csif;t=um; pdwf0rf;uJGaprnfh rsKd;aphudk ysKd;vdkufouJhodk‹vnf; jzpfoGm;ygonf? &JabmfoHk;usdyfonf [dkifeefu|ef;Y yifyef;}uD;pGm ppfynmoif,l&ygonf? ‚if;wdk‹teuf ocifatmifqef;/ ocifvSaz (AdkvfvuFsm)/ ocifatmifoef; (Adkvfp}uFm) ESifh ocifxGef;tkyfwdk‹udk ppfXmeOD;pD;uGyfuJa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfa&;wdk‹udk txl;avhvm&ef a&G;cs,fvdkufygonf? ocifygwD tkyfpkwpkudk udk,fpm;ðyaom ocifxGef;tkyftm; EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwifajr‡mufvdkuf.? odk‹aomfvnf; ocifatmifqef;onf &JabmfoHk;usdyf. acgif;aqmiftjzpf xifxif&Sm;&Sm; ay:xGufvmonf?

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf zJG‹aomtcgYvnf; wyfrawmf. òydifzufr&Sdacgif;aqmifjzpfvmavonf? ocifatmifqef;onf udk,fcE<mn‡uf+yD; tm;aumif;oefrmvSjcif;r&Sdaomfvnf; wdkufa&;cdkufa&;u|rf;usifum owWd&SdI tyifyef;cHEdkifaom ppfom;wOD;jzpfvm.? ol‹tm; vlr_qufqHa&;nHhzsif;onf[k pGyfpJGcsufrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf; &Jabmfrsm; udk,fyifyef;/ pdwfyifyef;jzpfaecsdefrsm;wGif pdwf"mwfjyefvnfwufºuGvmap&ef tm;ay;jcif;/ ti,fqHk;&Jabmfrsm;udk txl;*±kpdkufjcif;/ ppfoifwef;om;b0. u&duxrsm;a=umifh‚if;/ *syefrsm;a=umifh‚if;/ emusnf;pdwfrsm;

qlyGufvmcsdefwGif pdwfvdkufrmefygrvkyf&ef t}uHay;wkdufwGef;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk ol pGrf;aqmifEkdifcJhonf? vli,fppfoifwef;om;rsm;onf *syefenf;jyq&mtcsKdŒudk av;pm;cspfcif=uaomfvnf;/ *syefpdwfaeoabmxm;tcsKdŒudkrl rsm;pGmrESpfòrd‹&um;/ 1941 ckESpfukefydkif; jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ rcsDwufrDuyif ArmESifh *syefwdk‹t=um; uawmufuqjzpfr_rsm; pwifay:aygufcJhonf? ("gwfyHkvmonf) ("gwfyHk) tay: - Adkvfvufsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ Adkvfatmifqef; 1941 ckESpf *syefjynf atmuf – AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh &JabmfoHk;usdyftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ 1943 (aqmif;yg;tquf) [dkifeefoifwef;ausmif;qif;rsm;/ xdkif;EkdifiHae jrefrmrsm;ESifh rDemrDtzJG‹0ifrsm;yg0ifaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd 1941 ckESpf 'DZifbmvwGif befaumufòrd‹Y w&m;0ifzJG‹pnf;vdkuf.? plZluD;onf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&mxl;jzifh wyfrawmft}uD;tuJjzpfvm+yD; atmifqef;onf AdkvfcsKyf&mxl;ESifh ppfOD;pD;csKyfjzpfvmygonf? tysHoifp wyfrawmftzJG‹0ifrsm;onf opPma&aomuf+yD; t&m&Sdrsm;u ol&Jaumif;qefaom ygVdtrnfrsm;udk cH,l=uygonf? plZluD;onf Adkvfrdk;óud;jzpfvm+yD;/ atmifqef;onf AdkvfawZjzpfvmonf? rdrdwdk‹trnfopfrsm;ESifh xif&Sm;vmrnfh &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm;teuf AdkvfvuFsm/ Adkvfp}uFm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;/ Adkvf&efEkdif/ AdkvfausmfaZm ponfwdk‹ yg0ifygonf? ‘AdkvfcsKyfawZ’ url ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifESifh ocifacgif;aqmiftjzpf wkdif;jynfuodcJhaom atmifqef;trnfudkom jyefvnfoHk;pJGum ‘AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;’ [lI jynfolwdk‹ tjrwfwEdk;xm;aom tmZmenfol&Jaumif;tjzpf xifay:vmygonf?

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf *syefrsm;ESifh &ifabmifwef;I jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ csDwufvmjcif;onf jrefrmrsm;twGuf *k%f,lzG,f/ aysmf&$ifzG,fjzpfygonf? usqif;aeaom rdrdwdk‹. trsKd;om;*k%foduQmudk jyefvnfjr‡ifhwifay;vdkufouJhodk‹ jzpfoGm;ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&JbuftcsKdŒu a&SŒwGifjy\emrsm;&Sdrnfudk odESifh=u+yD? befaumufrSm &SdaepOfuyif jrefrmjynfwGif;odk‹ *syefrsm;0ifvmaomtcg EdkifiHtwGif;&Sd trsKd;om;a&;acgif;aqmifrsm;. pDrHvkyfaqmifcsufjzifh vGwfvyfa&;a=unm+yD;EkdifiHY &ifqkdif&rnfh tajctaeudk pDpOf&ef óud;pm;cJha=umif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; rSwfwrf;wifcJh.? xdkuJhodk‹raqmif&GufEkdifygu jynfolvlxkudk pnf;±Hk;v_H‹aqmfum ajratmufawmfvSefa&; pwifxm;jcif;jzifh usL;ausmf0ifa&mufvmolrsm; ajcukyfr&Edkifatmif tajctaezefwD;&ef jzpf.? odk‹aomf jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uarmufurjzpfae+yD; EkdifiHa&;orm;trsm;pkvnf; axmifoGif;tusOf;cscHb0 a&mufae=u&m tpDtpOfESpfckvHk; vufawG‹usus taumiftxnfazmf&ef rjzpfEkdifyg? *syefrsm;vnf; jrefrmjynfudk 0ifa&mufodrf;ydkufvdkufygonf? *syefacwfum; txiftjrif}uD;cJhor# òyduJG&+yD; raocsra&&mr_rsm;ESifh 'kuQaygif;pHkjzpfaeaomumvjzpfygonf? +Adwdo#wdk‹xHrS vGwfvyfa&;&rnf[k ar#mfrSef;cJholrsm;onf tm&Swdkufom;csif;. zaemifhatmufom a&muf&a=umif; odvmaomtcg ta=uuJG}uD; a=uuJGcJh&.? trsm;u vGwfvyfa&;ay;rnfh u,fwif&Sifrsm;tjzpf óudqdkcJhaom edyGefppfom;rsm;onf vlóudufrrsm;aom +Adwdo#wdk‹xufyif qdk;0g;onfudk awG‹&awmh.? wae‹wjcm; pufqkyfzG,f&mjzpf&yfrsm; wkd;yGm;vmav ("mwfyHkvmonf) ("gwfyHk) atmifqef;ESifh ocifvSòrdif (Adkvf&efatmif) wdk‹ 1940 ckESpfwGif *syefjynfodk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;cJh+yD;aemuf 1941 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif atmifqef;tm;

jrefrmEkdifiHodk‹ v#KdŒ0SufpGm jyefvnfac:aqmifvmcJhol rdqk±kpl*D;ESifh 4-3-42 Y twlawG‹&pOf/ &efukef (aqmif;yg;tquf) onf? ‘uifaytd’ (ppfykvdyf) [laom trnfonf a=umufrufzG,f&ma0g[m&jzpfvmonf? vlrsm; tpterusef aysmufoGm;jcif;/ tESdyfpuftn‡if;qJcH&jcif;/ ac|;wyfqJGcH&jcif; ponfwdk‹rSm edpP"l0udpPr#omjzpfaom avmu}uD;wGifaewwfatmif ae=u&avonf? xdk‹tjyif r[mrdwfavwyf/ *syefavwyfwdk‹. AHk;}uJ'%f/ ppfwGif;&duQm&Sm;yg;r_'%f/ axmufvSrf;a&;owif;ay;rsm;'%f/ pdwf"mwfESifh ,Ofaus;r_t& zDvmqef‹usifaeolrsm;t=um; jzpfyGm;aom yÉdyuQrsm;/ bmompum;rwlolwdk‹t=um; jzpfwwfaom txiftjrifvJGr_rsm; ponfjzifh 'kuQtaygif;udkvnf; xyfavmif;cH&ygao;onf? jrefrmjynfa&muf *syefrsm;teuf w&m;r#wa&;/ vlom;csif;pmema&; pdwf"mwfrsm;t& usifh}uHaexkdifolrsm; &Sd=uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;wdk‹. aumif;rGefaomaqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onf ppf0g'Drsm;. vlrsKd;cJGjcm;a&;pepfa=umifh tcsnf;tESD;jzpf&ygonf? rdrdwkd‹uwdopPm wnf=unfEkdif&ef jrefrmEkdifiHudk vGwfvyfa&;ay;oifhonf[k ,Hk=unfaom rDemrDuDuef tzJG‹0ifrsm;onf jzpfay:vmaomtajctaersm;a=umifh pdwfrcsrf;ajrŒ[efwlygonf? 1942 ckESpf/ &efukefòrd‹udk *syefwyfrsm;odrf;+yD;onfESifh Adkvfr;dk óud;onf A[dktpdk;&wnfaxmifum ocifxGef;tkyfudk OD;pD;OD;aqmifcef‹vdkufygonf? xdktpdk;& =um=umrcHyg? *syefwyfrsm; wdkif;jynfudk qufvufodrf;ydkufonfESifhtr# *syefppftkyfcsKyfa&; us,fus,fjyef‹jyef‹v$rf;rdk;vmum jrefrmEkdifiHudk ppf±_H;e,fajrwckuJhodk‹ udkifwG,fvmavonf? ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. taetxm;onfvnf; ra&r&mESifh tm;uszG,f&mvHk;0r&Sday? wyfrawmfonf csDwufvm&mvrf;wav#muf pdwftm;xufoefpGm 0ifvmolrsm;ESifh azmif;yGae.? xdkppfom;opfrsm;udk xda&mufonfh wdkuf&nfckduf&nf&Sdaom wyfrsm;jzpfvmap&ef pepfwus/ pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd avhusifhay;&ayOD;rnf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rdrdwyfrsm;udk trdef‹ay;tkyfcsKyfydkifcGifhr&Sd? olonf Adkvfrdk;óud;. vufaxmuft&m&Sdrsm;teuf tqifhjrifhqHk;r#omjzpf.?

Adkvfrdk;óud;udk,fwkdifvnf; jrefrmjynf. tem*wfta&;rsm;wGif olESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdk‹ rnfonfhtcef;u¾u yg0if&rnf[laom udpPESifhywfoufI ppftkyfcsKyfa&;qkdif&mrsm;ESifh jy\emwufaeyHk&.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;url ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;vufatmufwGifom &Sdoifhonf[k ,lq=uonf? xdkudpPESifhywfoufI AdkvfvuFsmu ol/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm;&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdŒ Adkvfrdk;óud;ESifh&ifqkdifcJhpOfu Zmwfqefqef tjzpftysufta=umif;udk a&;om;cJhzl;.? &ifqkdifr_. &v'fum; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf. aoemywdcsKyftjzpf‚if;/ AdkvfvuFsmudk ppfOD;pD;tjzpf‚if; cef‹tyfvdkufjcif;jzpfygonf? ("mwfyHkvmonf) ("gwfyHk) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf 1942 ckESpf (aqmif;yg;tquf) AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol.taetxm;ESifhywfoufI‚if;/ jrefrmEkdifiHtajctaeESifh ywfoufI‚if;/ pdwful;,Of+yD; xifa,mifxifrSm;rjzpfcJhyg? vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_um; qHk;cef;wkdif&ef rsm;pGmvdkao;onfukd olodem;vnfonfhtavsmuf wyfrawmf awmifhwif;ckdifrm&efESifh pnf;urf;&Sd&efudk tm±HkpdkufcJh.? Armhwyfrawmfudk ygwDEkdifiHa&;rS uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;ae&efESifh t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;zufwGif

0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif; rðy&efudkvnf; olóud;yrf;cJh.? odk‹aomfvnf; EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;udk A[dkr¾dKifðyum zJG‹pnf;cJhaom wyfrawmftaeESifh EkdifiHa&;ESifh uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; aeEdkifzdk‹&efrSm tcsdefrsm;pGmrS aESmif;oGm;+yDjzpfa=umif; ol {uefod&SdcJhrnfjzpfonf?

1942 ckESpf ZlvkdifvwGif Adkvfrdk;óud; jrefrmjynfrS xGufcGmoGm;ygonf?

ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfukd ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkuf+yD; atmifqef;onf Adkvfrª;}uD;&mxl;ESifh ppfaoemywdjzpfvmygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; topfzJG‹pnf;vdkufaom wyfrawmf. tqifhqifhY *syef‘t}uHay;t&m&Sd’rsm; wJGcef‹tyfxm;+yD; jrefrmt&m&Sdrsm;. vufawG‹tm%mrsm;udk wif;usyfpGm uef‹owfcsKyfcs,fxm;ygonf? =o*kwfvwGif *syefwyfrsm;. aoemywdcsKyf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;tD'gonf jrefrmhtkyfcsKyfa&;udk w&m;0iftwnfðyvdkufum a'gufwmbarmftm; EkdifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? tay:,Htm;jzifh jrefrmtpdk;&tm%monf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹vufodk‹ ul;ajymif;oGm;onf[k jrifEkdifaomfvnf; pifppfrSmawmh *syeftkyfcsKyfa&; ajcukyf&oGm;jcif;yifjzpfygonf? zufqpfawmfvSefa&; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ol. &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;onf ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfESifh csDwufvm&mwGif yifyef;qif;&J'%f tawmf}uD;yif cHcJh&.? trsm;tjym;onf iSufzsm;a&m*gpJGuyfI‚if;/ ajcukefvufyef;jzpfI‚if; aq;±Hkwuf&=u.? AdkvfcsKyfESifhtaygif;azmftcsKdŒvnf; &efukefaq;±Hk}uD;odk‹ a&mufvmavonf? xdkaq;±Hkudk rdrdwdk‹tvkyfwm0eftay: txl;opPmxm;aom q&m0ef/ q&mrwpku tcuftcJrsm;pGm=um;rS pDrHzGifhvSpfxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rsufESmxm; wnfvGef;wif;vGef;+yD; ta&mw0if raewwfol[lI trsm;u odae=uygonf? xdk‹tjyif ol&Jaumif;wOD;tjzpf wae‹wjcm; emrnfxGufvmae&m olemðyq&mri,frsm;onf ol‹tem;uyf&rnfudkyif a=umuf±GHŒae=uygonf? odk‹aomf q&mr}uD;jzpfol rcif=unfudk,fwkdif AdkvfcsKyftm; ðypk&ygonf? rcif=unfonf pJGrufzG,f&m±kyf&nfESifh cspfpzG,ftrlt,m&Sd+yD; rdrd. olemðyvkyfief;udk apwemjynfh0pGmjzifh txl;wm0efodod aqmif&Gufjcif;a=umifh vlemrsm;ESifh vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;u av;pm;cspfcif=uygonf? q&mr rcif=unfonf AdkvfcsKyfudk ðypk&mY wif;oifhonfhae&mwGif wif;aomfvnf;/ ,k,=unfompGm pdwf&SnfpGm qufqHygonf? tvGefa=umufrufzG,faumif;ygonf[laom ppfaoemywd}uD;vnf; tpJG}uD;pJGoGm;ygawmhonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &SufwwfI‚if;/ ol. b0&nfrSef;csuftay: wm0efodpdwfjyif;xefI‚if; trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh cyfcGmcGmaecJh.? tusifhoDvESifhywfoufI wif;wif;=uyf=uyf awG;ac:olwOD;jzpf&um; wdkusKdòrd‹Y plZluD;u trsKd;orD; tvdk&Sdygu pDpOfay;rnf[k urf;vSrf;aomfvnf; AdkvfcsKyf tHh=owkefv_yfoGm;ygonf? plZluD;taeESifh *syef,Ofaus;r_t& {nfh0wfausap&ef ajymcJhyHk&ygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfuawmh ol‹tm; ‘tusifhpm&dwW ysufjym;,kwfnHhoGm;atmif óud;pm;aeava&mhvm;’ [k oHo,pdwf0ifcJh.? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ol‹pdwfudkol aumif;pGmodonfhtjyif yGifhvif;jywfom;pGm vkyfwwfolvnf; jzpfygonf? odk‹jzifh &Snf&Snfa0;a0; vlysKdvSnfhjcif;rsKd; rvkyfaebJ/ 1942 ckESpf pufwifbmv 6 &ufae‹wGif q&mr rcif=unfESifh vufxyfxdrf;jrm;vdkufygonf? “a':cif=unfonf atmifqef;udk vufxyf&mY vlyk*~KdvfwOD;udkom vufxyfvdkufonfr[kwf/ uHta=umif;w&m;w&yfudkyg vufxyfvdkufjcif;jzpfonf” [k tajym&SdcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;uvnf; ol. b0=uifazmftaeESifh &SdtyfaomowWdESifh aEG;axG;aom arwWmwdk‹udk ydkifqkdifEkdif±Hkomru oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ol. pHwifxm;r_rsm;udk *k%foa&&Sd&Sd/ }uHŒ}uHŒckdifckdif xdef;odrf;oGm;rnfh trsKd;orD;wOD;udk vufxyfvdkufjcif; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfwdk‹. tdrfaxmifa&;um; om,matmifjrifygonf?

olwdk‹av;pm;jrwfEdk;vSaom vli,fAdkvfcsKyf tdrfaxmifðyoGm;ojzifh ueOD;wGif pdwfrcsrf;omjzpfcJhaom &Jabmfrsm;vnf; vsifjrefpGmyif oabmwlauseyfvmavonf? tdrfaxmifonfjzpfvm+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. El;nHhaysmhajymif;aom toGifvuQ%mrsm; ydkrdkawmufajymifvmonf? olonf cifyGef;onfwOD;taeESifh‚if;/ zcifwOD;taeESifh‚if; =uifem,k,wwf.? ol. cufcJ/ tEW&m,frsm;aomb0udk twl&ifqkdif&ef pGrf;&nf/ em;vnfr_wdk‹ESifhjynfhpHkaom b0=uifazmf ol.tem;Y &Sdaejcif;onf ta&;}uD;aomvkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Guf&mY ol‹udk tm;jynfhaponf[k ,HkrSm;oHo,&SdzG,f r[kwfacs?

1943 ckESpf rwfvwGif atmifqef;tm; AdkvfcsKyftqifhodk‹ wkd;jr‡ifhcef‹tyfvdkuf+yD; *syefbk&ifrif;jrwfxHrS bJG‹wHqdyf&,l&ef *syefodk‹zdwf=um;ygonf? wdkusKdodk‹oGm;aomtzJG‹udk a'gufwmbarmfOD;aqmif+yD; xdktzJG‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tjyif a'gufwmodrf;armifESifh ocifjrwdk‹ yg0ifygonf? ZEM0g&DvtwGif;u *syef0ef}uD;csKyfwdk*sKdonf jrefrmEkdifiH r=umrD vGwfvyfa&;&awmhrnf[k a=unmxm;+yD;jzpfygonf? jrefrmtzJG‹ jyefvmaomtcg oabmwlnDcsufpmwrf;wapmif o,f,lvmcJhygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. cyfjywfjywf pum;toHk;tE_ef;t& pmwrf;ygta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm “jrefrmEkdifiHonf 1943 ckESpf =o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif vGwfvyfa&;&rnfjzpf+yD; u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG pmcsKyftcsKŒd udk csKyfqdk&ef pojzifh” jzpfygonf? pmwrf;udk tvGeftrif; ta&;xm;jcif;r&SdcJhyg? tpDtpOftwdkif; =o*kwfv (1) &ufae‹wGif jrefrmjynfudk vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHtjzpf‚if;/ “r[mta&SŒtm&S omwlnDr# }uD;yGm;a&;e,fajr” . wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifEkdifiHtjzpf‚if; a=unmvdkufygonf? a'gufwmbarmftm; t"dywd[laombJG‹ESifh EkdifiHacgif;aqmif 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf cef‹tyfvdkuf+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; ppf0ef}uD;jzpfvmygonf? jrefrmhtrsKd;om;wyfrawmf[k trnfopfajymif;xm;aom Armhwyfrawmf xda&mufr_r&Sdap&ef *syefwdk‹ enf;y&d,m,frsKd;pHk oHk;pJGygawmhonf? yxrwGif wyfrsm;udk EdkifiHt0Srf;jzef‹}uJxm;onf? xdk‹aemuf ae&mtcsKdŒwGif pkòyHxm;jyefonf? ppf0ef}uD;XmeESifh wyfrsm;t=um; qufoG,fa&;cufcJap&ef jzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;um; rwkefrv_yf? *syefawG t}uHay;or#udk oabmwlvdkufum ol‹xifjrifcsufrsm;udk vlodray;bJ ol‹tpDtpOfEiS fhol qufvkyfoGm;ygonf? wdkusKdrS jyefa&mufvmcsdefavmufwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf AdkvfvuFsm/ AdkvfaZ,s/ Adkvfae0if;ESifh AdkvfausmfaZmwkd‹tygt0if ol. t&m&SdtcsKdŒudkac:I awmfvSefa&;pwif&ef tcsdefudk wdkifyifaqG;aEG;ygonf? t&m&Sdrsm;u tajctae ydkrdkpdwfcs&onftxd apmifhqkdif;&ef t}uHay;ygonf? wzef ocifoef;xGef;ESifhwkdifyif&m ‚if;uvnf; awmfvSefa&;p&ef tcsdefrwefao;[k wifjyojzifh AdkvfcsKyfvnf; pdwfygvufygr&SdvSaomfvnf; apmifhqkdif;&ef oabmwlvdkufygonf? tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm;/ txl;ojzifh ocifpdk;ESifh ocifodef;azwdk‹onf +Adwdo#wdk‹ qkwfcGmoGm;ojzifh olwdk‹ axmifrSvGwfonfh tcsdefrwdkifcifuyif *syefawmfvSefa&;w&m;a[mcJh.? *syefwyfrsm;csDwufvmonfESifh olwdk‹ESpfOD; awmcdkoGm;ygonf? ocifodef;azonf AdkvfcsKyfatmiffqef;ESifh Adkvfae0if;wdk‹udk a&$bdkY c%awG‹+yD; +Adwdo#wyfrsm;ESifh tquftoG,f&a&; óud;yrf;&ef tdENd,odk‹ xGufcGmoGm;ygonf? 1943 ckESpf Ekd0ifbmva&mufcsdefwGif awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm; tawmfyif c&D;a&mufae+yDjzpf&um;/ jrefrmEkdifiH awmawmifrsm;xJwGif ajymufusm;wyfrsm;zJG‹pnf;&ef óud;pm;aeaom Adkvfrª; pD*&if; ac: +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&Sdonf/ ‘ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfrS atmifqef;qdkolonf tcgtcGifhóuHvmv#if ol.wyfrsm;ESifh *syefudk jyefwdkuf&efpDpOfaeonf’ [k tdENd,odk‹ owif;ydk‹cJhygonf? avmavmq,fwGifrl awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOfrsm; +yD;pD;onftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf *syefwdk‹. oHo,pdwfrsm; aysmufuG,foGm;ap&ef tm;xkwf&ygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olonf vuf&SdvGwfvyfa&;onf twkta,mifr#omjzpfa=umif;/ ppfrSefaom vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef ±kef;uef&rnfjzpfa=umif;udk ol. rdef‹cGef;rsm;wGif jynfolwdk‹tm; today;cJh.?

1942 ckESpfukefydkif;wGif u&ifrsm;ESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmftwGif;rS wm0efrJholwdk‹t=um; ay:aygufcJhaom yÉdyuQwdk‹rSpI aoG;xGufoH,dkr_ESifh vlrsKd;a&;t"du±k%f;rsm; jzpfyGm;vmonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf jrefrmEkdifiH&Sd wdkif;&if;om;rsm;t=um; qufqHa&;aumif;rGefr_udk txl;tav;ay;cJh.? xdkuJhodk‹ qufqHa&;aumif;rSomv#if EkdifiHpnf;vHk;nDnGwfrnfjzpfa=umif; ol aumif;pGmoabmaygufcJh.? plZluD;twGuf ocifatmifqef;a&;qJGcJhaom ‘jrefrmEkdifiH pDrHudef;’ wGif ‘,QKtcgY +Adwdo#ya,m*a=umifh vlrsm;pkjzpfaom Armwdk‹ESifh &ckdif/ &Srf; paom awmifay:wkdif;&if;om;rsm;t=um;wGif wnf&Sdaeaom uGm[csufrsm; usOf;ajrmif;oGm;ap+yD; tm;vHk;wef;wlnDr#&Sdaom EkdifiHxlaxmif&ef’ vdktyfa=umif;udk tav;teufazmfjycJhygonf? u&if-Arm t"du±k%f;onf ol‹tm; rsm;pGm a'gre\ jzpfapygonf? 1943 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ ocifoef;xGef;ESifh AdkvfvuFsmwdk‹onf TvlrsKd;pkESpfpkt=um; +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh em;vnfr_&&Sdap&ef tyef;w}uD; aqmif&GufcJhygonf? ‚if;wdk‹. pkaygif;óud;yrf;r_rS oD;yGifhvmaomtusKd;um; u&ifacgif;aqmifrsm; jrefrmacgif;aqmifwdk‹tm; ,Hk=unfpdwfcsvmjcif;ESifh jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; u&ifwyf&if;wck zJG‹pnf;vdkufjcif;jzpfygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tapmwvsif udkifwG,f&efvdkaeaom aemufudpPw&yfrSm uGefjrLepfrsm;ESifh jynfol‹ta&;awmfyHkygwDtwGif;rS qdk&S,fvpfrsm;t=um; wae‹wjcm;}uD;xGm;aeaom tmCmwrsm;yif jzpfygonf? uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;rSm *syefacwfwav#mufvHk; awmcdkaecJhaom ocifpdk;/ opfawmESifh v,f,mpdkufysKd;a&;0ef}uD;jzpfaeaom ocifoef;xGef;ESifh ocifA[def;wdk‹ jzpf=uygonf? OD;ausmf+idrf;ESifh OD;baqGwdk‹onfum; xif&Sm;aom qdk&S,fvpfacgif;aqmifESpfOD; jzpfygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfzufacgif;aqmifrsm;t=um; ajyvnfap&ef txl;óud;yrf;cJhygonf? aphpyfjzefajza&;udk tjrefqHk;aqmif&Guf&ef vkdtyfaejcif;rSm EkdifiHa&;oabmxm;uJGvJGr_rsm;onf wyfrawmfxJodk‹ pdrfh0ifaeum &Jabmfrsm;. nDnGwfa&;ESifh awmfvSefa&;. atmifjrifa&;wdk‹udk +cdrf;ajcmufaeI jzpfygonf? xdk‹tjyif ocifpdk;onf zufqpfqef‹usifa&; pnf;±Hk;aqmf=o&mwGif wyfrawmfudk xdcdkufepfemapaom 0g'jzef‹csda&;ðyvkyfaeojzifh wyftwGif; rauseyfr_rsm; jzpf±Hkomru AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf; a'goxGuf&ygonf? vaygif;rsm;pGm oabmxm;csif; zvS,f+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ocifpdk;/ ocifoef;xGef;/ ocifA[def;wdk‹ESifh 1944 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif &uftenf;i,f=um v#KdŒ0Sufpnf;a0;ygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹ wnfaxmif&eftqdkukd aqG;aEG;=u+yD; tzJG‹. a=unmpmwrf;ESifh pkaygif;aqmif&Guf&rnfh pDrHudef;w&yfudk oabmwltwnfðyvkyfygonf? rsm;r=umrD uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh jynfol‹ta&;awmfyyHk gwDacgif;aqmifrsm; twlpnf;a0;&ef pDpOfvdkuf+yD;/ xdktpnf;ta0;Y AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf “zufqpf"g;jyrsm;udk wkdufxkwf=uavmh” acgif;pOfyg a=unmpmwrf;udk zwfum awmfvSefa&;udk w&m;0if taumiftxnfazmfvdkufygonf? tzJG‹Y ocifpdk;onf EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifjzpf+yD; ocifoef;xGef;onf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;wm0efESifh r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhqufoG,fa&; wm0efwdk‹udk ,lum AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfa&;acgif;aqmifjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefY vli,fwyfrawmft&m&SdtcsKdŒonf pwifv_yf&Sm;&ef aZm}uD;um ocifacgif;aqmiftcsKdŒESifh wyfrawmf tqifhjrifht&m&SdtcsKdŒwdk‹udkom wkdifyifavh&Sdaom AdkvfcsKyf. qdwfqdwfaer_a=umifh rcsifhr&Jjzpfae=uygonf? ‚if;wdk‹onf awmfvSefa&;w&yfudk rdrdwdk‹zmom pwif&ef }uHpnf=uygonf?

TudpPudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; odoGm;aomtcg ‚if;wdk‹tm; zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹. v_yf&Sm;r_xJY wdusaom tcef;u¾rsm; pDpOfay;jcif;jzifh tajctaeudk ajyvnfapcJhygonf? twGif;tiftm;pkrsm;. nDnGwfr_&,l+yD;aemuf awmfvSefa&;tpDtpOf t+yD;owfEkdif&ef r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh rnfuJhodk‹aom oabmwlnDr_rsm; &Ekdifrnfudkom od&Sd&ef vdkygawmhonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh taygif;tazmfrsm;onf jynfytultnD &onfjzpfap/ r&onfjzpfap *syefudk awmfvSef&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcs+yD;jzpfaomfvnf; atmifjrifr_rsm; ydkIydkI &aeaom r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifh

yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh vufawG‹tusKd;tjrwfrsm; &&SdEdkifrnfjzpfa=umif; xif&Sm;vmygonf? trSefrSm EdkifiHt0Srf; jrefrmwyfrsm; *syefwdk‹udk pwifawmfvSefaom 1945 ckESpf rwfv 27 &ufae‹a&mufonfhwkdif +Adwdo#wdk‹ESifh &Sif;vif;aomoabmwlnDcsuf r&&Sdao;ay? xdkae‹rwdkifrD (10) &uftvdku AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf &efukefòrd‹Y ppfa&;jytcrf;tem;w&yfwGif yg0if+yD;aemuf ol. wyfrsm;ESifhtwl ppfavhusifhcef;qif;&ef[k ta=umif;jyum òrd‹awmfrS xGufcGmcJhygonf? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;. wyfr (14) onf {&m0wDjrpfudk rEWav;ajrmufydkif;rS jzwful;ae+yD;/ ocifoef;xGef;onf +Adwdo#wyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;ESifhqHk&ef awmifilodk‹xGufcGmoGm;ay+yD? rsm;r=umrD awmfvSefa&;a&pD;a=umif;um; w[kefwnf;pD;qif;vmayawmhonf? arv (15) &ufae‹wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vufaxmuft&m&SdwOD;ESifhtwl pvif;ESifhawG‹qHk&ef ‚if;. XmecsKyfodk‹ a&mufoGm;.? awG‹qHk&mwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf rdrdudk,frdrd jrefrmEdkifiH ,m,Dtpdk;&. udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf rdwfquf+yD;/ r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;wOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðy&ef &J&Jwif;wif; awmif;qdkvdkufygonf? +Adwdo#AdkvfcsKyf}uD;xHrS vdkufavsmr_trsm;qHk; &&SdEkdif&ef wzufuóud;pm;vsuf wzufuvnf; vufawG‹usus awG;jrifwwfa=umif;/ yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufvdka=umif;/ rdrdESifhqufqHolrsm; pdwfacG‹&avmufatmif ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfa=umif;wdk‹udk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jyocJh&m pvif;. ESpfoufoabmusr_ESifh av;pm;r_wdk‹udk &&SdcJh.? pvif;. pum;t& “olESifhywfoufI usaemf rSwfrSwf&&}uD; owdðyr_onfuawmh/ ol. ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfr_jzpfygonf? olonf tmoGufv#moGuf tóudufvdkuf tmrcHcsufay;jcif;rsKd;r&Sd? vG,fvG,fESifh uwdray;? odk‹aomf wckckvkyfygrnf[k oabmwlcJhv#ifawmh pum;wnfrnfhol[k usaemf jrifygonf?”

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;pvif;wdk‹ awG‹qHk+yD;aemuf/ jrefrmwyfrsm;ESifh +Adwdo#wyfrsm; yl;wJGI *syefwdk‹udk wdkufav&m *syefwyfrsm; tvsiftjref òyduJGoGm;ygonf? ZGefv (15) &ufae‹wGif &efukefòrd‹ atmifyJGppfcsDtcrf;tem;rsm; usif;y&mY +Adwdo#tifykdif,mwyfrsm;/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrmhwyfrawmfuvnf; yg0ifcJhygonf? *syefawmfvSefa&;um; +yD;qHk;oGm;ayonf? trsKd;om;a&;v_yf&Sm;aeaom jrefrmrsm;onf wlnDaom&nfrSef;csufatmifjrifap&ef 0g'a&;&m rwdkufqdkifr_rsm;ESifh yk*~Kdvfa&;qefaom oabmxm;rsm;udk ab;z,fcJhaom *k%f,lzG,ftaumif;qHk; tcsdefumvjzpfygonf? 1945 ckESpf =o*kwfvwGif us,fjyef‹aom vlr_a&;ESifh EdkifiHa&;tiftm;pkrsm;udk udk,fpm;ðyaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;yg0ifEkdif&ef zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹udk wkd;csJŒzJG‹pnf;+yD; ‘zufqpfqef‹usifa&;/ jynfol‹vGwfajrmufa&;tzJG‹csKyf’ (zqyv) [lI trnfopfay;vdkufygonf? +Adwdo#ESifh aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif;? *syefwdk‹udk r[mrdwfrsm;ESifhaygif;I wdkufcdkuf&ef zufqpfqef‹usifa&;tzJG‹. urf;vSrf;csufudk +Adwdo#wdk‹ vufcHcJhjcif;rSm/ ta&SŒawmiftm&S r[mrdwfwyfrsm;. ppfOD;pD;csKyf avmh'farmifhbufwif.

EdkifiHa&;yg;eyf tar#mftjrif&Sdr_wdk‹a=umifh jzpfygonf? 1942 ckESpf jrefrmEkdifiHrS +Adwdo#odk‹ qkwfcGm+yD;aemuf tdENd,wGif ta0;a&muftpdk;&±Hk;pdkufcJhygonf? xdktpdk;&udk v$rf;rdk;aeaom t&m&Sdrsm;onf trsKd;om;a&;pdwf jyif;xefaom vli,frsm;u ‚if;wdk‹. =oZmudk pdefac:jcif;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹. tkyfcsKyfa&; 0±kef;okef;um;jzpfap&ef v_yf&Sm;cJhonfudk cHcJh&olrsm; jzpfayonf? Tt&m&Sdrsm;onf zqyvESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_rSefor#ukd vHk;0qef‹usifI +Adwdo#wdk‹ jrefrmEkdifiHudk jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf+yD;p ppftkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; zqyvudk rw&m;oif; a=unmum/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk EkdifiHawmfopPmazmuftjzpf zrf;qD;&ef vdkvm;=uygonf? ydkrdkI t"dXmefuspGm ±_jrifEdkifaom taetxm;wGif &Sdaeaom armifhbufwifurl jrefrmEkdifiHudpPrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;pGm ajz&Sif;Ekdif&mwGif/ jrefrmvlxk}uD;u rdrdwdk‹vGwfajrmufa&;udk aqmifusOf;ay;cJhol[lI todtrSwfðyxm;aom yk*~Kdvf. yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_udk &,l&ef vdktyfrnfudk em;vnfonf? vlxk. pdwfaeoabmxm;ESifh uif;uGmaeaom

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;acgif;aqmif t&yfom;t&m&Sd.ae&mwGif vsifjrefpGmyif 0g&ifhwyfrawmft&m&SdwOD;jzpfol AdkvfcsKyf&efpftm; cef‹tyfvdkufygonf?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ajz&Sif;&aom vwfwavmjy\emw&yfrSm ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf[k trnfajymif;xm;aom jrefrmhwyfrawmf. tem*wfta&; jzpfygonf? wyfrsm;udk au|;arG;a&;ESifh vufeufwyfqifay;a&;vkyfief;rsm;onf vGefpGmrS cufcJae.? r[mrdwfwdk‹ ppfatmifyJGcH+yD;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf armifhbufwifESifh awG‹qHkaqG;aEG;I ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf0ifrsm;onf rdrdwdk‹qENtavsmuf +Adwdo#vufatmuf&Sd jrefrmhwyfrawmfxJodk‹ 0ifvdku 0ifEkdifap&ef oabmwlvdkufygonf? ToabmwlnDcsuf. tao;pdwftcsufrsm;udk 1945 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif r[mrdwfppfOD;pD;XmeESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/ AdkvfvuFsm/ ocifoef;xGef;wdk‹yg0ifaom jrefrmudk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹wdk‹ uENDtpnf;ta0;Y qHk;jzwfcJh=uonf? uENDodk‹toGm; udk,fpm;vS,ftzJG‹0iftcsKdŒ umvuwWm;òrd‹wGif acwWc%&yfpOf ocifodef;azESifhawG‹qHk+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tem*wfta&;udk aqG;aEG;=u.? oabmxm;tjrifwckt& vmrnfhEdkifiHa&;wkdufyJGwGif AdkvfcsKyfyg0if&ef vdktyfonf? “olonfom trsKd;om;a&;tiftm;pktaygif;udk nDnGwfaom wyfOD;w&yfjzpfvmap&ef pGrf;aqmif+yD; acgif;aqmifr_ay;Ekdifrnfh wOD;wnf;aom yk*~Kdvfjzpfonf?” ocifodef;azrSty tjcm;uGefjrLepfrsm; wifjyaom tjcm;tjrifwckt& AdkvfcsKyfonf EkdifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;&Sdoifhaom t&nftcsif;aygif;pHkr&Sd/ vlr_qufqHa&;nHhzsif;ae+yD; EkdifiHa&;enf;y&d,m,fru|rf;usif/ xdk‹a=umifh EkdifiHa&;pGef‹v$wf+yD; wyfrawmfxJwGifom aeoifhonf? “aemufqHk;wkdufyJG}uD;” wGif tiftm;pktm;vHk;. pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;&&Sdap&ef jrefrmEkdifiH vdktyfaeaom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;omv#if jzpfa=umif;udk ckdifckdifrmrm ,Hk=unfaom AdkvfvuFsmu uGefjrLepfwdk‹ t}uHay;csufudk t"dy`m,fzGifhyHk&mY “EkdifiHa&;e,fy,fudk olwdk‹om v$rf;rd;k xm;vdkI AdkvfcsKyfudk ab;z,fxm;+yD;/ olwdk‹tvdk&SdaomtcgrS AdkvfcsKyftaeESifh oG,f0kdufaomenf;rsm;ESifh taxmuftulay;&efjzpfonf?” AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ESpfzufoabmxm;rsm;udk em;axmif+yD; udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuf csvdkufonf? wyfrawmfrSxu G fI EkdifiHa&;a&SŒwef;rS vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGudk tpGrf;ukefqifEJ$awmhrnf?

1945 ckESpfESifh 1947 ckESpfrsm;twGif; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf tiftm;}uD;aom acgif;aqmifwOD;tjzpf‚if;/ vlxk. ,Hk=unfr_ESifh arwWmudk&&Sdaom vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sd EdkifiHa&;orm;wOD;taeESifh‚if;/ xifay:vm.? ‚if;tm; ppfwyftwGif;om aeapvdkaomolwdk‹. a0zefcsufrsm;rSm cdkifvHkr_r&Sda=umif;udk twdtvif;jyEdkifcJh.? 1945 ckESpf arvwGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf puULjzLpDrHudef;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH tem*wftay:xm;aom ‚if;wdk‹. tajccHrl0g'udk a=unmvdkufygonf? xdkpDrHudef;t& bk&ifcHonf EkdifiHudk oHk;ESp=f umwkduf±dkuftkyfcsKyf+yD; umvtm;avsmfpGm a&G;aumufyJGrsm;usif;yjcif;/ jrefrmaumifpDESifh Oya'ðytzJG‹wdk‹wnfaxmifjcif;wdk‹udk aqmif&GufoGm;rnf?

Ttcsufrsm;onf 1935 ckESpf jrefrmEdkifiHtufOya'yg tcsuftvufrsm;xuf omvGefwdk;wufjcif;oabmudk raqmifyg? aumifpDESifh Oya'ðytzJG‹ jyefvnfwnfaxmif+yD;rS a&SŒwqifhwdk;I jrefrmEkdifiHudk 'dkrDeD,eftqifh&aprnfh tajccHzJG‹pnf;yHkOya'udk ygwDaygif;pHku a&;qJG&efjzpfygonf? odk‹aomf awmifwef;ESifh e,fpyfa'orsm;onf jynfrESifhaygif;pnf;vdka=umif; wdwdusus razmfjyv#if oD;jcm;a'orsm;udk TpDrHudef;YrxnfhbJ xm;rnfjzpfygonf? puULjzLpDrHudef;yg tcsuftvufrsm; vHk;0vufcHEkdifzG,f r&Sda=umif;udk ppftkyfcsKyfa&;r+yD;qHk;rDuyif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh ocifoef;xGef;wdk‹onf jrefrmjynfudk jyefvmrnfjzpfaom bk&ifcH qm&uf*sDeJvfa':refqrpftm; &Sif;vif;pGmtoday;+yD;jzpfygonf? zqyv acgif;aqmifrsm;onf ‚if;wdk‹ygwDom EdkifiHudk udk,fpm;ðyaoma=umifh/ ‚if;wdk‹onfom ppftkyfcsKyfa&;udk tpm;xdk;&ef ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&w&yf zJG‹cGifh&Sdoifha=umif; wifjycJhygonf? a':refqrpfonf pdwfapwemaumif;

r&Sdolr[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol‹tm; 0dkif;&Haeaom 0efxrf;t&m&Sdrsm;enf;wl ppf+yD;acwf jrefrmEdkifiH. ±_yfaxG;ayGvD tajymif;tvJjrefvSaom EkdifiHa&;Owkudk em;rvnfEdkifacs? zqyvtzJG‹csKyfonf jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pk. axmufcHr_&&Sdxm;onf[laom tcsufudk a':refqrpf ,Hk=unfvufcH&ef tcuftcJawG‹ae+yD; xdktcsdefY jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ta&;ygqHk;yk*~Kdvfonf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;jzpfa=umif;udk ol rjrifIrjzpfaomfvnf; xdktcsufudkvnf; vufcH&ef 0efav;ae.? xdk‹tjyif ppfwGif;umvwavsmuf rdrd. tpdk;&tay: opPmapmifhcJhaom 0g&ifh jrefrmEkdifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;udk csD;jr‡ifhvdkaom tHhzG,f&mr[kwfonfh qENonf ol.em;vnfr_udk csKdŒ,Gif;apygonf? 0g&ifhEdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;. u¾ acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHY r&Sdawmh+yD[laomtcsufudk olrjrifEkdifIaomf‚if;/ rjrifvdkIaomf‚if; jzpfEdkifygonf? +Adwdo#tifydkif,m òydysufjcif;udk vufrcHEkdif[laom csmcsD. {u&mZf pdwf"mwfjyif;jyonfh cH,lcsufonf jrefrmEdkifiHukd taxmuftulrðycJhyg? csmcsDtm; 0ef}uD;csKyfae&mYqufcHol twWvDuvnf; jrefrmEkdifiHtwGif;&Sd t,ltq/ oabmxm;toG,foG,fudk tuJjzwf&ef tcuftcJawG‹ae&m wdusaomrl0g'w&yf csrSwf&ef aES;auG;cJh.?

1945 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif a':refqrpf &efukefodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg t&yfom;tpdk;& jyefvnfzJG‹pnf;vdkufjcif;jzifh jrefrmEkdifiH vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyJG +yD;qHk;+yDjzpfa=umif;udk tav;teufjyovdkufygonf? odk‹aomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh zqyvwdk‹. oabmxm;um; xkduJhodk‹ r[kwfyg? ‚ifwdk‹vdkvm;aom vGwfvyfa&;udk ‚if;wdk‹awmif;qdkcsufrsm;ESifhtnD +Adwdo#tpdk;&u ay;&efysufuGufygu/ vufeufudkifwdkufyJG xyfrHqifEJ$&rnfh tvm;tvmudk ‚if;wdk‹ ry,fcsxm;yg? yxrOD;qHk;wkdufyJGum; bk&ifcHaumifpDzJG‹pnf;a&;udpPESifhywfoufygonf? zqyvonf &mxl;ae&m (11) ae&mteuf (7) ae&mwGif ‚if;wdk‹trnf wifoGif;aomyk*~Kdvfrsm;udk cef‹tyf&ef twif;t=uyfawmif;qdk.? xdk‹tjyif bk&ifcHaumifpDudk ‚if;wdk‹ rlvu awmif;qdkcJhaom ,m,DtrsKd;om;tpdk;&yHkpHjzpfaprnfh tjcm;vdktyfcsufrsm;udkyg wJGIawmif;qdkvkdufygonf? ar#mfvifhxm;onfhtwkdif; +Adwdo#tpdk;&onf awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk jiif;y,fvdkufygonf? xdk‹aemuf a':refqrpfonf aumifpDESifh Oya'tzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf tv,ftvwfvrf;pOform;rsm;[k rdrd,Hk=unfolwdk‹udk cef‹tyfvdkufygonf? odk‹aomf xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;teuf uyfyg;&yfyg; rif;ajr‡mifrsm;/ trsKd;om;a&;opPmazmuf udk,fusKd;&Smorm;rsm;[k jrefrmtrsm;u ,lqxm;oltcsKdŒvnf; yg0ifaeygonf? 1946 ckESpf ZEM0g&DvwGif trsm;oabmwl wnDwnGwfwnf; axmufcHr_jzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk zqyvOuUX wifajr‡mufvdkufygonf? uENDoabmwlnDr_&Sdxm;ygaomfvnf; jrefrmhwyfrawmftwGif; 0ifa&muftr_xrf;jcif;r&Sdaom ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmfom; trsm;tjym; usefaeygonf? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;ESifh topf0ifvmolrsm;udkaygif;um ol‹jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹udk wnfaxmifvdkufygonf? jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹wyfom;rsm;onf ,leDazmif;0wfqifum yGifhyGifhvif;vif;yif ppfavhusifha&;rsm; ðyvkyfygonf? jynfol‹&JabmftzJG‹onf w&m;0iftm;jzifh jyefvnfxlaxmifa&;vkyfief;rsm; aqmif&Gufaeaom vlr_a&;tzJG‹tpnf;w&yfom jzpfaomfvnf; zqyv. vuf±Hk;wyfjzpfvmEkdifaom tajccHt&nftcsif;rsm; &Sdaeaoma=umifh tpdk;&twGuf pdwfrat;zG,fjzpfaeygonf?

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toifhawmfqHk;jzpfrnfxifygu wm0efrsm;udk vJ$ajymif;cJGa0ay;ygonf? odk‹aomf udk,fusKd;&Smorm;rsm;/ wm0efrJhvkyf&yfrsm;ESifh vGwfvyfa&;óud;yrf;r_udk xdyg;Ekdifrnfh tvkyfysufuGufr_rsm;udk onf;rcHyg? olonf w&m;r#wr_ESifh 'Drkdua&pD0g'wdk‹udk ,Hk=unfvufcHum ol. ukd,fydkifqHk;jzwfcsuft&vkyfygu ydkrdkI aumif;rGefrnfjzpfaom tcsdeftcgrsm;Yyif vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;. tvdkus aqmif&GufcJhonfvnf; &SdcJh.? tr_aqmifaumifpDacgif;aqmiftaeESifh ol.tjrifudk tjcm;olrsm; vufcHap&ef tay:pD;ESifh aqmif&GufcJhjcif; r&SdcJhyg? tm;vHk;u vGwfvyf/ yGifhvif;/ jynfhpHkpGm aqG;aEG;+yD;rS qHk;jzwfcsufcs=uygonf? oludk,fwkdif yGifhvif;pGm 0efcHcJhonfhtwkdif; olonf trSm;t,Gif;uif;olr[kwfyg? odk‹aomf ol. pdwf&nfOm%f&nfum; tpOfojzifh }uD;xGm;wkd;wufEkdifpGrf;&SdcJhygonf?

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4 “Adkvf” . t"dy`m,ftppftrSef t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfY xkwfa0aom pmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 186-191 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

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5 &nfrSef;csufrsm; “jynfol‹ ol&Jaumif;trsKd;orD; &nfrSef;csufrsm; &Sif;jyjcif;” [laom acgif;pOfjzifh atmifqef;pk=unfESifh c&ifomyg (Karan Thapar) wdk‹. awG‹qHkar;jref;cef;udk atmufygtwdkif; 1988 ckESpf =o*kwfv 19 &ufae‹xkwf “onfwdkif;rfpf” (The Times) owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf?

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6 awmfvSefa&;tv,fA[dkwGif t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh 1991 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0aompmtkyfrS pmrsufESm 209-213 udk jrefrmjyefonf?

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4? w&m;r#wr_udk xda&mufpGm usifhoHk;Ekdif&eftwGufESifh ,if;odk‹usifhoHk;onfh jzpfpOfw&yfvHk;wdk‹udk vlwkdif;u qef;ppfavhvm&ef tvdk‹iSm Oya't& tmrcHcsufay;EkdifrSomv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;vdkvm;csufrsm;udk Oya'av;pm;r_ESifh o[Zmwjzpfatmif ðyvkyf&rnf[laomtqdkonfvnf; w&m;0ifrnfjzpfygonf? vGwfvyfr_/ w&m;r#wr_ESifh +idrf;csrf;a&;wdk‹. tajccHtjzpf vdktyfa=umif; ukvor*~ todtrSwfðyxm;aom tcGifhta&;rsm; qHk;±_H;ysufpD;&onfudk wGef;vSefaeolrsm;tm; jrefqefpGm ta&;,lESdrfeif;Edkif&ef &nf&G,fI jyXmef;xm;aom trdef‹a=unmcsufrsm;onf tpdk;&trdef‹r#omjzpf+yD; w&m;aom Oya'tqifhodk‹ jr‡ifhwif&efvdktyfaom oDv/ pGrf;tm;ESifh Oya'qkdif&m vkyfydkifcGifhrsm;. axmufcHr_r&Sd[k qdk&rnfjzpfonf?

5? w&m;aomOya'tm;vHk;udk axmufcH&efESifh ±dkaoav;pm;&efrSm trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu tpOfwpdkufvdkufemcJhaom vrf;pOfjzpfygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif ckdifrmaom/ +idrf;csrf;aom/ wkdif;jynfwnfaxmifvdkolrsm;onf vl‹*k%foduQmESifh trSefw&m;. tajccHrsm;udk wkdufckdufonfh ta&;,lvkyfaqmifr_rsm;udk wGef;vSef&ef wm0ef&Sdonf[k jynfoltrsm;pkESifhtwl trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfu od&Sdem;vnfxm;ygonf?

6? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif ,ae‹zrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh rsm;jym;vSaom EkdifiHa&;tusOf;orm;rsm;onf &mZ0wfrr_ sm; usL;vGefonfqdkI pJGcsufwifxm;ygonf? trSefpifppfrSm ‚if;wdk‹onf

urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;a=unmpmwrf;tydk'f 19/ 20 ESifh 21 wdk‹udk axmufcHumuG,f&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwf=ujcif;a=umifh ta&;,lcHae&jcif;jzpfygonf? xdk‹tjyif tydk'f 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11 ESifh 12 wdk‹ESifh qef‹usifI ‚if;wdk‹tm; udkifwG,fqufqHaeygonf?

7?

EkdifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJrsm;a=umifh twd'kuQa&mufae=u&onfh jynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm; xyfrHIom 'kuQay;Ekdifaom yÉdyuQrsKd; &ifqkdifawG‹r_rsKd;ukd trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfESifh ‚if;tm; axmufcHa=umif; &Sif;vif;pGmjyaeaom jynfolwdk‹u rvdkvm;=uyg? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfonf 1988 ckESpfwGif pwifay:aygufvmonfrSpI aqG;aEG;aphpyfn‡dE_dif;jcif;jzifh em;vnfr_&,laom 'Drkdua&pDtpOftvm rl oabmw&m;udk ckdif+rJpGm vufcHusifhoHk;cJhygonf?

8? “vlom;wdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹. tcGifhta&;udk ray;bJ jiif;qdkaejcif;onf vlr_a&;/ EdkifiHa&; rjidrfoufr_jzpfay:ap&ef vrf;cif;ay;vdkufjcif;jzpfonf” [laom azmfjycsuf cdkifvHkonfudk 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&pepfodk‹ apmapmpD;pD; +idrf;csrf;pGm ul;ajymif;vdkolrsm;u vufcHtodtrSwfðy=uygonf? xdk‹a=umifhvnf; vlr_a&;ESifh EkdifiHa&;r+idrfroufr_rsm;udk a&Smif&mS ;rnfh tajctaersm; ay:aygufvm&ef OD;wnfI ‚if;wdk‹u óud;yrf;ae=ujcif;jzpfygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlrsm;pk. pdwfqENudk ±dkaoav;pm;&ef tm%mydkifwdk‹u jiif;qefaeojzifh ,if;odk‹ óudf;yrf;tm;xkwfr_rsm;onf [ef‹wm;jcif; cHae&ygonf?

9? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif vl‹tcGifhta&;jr‡ifhwifvdkolrsm; (txl;ojzifh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;) taejzifh ‚if;wdk‹tay:wGif‚if;/ ‚if;wdk‹.rdom;pk odk‹r[kwf taygif;toif;tay:Y‚if; &efwHk‹jyefr_rsm; ðyvkyfvmrnfh ab;tEW&m,fudk ra=umufr&GHŒ&bJ ‚if;wkd‹. t,ltqrsm;udk yGifhvif;pGm xkwfazmfEkdifaprnfh tajctaersm;udk ukvor*~ vl‹tcGifhta&;aumfr&Siftaejzifh awmif;qdk&ef jzpfEkdifvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

10? vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tmrcHrnfh EkdifiHa&;pepf&&Sd&ef óud;yrf;±kef;uef&mY atmifjrifr_&&ef ‚if;wdk‹. udk,fydkifowWd/ ZJG/ vHk‹vESifh cHEkdif&nfpGrf;tm;rsm;udkom tm;udk;&rnfudk em;vnfoabmayguf=uaomfvnf; jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. w&m;r#waom OD;wnfcsufudk ukvor*~aumfr&Sifu axmufcHrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

8 jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifonf atmifqef;pk=unfonf ‚if;.aetdrfY txdef;odrf;rcH&rD 19 &uftvdkjzpfaom Zlvkdifv 1 &ufae‹ 1989 ckESpfY at;&Sm;0dcf (AsiaWeek) rS a'grepfazgvf'g (Dominic Faulder) ESifh atmufygtwdkif; tar;tajz vkyfxm;ygonf?

ar;? ajz?

* * * vuf&Sdtajctaeudk b,fvdk&Sdw,fvdk‹ qdkEkdifrvJ? usru t"duypfrSwfjzpfaewm xif&Sm;ygw,f? 'Dvdkjzpfaewmvnf; tawmfav;=umyg+yD? 'gayrJh tckawmh ajAmifvkyfvm+yDaygh? usrwdk‹udk jynfolawGu taxmufcHqHk;rdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹udk OD;wnf+yD;

wkdufcdkufae=uwmygyJ? usrwdk‹ +idrf+idrfav;xkdif+yD; apmifh=unfhae±HkeJ‹ ta&G;cH&rSm aocsmw,fvdk‹ wcsKdŒu xif=uygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'Davmuf rvG,fygbl;? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh tajccH EkdifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhawG[m wae‹+yD;wae‹ ydk+yD; qHk;±_H;ae&ygw,f? e0wtzJG‹ (EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹) [m usrwdk‹ wkdifxm;wJh rw&m;r_awG/ wzufowfusr_awG tm;vHk;udk vHk;0*±krpdkufygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ b,fvdktrSefwu,fjzpfysufaew,fqdkwmudk usrwdk‹u ajymae&wmyg? ar;? ajz?

a&G;aumufyJGpnf;rsOf;opfudk avhvm+yD;+yDvm;? [kwfuJh/ usr aoaocsmcsm zwf=unfh+yD;yg+yD? t}uHOm%fawG wyHkwacgif; 0dkif;ay;xm;wmawGudk eJeJav;awmif *±kpdkufwmr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹uvnf; t}uHawGtrsm;}uD; ay;xm;ayr,fh tm;vHk;udk vspfv#L±_xm;wm awG‹&ygw,f? tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;eJ‹qdkifwJh txl;pnf;rsOf;awG xnfhoGif;ay;bdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajymxm;wmawGudk vHk;vHk; razmfjyxm;ygbl;?

ar;? ajz?

a&G;aumufyJGusif;yjzpfw,fqdk&if a&G;aumufyJG+yD;&if bmjzpfr,fxifygovJ? usrwdk‹vnf; rodygbl;? 'gu jy\emygyJ? b,folyJ ta&G;cH&/ cH& tm%mtvJ$tajymif;rvkyfcif yxrqHk; zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'a&;qJG+yD; twnfðy&rSmjzpfygw,f? zGJ‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk b,fvdktwnfðy&r,fqdkwmudkvnf; ajymao;wmr[kwfygbl;? vlxkqENaumuf,lyJGvkyf+yD;awmh twnfðy&rSmvnf; jzpfEkdifygw,f? 'Denf;uawmh ESpfeJ‹r[kwf&ifawmif veJ‹csD+yD; =umEkdifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹ tm%mvJ$ajymif;a&;qkdif&m pnf;rsOf;awG[m odyfta&;}uD;ygw,f? tm%mudk b,fvdkvJ$ajymif;ay;r,fqdkwmudk usrwdk‹ rodrjcif; e0w u 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufxm;wJh tpdk;&udk zJG‹pnf;ay;r,fvdk‹qdkwmudk usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ rjzpfao;ygbl;?

ar;?

'gayrJh twdkuftcHawGtaeeJ‹uvnf; zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'rl=urf;tay:rSm oabmwlcsufr&Edkifao;bJ jzpfaew,fr[kwfvm;? ygwD (200) ausmf&Sdaeawmh vlwkdif;vufcHEkdifavmufwJh zJG‹pnf;yHktajccHOya'udk a&;qJGzdk‹qdkwmu vG,fwJhudpP r[kwfygbl;? 'gtpm; e0w ua&m aqG;aEG;yJGawG rpEkdifbl;vm;? 'g[m EkdifiHa&;jy\emawGudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹&Sif;wJh enf;vrf;jzpfygw,f? olwdk‹ raqG;aEG;Edkifao;wmu OD;ae0if;u trdef‹ray;ao;vdk‹bJ jzpfr,fvdk‹ usr xifrdygw,f? e0w u b,foleJ‹aqG;aEG;wmudkrS OD;ae0if; =um;csifr,f r[kwfygbl;? tJ'Dawmh e0w u olwdk‹udk wdkufaewJhygwDawGeJ‹ pum;rajymEkdifbl;/ rwdkufwJhygwDeJ‹yJ ajymr,fvdk‹ qdkvmjyefygw,f? tJ'gudk tpuawmh bma=umifhrajym=uovJ? 'g[m qifajcoufoufygyJ? usrwdk‹u “e0w [m 'D[mawG [dk[mawG rvkyfbl;? aus;Zl;ðyI vkyfzdk‹óud;pm;yg” vdk‹ ajym&ifawmif oem;p&maumif;vSwJh e0w crsmrSm bmrS vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdwm r[kwfygbl;?

ajz?

ar;? ajz?

oem;p&maumif;wJh e0wwJhvm;? [kwfygw,f/ oem;p&maumif;wJh e0w ygyJ? b,ftzJG‹tpnf;yJjzpfjzpf tm%m&SifwOD;&JŒ =oZmcH vHk;0jzpfae&if oem;p&mvdk‹ ajymEkdifygw,f? olckdif;wJhtwkdif; vkyf=uwmygyJ? OD;ae0if;u tm%mudk óud;udkifaeor#awmh vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGqdkwmvnf; &SdEkdifr,f rxifygbl;?

ar;? ajz?

tm%mydkifawGu cifAsm;bufudk OD;wnfwdkufcdkufvmr,fvdk‹ xifovm;? olwdk‹óud;pm;r,fxifygw,f? usrta=umif; r[kwfwmawG/ t"dy`m,fr&SdwmawG 0g'jzef‹zdk‹ olwdk‹ t+rJwrf; óud;pm;ae=uwmygyJ? usrrSm tdrfaxmifav;quf/ oHk;quf/ ESpfquf&Sdw,f pojzifhayghav? aemufawmh usr[m uGefjrLepfvdk‹vnf; ajym=uw,f? wcsKdŒtodkif;t0dkif;rSmawmh usru pDtkdifat vdk‹ qdkygw,f? usru Ak'<&Sifawmfudk apmfum;aeygw,fvdk‹ xif&Sm;ausmf=um;wJh bkef;awmf}uD;awGu rdef‹qdkatmifvnf; olwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmygyJ? usr EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ vufxyfxm;w,fvdk‹awmh olwdk‹ ajymEkdifygw,f? 'gudkvnf; usru &Sif;&Sif; 0efcHxm;wmygyJ? zHk;uG,fzdk‹ óud;pm;aewmrSr[kwfbJ?

ar;? ajz?

cifAsm;ajymwmudk jynfolvlxk em;axmifatmif vkyf&wm cufovm;? rcufygbl;? jynfolvlxku vGwfvyfa&;udk vdkcsifwmyg? jy\emuawmh vlawG[m a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹wwfwJh tusifhawG pJGaeygw,f? ZGefv (19) &ufae‹ 1989 ckESpfu EkdifiHjcm;"gwfyHkq&mwOD;[m usrudk "gwfyHk±dkufaewkef; taESmuft,SufcH&wJhtcgrSm olu jyefajymawmh usreJ‹twl&SdwJh vlwcsKdŒ[m awmfawmf tHhtm;oifhoGm;=uygw,f? “tJ'Dvdk vkyfwm[m vGwfvyfwJh vl‹tzJG‹tpnf;u vmwJhvlawGtzdk‹ yHkrSefyJjzpfw,f” qdkwmudk usru &Sif;jy&ygw,f? a=umuf&GHŒw,fqdkwmuvnf; wjcm;tðytrlawGvdk tavhtxyJ jzpfygw,f? a=umufa=umuf&GHŒ&GHŒeJ‹ aexdkifvm=uwm =umvm&if a=umufwwfvmwmygyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹ usrudk vlawGu odyfowWdaumif;w,fvdk‹ ajym=uwm xifygw,f? usru a=umufvef‹ae&wJhtusifh r&cJhvdk‹om jzpfrSmyg?

ar;?

cifAsm;[m EkdifiHa&;ðyjyifr_udk pD;yGm;a&;zHG‹òzd;r_xuf ydk+yD; OD;pm;ay;xm;ygvm;? e0w owfrSwfxm;wJh a&G;aumufyJGrvkyfcif &Sd&r,fh tajctaeawGxJrSm ±kyfydkif;qkdif&m ºuG,f0r_[mvnf; wcktygt0if jzpfw,fav? usrajymwmu 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGuae vlawG tm±Hkajymif;oGm;atmif pD;yGm;a&;ðyjyifr_qdkwmrsKd;eJ‹ rqG,foifhbl;qdkwJhtcsufygyJ? EkdifiHa&;pepfudk usrwdk‹ rajymif;bl;qdk&if pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; wdk;wufzHG‹òzd;rSm r[kwfygbl;? tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHcsuf ray;EkdifwJh tpdk;&[m pD;yGm;a&;&m tcGifhta&;awGudk tmrrcHEdkifrSmuawmh aocsmygw,f?

ajz?

ar;? ajz?

trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf tm%m&vm&if cifAsm; bmvkyfrvJ? tpdk;&tzJG‹xJrSm usryg0ifvm&r,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'guvnf; usrvkyf&r,fh udpPwck jzpfaeygw,f? aemufwufr,fh tpdk;&awmh oufomr,fr[kwfbl;vdk‹ usr ajymEkdifygw,f?

ESpfaygif; 26 ESpf/ 27 ESpfavmuf wdww f qdwf 'kuQcHvmcJh=u&wJh jynfolawG[m &ifzGifh=uawmhrSmygyJ? vlwkdif;udk auseyfr_ay;Edkifavmufatmif jrefqefwJh ðyjyifa&;vkyfief;awGudkvnf; b,ftpdk;&urS vkyfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? jynfolawGuawmh aemufwufvmr,fh tpdk;&udk aumif;aumif;}uD; uoduatmufjzpfatmif vkyf=uawmhrSmygyJ?

9 EdkbJvfqk&Sifudk,fpm;ajymaomrdef‹cGef; atmifqef;pk=unfudk 1991 ckESpf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk csD;jr‡ifhaomtcgwGif rvma&mufEkdifojzifh olrudk,fpm; om;}uD;jzpfol armifjrifhqef;atmif (Alexander Aris – tvufZENm;tJ&pf) u atmufygrdef‹cGef;udk zwf=um;ygonf?

* * * bk&ifrif;jrwf/ rdzk&m;}uD;/ tpdk;&tzJG‹0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESifh trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm;cifAsm;? qkrsm;xJwGif t}uD;tus,fqHk;aom TEdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk usaemfhrdcif a':atmifqef;pk=unfudk,fpm; vufcH&ef vl}uD;rif;rsm;a&SŒarSmufwGif usaemf ,ae‹ a&muf&Sdaejcif;jzpfygonf? usaemfhrdcifonf tajctaeta=umif;rsm;a=umifh udk,fwkdifrvma&mufEkdifojzifh olrtaejzifh xkwfazmfajymqdkrnfh cHpm;csuf[k usaemf ,Hk=unf,lqaom cHpm;r_rsm;udk azmfjyEkdif&ef usaemf tpGrf;ukefóud;pm;ygrnf? yxrOD;pGm olronf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk olrtaejzifhr[kwfbJ jrefrmjynfoljynfom; tm;vHk;udk,fpm; vufcHa=umif;ajymqdkI pwifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf od&Sdem;vnfygonf? Tqkonf olrESifh roufqkdifbJ usaemf ,ck pum;ajymaepOfYyif jrefrmjynf 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf ‚if;wdk‹. udk,fusKd;aumif;pm;r_/ udk,fydkifvGwfvyfr_ESifh toufwdk‹udk qufvuftepfemcHae=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;/ uav;oli,frsm;ESifhom oufqkdifaomqkjzpfa=umif; olru ajymrnfjzpfygonf? Tqkonf ‚if;wdk‹. qkjzpfouJhodk‹ jrefrmjynf +idrf;csr;f a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDtwGufjzpfaom a&&SnfwdkufyJGwGif aemufqHk;&&Sdrnfh atmifyJGrSmvnf; ‚if;wdk‹.atmifyJGyif jzpfygrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; olr. om;taeESifh usaemf jznfhpGufajymvdkonfrSm olrudk,fwkdif pdwfa&mudk,fyg jr‡KyfESHvkyfudkifjcif;/ udk,fwkdiftepfemcHjcif; ponfwdk‹a=umifh olronf jrefrmjynfoljynfom; tm;vHk;. qdk;0g;aomtajctaeudk trsm;u todtrSwfðyvmap&ef tm;vHk;udk,fpm; &yfwnfxdkufaom oauFw jzpfvm&ygonf? ,if;tajctaeqdk;rsm;udk rnfolur# av#mhrwGufoifhyg? òrd‹&Gmaus;vufwGif qif;&JrJGaw csKdŒwJhEGrf;yg;ae=ujcif;/ tusOf;axmifxJwGif t±dkuftESufcH/ tESdyfpufcHae=u&jcif;/ jrefrmjynf. ar#mfvifhcsufrsm;jzpfaom vli,fvl&G,frsm; ‚if;wdk‹xGuaf jy;&mawmxJY iSufzsm;rd+yD; 'kuQa&mufae=ujcif;/ Ak'<bmombkef;}uD;rsm; t±dkufcH/ oduQmcscHae=u&jcif; ponfhtajctaeqdk;rsm;yif jzpfygonf? usaemfhrdciftjyif txl;±dkaoav;pm;cH&aom 0g&ifhacgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; tusOf;cscHae&onfudk usaemfwdk‹ rarhoifhyg?

Todk‹ tjrifhqHk; *k%fðycH&onfudku ‚if;wdk‹udk,fpm; usaemfu v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymtyfygonf? TuJhodk‹ tvGefa0;vHaom wkdif;jynfwGif rdrdwdk‹. 'kuQa0'em cHpm;ae&r_rsm;udk em;pdkuf*±kðyaeaoma=umifh jrefrmjynfolwdk‹taejzifh ,ae‹ tenf;i,f acgif;armhEkdifrnf jzpfygonf? tapmifhxlxyfpGmcsxm;aom &efukefòrd‹aetdrfwGif wOD;wnf; qifEJ$aeaomwkdufyJGonf pdwf"mwfa&;&m ESdyfuGyfr_ESifh EkdifiHa&; t"rRtEkdifusifhr_wdk‹rS vlom;wdk‹ vGwfajrmufatmif urBmESifhcsDI us,fjyef‹pGm óud;yrf;aeaom wkdufyJG}uD;. wpdwfwydkif;yifjzpfa=umif; usaemfwdk‹ owd&=u&rnf jzpfygonf?

Tqkonf TwdkufyJG}uD;xJwGif rnfonfht&yfrSrqdk yg0ifaeolrsm;udkvnf; *k%fðy&ef &nf&G,fonf[k usaemf ,Hk=unfrdygonf? ,ae‹ atmfpvdkòrd‹wGif ðyvkyfaom Ttcrf;tem;udk wurBmvHk;wGif usif;yaeaom urBmhvl‹tcGifhta&;ae‹Y usif;y&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;&Sdygonf?

OuUX}uD;cifAsm;/ vl}uD;rif;wdk‹ aumfrwD. a&G;cs,fcsufudk urBmhrdom;pkwckvHk;u aumif;csD;=obmay;ae=uygonf? vGefcJhaom &uftenf;i,fcef‹u ukvor*~onf wnDwnGwfwnf; orkdif;0ifqHk;jzwfcsufw&yf csrSwfum Tqk. ta&;ygyHkESifhywfoufaom taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rª;csKyf yJ&pf'DuJGv,m; (Perez de Cueller) . xkwfjyefcsufudk óudqdk=u+yD; usaemfhrdcif vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf ‚if;u xyfcgwvJ yef=um;xm;onfrsm;udkvnf; axmufcHvdkufygonf? jrefrmjynf. vl‹tcGifhta&;tajctae tvGef pdk;&drfzG,f&m jzpfaeonfudk wurBmvHk;u od&Sdem;vnfxm;=uonfudkvnf; xif&Sm;pGm azmfjyxm;ygonf? urBmhwkdif;EkdifiHtm;vHk;xJwGif wudk,fwnf;uif;uGmI txD;usefaecJhaom &efukef tpdk;&xHrSom wckwnf;aom oabmxm;uJGvJGoHudk =um;&ygonf? aemufususef&pf+yD; tm;enf;aeaom toHyifjzpf.? ("gwfyHkvmonf) om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) 1991 ckESpf 'DZbFmv 10 &ufae‹Y rdcifudk,fpm; EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk vufcH&if; aus;Zl;wifpum;ajym=um;aepOf (aqmif;yg;tqufvmonf) Ttpdk;&onf ESpfaygif;oHk;q,feD;yg; rw&m;ojzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonfhtwGuf wcsdefu }uD;yGm;wdk;wufcJhaom jrefrma&$0gajronfvnf; pD;yGm;a&;wGif urBmhtqif;&JqHk; EkdifiHwEkdifiHb0odk‹ a&muf&SdoGm;&ygonf? =oZmtm%mudk xda&mufap&ef +cdrf;ajcmufr_/ a=umuf&GHŒr_/ zdESdyfr_/ rkef;wD;r_wdk‹udk toHk;ðycJhaom tjcm;tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;. uH=urRmuJhodk‹ aemufqHk;wGif ‚if;wdk‹. uH=urRmvnf; jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnfudk &efukef&Sd tm%mydkifwdk‹. twGif;pdwfxJY od&Sd=u&rnf jzpfygonf? vuf&Sd jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDóud;yrf;r_wkdufyJG 1988 ckESpfu/ vrf;rrsm;ay:Y aygufuJGxGufay:vmjcif;onf ta&SŒOa&my/ tm&SESifh tmz&duwdk‹wGif ay:aygufvmrnfh tjynfjynfqdkif&m 'Drdkua&pD 'Da&v_dif;}uD;. yxrqHk;aom v_yf&Sm;r_w&yfyif jzpfygonf? ,ae‹ 1991 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEkdifiHonf zdESdyfcsKyfcs,faom/ acgif;rmaom EdkifiHawmf +idrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹ vufatmufwGif qufvuf 'kuQcHae&ojzifh jrefrmEkdifiHonf odomxif&Sm;aeygonf? odk‹aomfvnf; tjcm;EkdifiHrsm;wGif 'Drkdua&pDatmifyJGcHoGm;aom om"uonf jrefrmjynfolwdk‹twGuf ta&;}uD;aom owif;yg;csufyifjzpfygonf? tm%m&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;onf vHk;0 pGrf;aqmifEkdifjcif; r&SdonfhtwGuf vuf&Sdtpdk;&onfvnf; usqHk;&rnf[laom ta=umif;=um;csuf jzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif jrifhwufaeaom aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvJGvJGtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESifh wefzdk;r&Sdaom usyfaiGwdk‹ESifh &ifqdkifae&aom jrefrmtpdk;&onf rdrdwdk‹ ðyvkyfcJhonfhtwkdif; cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvdkyg? odk‹aomfvnf; vuf&Sdtm%m&tpdk;& usqHk;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; vHk;0 òydusysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umifh rjzpfygapESifh[k usaemf av;eufpGm ar#mfvifhygonf? ,ckESpftwGuf qka=unmpOf EdkbJvfaumfrwDu azmfjyxm;onfhtwkdif; vl‹tajccH*±k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;onfudk tm%m&tpdk;&u *±kðyrdaumif; ðyrdygvdrfhrnf? zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fI a=umuf&GHŒxdwfvef‹atmif ðyvkyfaeaom vuf&Sdvrf;pOfrsm;onf jrefrmhAk'<bmomtpOftvm. rGefjrwfaom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k ,lqum &GHrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpdk;&tzJG‹wGif yg&Sda=umif; usaemfodygonf?

TonfrSm tcsnf;ESD; udk,fvdk&mudk,fqJG+yD; awG;ac:jcif;r[kwfbJ usaemfhrdcifudk,fwkdif tm%mydkiftqifh&Sd yk*~Kdvfrsm;ESifh xdawG‹qufqH&if; &&Sdvmaom ,Hk=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ppfr_xrf;rsm;ESifh ‚if;wdk‹ rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzifh aexdkifaom rJqENe,fajrrsm;wGif olr. ygwD tEdkif&&SdonfrSmvnf; Ttcsufudk xif&Sm;pGm om"ujyjcif;yif jzpfygonf? tm%mydkifrsm;xJrS ,if;odk‹ r#wvdkaom/

oifhjrwfvdkaom yk*~Kdvfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvdktyfqHk;aom tcsdefumvY ‚if;wdk‹. cHpm;csufrsm;udk xdxda&mufa&muf tusKd;oufa&mufr_&SdEkdif&ef vkyfEkdifygap[k usaemf av;eufpGm qENðyygonf? usaemfhrdcifom ,ae‹ vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;udk aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymqdk&if; zdESdyfolESifh zdESdyfcHae&olwdk‹onf ‚if;wdk‹. vufeufrsm;udk pGef‹ypfI twlwuG yl;aygif;um +idrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"mwfESifh *±k%mw&m;wdk‹tay:wGif tajccHaom wkdif;jynfudk wnfaqmufapEkdif&eftwGufyg qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wdk‹tm; yef=um;rnf[k usaemf odygonf? usaemfhrdciftm; 'Drkdua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;udk +idrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh &,lvdkaom EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajymqdk a&;om;=uaomfvnf; olr óud;pm;&SmazGaeonfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh pdwf"mwfa&;&m ajymif;vJr_jzpfonfudk usaemfwdk‹ owd&oifhygonf? “tppfrSefqHk;aom awmfvSefa&;onf pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&;jzpf+yD;” ,if;odk‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf&mwGif “vdktyfaom pdwf"mwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;” ESifh ywfoufIvnf; olr. a&;om;xm;csufrsm; &Sdygonf? ,if; pdwf"mwfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&efrSm vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;tay:wGif vHk;0 rlwnfaeygonf? vl‹wm0ef0wW&m;odpdwf. rlv t&if;tjrpfrSm “vHk;0 tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;udk em;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvdkaom pdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&ef enf;vrf;&SmEdkifaom todOm%fESifh ,if;enf;vrf;rsm;udk vdkufemvdkaompdwf"mwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;udk tqHk;wkdif rvdkufEkdifonfhwkdifatmif rdrd. c|wf,Gif;csuf tuef‹towfudk ausmfvGef&ef vdktyfaomtwkdif;twmtxd tenf;qHk; a&muf&Sdatmif óud;pm;vdkjcif;wdk‹ jzpfygonf”? b0wGif jynfh0pGm aexkdi&f eftwGuf olwyg;. vdktyfcsufwm0efrsm;udk xrf;aqmifvdkaomowWd &Sd&rnfjzpf.? Twm0efudk xrf;aqmifvdk&rnf[k olru qdkcJhygonf? Ttcsufudk olr.,Hk=unfr_ESifh qufpyf,l&mwGif “owW0gtaygif;wdk‹teuf vlom;ppfppfomv#if tqifhtjrifhqHk; tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfudk &&SdEkdifojzifh vlom;tm; tvGefwefzdk;xm;onfh jrefrmh±dk;&m ,Ofaus;r_tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g't& vlwkdif;onf rdrdqENt& óud;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzifh opPmw&m;udk odEkdifpGrf;&Sd+yD; olwyg;udk odap&eftwGufvnf; ulnDEkdifaom tvm;tvm&Sdonf” [k a&;om;xm;ygonf? aemufqHk;wGif olru “jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drdkua&pD&SmyHkawmfonf jynfolwdk‹u urBmhtzJG‹tpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfaom wef;wlnDwltzJG‹0ifrsm;tjzpf jynfh0pGm t"dy`m,f&Sd&Sd aexdkifEkdif&ef ±kef;uefr_}uD;yif jzpfygonf? TonfrSm rdrdwdk‹. pdwf"mwfonf rdrd. obm0c|wf,Gif;csufrsm;tm; ausmfvGefEdkifa=umif;udk xif&Sm;ap&ef vlom;wdk‹u tqufrjywf óud;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_. tpdwftydkif;wckyif jzpfygonf”[k a&;om;xm;ygonf? aemfa0;wGif rdciftwGuf usaemfESifh usaemfhnDwdk‹ qkxl;}uD;udk vufcH=u&onfrSm Tt}udrfonf 'kwd,t}udrfyif jzpfygonf? ,refESpfuvnf; odka&mhzf&mzfwdk (Thorolf Rafto) vl‹tcGifhta&;qkudk vufcH&ef bm*if (Bergen) odk‹ usaemfwdk‹ oGm;a&mufcJhygonf? ,ckESpftcrf;tem;. y%mryif jzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwdk‹wGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &Sdae=u+yD jzpfygonf? r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwdk‹rdcifonfvnf; TcHpm;csufudk r#a0cHpm;Ekdif+yD; usaemfrSwqifh odk‹r[kwfbJ rdrdudk,fwkdif wkduf±dkuf pum;ajymEkdifvdrfhrnf[k usaemf ar#mfvifhygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESifh jrefrmjynfoljynfom;wdk‹tm; Todk‹ }uD;rm;xl;jcm;pGm axmufcHjcif;onf urBmhtpGefqHk; qef‹usifbufae&mrsm;wGif aexdkifae=uaom jynfolESpf&yftm; ydkrdkeD;uyfatmif pkaygif;ay;&mus+yD; ,ckuJhodk‹ jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;qufrsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf ,Hk=unfygonf? vl}uD;rif;tm;vHk;udk usaemfhtaejzifh pdwfxJESvHk;xJrS aus;Zl;wif&Sda=umif; ajymvdkygonf? ,ae‹rSpI emusnf;csufrsm;/ tmCmwrsm; pwif ys,fajymufI jrefrmjynf +idrf;csrf;a&;&&Sd&mwGif 1991 EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkonf orkdif;wGifrnfh ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwdk‹ qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvifh&rnf

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10 EdkbJvfaumfrwDodk‹ay;pm 56/ wuUodkvf&dyfomvrf; &efukef 14 ar 1992 ygarmuQ vGef'Dpwuf&Sifh 1991 ckESpftwGuf EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk usrudk ay;tyf&efqHk;jzwfvdkufa=umif; usr yxr =um;od&aomtcgwGif csufcsif;jzpfay:vmaom cHpm;csufrsm;rSm av;eufaom ed0gwpdwfESifh txl;aus;Zl;wifpdwfwdk‹yif jzpfygonf? jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 'Drkdua&pD&&Sd&ef óud;yrf;tm;xkwfwdkufyJG0ifae=uolrsm;. tepfemcHr_ESifh qif;&J'kuQcHr_rsm;a=umifhom usrudk Todk‹ *k%fðyjcif;jzpfonfudk usr od&Sd&ojzifh ed0gww&m; yGm;rsm;&jcif;jzpfygonf? Todk‹ óud;yrf;tm;xkwf wkdufyJG0ifae=uonfudk vl}uD;rif;rsm;u todtrSwfðyjcif;jzifh 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGudk tvGeftzdk;wefvSaom taxmuftulay;vdkufonfhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifpdwf ay:aygufvm&jcif; jzpfygonf? usrwdk‹. pkaygif;óud;yrf;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;tm;vHk;udk,fpm; Tqk}uD;udk vufcH&,la=umif; usrom;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u ajym=um;cJhonfrSm usr. cHpm;csufudk wdwdusus azmfjyjcif;yifjzpfygonf? usrwdk‹ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. ta&;udk *±kðya=umif; jyoonfhtwGuf usr v_dufv_dufvJSvSJ aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvdkygonf? usr&&Sdaom qkaiGrsm;jzifh jrefrmjynfynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;b¾mxdef;tzJG‹ wnfaxmif&efvnf; usrcifyGef; rdkufu,ftJ&pftm; ajym=um;xm;ygonf? usrudk,fwkdif ,if;b¾mxdef;tzJG‹udk tjynfht0 }uD;=uyfEkdifrnfh tcsdefumvrwdkifrjcif; Tb¾mxdef;vkyfief;ESifhqkdifaom Oya'a&;&mudpP&yftm;vHk;udk usr cifyGef;tm; usrudk,fpm; aqmif&GufydkifcGifh ay;xm;ygonf? usrtaeESifh ajym&rnfqdkygu usrom;}uD;u aemfa0;jynfoljynfom;rsm;ta=umif; cspfcif&if;ESD;pGm aEG;axG;aom arwWmpdwfjzifh ajymoGm;onfudk =um;odvdkuf&onfhtwGufvnf; usr rsm;pGm ESpfouf=unfEl;rdygonf? qkay;yJGtcrf;tem;udk =unfEl;zG,f&m/ rarhEkdifzG,f&m jzpf&yftaejzifh/ txl;ojzifh wufa&muf=uaom jrefrmrsm;twGuf ðyvkyfay;&ef/ óud;pm;aqmif&Gufay;=uonfrsm;udk =um;&aomtcgwGifvnf; usr pdwfv_yf&Sm;&onftxd =unfEl;rdygonf? aemfa0;EkdifiH&Sd awmifapmufawmif=um;twGif;rS yifv,fajrmifrsm;ta=umif;udk usr uav;b0wGif zwf±_&pOfuwnf;rSpI aemfa0;EkdifiHonf usrpdwftm±Hkudk txl;pJGaqmifcJhygonf? usrudk,fwkdif wae‹wGif vma&mufI EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;a[majymyJGudk ðyvkyfEkdifrnfhtcsdeftcgudk pdwftm;xufoefpGm apmifhar#mfaeygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf

11 tjynfjynfqkdif&m vl‹tcGifhta&; Oya'tzJG‹rS ay;aom qktwGufrdef‹cGef; tjynfjynfqdkif&m vl‹tcGifhta&;Oya'tzJG‹rS csD;jr‡ifhaomqkudk vufcH&mwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;I olrudk,fpm; om;}uD; tvufZENm; (jrifhqef;atmif) u 1992 arv 14 &ufae‹wGif 0g&Sifwefòrd‹awmfY zwf=um;aom rdef‹cGef;jzpfygonf?

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tdkvHypfrD;±_;wdkifonf trGefjrwfqHk;aom pHxm;csufESifh &nfrSef;csufrsm; jyefvnfqef;opfr_ESifh pdwf"mwfjyefvnfoef‹pifjrifhrm;apr_wdk‹. oauFwjzpfygonf? aemufwv=umaomtcgwGif ESpfaygif; ESpfaxmifausmfu vlom;wdk‹. óud;yrf;tm;xkwfr_udk *k%fðyonfhtaejzifh pwifusif;ycJhaom tm;upm;yJGawmf}uD;udk Tae&mY acwfopftoGifjzifh usi;f yygawmhrnf? 1992 ckESpf tdkvHypfyJGawmf}uD;Y EkdifiHwumtm;upm;pdwf"mwfrsm;ESifh tjynfjynfqkdif&m em;vnfr_pdwf"mwfrsm; tjrifhqHk;tqifhodk‹ a&mufEkdifygap[k qkrGefaumif;ydk‹ovdkufygonf? wcsdefwnf;wGif +idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh csrf;omokc&&Sda&;[laom ydkrdkus,fjyef‹onfh ±kef;uefr_}uD;Yvnf; urBmolurBmom;tm;vHk; atmifyJGo&zlaqmif;Ekdif=uygap[lonfh tvGefwefzdk;xm;&ygaom ar#mfvifhcsufudk azmfjyvdkuf&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf &efukef 8-6-1992 13 ppfrSefaom vHkòcH&modk‹ tXrajrmuf ‘*|dKufpf yDtmpf’ txdrf;trSwfa[majymyJGwGif atmifqef;pk=unf udk,fpm; a'gufwmrdkufu,ftJ&pfu 1993 ckESpf ar 19 &ufae‹ atmufpzdk‹'fwuUodkvfY zwf=um;aompmwrf;?

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Ttvif;a&mifudk cspfjrwfEdk;vmEkdif&eftwGuf 'kuQa0'em[k oabmrxm;bJ aumif;r_r*Fvmtjzpf ESvHk;oGif;I usifhom;&atmif=unfhzdk‹ vdktyfygonf? urBmay:wGif rSDwif;aexkdifol tm;vHk;tm; vHkòcHr_ tvHktavmufay;Ekdifaom ydkrdkxGef;vif;onfh urBmavmuudk usrwdk‹ tvGefyif vdktyfvsuf&Sdygonf?

(a':atmifqef;pk=unf "gwfyHkvmygonf?) (pmrsufESmwckvHk; wif&rnfacgif;pOf)

tydkif;-c 1988 =o*kwfvrS 1989 Zlvkdifvtxd ajym=um;cJhaom rdef‹cGef;ESifh owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGrsm; 14 a&$wd*kHapwDawmf taemufrkcf vlxkpnf;a0;yJG &efukefòrd‹Y =o*kwfv 26 &uf 1988 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

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'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;&JŒ OD;aqmifr_a=umifh 'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;[m touftaocH+yD; OD;aqmifay;wma=umifhrdk‹ usrwdk‹ 'Dvdktpnf;ta0;}uD;vkyfEkdifwJh tajctaea&mufcJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ toufaysmufoGm;wJh ausmif;olausmif;om;tm;vHk;udk wrdepfcef‹ *k%fðy+yD;aemuf tr#a0wJhtaeeJ‹ tm;vHk; wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwf +idrf+idrf wrdepfcef‹ aeapcsifygw,f? tcrf;tem;rª;. toH (usqHk;oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;udk tav;ðyaomtm;jzifh wrdepf +idrfoufyg&ef arwWm&yfcHygonf cifAsm;) tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tm;vHk; 'DrSma&mufaewJh vlxky&dowf}uD;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk ar#mfrSef;+yD;awmh 'DrSma&mufaew,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufzdk‹&mrSm vlxktm;vHk;u pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;/ nDnDnGwfnGwf/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ csDwufrSyJ a&mufEdkifrSmyg?

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'Drdkua&pDeJ‹ywfouf&if azazajymcJhwJh tcsufuav;wckudk usr zwfjycsifygw,f?

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'Dvdkr[kwfbJ wyfrawmfu EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm atmhESvHk;emp&mjzpfr,fqdk&if 'Dwyfrawmfudk wnfaxmifxm;wJh &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum; jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?” usr rSefrSefyJ ajymyg&ap? usr[m wyfrawmftay:rSm tifrwef oHa,mZOf}uD;ygw,f? azazwnfaxmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f? usrwdk‹qdkwmvnf; i,fi,fuwnf;u &JabmfawGvufxJrSm }uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk}uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwef arwWm&Sdw,fqdkwm usr odygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwef aus;Zl;wifygw,f? azazðypkysKd;axmifcJhwJh wyfrawmfeJ‹ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&SdwJh vlxk}uD;xJrSm yÉdyuQ rjzpfapcsifygbl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; usr 'DuaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxktm;udk;EkdifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? wkdif;jynf&JŒ *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;EdkifwJh wyfrawmf}uD;jzpfygap? jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpf+yD;cJhwJh[mawGudk óud;pm;cGifhv$wf+yD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm arwWmrysufygapeJ‹vdk‹ awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ qufvufoGm;rSom wnfwHhckdif+rJwJh jynfaxmifpkyef;wkdif}uD;udk a&mufEdkifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;ygbl;?

'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudkawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;? ra&mufcifu uJGuJGjym;jym; r&SdygeJ‹? tm;vHk; wnDwnGwfwnf; 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk OD;wnf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uyg? tJh'Dvdk csDwufoGm;wJhae&mrSm +idrf;csrf;wJhenf;vrf;udk oHk;apcsifygw,f? vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m EdkifiHol/ EdkifiHom;taygif;wdk‹[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹/ +idrf;csrf;wJhenf;awGeJ‹ udk,fvdkwJhqENawGudk jznfhpGrf;Ekdifw,fqdkwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJ‹jynfhpHkwJh tðytrljzpfygw,f?

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16 owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJG trSwf – 3 &efukefòrd‹Y 26-3-1989 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;onf?

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1945 ckESpfwkef;u jrefrmEkdifiH[m jynfolvlxku tm;vHk;ºuGvm+yD;awmh zufqpf0g'udk rvdkcsifvdk‹ awmfvSefa&;udk pwifcJhwJhae‹ jzpfygw,f? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftaeeJ‹awmh (27) &uf rwfv[m awmfvSefa&;ae‹vdk‹ vufcHygw,f? awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹vnf; azazu todtrSwfðycJhw,f? usrvnf; awmfvSefa&;ae‹taeeJ‹yJ quf+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfuvnf; 'Dtwkdif;yJ? jynfolvlxkuvnf; jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufwJhzufqpf0g'udk awmfvSefwJhae‹tjzpf todtrSwfðyygw,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk ajyajyvnfvnf jzpfapcsifw,f? +idrf;+idrf;csrf;csrf; jzpfapcsifw,f? e0w eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif&rvm;? nd‡E_dif;wdkifyifr,f? wyfrawmfeJ‹ aqG;aEG;&rvm;/ aqG;aEG;r,f? tqifoifhyJqdkwm usr xyfwvJvJ ajymygw,f? 'DvdkajymaewJhtxJu bmrS aqG;aEG;wkdifyifr_r&SdbJeJ‹ tzJG‹csKyfudk oufouf vufn‡dK;xdk;vmwmuawmh usrwdk‹udk jynfolvlxku axmufcHwmudk r±_pdrfhvdk‹vm;qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ ar;&awmhrSmjzpfygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk wdkufcdkufw,fqdkwm[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udkvnf; wdkufcdkufwmeJ‹ twlwlygyJ? wu,fyJ ppfrSefwJh/ w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG jzpfapcsifw,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Dvdkrawmfrw&m; wkdufcdkufr_awGudk &yfwef;u &yfzdk‹vdkr,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? 'g usrtaeeJ‹ ajymcsifwmuawmh 'gygyJ? ar;p&m&Sdvdk‹ &Sd&if ar;=uyg?

17 wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&; jrpf}uD;em;òrd‹Y 28-4-1989 ae‹wGif ajym=um;onf?

* * * wem&Davmuf apma&mufzdk‹yg? cyfcsKduxGufwm aemufuswm awmif;yefygw,f? pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;xGufwJhtcg wcgwav usrwdk‹ tpDtpOftwdkif;rjzpfygbl;? vrf;rSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; wcgwav tcuftcJav;awG awG‹wwfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvdk aemufus&jcif;jzpfygw,f? jrpf}uD;em;udk rvmcifwkef;uqdk&if =um;&wmawmh jrpf}uD;em;rSm 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_&JŒ tajctae odyfraumif;bl;vdk‹ ajym=uygw,f? jynfolvlxku odyf+yD; wufwufºuGºuG r&Sd=ubl;vdk‹ qdkygw,f? tJh'Dawmh usru enf;enf;tm;i,frdygw,f? 'gayrJh tckvmwJhtcgusawmhvnf; jynfolvlxku ydk+yD;wufºuGw,fqdkwmjrif&vdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ tm;&SdoGm;ygw,f? *k%fvnf; *k%fðyygw,f? ucsifjynfe,frSm&SdwJh awmifwef;om; vlrsKd;pkrsm;[m owWd&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;yJ tpu odxm;+yD;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'DvdkowWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ quf+yD;awmh trsKd;om;a&;twGuf vkyfoGm;r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? i,fi,fuwnf;u usrwdk‹ em;vnfwmuawmh

awmifwef;om;rsm;[m tifrwefrS owWd&Sdw,f/ tifrwefrS ±dk;om;ajzmifhrwfw,f/ vkyf&nfudkif&nf &Sdw,fvdk‹ em;vnfcJhygw,f? tck 'Drdkua&pD v_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmvnf; 'Dtwdkif;yJ ±kd;±dk;om;om;/ ajzmifhajzmifhrwfrwf/ owdW&Sd&SdeJ‹ quf+yD;awmh vkyfoGm;=ur,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vdkcsifwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk tjrefqHk;&EdkifrSmyg? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsm;pk trsm;pk}uD;[m awmfawmfrSyJ yifyifyef;yef;/ qif;qif;&J&J ae=u&ygw,f?

'Dvdktajctaeuae+yD;awmh wdk;wuf+yD; csrf;omwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;wck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm tm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? wcgwavusvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;u ar;ygw,f?

'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& &vdk‹&Sd&if usaemfwdk‹vlrsK;d pkawGtwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ/ jynfaxmifpktwGuf bmvkyfay;rSmvJ qdk+yD;awmh ar;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf taeeJ‹uawmh a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&vdk‹&Sd&if ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpk}uD; xlaxmifa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;eJ‹ wkdifyifn‡dE_dif;+yD;awmh usrwdk‹[m tajccHpnf;rsOf;Oya'[m jynfaxmifpk wnfwHhckdif+rJa&;twGufvnf; vkyf&r,f/ wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JŒ arG;&mygtcGifhta&;rsm;udkvnf; todtrSwfðy&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwdkif; vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;ydkifcGifhvnf; OD;wnf&r,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ a=unmxm;+yD;om;jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; 'Drdkua&pD jynfaxmifpkxlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm[m usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfwckwnf;&JŒ wm0efvnf; r[kwfygbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f?

'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr c%c% ajym&ygw,f? 'Drdkua&pD&zdk‹qdk&if usaemfwdk‹udk bmtcGifhta&;awG ay;rvJvdk‹ ar;r,fhtpm; 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹twGuf usaemfwdk‹ b,fvdk0dkif;0ef;ulnD&rvJqdkwm tcktcsdefrSm ar;&r,fhar;cGef;jzpfygw,f?

'Dar;cGef;udk ar;+yD;awmh rSefuefwJh tajzudk &SmEkdifr,fqdkrS udk,fvdkcsifwJh 'Drkdua&pDudk &r,f/ 'Drdkua&pD&w,fqdkrS vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh pepfwckudk xlaxmifEkdifr,f? 'Dvdk vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ vl‹tcGifhta&;udk tmrcHr,fh tkyfcsKyfr_pepfwckudk tajccH+yD;rS wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk; auseyfr_&Ekdifr,fh jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mefudk usrwdk‹ azmfxkwf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk jynfaxmifpkyHko¾mef azmfxkwfzdk‹qdkwm[m wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u oabmxm;}uD;}uD; xm;&r,f/ tjrifus,fus,f &Sd&r,f? jynfaxmifpktusKd;udk udk,fha'otusKd;xuf ydkxm;&r,f? Armrsm;[m ArmtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? ucsifrsm;[m ucsifawG&JŒtusKd;twGuf r[kwfbl;? wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;u jynfaxmifpktusKd;twGufqdkwJh pdwf"mwfawGeJ‹ vkyfzdk‹vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹ vGwfvyfa&;&+yD;wJhacwfrSm 'Dwkdif;jynf rwdk;wufwm[m nDnGwfr_ r&Sdvdk‹bJ? usrwdk‹rSm&SdwJh EkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m udk,fhtusKd;xuf wkdif;jynftusKd;udk a&SŒrxm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ wkd;wufr_ r&SdcJhbl;vdk‹ xifygw,f? wygwD tm%m&Sifpepf pdk;rdk;oGm;&w,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxk[m rSefuefwJh EdkifiHa&;todtjrifawG r&Sdvdk‹bJ jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aemufwcg xyf+yD;awmh tm%m&Sif rjzpfapcsifbl;? usrwdk‹EkdifiHudk 'Drdkua&pDpepft& tm;vHk; pdwfcsrf;oma&;twGuf xlaxmifapcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if EkdifiHolEdkifiHom;tm;vHk;[m udk,fhrSm&SdwJh EdkifiHa&;wm0efawGudk xrf;aqmifzdk‹ vdkygw,f?

("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf?) tay: ucsifwkdif;&if;om; 0wfpHkwrsKd;udk 0wfqifxm;pOf atmuf yifvHkY 1989 ckESpfwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;cJhpOfu tay: - ucsifwkdif;&if;om;rsm;ESifhtwl atmuf - u&ifacgif;aqmifwOD;ESifhtwl EkdifiHa&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwdkif;eJ‹qdkifwJh udpPyg? EdkifiHwEkdifiH wdk;wufzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJzdk‹qdkwm tm;vHk;0dkif;+yD; óud;pm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm ppfrSefwJh apwemxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? udk,fhtzJG‹tpnf;tusKd;udkyJ vkyfaer,f/ udk,fhtodkif;t0kdif;tusKd;yJ vkyfaer,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh ppfrSefwJhapwemvdk‹ rac:Edkifygbl;? usrwdk‹EdkifiH (26) ESpftwGif;rSm usqif;cJh&wm[m wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJh apwemeJ‹ rtkyfcsKyfvdk‹bJ? wkdif;jynfudk ppfrSefwJhapwemeJ‹ tkyfcsKyfcJhw,fqdk&if 'DEkdifiH[m trsm;}uD; wdk;wufEdkifygw,f? ucsifjynfe,f wckwnf;rSmyifv#if o,HZmwypPnf; b,favmufaygrsm;w,fqdkwm od+yD;om;yg? wEdkifiHvHk;udk òcH+yD;awmh =unfhvdkufr,fqdk&if usrwdk‹EdkifiH[m tifrwefrS csrf;omygw,f? 'Davmufcsrf;omvsufeJ‹ jynfolvlxk[m qif;&Jae&w,f/ pdk;&drfae&w,f/ a=umifh=uae&w,fqdkwmawmh rrSefuefwJh tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfa=umifhyJ? pD;yGm;a&;atmifjrifr_qdkwm rSefuefwJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pepf&SdrS jzpfrSmyg? 'DtcsdefrSm pD;yGm;a&;ukd OD;rwnfbJeJ‹ EdkifiHa&;udk OD;wnfzdk‹vdkygw,f?

EkdifiHa&;atmifjrifr_awG&rS pD;yGm;a&;bufudk wcgjyef+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ udk,fvdkcsifwJh ðyjyifr_awG vkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolawGtaeeJ‹ tcktcsdefrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD&&Sda&;twGuf 0dkif;0ef;ulnD=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vHk;[m vufwJG+yD;awmh wnDwnGwfwnf;eJ‹/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ udk,fh&JŒwkdif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGuf rSefreS fuefuef vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m ydk+yD;awmh csrf;om+yD; wdk;wufwJh jynfaxmifpk}uD;rSm aeEkdifrSmjzpfygw,f?

'DvdkOD;wnfcsufeJ‹ 0dkif;+yD;awmh óud;pm;oGm;=uygvdk‹ usr arwWm&yfcH&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

18

'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm; nDnGwfa&; Trdef‹cGef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif &efukefòrd‹Y ajym=um;onf[k ,lq&aomfvnf; ajym=um;onfh ae‹&ufESifh ae&mudk pmwnf;taejzifh odEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg? * * *

usrudk 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;&JŒ udk,fpm;vS,fvdk‹ owfrSwfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'gudk *k%f,lygw,fvdk‹ ajym&rvm;vdk‹ usr pOf;pm;ygw,f? 'gayrJh wu,fpOf;pm;vdkufwJhtcgusawmh 'g usrtwGuf *k%f,lp&mr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh usrudk a&G;xkwfvdkufwJhtiftm;pkrsm;[m nDnDnGwfnGwfeJ‹ udk,fhtzJG‹tpnf;twGuf&,fvdk‹ rpOf;pm;bJeJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_atmifjrifa&;twGuf ydk+yD;awmh aumif;zdk‹twGuf vlwa,mufudk udk,fpm;vS,fa&G;vdkufr,fqdk+yD;awmh vkyfEkdifwJhtajctae a&mufvmwm[m tifrwefrS *k%f,lp&myJvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? usr&,fvdk‹r[kwfygbl;/ b,fol‹udkyJjzpfjzpf 'Dvdktiftm;pk}uD;rsm;[m udk,fpm;vS,fwa,muftaeeJ‹ a&G;xkwfvdkufEkdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS aumif;wJhvuQ%myg? 'gudkvnf; vlwkdif;uae+yD;awmh todtrSwfðyw,fqdkwm[m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;xJrSmudk ygoGm;ygw,f? usreJ‹ tckvdk aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,fqdkvkd‹&Sd&if &Spfq,feJ‹ wa,muf jzpfaewmayghvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'g[m nDnGwfr_&JŒtiftm;udk todtrSwfðyoGm;wmygyJ? 'Dnd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwm[m usrwdk‹tm;vHk; vdkvm;aeygw,f? ckewkef;u OD;wifarmif0if;ajymoGm;wJh 'DudpPxJrSm 1962 ckEpS fwkef;uvnf; ausmif;om;rsm;[m ppftm%m&Sifrsm;eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;ydkifcGifhawmif;cJhw,f? nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;jcif;tm;jzifh ajyvnfr_udk &SmcJhw,f? 'gayrJh r&cJhygbl;?

Aid to Civil Power vnf; roHk;bJeJ‹? Aid to Civil Power qkdwmvnf; usru 'Dvdkt*Fvdyfpum;ajymcsifvdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymcJhwJh toHk;tE_ef;twdkif; usr oHk;vdkuf&wmjzpfygw,f? Aid to Civil Power t&vnf; rvkyfbJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;udk ESdrfeif;vdkufwm OD;ae0if;&JŒvufxufrSm pcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf) tay: - 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek/ AdkvfcsKyfa[mif; OD;wifOD;wdk‹ESifhtwl 13 pufwifbm 1988 atmuf – vkyfazmfudkifzuf ausmif;om;rsm;ESifhtwl 1989 ckESpfY awG‹&pOf (tquf jyefvmygonf) bmudk =unfh&rvJ? b,fvdkpOf;pm;&rvJ? tcktcsdefrSmvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajymaeovdkyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mt& usrwdk‹ wkdif;jynfudk qufvuf+yD;awmh tkyfcsKyfaeygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹ a&Smifvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? usrwdk‹ 'Drdkua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;tm;vHk;wdk‹[m 'gudk rsufESmcsif;qdkif&ygvdrfhr,f?

1962 ckESpfu ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk owfjzwfcJhw,f? 'Drdkua&pDtaqmuftODjzpfcJhwJh ausmif;om;or*~udkvnf; òzdcJGcJhw,f? tJ'Dvdk òzdcJGcJhwm/ owfjzwfcJhwm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&yJ? OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t& nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;r_qdkwmvnf; rjzpfcJhbl;? OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;t&/ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& Aid to Civil Power qdkwmudkvnf; oHk;cGifhr&bJeJ‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udkvnf; owfjzwfcJhw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; (2) &ufavmufuae+yD;awmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power t& vkyfwm[m “u|ef” oabmxm;a&mufw,f qkdovdkyJ ajymcJhygw,f? 'DvdkajymcJhwJhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;zdk‹qdkwmvnf; rjzpfbl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf; ajymcJhygw,f? 'Dawmh 'g[m b,fol‹oabmxm;awGvJ? usrtaeeJ‹awmh OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGvdk‹ jrifygw,f? usr 'Dvdkajym&wJhta=umif;[m orkdif;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm (62) ESpfuae p+yD;awmh tckxd jzpfcJh&wJh 'kuQaygif;rsm;pGm[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ tjypfrsm;omjzpfw,fvdk‹ qHk;jzwfcsufcsrvm;qdkwm tckuwnf;u usr ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gudk usr AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifa&m/ OD;ae0if;a&m odatmifvdk‹ 'Duae‹ ajymoGm;csifygw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;udk b,favmufyJ umuG,fay;ay;/ umuG,fvdk‹ r&ygbl;? orkdif;u qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSmyg? tck oHk;aewJh enf;vrf;rsm;[m OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;vrf;rsm;jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrtaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%m[m qufvuf+yD;awmh &Sifoefaew,fvdk‹ ajym&wmyg?

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19

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usrwdk‹ Zlvkdifv (7) &ufae‹[m or*~òyduJGwJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; jzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dae‹[m ynma&;eJ‹vnf; oufqdkifw,f? EkdifiHa&;eJ‹vnf; oufqkdifygw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;udpPrsm;/ ynma&;udpPrsm; ajymwJhtcg twdwf/ ypPKy`efeJ‹ tem*wf[m qufpyfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh twdwfu jzpfcJhwJh EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk avhvmwJhtcgrSm tckypPKy`efrSm b,fvdkjzpfaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ =unfh&r,f? ausmif;om;or*~udk bmjzpfvdk‹òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,folu òzdcJGoGm;ovJ? b,fvdkta=umif;a=umif;awGa=umifh òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&rSmyJ? b,fvdkenf;awGeJ‹ òzdcJGoGm;ovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh =unfh&ygvdrfhr,f?

1962 ausmif;om;rsm;udk ypfowfjcif;/ ausmif;om;or*~udk òzdcJGjcif;rjzpfcifrSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m tJh'Dwkef;u ppftm%mydkifrsm;eJ‹ aqG;aEG;yg? nd‡E_dif;ygqdk+yD;awmh awmif;qdkcJhw,f? 'gudkvnf; jiif;cJhw,f?

'Dppftm%mydkifrsm;[m ausmif;om;rsm;eJ‹ ausmif;om;or*~ta&;udk ajz&Sif;wJhae&mrSm Aid to Civil Power vkyfoifhvkyfxkdufwJh pnf;rsOf;rsm;udk rvdkufembJ &uf&ufpufpuf owfjzwfcJhw,f? tJ'Dawmh ajz&Sif;wJhenf;/ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyifwJhenf;udk jiif;qefcJhwJh Aid to civil Power qkdwJh wyfrawmfwcktaeeJ‹ xdef;oifhxdef;xdkufwJh pnf;rsOf;awGudk rxdef;cJhwmuawmh OD;ae0if;yJ? tJh'D[mudk tm;vHk;&ifqkdif&r,f? usr 'Dvdkajymae&jcif;ta=umif;[m OD;ae0if;udk oufouf yk*~Kdvft& wkdufcdkufcsifvdk‹r[kwfbl;? tck ypPKy`efjzpfaewJh udpPawGeJ‹ qufEG,faevd‹k yg? wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m Aid to Civil Power qdw k m ol rdef‹cGef;ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Drdef‹cGef;xJrSm t,Hkt=unfr&Sdbl;qdkwmudkvnf; ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dhtjyif nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifjcif;udk rvkdvm;bl;qdkwJh oabmxm;udkvnf; azmfjyoGm;ygw,f? tJ'Dawmh tJ'Doabmxm;awG[m OD;ae0if; oabmxm;awGeJ‹ wxyfxJygyJ? OD;ae0if;&JŒ oabmxm;awGeJ‹ wxyfxJr‹dk vdk‹ tckxdwdkifatmif OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%m[m jrefrmEkdifiHay:rSm v$rf;rdk;aew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;jy\emawGudk rSefrSefuefuef r&ifqdkifEkdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fenf;eJ‹rS ajz&Sif;EkdifrSmr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usr 'DudpPawGudk azmfjywmyg? tcktcsdefrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m b,fvdkyJ OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ajymajym/ OD;ae0if;vkyfwJhtwdkif; quf+yD; vkyfr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;&JŒ tm%matmufrSm&Sdw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ quf+yD;awmh acsr_ef;OD;r,f/ xdcdkufOD;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmhvnf; OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹t& vkyfw,fvdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? 'Dawmh e0w tpdk;&taeeJ‹ wu,fyJ OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%matmufuae+yD;awmh vGwfuif;w,fqdkwm jycsifvdk‹&Sd&if OD;ae0if;enf;awGudk quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? or*~ukd òzdcJGwJh OD;ae0if;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfcJhwJh OD;ae0if;&JŒ enf;awGudk vHk;vHk;quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh qdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ 'Duae‹ quf+yD;awmh awmif;qdk&rSmyJ? 'g EdkifiHa&;t&jzpfygw,f? EkdifiHa&;t& EkdifiHa&;jy\ersm;udk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;w,fqdkwm nd‡E_dif;aqG;aEG;wkdifyifwJhenf;yg? t&ifwkef;u EkdifiHjcm;udkvdkeDtpdk;&rsm;awmifrS 'Denf;udk oHk;cJhygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; 'Denf;udk ydk+yD;awmh oHk;oifhygw,f? tcsif;csif; nd‡E_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSm/ nd‡E_dif;&rSm/ wkdifyif&rSmjzpfygw,f? nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifw,fqdkwm pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? t±_H;tEkdif&SmwJhyJGr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk; tajz&SmwJhyJG jzpfygw,f? 'gudk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; OD;wnf&r,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;r&cifuwnf;u EdkifiHa&;rSm yg0ifcJhw,f/ ygvnf; yg0ifoifhygw,f? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;wm0efrsm;vnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efvnf; &Sdw,f? ynma&;wm0efqdkawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynm&Smzdk‹yJ? 'gayrJh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm bmvJ? usrtjrifawmh wefzdk;&SdwJhynmqdkwm trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EdkifwJh ynmomjzpf&r,f? trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf roHk;EkdifwJh ynm[m wefzdk;r&SdEkdifbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹

ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m trsm;aumif;usKd;twGuf oHk;EkdifwJh ynmrsKd;udk &Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk&SmwJhae&mrSm ynmrmefwufzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? ausmif;om;or*~ òzdcJGa&;udpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ reufwkef;u tcrf;tem;rSm yg0ifcJhwhJ t&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;a[mif; OD;wifarmif0if;[m ajymoGm;ygw,f? tJh'Dtcsdeftcgwkef;u tjyifrSm wyfawGu&Sdw,f/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ twGif;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;[m &Sdw,f/ tJovdk wyfrawmfom;rsm;u ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoewfawGeJ‹ csdefxm;wJhtcgusawmh ausmif;om;rsm;[m a'gojzpf+yD;awmh atmfvdkuf=uw,fwJh? rif;wdk‹ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹rS (7) wef;atmif&JŒvm;vdk‹ ajymvdkuf=uw,fwJh? (=obmoHrsm;) usreJ‹ em;vnfr_vJG+yDvdk‹ xifygw,f? usr rajymoifhbl;vdk‹ ajymrvdk‹/ 'Dvdk[m rajymoifhygbl;? 'Dvdk (ajymwm[m) ynmrmefygw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? &Jabmfrsm;/ wyfrawmfom;[mvnf; usrwdk‹&JŒ EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;tcsif;csif;yJ? 'DvdkwyfrawmfxJudk 0ifoGm;&wJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m b,fvkdtajctaeu vmvJqdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f? awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkxJu vmwmyg? usrwdk‹wkdif;jynf qif;&Jaevdk‹ tJh'Dvdk qif;&JEGrf;yg;wJh rdom;pkawG &SdaewmyJ? tJh'Dvdk rdom;pkxJu vlawG[m wyfrawmfxJudk 0if=uw,f? wyfrawmfxJrSm wm0efxrf;aqmif=uw,f? tJ'Dawmh ynmqdkwmeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ wcgxJ ajymoGm;r,f?

'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m [kwfw,f/ oHk;a,mufaygif;vdk‹ (7) wef;atmifcsifrSvnf; atmifr,f? 'gayrJh 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m ESdrfzdk‹rvdkygbl;? ta&;tcif;wkef;u jynfolvlxkatmfoGm;wJh aºuG;a=umfoHwck&Sdw,f? AdkvfcsKyfay;wJh ppfynm/ ausmif;om;jynfol owfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;wJh? tJ'Dawmh wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynmay;xm;w,f? ppfynmqdkwm bmvJ? jynfolvlxkudk umuG,fzdk‹/ jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJhynmyJ? tJh'Dvdk jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifwJh ynmr&Sdvdk‹om wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ynmr&Sdbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajym&rSmyJ? (7) wef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ q,fwef;ratmifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? wuUodkvfra&mufvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? rSefrSefuefuef jynfolvlxktusKd; xrf;aqmifzdk‹ ay;xm;wJhynmukd tvJGoHk;pm; vkyfvdk‹omjzpfw,f? 'Dawmh ynmqdkwm[m wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;om ydkifqkdifwmr[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfom;rsm;vnf; ydkifqdkifEkdifw,f? rSefuefwJh ppfynmudk ydkifqdkifEdkifw,f? 'gayrJh usrwdk‹ (26) ESpftwGif;rSm ausmif;om;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJh awG;ac:wwfwJhynmukd ray;xm;bl;? wyfrawmfom;awGudkvnf; rSefuefwJhppfynmudk ray;xm;bl;? tJh'Dvdk ray;wmvnf; OD;ae0if;yJ? w&m;cHudkawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk; od&r,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif&r,f? 'DvdkvlrsKd; aemif 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm ray:vmatmif usrwdk‹ vkyf&r,f? OD;ae0if; bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynfudk b,favmuf=um=um tkyfpdk;oGm;vJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;a=umifhyJ? jynfolvlxku bmjzpfvdk‹ vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%m/ rSefrSefrvkyfEkdifwJh vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%m/ wefzdk;&SdwJh ynmudk em;rvnfwJh vlwa,muf&JŒ =oZmtm%mudk 'Dwkdif;jynfay:rSm 'Davmuf=um=um v$rf;rdk;cGifhay;oGm;ovJ? 'g usrwdk‹tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? tck 'DrSm&SdwJh ausmif;om;vli,frsm;uawmh wm0eftuif;vGwfqHk;yJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh tckawmifrS (26) ESpft&G,fr&SdwJh vli,fawG trsm;}uD;ygyJ? i,fi,fav;awGrdk‹vdk‹ rvkkyfEkdifbl;vdk‹ ajymEdkifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tm;vHk;uawmh wm0ef&SdwmyJ? b,fvdkrS usrwdk‹[m 'Dwm0efatmufu ±kef;uef+yD;awmh xGufvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? EdkifiHwEkdifiH&JŒ uH=urRmudk zefwD;wm[m EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;taygif;jzpfw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? t&ifwkef;u tjzpftysufawGtwGuf wm0ef&SdcJh+yD? rSm;wJhEkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfawG/ rSm;wJhynma&;vrf;pOfawGeJ‹ usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf[m E$JcJh&+yD? aemifusvdk‹&Sd&if rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vrf;pOfeJ‹ rSefuefwJh ynma&;vrf;pOfawGom 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm &Sdzdk‹vdkygw,f?

'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tcktcsdefrSm ausmif;awGydwfaew,f? ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,fqdkwm ausmif;ynma&;eJ‹ uif;uGmaew,f? avmuxJrSm ynm&Smae&w,f? avmu}uD;xJrSm ynm&SmaewJhtcg EkdifiHa&;todkif;t0dkif;xJrSm ynm&SmwJhtcgrSmvnf; wefzdk;&SdwJhynm&Smzdk‹ vdkygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm &Sm=uygw,f? trsm;tusKd;twGufqdkwJh ynm[m ausmif;wcgrS raezl;wJh vlawmifrS &SmEdkifygw,f? 'DvdkynmawG usrwdk‹EkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;awGrSm

tm;vHk;&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dwkdif;jynfu EdkifiHa&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepfuvnf; rSefuefr,f? vlr_a&;pepf/ EkdifiHa&;pepf/ ynma&;pepf/ pD;yGm;a&;pepfqdkwm tm;vHk; qufEG,faeygw,f? 'gvnf; tm;vHk;od+yD;om;yJ? 'Dawmh rSefuefwJhynm &Sma&;qdkwm rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;vkyfa&;vnf; jzpfygw,f? wcgxJeJ‹ ausmif;om;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;a&m/ ynma&;a&m atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Ekdifygw,f?

'DtcsdefrSm ausmif;rsm;ydwfaewmawmifrS atmifatmifjrifjrif vkyfoGm;Edkifygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if ckESpf Zlvdkifv (7 Zlvdkif) owd&wJhtcgrSm tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;w,f? wdk‹&JŒwdkif;jynfrSm tifrwefrS ±dkif;±dkif;pdkif;pdkif; ðyrloGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckrSm rjzpfoifh/ rjzpfxdkufwJh jzpf&yfawG[m jzpfoGm;=uw,f? ,Ofaus;wJhwkdif;jynfwck jyef+yD;awmhjzpfatmif usrwdk‹ óud;pm;&r,f? 'Dvdk,Ofaus;wJh wkdif;jynfwckjzpfzdk‹qdkwmuvnf; ausmif;om;vli,frsm;&JŒ vufxJrSm &Sdygw,f? apmapmu 0d"l&OD;cspfarmif ajymoGm;wJhtwkdif;yJ tem*wfqdkwmuvnf; vli,fawG&JŒ vufxJrSm trsm;qHk;yJ&Sdygw,f?

'Dtem*wfudk csDwufoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm rSefrSefuefuef csDwufoGm;=uyg? usrwdk‹wdkif;jynf&JŒ a&SŒa&;udk t+rJyJ=unfhyg? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ wrifoufouf wyfrawmfom;rsm;&JŒ ynma&;udk xnfh+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? wyfrawmfe‹J jynfol tpOft+rJuGJaevdk‹awmh rjzpfygbl;?

'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m tifrwefrS qif;&JwJh todkif;t0dkif;rsm;u vmw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&r,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vkd‹ usrwdk‹rSm =uifempdwfawG &Sd&r,f?

'Dwyfrawmfom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹ wuUodkvfausmif;om;awGvkd ynmoif&wJh tcGifhta&;awG r&SdcJhbl;? wyfrawmfxJrSm OD;ae0if;wdk‹vkd yk*~KdvfrsKd;ay;vdkufwJh ppfynmawG/ rrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGom &SdcJhw,f? 'Dawmh 'DvdkrrSefruefwJh ppfynmawGtpm; rSefuefwJhtrsKd;om;a&;pdwf"mwfawG usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oGif;ay;&r,f? 'g tm;vHk;rSm wm0ef&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHwEdkifiH[m tcsKyftjcmtm%mydkifEkdifiHjzpfzdk‹/ wnfwHhckdif+rJ/ *k%foduQm&SdwJhwyfrawmf &Sdzdk‹ vdkygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh txl;ojzifh pdwf0rf;uJGaewmuawmh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;xJrSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh wyfrawmfvufxJrSm tcH&qHk;u ausmif;om;awGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ausmif;om;awG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm tifrwefrS emusnf;ae=uw,f? c%c%yJ usrudk ajymygw,f? ppfqdkvdk‹ a&awmifppfraomufzl;vdk‹ usrudk ajymygw,f? a& ppfraomufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh ydk;0if±HkyJ&Sdw,f? tJ'Dawmh usrwdk‹ 'DvdkpdwfawG xm;vdk‹rjzpfbl;? ausmif;om;rsm;[m ynmoifwJhvlawGyJ? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? ydk}uD;awmh tjrifus,f&r,f? oabmxm;}uD;}uD; tjrifus,fus,feJ‹ cGifhv$wfEkdifwJh pdwf"mwfawG &Sd&r,f? ynmr&SdwJhvleJ‹ ±kef;aevdk‹/ ebrf;owfaevdk‹vnf; roifhawmfygbl;?

'Dawmh udk,feJ‹ wef;wlnDwljzpfatmif ynmay;+yD;rS ebrf;owfwmrS ebrf;owf&usKd; eyfygw,f? 'ga=umifh óud;pm;=uyg? ppfynmrsm; jyef+yD;awmh oifay;Ekdif&r,f/ ppfynmqdkwm jynfol‹twGuf/ jynfol‹udk umuG,fzdk‹/ jynfoludkowfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh oifay;&r,f? tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ owdxm;&ygvdrfhr,f? rae‹wae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymoGm;wJh rdef‹cGef;xJrSm jynfolvlxkukd +cdrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifawG ygw,fvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk +cdfrf;ajcmufwJh t&dyfta,mifqdkwm usr vHk;vkHk;rESpfoufygbl;? 'Dvdk tm%mudk udkif+yD;awmh/ vufeufudk udkif+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfygbl;? enf;trsKd;rsKd;eJ‹ r[kwfrrSefuefwmawG ajym+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;udk xdk;ESufaew,f? 'gawGu qdk;vS+yD? ckusawmh tm%mpufoHk;r,fqdk+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufvmwJhtcgusawmh tifrwefrS vGefaeyg+yD? usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm tm%mpuf quf+yD;awmh oHk;oGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh b,fvdkrS tzwfq,fEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; b,fawmhrS cGifhv$wfEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? tm%mpufoHk;wJh tavhtx}uD;udkawmh usrwdk‹ 'Duae+yD;awmh &yfqkdif;&awmhr,f? e0w taeeJ‹ EkdifiHtay:rSm apwem&Sd&if/ e0w taeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;&JŒ trdef‹tm%mudk vGefqef&JwJh owWd&Sd&if tm%mpufqdkwJh pum;vHk;ukd vHk;vHk; quf+yD;awmh roHk;ygeJ‹awmh? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkawGeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wdkifyif&JwJh owWdudkom

arG;jrLyg? tJh'grS wu,fhowWdyg? aoewf}uD;&Sdvdk‹ ypf&Jw,fqdkwm[m owWdr[kwfygbl;? bmrS vufxJrSm r&SdbJeJ‹ trSefw&m;t& tajz&SmcsifwJh owWdrsKd;om usrwdk‹ vkdcsifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;/ 'Drkdua&pDvdkvm;wJh tiftm;pkrsm;uvnf; twdwfujzpf&yfrsm;udk pOf;pm;+yD;awmh rSefrSefuefuefvkyfzdk‹ oEMdÏmefcs=uyg? usr 'g xyfwvJvJajymaewJhudpPyg? rSefrSefuefuefvkyf&if usrwdk‹ wae‹r[kwfwae‹ atmifjrif&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ rSefuefwJhtiftm;/ nDnGwfr_tiftm;udk b,folrS a&&SnfvGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? e0w vnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? wyfrawmfvnf; vGefqefEkdifrSm r[kwfbl;? e0wwdk‹/ wyfrawmfwdk‹qdkwmuvnf; jynfolvlxku au|;arG;xm;wJh tzJG‹tpnf;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh jynfolvlxktay:rSm tifrwefrS aus;Zl;&Sdygw,f? aus;Zl;&Sifudk aus;Zl;rodwwfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'kuQa&mufp+rJyJ? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;taeeJ‹ pdwf"mwfrusygeJ‹? +cdrf;ajcmufwma=umifh ra=umufygeJ‹? 'gayrJh owWdqdkwmawmh &Sdyg? usrudk q&mawmf}uD;wyg;uae+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufovdkayghav? t&ifwkef;u azazhudkvnf; rdef‹cJhygw,fqdk+yD; usrudk xyf+yD;awmh rdef‹vdkufygw,f? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹ayghav? ajcmufwkdif;vnf; ra=umufygeJ‹/ ra=umufbJvnf; raeygeJ‹qdkwm[m owdxm;&r,f? tumtuG,f,l&r,f?

'Dvdk+cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqkdwm em;vnf&r,f? b,fvdkoabmeJ‹ +cdrf;ajcmufaeovJqdkwm usrwdk‹ em;vnf&r,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ taumif;qHk;tumtuG,fuawmh nDnGwfr_tiftm;yJ/ pnf;urf;yJ? usrwdk‹ nDnDnGwfnGwf pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹udk &ef&Smzdk‹ tifrwefrS cJ,Of;ygvdrfhr,f? tckvdk ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd wnDwnGwf tcrf;tem;}uD; usif;yoGm;Ekdifw,fqdkwm[m tifrwefrS tm;wufp&mjzpfygw,f? reufwkef;uvnf; ygwDaygif;rsm;pGm[m (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv tcrf;tem;rsm;udkvnf; usif;yoGm;ygw,f?

'DvdknDnGwfr_tiftm;[m wae‹xufwae‹ wufvmw,fqdkwm jrifawG‹&ygw,f? 'DvdkwufvmwJh nDnGwfr_tiftm;eJ‹yJ usrwdk‹ atmifyef;udk qifEkdifygw,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;rSmyg? wajz;ajz; r[kwfbJeJ‹ ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&mufa&;twGuf usrwdk‹ ydk+yD;awmh óud;pm;&r,f?

'Dhaemuf wv/ ESpfvtwGif;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if tcrf;tem;trsKd;rsKd; usif;y&r,fqdkwm usr ajymcJhygw,f? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh (7) &ufae‹ Zlvkdifv/ (19) &ufae‹ Zlvdkifvqdk+yD;awmh }udrf;armif;aew,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;ygw,f? usr }udrf;armif;aewm r[kwfygbl;? owday;aewmyg/ jynfolvlxkudk? 'Dtcrf;tem;awG&Sdw,f? 'Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;[m usrwdk‹EkdifiHrSm EdkifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ ajz&Sif;cJhvdk‹jzpfw,f? aemifxyf+yD;awmh vufeufenf;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm; rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ óud;yrf;oGm;&r,f? 'gyJ usr xyfwvJvJ ajymoGm;wmyg? usr pyDumraumif;vdk‹ atmfrdvdk‹ }udrf;armif;aew,fxifovm;awmh rodygbl;? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxku 'gudk pdwfxJrSmxm;yg? aemif 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm EkdifiHa&;jy\emrsm;udk vufeufenf;eJ‹ rajz&Sif;a&;/ rajz&Sif;Ekdifatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;pm;&r,f? quf+yD; óud;pm;oGm;&rSmyJ? 'D ESpfv/ oHk;v&JŒ jy\emrsm;udk usrwdk‹ atmifatmifjrifjrif ausmfv$m;Ekdifvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDudk jrefjrefqefqef &Ekdifw,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? t&ifht&ifwkef;u ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m wkdif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifcJhovdk tckacwf ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh wdkif;jynf&JŒtusKd;udk xrf;aqmifoGm;Ekdifr,fvdk‹ usr ,Hk=unfygw,f?

'D,Hk=unfcsuftwdkif;yJ tm;vHk; nDnDnGwfnGwf/ owWd&Sd&Sd/ owd&Sd&SdeJ‹ qufvufcsDwufoGm;=uygvdk‹ awmif;yef&if;eJ‹ usr ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

20

wyfrawmf[m b,fol‹twGufvJ vl‹abmifopfygwD±Hk; taemf&xmvrf;wGif 10-7-89 ae‹u ajym=um;onf? * * * tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwkd‹[m Zlvkdifv 7 &ufae‹wkef;u ausmif;om;vli,frsm; usqHk;cJhjcif;/ or*~òzdcJGcH&jcif; tcrf;tem;udk ESpfywfvnf usif;ycJh+yD;yg+yD? Zlvdkifv 19 &ufae‹rSm tmZmenfae‹jzpfwJh azazeJ‹wuG tjcm;EkdifiHhacgif;aqmifrsm; usqHk;wJhae‹vnf; vmygOD;r,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk; pOf;pm;p&mawG trsKd;rsKd;&Sdygw,f? t&iftywfu qdkvdk‹&Sd&if EkdifiHawmf+idrf0yfydjym;a&; OuUX AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu rdef‹cGef;awmfawmf&Snf&SnfyJ ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Drdef‹cGef;udk usr jyef+yD;awmh oHk;oyfvdkufwJhtcgusawmh bmawGay:vmovJ? eHygwf (1) uawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹taeeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;/ aqG;aEG;/ wkdifyifjcif;udk r,Hk=unfbl;qdkwm jyygw,f? 'gudkawmh usrwdk‹ uef‹uGufygw,f?

EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ nd‡E_dif;&r,f/ aqG;aEG;&r,f/ wkdifyif&r,f? 'grSvnf; jynfolvlxk rembl;aygh? aemufwckuvnf; usr awG‹cJh&wmuawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ rdef‹cGef;xJrSm jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufwmygw,fvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? 'Dvdk +cdrf;ajcmufw,fqdkwm eJeJrS roifhawmfygbl;? wdk‹bufrSm vufeuf&Sdvdk‹ oHk;csifwkdif; oHk;Ekdifw,fvdk‹ ajymwJh oabm[m eJeJrS roifhawmfygbl;? 'g[m tpdk;&taeeJ‹ oHk;oifhoHk;xkdufwJh pum;vHk;rsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? ajymoifhajymxdkufwJh udpPrsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? xm;oifhxm;xdkufwJh oabmxm;rsm;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmfua&m/ e0w ua&m xyfwvJvJajymygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifyg/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;yg? tJh'Dawmh tck usrwdk‹ jyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;&r,f? Zlvkdifv 19 &ufae‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if/ azazqHk;oGm;wm 42 ESpfjynfhawmhr,f/ tJh'Dawmh 'Dvdk 42 ESpfjynfhwJhtcrf;tem; rwkdifcif usrwdk‹ pOf;pm;&r,f? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifvdk‹ qdkvdk‹&Sd&if wyfrawmf[m azazvdkcsifwJhtwkdif; vkyfae&JŒvm;? wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifqdkwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; csrSwfvdkufwJh vrf;pOftwdkif; 'Dwyfrawmf[m quf+yD;awmh vkkyfae&JŒvm;qdkwm usrwdk‹ ar;&vdrfhr,f? 'Dvdkar;wJhtcgusrS usr b,fvdkjrif&ovJqdkawmh azaz[m wyfrawmf vrf;rSm;oGm;rSm tifrwefrS pdk;&drfcJhw,f? xyfwvJvJ ajymcJhw,f? rif;wdk‹vufxJrSm vufeuf&Sdvdk‹ vkyfcsifwkdifvkyfvdk‹&r,f rxifeJ‹? jynfolvlxkudk +cdrf;ajcmufwm/ ESdyfpufwm/ zdpD;wm/ 'gawGrvkyfeJ‹qdkwm xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f? 'Dwyfrawmf[mvnf; vlwa,mufxJtwGuf r[kwfbl;? tzJG‹tpnf;wcktwGuf r[kwfbl;qdkwmvnf; xyfwvJvJajymcJhw,f? wyfrawmf vrf;rSm;oGm;rSmudk azaz tifrwefrS pdk;&drfcJhw,f? 'DavmufawmifrS pdk;&drfaevsufeJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ vrf;rSm;oGm;&ovJ? OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmfudk vrf;rSm;ay: wifay;vdkufw,f? tck 'DrSm wyfrawmfxJrSm &SdaewJh wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ t&m&Sdrsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒ zcifqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;qdk+yD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;+yD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmfudk b,fvdktaetxm;&SdapcsifovJqdkwm jyef+yD;awmh oHk;oyfyg?

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e0wESifh &ifqkdifaqG;aEG;a&; Trdef‹cGef;udk 1989 ckESpfwGif ajym=um;cJhaomfvnf; ajymqdkonfhae&mESifh ae‹&ufudk pmwnf;taeESifh odEkdifpGrf; r&Sdyg? * * * AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGudpPudk ajymoGm;cJh&ygw,f? 'DudpPawG ajym&if;eJ‹yJ usr pOf;pm;rdw,f? wcsKdŒvl}uD;awGu ajymygw,f? usrwdk‹[m e0w aumif;a=umif;vnf; wcgwav ajymygOD;vdk‹ usrudk ajymygw,f? tJh'Dawmh e0w aumif;a=umif;ajymzdk‹ usr pOf;pm;aeygw,f? bmawGajym&rvJvdk‹/ bmawGajym&rvJqdk+yD;awmh pOf;pm;wJhtcgusawmh usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudkawmh w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcGifhay;ygw,f? tJh'D[m [m e0w vkyfaqmifcsufrSm aumif;wJhtcsufwckjzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvdk EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk w&m;0ifrSwfyHkwifcGifh ay;xm;+yD;awmh/ wu,fawmh EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;taeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;udk xdxda&mufa&muf vkyfydkifcGifhusawmh ray;bl;vdk‹ usrawmh ajym&rSmyJ? tJhvdkajymvdkufjyefawmhvnf; wzufuawmh aumif;w,fvdk‹ajym+yD;awmh wzufuawmh tjypf&Smw,fvdk‹ tajymcH&rSmyJ? 'gayrJhvnf; tajymcH&ifvnf; cH&rSmyJ? tck usrwdk‹ jy\em[m 'gygyJ? wzufuawmh ay;oa,mifa,mifeJ‹ wzufuawmh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk ydwfyifae&wmudk awG‹&ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m uef‹uGufae&wmyg? rae‹u AdkvfcsKyfrª;}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ qdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrtay:rSm rauseyfcsufrsm;/ usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyftay:rSm rauseyfcsufrsm; ajymoGm;w,f? 'Dvdk rauseyfcsufrsm; ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? rauseyfwm&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if ajymyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ jyef+yD;awmh ajz&Sif;yghr,f? ta&;}uD;qHk; tcsufwcsufuawmh usrwdk‹udk oG,f0dkufaomenf;tm;jzifh uGefjrLepfawGvdk‹ pGyfpJGoGm;wJhtcsufygyJ? 'D[muawmh usr xl;xl;axGaxG odyf+yD;awmh rajymvdkygbl;? r[kwfrrSefbl;vdk‹yJ ajymcsifygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfrrSefwJh udpPwckudk xyfwvJvJ ajz&Sif;ae&wm[m t"dy`m,fawmh odyfr&Sdygbl;? usr[m uGefjrLepfvnf; r[kwfygbl;? uGefjrLepf0g'udk axmufcHolwOD;vnf; r[kwfygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm uGefjrLepfawG v$rf;rdk;a&;twGuf vkyfaewmvnf; r[kwfygbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jynfolvlxktm;vHk;[m 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;/ tajccH vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm; &&Sda&;twGuf vHk;yef;aewmjzpfygw,fvdk‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f? 'kwd,udpPuawmh usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyf[m xdyfwdkufawG‹csifw,f/ confrontation qdkwJh pum;vHk;udk k m AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu oHk;oGm;ygw,f? 'gvnf; usr &Sif;jy&ygvdrfhr,f? Confrontation qdw xdyfwdkufawG‹csifw,fqdkwJh oabmeJ‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu &Sif;jyoGm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ 'Dvdkrjrifygbl;? usrwdk‹[m xdyfwdkufawG‹csifwm r[kwfygbl;? 'gvnf; usr xyfwvJvJajym&vGef;vdk‹ tm;vnf; tm;emygw,f? usrwdk‹[m jy\emrsm;udk &ifqkdif+yD;awmhom ajz&Sif;csifwmygvdk‹ usr ajymygw,f?

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AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0wxJu vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ‹/ wyfrawmfxJu t&m&Sdrsm;taeeJ‹ aoaocsmcsm avhvmvdk‹&Sd&if 'g[m ay:vGifygw,f? wkdif;jynfwwkdif;jynfrSm tkyfcsKyfol csrf;csrf;omomeJ‹ ae+yD;awmh wdkif;jynfu qif;&Jae+yDqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'D tkyfcsKyfwJhvl[m wkdif;jynftay:rSm b,fvdkapwem&SdovJqdkwm tifrwefxif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwdk‹EdkifiH ysufpD;cJh&w,fqdkwm ae‹csif;/ ncsif; ysufpD;cJh&wmr[kwfygbl;? (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; tifrwefrS óud;óud;pm;pm;eJ‹ OD;ae0if; vkyfcJhvdk‹om ysufpD;cJh&wmyg? tJh'Dawmh 'Dvdk óud;pm;yef;pm;eJ‹ vkyfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;udkawmh todtrSwfawmh ðyygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; wkdif;jynfay:rSm oHk;oifhoHk;xdkufwJh t&nftcsif;wckawmh r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹[m tcktcsdefrSm OD;ae0if;&JŒ =oZmtm%mu ±kef;uef+yD;awmh rxGufEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;jynf 'Dhxuf ysufpD;oGm;r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'D ,Hk=unfcsuft& usrwdk‹ wifjyyghr,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;oGm;+yDvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'gvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? OD;ae0if;[m t+idrf;pm;orw}uD;vdk‹ ac:rvm;? OuUX}uD;vdk‹ ac:rvm;? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;csKyfvdk‹ ac:rvm;? b,fvdkac:&rSef;awmif rodawmhygbl;? tJ t+idrf;pm;awmh t+idrf;pm;ygyJ? 'gayrJh t+idrf;pm;wa,muftaeeJ‹ wkdif;jynf&JŒudpPawGrSm 0if±_yfaevdk‹ cufwmaygh? usrwdk‹/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹ e0wtaeeJ‹ rSefrSefuefuef wkdif;jynftusKd;ukd xrf;oGm;apcsifw,f? rSefrSefuefuef wdkif;jynftusKd;udk xrf;oGm;r,fqdk&if jynfolvlxkuvnf; 0dkif;+yD;awmh yHhydk;r,f/ ulnDr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? oufoufrJh usrwdk‹[m &efpaewm r[kwfygbl;? &efvnf; rpcsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhyg? jynfolvlxkbufrSm vufeufvnf; r&Sdbl;? tm%mvnf; r&Sdbl;? vufeufr&SdwJh/ tm%mr&SdwJh vlxk[m bmjzpfvdk‹ vufeuf/ tm%m&SdwJh tzJG‹tpnf;udk &efpcsif&rSmvJ? b,f&efpcsifyghrvJ? usrwdk‹ tqifajycsifwmaygh? 'Dvdk pdwfxm;awGeJ‹ vkyfaewmudk bmjzpfvdk‹ em;rvnfovJ? bmjzpfvdk‹ oabmraygufvJqdkwm usrawmh pOf;pm;vdk‹ r&Ekdifatmif jzpfaeygw,f?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuvnf; nwkef;u pOf;pm;w,fvdk‹ ajymcJhygw,f? usrvnf; pOf;pm;ygw,f? wcsdefvHk;

pOf;pm;aewmyJ? 'D tajctaeawGudk ajyvnfatmif b,fvdkvkyf&rvJ? tJh'Dawmh usr pOf;pm;&if; pOf;pm;&if;eJ‹ xGufvmwJhtajzu wckyJ&Sdw,f? rsufESmcsif;qkdif xkdif+yD;awmh ajyvnfr_&Sm&r,f? 'Dvdk ajyvnfr_&SmEkdifrS usrwdk‹ qufvufcsDwufoGm;EkdifrSmyJ? 'Dvdk ajyvnfr_ r&SmEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxk[m 'DavmufyJ tiftm;enf;ovm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar;&rSmyJ? usrwdk‹vlxk&JŒ tiftm;[m tifrwefrS rsm;ygw,f? pnf;urf;&SdwJh tiftm;/ pepfuswJhtiftm;/ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ vkyfcsifwJhtiftm;/ 'gudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif em;vnfapcsifw,f? usrtaeeJ‹ rae‹wkef;u AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif owif;pm&Sif;vif;yJGudk em;axmif&if;eJ‹ pdwfxJrmS trsKd;rsKd;jzpfwmayghav? 'gayrJh wu,fawmh usrpdwfxJrSm tjyif;xefqHk;uawmh 0rf;enf;jcif;yJ? 0rf;enf;w,f usr? pOf;pm;&if; pOf;pm;&if;eJ‹/ em;axmif&if; em;axmif&if;eJ‹/ b,fhES,fh 'Dwkdif;jynf 'Dtajctaea&mufaeovJ? b,fhES,fh usrwdk‹&JŒ tcktcsdeftcgrSm EdkifiH&JŒ OD;pD;jzpfwJh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxktay:rSm em;vnfr_enf;aeovJqdkwm usr pdwfxJrSm jzpfaeygw,f? 'Dvdk em;vnfr_ enf;aejcif;[m tifrwefrS 0rf;enf;p&maumif;ygw,f? tck usr ajym&Jw,f? ajym&Jvdk‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajymr,f? usruawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m rSefrSefuefuef vkyaf y;csifwJh apwem&Sdw,fqdkwm ,Hk=unfw,f? 'Dvdk apwem&Sdvsufom;eJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJh udpPudk ajymaeovJqdkwm usr em;rvnfEkdifygbl;?

'Dawmh pOf;pm;p&m trsKd;rsKd; &Sdygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdk r[kwfrrSefwJh pGyfpJGcsufwifaeovJ? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifudk rSefuefwJh owif;awGudk ray;aevdk‹vm;? 'grSr[kwf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ pdwfxJrSm&SdwJh[mudk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf rajymEkdifvdk‹vm;vdk‹ usr ar;&rSmyJ? 'DudpPeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? usru/ usrvdk‹awmh rajymbl;vdk‹ayghav? 'gayrJh t"duajymoGm;wm usrqdkawmh usrvdk‹ 0efcHyghr,f? e0wtxJrSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if pdwfoabmxm; uJGvJGr_&Sdw,fqdkwm wcsKdŒu ajymw,fqdkwmudk AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu rESpfòrd‹wJhtaeeJ‹ ajymoGm;ygw,f? [kwfw,f/ usr ajymygw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usr 'Dvdkajym&ovJqdkawmh +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&; tzJG‹0ifrsm; EkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm vkyfaeyHkrsm;[m awmfawmfyJ pdwfnpfp&maumif;wJhudpP}uD; jzpfaeygw,f? trsm;jynfolodwJhtwdkif;yJ ae&m tawmfrsm;rsm;rSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Drdkua&pDbufudk xdk;ESufaew,f? wpnudk tm;ay;aew,f/ bufvdkufaew,f/ rsufESmvdkufaew,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ awG‹cJh&ygw,f? pnf;±Hk;a&;c&D; xGufwdkif;/ xGufwkdif; usrwdk‹ 'DudpPudk awG‹cJh&w,f? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmiftaeeJ‹ =um;aeyghr,fvdk‹ ajymcJh+yD/ wyfrawmfuvnf; =um;aeyghr,fvdk‹ ajymcJh+yD/ 'Dvdk ajymaewJhtxJu bmjzpfvdk‹ +idrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzJG‹xJu bufvdkufaevJqdkwm usrwdk‹ rar;rjzpfwJh ar;cGef;jzpfaeygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tajz[m ESpfck jzpfEkdifw,f? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif[m ajymwmwrsKd;/ vkyfwmwrsKd;vm;? 'grSr[kwf AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifajymovdk rvkyfwJhvlawG &Sdaevdk‹vm;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ar;&vdrfhr,f? 'Dawmh usrtaeeJ‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymovdk rvkyfwJhvlawG&Sdaevdk‹ jzpfwefyg&JŒqdk+yD;awmh e0wxJrSmvnf; oabmxm;ESpfrsKd;&Sdaeygw,fvdk‹ usr ajymwmyg? 'g e0wudk pdwf0rf;uJGapcsifvdk‹ ajymwmr[kwfygbl;? usrtaeeJ‹ tm;vHk;udk òcH+yD;awmh rapmfum;csifvdk‹yg? e0wxJrSm rSefrSefuefuefvyk fcsifwJh vl}uD;awGrsm; &Sdygvsufom;eJ‹ e0w[m rw&m;ojzifh vkyfaew,fvdk‹ usr rpGyfpJGcsifvdk‹ tJh'Dvdk cJGjcm;+yD;awmh ajymwmjzpfygw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ wyfrawmfxJrSmvnf; rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifwJholrsm; &Sdygvsufom;eJ‹/ rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifwJh t&m&Sdrsm;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm; &Sdvsufom;eJ‹ wyfrawmfwckvHk;udk òcH+yD;awmh rpGyfpJGcsifvdk‹ wyfrawmfxJrSmvnf; rSefrSefuefuef r#r#ww vkyfcsifwJhvlrsm;&Sdovdk/ rSefrSefuefuef w&m;r#r#wweJ‹ rvkyfcsifwJholrsm;vnf; &Sdw,fvdk‹ usr cJGjcm;+yD;awmh ajymwmyg? 'Dvdkajymwmudk usr[m wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;twGuf vkyfaew,fqdk+yD;awmh pGyfpJGygw,f? 'g[m vHk;vHk;r[kwfygbl;? usr wyfrawmfudk ròyduJGapcsifbl;qdkwJh[muvnf; xyfwvJvJ ajymae&wJh udpPyg? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹/ e0weJ‹/ wyfrawmfwdk‹taeeJ‹ em;vnfapcsifygw,f? usrwdk‹u ajyvnfr_udk vdkcsifygw,f?

tm%mzDqefa&; qdkwmuvnf; rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;zDqefa&; jzpfygw,f? qlylatmifv_H‹aqmfjcif; r&SdbJeJ‹ at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefzdk‹jzpfygw,f?

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22

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ajz&Sif;csifygw,f? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹ trdef‹tm%mudk zDqefaewJh ae&mrSmawmifrS EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ zDqefoGm;wmyJ? usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkudk ajymw,f? trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%m[lor#udk wm0eft& zDqef=uyg? wm0eft& zDqef&r,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm wm0ef&Sdw,f? vlwkdif;vlwkdif;rSm tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;awGudk umuG,fzdk‹ wm0ef&Sdw,f? 'Dtwdkif;yJ usrwdk‹ ajymoGm;wmyJ? 'DtxJrSm qlylzdk‹ v_H‹aqmfwm rygygbl;? apmapmu usrajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? ararhpsmyeudpPwkef;uawmh qlylcsifwJhtpdwftydkif;awGudk usrwdk‹ xdef;oGm;ygw,f? rvkyfygeJ‹/ 'g[m roifhawmfygbl;? tckvnf; usrwdk‹ xdef;oGm;rSmyJ? usrwdk‹bufuawmh usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudkawmh aumif;aumif;xdef;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf vufwJG+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhtzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ ausmif;om;rsm;udkvnf; xdef;oGm;Ekdifygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; tzsuform;awG &Sdw,fqdkwmvnf; usrwdk‹ odygw,f? 'Dtzsuform;awG[m 'Drkdua&pDudk rvkdvm;wJh vlawGuxnfhxm;wJh tzsuform;vdk‹yJ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf/ b,favmufyJ at;at;csrf;csrf;vkyfzdk‹ óud;pm;/ óud;pm;/ wa,mufESpfa,mufu =um;0if+yD;awmh v_H‹aqmfvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if jy\emwufwwfygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; usrwdk‹ tcktcsdefrSmqdk&if pepfwusvkyfxm;wma=umifh 'Djy\emawGudk xdef;oGm;EkdifwJh tajctaea&mufae+yDqdkwm usr xifygw,f? usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfeJ‹ nd‡E_dif;wkdifyif+yD;awmh e0w u vkyfr,fqdk&if tm;vHk; tqifajyEkdifygw,f?

'Dawmh usr tm;vHk;òcH+yD;awmh ajym&r,fqdk&if/ bmjzpfvdk‹qdkawmh owif;pmq&mrsm;uvnf; ar;p&m&SdOD;rSmyg? tm;vHk;òcH+yD;ajym&&if wyfrawmfòyduJGa&;udk usr vHk;vHk;rvdkvm;ygbl;? wyfrawmfudk *k%foduQm&Sd&SdeJ‹ aeapcsifw,f? Auy eJ‹ usrqdkwmvnf; vHk;vHk;tqufr&Sdygbl;? usr uGefjrLepf0g'udk ,Hkvnf;r,Hk=unfbl;? tm;vnf;tm;ray;bl;? uGefjrLepfenf;vrf;awGeJ‹vnf; usrwdk‹ vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹u 'Drdkua&pDenf;vrf;t& vkyfaewmyJ? usrwdk‹[m qlylv_H‹aqmfr_qdkwmudkvnf; 0goemrygygbl;? qlylwmudkvnf; usrwdk‹ rvdkvm;ygbl;? tm;vHk; at;at;csrf;csrf;/ pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifudk a&mufoGm;apcsifygw,f? usr[m pnf;urf;trsm;}uD; tav;xm;w,fqdkwm e0w odygw,f? usr&JŒrdef‹cGef;awG 'DavmufawmifrS aphaphpyfpyf avhvmaew,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Davmufqdk&ifawmh odaumif;yg+yD? t+rJyJ pnf;urf;&Sd&r,f/ pnf;urf;&Sd&r,fvdk‹ usr ajymygw,f? nDnGwf&r,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&r,f? wyfrawmfudk oufoufrJh/ tvum;oufouf ykwfcwfwm r&Sd&bl;qdkwm usr c%c%ajymwJhudpPqdkwm usrrdef‹cGef;a[mif;awGudk 'DavmufawmifrS aphaphpyfpyfavhvmxm;wJh e0wuawmh odrSmjzpfygw,f? 'gha=umifh ajyvnfr_ &Smapcsifw,f? wu,fyJ wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemxm;w,f/ wu,fyJ jynfolawGvdkcsifwJh vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyJGrsm; vkyfay;csifwJhqEN &Sdw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if nd‡E_dif;yg? aqG;aEG;yg? wkdifyifyg? wzufowf ykwfcwfwdkufckdufwJh udpPawGuadk wmh rvkyfaeygeJ‹vdk‹ usr ajymcsifygw,f?

23

jynfolvdkcsifwm atmifqef;vrf;pOf 1989 ck ZlvkdifwGif ajym=um;aom tmZmenfae‹ tóudrdef‹cGef;

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usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyfudk 'Dvdktm;ay;wJhtwGuf trsm;}uD;yJ aus;Zl;wifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹&JŒ vkyfief;awGudk trsKd;rsKd;yJ wdkufcdkufaew,fqdkwm trsm;od+yD;om; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tck 'Dvdkjynfolvlxk}uD;[m pnf;urf;&Sd&SdeJ‹ a&mufvmwmjrifwJhtwGufvnf; usr trsm;}uD;0rf;omw,f?

'DbufrSm vufeufudkifwyfawG r&SdwJhtwGufvnf; usrwdk‹ trsm;}uD;yJ 0rf;omygw,f? usrwdk‹ t+rJyJajymygw,f? vufeufukdifwyfrsm; r&Sd&if jynfolvlxk[m at;at;csrf;csrf;&Sdygw,f? vufeufudkifwyfrsm; a&mufrSom v_yfv_yf&Sm;&Sm;&Sdwmyg? 'ga=umifh e0w taeeJ‹ wyfrawmfom;rsm;udkvnf; oufomapcsifw,f/ jynfolvlxkudkvnf; pdwfoufomapcsifw,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usrwdk‹ pnf;±Hk;pka0;wJhae&mrSm vufeufudkifwyfzJG‹rsm;udk rv$wfzdk‹qdkwm tifrwefrS ta&;}uD;ygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm usrwdk‹u rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;/ trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefa&;eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ trsKd;rsKd; wdkufcdkufajymqdkaeygw,f? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm Auy qefw,fvdk‹ ajymygw,f? 'g[m r[kwfygbl;? rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefw,fqdkwm AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vrf;pOfjzpfygw,f? usr 'DudpPudk &Sif;jyyghr,f? ppf+yD;wJhtcg +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&uae+yD;awmh vGwfvyfa&;&atmifvdk‹ wdkufae&wJhtcsdefrSm rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqef&r,fqdk+yD;awmh azazwdk‹ zqyv uae+yD;awmh ajymcJhygw,f?

'Dtwdkif;yJ aqmif&GufcJhygw,f? 1946 ckESpfrmS qdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqef&r,fqdkwm[m zqyv nDvmcHrSmudk ajymoGm;ygw,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ vGwfvyfpGm a[majymydkifcGifh/ pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ pDwef;vrf;av#mufydkifcGifhudk csKyfcs,fwJh +Adwdo#tpdk;&&JŒ tm%mudk zDqefw,fqdk+yD;awmh azazukd,fwkdifyJ ajymoGm;ygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefwm/ jynfolvlxk&JŒ vGwfvyfr_tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh trdef‹tm%mrsm; zDqefwm[m atmifqef;vrf;pOft& vkyfw,fqdkwm usr e0wukd ajymjycsifygw,f? tcktcsdefrSm e0wtaeeJ‹ qHk;jzwfzdk‹[m wckyJ&Sdygw,f? atmifqef;vrf;pOfudk vdkufrSmvm;/ ae0if;&JŒ rqv vrf;pOfudk vdkufrSmvm;? 'gyJ usr ar;&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ ESdrfeif;w,fqdkwm[m atmifqef;vrf;pOf r[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxk&JŒ &oifh&xdkufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;udk zdESdyfw,f/ [ef‹wm;w,fqdkwmvnf; atmifqef;vrf;pOf r[kwfygbl;? zqyvtaeeJ‹ +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&&JŒ rw&m;whJ trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefaewJhtcsdefrSm jynfolvlxk[m tckxuf ydk+yD;awmh trsm;}uD; tcGifhta&;awG&Sdygw,f? 'gudk usr axmufjyr,f? tJ'Dwkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if owif;pmawG[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0ykdifcGifh&Sdw,f? tJh'DvdktcsdefrSmawmifrS vGwfvGwfvyfvyf jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ a[majym/ pDwef;vrf;av#mufykdifcGifh r&Sdvdk‹qdk+yD; azaz[m zqyvudk OD;aqmif+yD;awmh rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqef&r,fqdk+yD;awmh aqmf=ocJhygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹ jrefrmEkdifiHrSm jrefrmawGtkyfpdk;wJhtcsdefrS vGwfvyfpGm yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifhawmifrS r&Sdbl;? 'DtcGifhta&;qdkwmvnf; w&m;Oya't& &Sdygw,f? 1962 ckESpf yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh Oya't&qdkvdk‹&Sd&if EdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdygw,f? 'Dvdk&SdwJh tcGifhta&;awGudk [ef‹wm;wJhtrdef‹tm%mudk usrwdk‹ zDqefaewmyJ? 'DtcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tmZmenfae‹tóudtcsdef jzpfygw,f? aemuftywfqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tmZmenfae‹jzpfw,f? tmZmenfae‹[m bmvJ? vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ EkdifiHa&;jy\emudk ajz&Sif;wJhae‹wae‹yJ? OD;apmtaeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tm%mudk vdkcsifvGef;tm;}uD;vdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ r,lEkdifwJhtcgusawmh vufeufenf;eJ‹ ,lr,fqdk+yD;awmh óud;pm;vdkufwmyJ? 'gayrJh ratmifjrifcJhygbl;? aemufqHk;usawmh b,fvdkyJ vufeuftm;udk;/ vufeuftm;udk; jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_r&SdwJh pepfrSefor#[m usqHk;&rSmjzpfygw,f? tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usr eJeJajymcsifygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if e0w taeeJ‹ EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;[m (10) a,mufpD/ (10) a,mufpD oGm;Edkifw,f/ 'Dvkd pm&if;ay;+yD;awmh oGm;ygvdk‹

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'Dvdkuef‹owfwm[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk jynfolvlxku v_dufv_dufvSJvSJ *g&0ðywmudk rvdkvm;vdk‹vm;vdk‹ usr jyef+yD;awmh ar;&rSmyJ? usrwdk‹ vlxktaeeJ‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf 'DtcsdefrSm tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk *g&0ðyEkdif&r,f/ tav;ðyEkdif&r,f? usrvnf; jynfolvlxk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf oGm;+yD;awmh *g&0ðyEdkifwJh tajctaersKd;udk vdkvm;ygw,f? tckqdkvdk‹&Sd&if 'DtmZmenfae‹eJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usrwdk‹vlxk[m tzJG‹csKyfu b,fvdktpDtpOf&SdvJvdk‹ odaecsifr,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? usrwdk‹uawmh jynfolvlxk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf pDwef;+yD;awmh tmZmenfukef;udk oGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðy&r,fh tajctaeudk usrwdk‹ OD;wnfygw,f? 'Dvdkvkyfwm[m qlylcsifvdk‹vnf; r[kwfygbl;? azazajymcJhwJhtwkdif;yJ? 1946 ckESpfwkef;u +Adwdo#tpdk;&udk ajymcJhygw,f? usKyfwdk‹[m qlyljcif; rvdkcsifygbl;? rqlylcsifygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ tcGifhta&;awGudk rcsKyfcs,fygeJ‹? tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJhvlrsm;uom qlylatmif v_H‹aqmfjcif;jzpfygw,f? tmZmenfae‹usvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ tmZmenfukef;udk csDwufoGm;+yD;awmh tav;ðyzdk‹ jzpfygw,f? bmrS qlylzdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ v_H‹aqmfzdk‹ r[kwfbl;/ aºuG;a=umfzdk‹ r[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹ vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk tmZmenfukef;usrS vkyfrSmyg? *g&0ðyr,f/ tav;ðyr,f/ wkdifwnfcsifvnf; wkdifwnfEdkifygw,f?

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'DEdkifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGtxJrSm qef0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmifEkdifwJh taetxm;&Sdwm/ ydkufqH&Sdwm wpn wckyJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh qefawG 0,f+yD;awmh odkavSmif+yD;awmh qefaps;wufatmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf; EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;[m b,f[mvJvdk‹ &Smvdkufvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpn wckyJ awG‹rSmyJ? tJh'Dawmh e0wtaeeJ‹ 'Dvkdqefaps;}uD;atmifvkyfwJh tzJG‹tpnf;awGudk rauseyfvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh wpnudk ta&;,loifhw,fvdk‹ usr xifygw,f? tck ar;cGef;av;awG wufvmygw,f? wufvmwJh ar;cGef;xJrSm AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifuae+yD;awmh ol‹&JŒrdef‹cGef;rSm usr[m wcgwkef;u (2) ESpfavmuf=umrS a&G;aumufyJGrsm;jzpfEkdifw,fvdk‹ ajymoGm;w,fvdk‹ qdkygw,f? usr tJh'Dwkef;u ajymcJhwm rSefygw,f? usr 0efcHygw,f? usr b,fawmhrS vdrfrajymygbl;? [kwfw,f? tJh'Dwkef;u u|HajymcJhw,f? wu,f ygwDrsm; awmifhawmifhwif;wif; jzpfatmifvdk‹ axmifzdk‹qdkwm tenf;qHk; (2) ESpfavmuf vdkr,f/ 'gvnf; rSefwJhtwdkif;yJ? tcktcsdefrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfaum/ wjcm;EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;awGaum zJG‹pnf;wJhae&mrSm yDjyifoifhoavmuf ryDjyifao;bl;? tcsdefurS r&Sdao;bJ? 'gayrJhvnf; 'DavmufawmifrS jynfolvlxk 'kuQa&mufaewJh tcgusvdk‹&Sd&if ydk+yD;awmh jrefjrefqefqef a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ usrwkd‹ xifygw,f? 'Dvdk a&G;aumufyJGawG jrefjrefqefqefvkyfrS jynfolvlxk oufomrSmyJ? tJ'Dawmh usr tJ'Dwkef;u (2)

ESpf=umatmif apmifh&w,fvdk‹ ajymcJh&if usr rSm;ygw,f? usr 0efcHw,f? tcktcsdefrSmawmh usr jrifwmuawmh tjrefqHk; a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? 'Dawmh usrbufu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if usr 0efcHzdk‹ 0efrav;ygbl;? 0efcHyghr,f? e0wbufuvnf; trSm;t,Gif;awG&Sdvdk‹&Sd&if 0efcHygvdk‹ usru awmif;yefcsifygw,f? 'gayrJh bmyJajymajym a&G;aumufyJGawGjzpfwJh tcsdefusvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh usr ajymwJhtcsdefuae (2) ESpfavmufeD;yg;awmh jzpfoGm;yg+yD? tJh'Dawmh odyfvnf; usr rSm;w,fvdk‹awmh rqdkEdkifbl;aygh? usrwdk‹ EdkifiHa&;vkyfwJhae&mrSm rrSm;wJhvlqdkwm r&Sdygbl;? ta&;}uD;wmu rSm;vdk‹&Sd&if 0efcH&r,f? jyef+yD;awmh jyif&r,f? tckjy\emu e0w u ae+yD;awmh trSm;qdkwm[m b,fawmhrS r&Sdbl;vdk‹qdk+yD;awmh xm;aewmyJ? b,fawmhrS rSm;w,f&,fvdk‹ r0efcb H l;? vl}uD;wa,muftaeeJ‹/ txl;ojzifh vufeuf/ tm%mudk udkifxm;wJh vl}uD;rsm;taeeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹awmh rSm;w,fAsmvdk‹ 0efcHvdkuf&if b,favmuf *k%foduQm&SdovJ? jynfolvlxk[m b,favmuf av;pm;oGm;rvJ? 'gawGudk rpOf;pm;=ubl;? tcktcsdefusawmh 'Dvdk usKyfwdk‹rSm;w,fvdk‹ r0efcHbJeJ‹ usKyfwdk‹vufxJrSm aoewf&Sdw,fcsnf;yJ ajymaewmyJ? 'g tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJh udpPawGyg? 'gvnf; ckeudpPa=umifh ar;wmyJeJ‹ wlw,f? c%av;aemf? “tmZmenfae‹ csDwuftav;ðy&m tift,f'D trnfryg0ifI jynfolrsm; odk‹avm/ odk‹avm jzpfaeonfudk &Sif;vif;ay;&ef” wJh? usrwdk‹u q,fa,mufxJeJ‹awmh rcsDwufygbl;? q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;udk tav;ðywm[m apmfum;&ma&mufw,fvdk‹ xifvdk‹ q,fa,mufxJeJ‹ usrwdk‹ rcsDwufygbl;? “uif;vGwfcGifhrSwfyHkwifwJh tift,f'Doabmxm;udk &Sif;vif;ay;yg” wJh? usrwdk‹oabm apmapmu ajymcJh+yD;yg+yD? 1962 ckESpf w&m;Oya't& yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhOya't&qdk&if usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyf xkwfa0ydkifcGifh&Sdw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0cGifhr&Sdbl;qdkwJh trdef‹tm%m rw&m;wm? usrwdk‹ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf yHkESdyfxkwfa0wmu rw&m;wm r[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ uif;vGwfcGifhqdkwm usrwdk‹ &Sdxdkufygw,f? avhvmzdk‹twGuf av#mufv$mawGawmifrS oGm;+yD;awmh ,l=unfhvdkufygw,f? b,fvdkuif;vGwfcGifh[m awmif;oifh/ rawmif;oifh/ uif;vGwfcGifhawmif;wJhae&mrSm rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mawGygw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ jrifygw,f? usrwdk‹&JŒ EdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;awGudk csKyfcs,fwJh 0efcHcsufawGudk vufrSwfxdk;ckdif;xm;w,fqdkwm jrifygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ 'D0efcHcsufawGudkvnf; rxdk;Ekdifbl;? uif;vGwfciG fhvnf; usrwdk‹ rawmif;Ekdifbl;? “trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS tm%m&&Sdygu jynfwGif;ppfudk rnfodk‹ oabmxm;ygovJ” wJh? jynfwGif;ppfudk uif;+idrf;atmif/ +yD;+idrf;atmif rvkyfcJhwmuawmh rqvyJ? usrwdk‹uawmh 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;& wufvdk‹&Sd&if jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;oGm;atmifvdk‹ EdkifiHa&;enf;awG &Sm&r,f? vufeufenf;eJ‹ tESpfav;q,fausmf óud;pm;cJhwm jynfwGif;ppf[m r+yD;cJhbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ &Smr,f? apwemrSefvdk‹ EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹vnf; &Smvdk‹&r,fvdk‹ usrwdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? tck wyfrawmfom;rsm;[m yifyef;aewm/ a&SŒwef;rSm aoae&wm/ ysufpD;ae&wm[m 'D jynfwGif;ppfa=umifhyJ? 'DjynfwGif;ppf jzpfay:vmwm[mvnf; jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? jynfwGif;ppf ruif;+idrf;wmvnf; jynfolvlxka=umifh r[kwfygbl;? rqvtpdk;&[m apwemrSefrSefeJ‹ jynfwGif;ppf uif;+idrf;a&;twGuf rvkyfcJhvdk‹ jzpfygw,f? 'Drkdua&pDtpdk;&vufatmufrSmawmh 'Djy\emudk EkdifiHa&;enf;eJ‹yJ ajz&Sif;&rSmyJ? “ppftpdk;&u tvkyform;rsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;udk EdkifiHa&;rvkyfatmif wm;qD;zdESdyfr_rsm;udk bma=umifh &Sif;vif;zGifhcsjcif; rðyao;ygovJ? ‚if;Oya'rsm;[m vGwfvyfa&;&+yD; Oya'vm;/ u|efoabmufacwfu Oya'vm; ajz=um;ay;yg&ef”? u|efoabmufacwfu 0efxrf;rsm;[m EkdifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifh&Sdw,f? e0wacwfusrS 0efxrf;rsm;[m EdkifiHa&;vkyfydkifcGifhr&Sdwm? tJh'Dawmh [dkt&ifwkef;u u|efoabmufacwfqdk&if 'gudk bmacwfvdk‹ ac:&rSef;awmif rodawmhbl;?

“ppftpdk;&u vuf&SdaumufcHaewm tcGeftwkyfrsm; 200 &mcdkifE_ef; wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaejcif;udk bma=umifh zGifhcswdkufyJGr0ifao;ovJ” wJh? ckajymvdkufwm wdkufyJG0if&rSmaygh? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹ 'D tcGeftaumufrsm;udk wdk;jr‡ifhaumufcHaewmvm;? 'grSr[kwf e0w[m 'DavmufawmifrSyJ rJGaevdk‹ tcGefawG jr‡ifhwifae&wmvm;? tJh'Dawmh e0w u rJGawaevdk‹qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxkvnf; rJGawaewmyJ? b0wlcsif;yJ? trJGtawcHygvdk‹ usr ajym&rSmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufcsifvdk‹ 'DtcGefawG jr‡ifhw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&ifawmh 'D e0w&JŒ apwemrrSefbl;qdkwm &Sif;aewmyJ? jynfolvlxkudk ESdyfpufzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;? jynfolvlxkudk ulnDzdk‹ tpdk;&vm;? e0w[m qHk;jzwfyg? jynfolvlxkudk wu,fyJ ulnDcsifwJh apwem&Sd&if/ jynfolvlxktay:rSm =uifemwJhpdwfawG &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if tcktcsdefrSm trsKd;rsKd;EdkifiHa&;enf;awGeJ‹ zdpD;ESdyfpufwJhtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;awmh wif;usyfatmifvdk‹/ toufarG;0rf;ausmif;bufuvnf; ydk+yD;pdwfnpfatmifvdk‹ tcGeftaumufudk rjr‡ifhwifygeJ‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹ ajym&rSmyJ? trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrSm t"du &efolESpfOD;&Sdygw,fwJh? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ &efol[m ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pDudkvdv k m;wJh jynfolawG&JŒ &efolvdk‹ em;vnfygw,f? eHygwfwpf&efol[m trsm;jynfolvlxk od+yD;om;jzpfwJh OD;ae0if; trdef‹tm%mudk vufcHusifhoHk;aewJh ppft&m&SdtcsKdŒ jzpfygw,f? eHygwfESpf&efoluawmh trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf&JŒ tvHawmfatmufrSm 'Drdkua&pDaºuG;a=umfoHrsm;udk vufoD;vufarmif;wef;+yD; atmfaewJh tacsmiform;awG jzpfygw,f? 'gvnf; rSefygw,f? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG&Sdw,fqdkwm usrwdk‹ rjiif;ygbl;? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'DavmufawmifrS}uD;wJh EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;xJrSm EdkifiHa&;tacsmiform;awGu &SdaerSmyJ? aemuf+yD;awmhvnf; rqvpepfatmufrSm (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; tacsmiform;awG woGifoGifarG;xkwfvdkufawmh usrwdk‹wkdif;jynfxJrSm tacsmiform;awG rsm;aewmaygh? wajz;ajz;eJ‹ 'Dtacsmiform;pepf ajymif;vJatmifvdk‹ usrwdk‹ óud;pm;yghr,f? óud;pm;oGm;ygr,f? 'gayrJh (26) ESpfvHk;vHk; vkyfcJhwJhudpPawGudk usrwdk‹u q,fvtwGif; jyef+yD;awmh rðyjyifEkdifwJhtwGufawmh awmif;yefygw,f? trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh trdef‹tm%mrSefor# wm0eft& zDqef=u[k tjynfhtpHkazmfjy&r,fhtpm; vkyfom;jynfol‹ae‹pOfowif;pmY “trsm;jynfol oabmrwlwJh” [laom emr0daooe csefxm;cJh+yD; csefvSyfcJhjcif;jzifh trsm;jynfol t"dy`m,faumufvJGEdkifygw,f?

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usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; usrwdk‹ rcscsifygbl;? pOf;pm;=unfhav 'Dbufu tkwfwjcrf;awmif r&Sdbl;? [dkbufueJ‹ csvdk‹ usrwdk‹ b,fa&mufoGm;rSmvJ? 'Dawmh 'DvdkcscsifwJhpdwfawG usrwdk‹ r&Sdygbl;? usrwdk‹[m at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ nd‡dE_dif;jcif;/ aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;rsm; enf;vrf;t& jynfolvlxkvdkcsifwJh yef;wdkifudk csDwufoGm;zdk‹ =um;csifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh e0w[m wu,fyJ jynfolvlxkudk at;csrf;csifovm;/ wu,fyJ qlylv_H‹aqmfr_ rvdkvm;bl;vm;? rvdkvm;vdk‹&Sd&if nd‡E_dif;yg? wu,fyJ Confrontaion head on vdk‹ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu ajymoGm;ygw,f? head on qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmayghav? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ head on vdk‹ oabmrxm;ygbl;? Confrontation qdkwm xdyfwdkufawG‹wmr[kwfygbl;? &ifqkdifwmyg? wa,mufeJ‹ wa,muf pm;yJG0kdif;rSmxkdif+yD;awmh &ifqdkifwJh Confrontation rsKd;om usrwdk‹ vdkcsifygw,f? tJh'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif&JŒ e0wtaeeJ‹ wu,fyJ xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;/ ESmacgif;udk a&Smifcsifw,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pm;yJG0kdif;rSm xdkif+yD;awmh nd‡E_dif;yg? 'Dvdkvkyfjcif;tm;jzifh e0w[m wu,fyJ xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifbl;qdkwm jy&ygvdrfhr,f? usrwd‹k uawmh xdyfwdkufrawG‹csifygbl;? usrrSmvnf; ESmacgif;qdkwm wacsmif;yJ &Sdygw,f? 'Dawmh ESmacgif;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk; a&Smifcsif=uwmaygh?

AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifwdk‹u a&Smifcsif=u&JŒvm;/ 'gudk ar;&rSmyJ? a&Smifcsifvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;odjynfodjyyg?

Confrontation udk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ xdyfwdkufawG‹wmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹/ ESmacgif;csif;±dkufwmudk a&Smifcsifvdk‹ aqG;aEG;yghr,f/ nd‡E_dif;yghr,f/ wkdifyifyghr,fqdkwm vl}uD;yDyD oabmxm;}uD;}uD;eJ‹ a=unmyg? vl}uD;qdkwm oabmxm;}uD;&w,f? wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif ajymoGm;wm[m usrwdk‹eJ‹rsm; aqG;aEG;vdkufvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹bufuae+yD;awmh axmufcHaewm ygwDaygif; (80)/ AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifu wa,mufxJqdkawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifbufuyJ tm;enf;oGm;rvkdvdk ajymoGm;ygw,f? wu,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if pOf;pm;=unfhyg? usru oGm;vdk‹&Sd&if wa,mufxJ oGm;&rSm? AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifaemufrSm wyfrawmfwckvHk; aoewfawGeJ‹ &Sdygw,f? +yD;awmh tiftm;&SdwJhvl/ tiftm;vnf;&Sdw,f/ tm%mvnf;&Sdw,f? aoewfvnf;&Sdw,f? 0gtm;jzifh/ touftm;jzifh usrxuf trsm;}uD; }uD;ygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ oabmxm;}uD;a=umif; jy+yD;awmh usrwdk‹eJ‹ awG‹yg? usrwdk‹u tm;enf;wJhbufuyg? tm;}uD;wJhbufu tm;enf;wJhbufudk oabmxm;}uD;&r,f? tav#mhay;&r,f? oD;cH&r,f? n‡mwm&r,f? 'DvdkpdwfawGxm;yg? tckawmh aoewfudkifxm;wJh vlcsnf;uyJ +cdrf;ajcmufaewmyJ? usrwdk‹uudk r+cdrf;ajcmuf&bl;? tJh'g roifhawmfygbl;? "EkjzLoGm;wkef;uvnf; usreJ‹ awG‹cJhygw,f? qkdif;bkwfwck/ tJ – wyfrawmfudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹wJh? 'dk‹ra=umufwwfbl;wJh? usru jyefajym&r,f? tJh'Dwkef;u jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹/ jynfolvlxkcrsm a=umufwwfygw,fvdk‹/ 'Davmuf 'Dvdk vufeufudkif+yD;awmh +cdrf;ajcmufaew,fqdkwm tifrwefrS roifhawmfwJhudpPyJ? tifrwefrS *k%foduQmudk usqif;apwJhudpPawGyJ? 'Dawmh AdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifeJ‹ e0w0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxkudk r+cdrf;ajcmufygeJ‹? wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm &efrwdkufay;ygeJ‹? at;at;aq;aq;eJ‹ jy\emawG ajyvnfa&;twGuf nd‡E_dif;yg? usrwdk‹EkdifiHu jy\emawGqdkwm 2§88 eJ‹ 8§88 ESpfckxJ r[kwfygbl;?

'Dxufru jy\emawG trsm;}uD;&Sdygw,f? w&m;Oya'rpdk;rdk;wJh jy\em/ qefjy\em/ ukefaps;E_ef;jy\em? ckeuajymwJhtwdkif; tcGeftaumufjy\em/ jy\emaygif; aomif;ajcmufaxmif&Sdygw,f? 'Djy\emawGudk ajz&Sif;zdk‹vdk‹twGuf aqG;aEG;ygvdk‹ usrwdk‹u ajymwmyJ? aqG;aEG;jcif;/ wkdifyifjcif;qdkwm[m pum;&nfvkyJGr[kwfygbl;? usrwdk‹tzJG‹csKyftwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹r[kwfbl;?

'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹tpnf;awGtwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktwGuf tEkdif,lzdk‹yJ? tJh'Dawmh wu,fyJ wkdif;jynftay:rSm apwemxm;w,f qdkvdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxktwGuf taumif;qHk;tajzudk azmfxkwfyg? tcGifhta&;rsm;udk csKyfcs,fwJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm;udk atmifqef;vrf;pOft&om zDqefaewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk rw&m;wJhtrdef‹tm%mrsm; z,f&Sm;vdkufr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹[mvnf; quf+yD;awmh zDqefzdk‹[m vdkawmhrSmr[kwfygbl;? trdef‹tm%mzDqefaew,fqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf0ifawGudk tcktcsdefrSm zrf;vdkufwm wae‹+yD;wae‹yJ/ wokwf+yD;wokwfyJ zrf;aewmyJ? 'gayrJhvnf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh

qufvkyfoifhvkyfxdkufwm vkyfoGm;&rSmyJ? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'g[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfrdk‹vdk‹yJ? rw&m;wJh trdef‹tm%mrsm;udk zDqefzdk‹qdkwm[m azazudk,fwkdifu csrSwfoGm;wJh vrf;pOfjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dvrf;pOfudk waoGrwdrf; usrwdk‹ quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? pnf;urf;&Sd&Sd at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ av#mufoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh usrwdk‹udk &efr&SmygeJ‹? &efrpygeJ‹? usrwdk‹[m &efvdkwmr[kwfygbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; &efvdkwm r[kwfygbl;? at;at;csrf;csrf;eJ‹ tajccHvl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;udkom vdkcsifwJh jynfolvlxkjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tmZmenfae‹udk OD;wnfwJhtcsdefrSm usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;&JŒ vrf;pOfuae+yD;awmh quf+yD;av#mufoGm;r,fh taetxm;rSm&Sdygw,f? quf+yD;awmh av#mufoGm;csifygw,fqdkwm usru jynfolvlxkudk ajymcsifygw,f? jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹vnf; ,Hk,Hk=unf=unf usrwdk‹eJ‹ vufwGJ+yD;awmh 'Drkdua&pD&wJhtxd csDwuf=uyg? usrtaeeJ‹ jynfolvlxkukd b,fawmhrS r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGvnf; rajymygbl;? jynfolvlxkudk wywf±dkufzdk‹qdkwmvnf; usr b,fawmhrS rpOf;pm;ygbl;? usrtaeeJ‹ vkyfcsifwm &Sdvdk‹&Sd&if &Sif;jyyghr,f? bmjzpfvdk‹ usr 'gvkyfovJ/ bmjzpfvdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJ/ 'Dtrdef‹tm%mzDqefa&;vnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;yg+yD? bmjzpfvdk‹ usrwdk‹ vkyfoifhw,fvdk‹ xifovJqdkwm tmZmenfae‹eJ‹ ywfoufvdk‹vnf; usruawmh usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ bmjzpfvdk‹ q,fa,mufwwJG/ tzJG‹wzJG‹rSm q,fa,muf/ wuf&r,fqdkwJh[mudk vufrcHovJqdkwmvnf; usr &Sif;jy+yD;oGm;yg+yD? wwfEkdifor# usrwdk‹ vkyfor#udpPawGudk jynfolvlxkudk &Sif;jyoGm;yghr,f? jynfolvlxkudk wifjyw,fqdkwm 'Drdkua&pDenf;yg?

'Dvdk wifjywJhtcg jynfolvlxktaeeJ‹ axmufcHcsifaxmufcHr,f/ raxmufcHcsifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹tiftm;[m avsmhoGm;rSmaygh? usrwdk‹[m vlxkudk tm;udk;+yD;awmh vkyfaewJhv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJrSm yg0ifaewJh yk*~Kdvfrsm;jzpfygw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ vufwJGrsm; jywfoGm;r,f/ jynfolvlxkeJ‹ pdwf0rf;uJGoGm;r,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹vnf; usqHk;±HkyJ? usqHk;&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? jynfolvlxk rvdkvm;wJhwae‹rSm EkdifiHa&;tzJG‹tpnf;rsm;/ EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;[m usqHk;=u&rSmyJ? 'gudkvnf; usrwdk‹ vufcHygw,f? 'ga=umifh jynfolvlxktwGuf/ wkdif;jynftwGufqdk+yD;awmh usrwdk‹ óud;pm;aewmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvdk apwemrSefrSefeJ‹ vkyfw,fqdkwmvnf; jynfolvlxku ,Hk=unfapcsifygw,f? oHo,&Sdvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;t& usrwdk‹udk wifjyyg? usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ &Sif;jyyghr,f? aemifvmaemufom;rsm; aumif;usKd;twGuf tck&SdaewJh tckacwfjrefrmEkdifiHol/ EkdifiHom;rsm;[m owWd&Sd&Sd rSefrSefuefuefeJ‹ 'Drdkua&pDyef;wdkifa&mufwJhtxd quf+yD;awmh csDwufoGm;=uEkdifygapvdk‹ usr qkawmif;arwWmydk‹&if;eJ‹ ed*Hk;csKyfygw,f?

24

rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm; trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfrS xkwfa0aom rdef‹cGef;aumufEkwfcsufrsm;pmtkyfrS xkwfEkwfazmfjyonf?

* * * usrwdk‹[m usrwdk‹&JŒEdkifiHxJrSm tusOf;om;jzpfae&w,fqdkwm urBmu odapcsifw,f? (20-7-89) usr 'Duae‹up+yD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ‹ yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap? usr EkdifiHjcm;rSm aecJhw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? EkdifiHjcm;om;eJ‹ tdrfaxmifusw,fqdkwmvnf; rSefygw,f? 'gayrJh

'gav;twGufeJ‹ usr wkdif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJh arwWm[m (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88)

b,fvdkrS

usqif;roGm;Ekdifygbl;?

EkdifiHa&;avmueJ‹ a0;a0;uif;uif; aecJhcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvdk a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJhvsufom;eJ‹ tckrS bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dta&;tcif;rSm 0ifygaeovJvdk‹ ar;p&m&Sdygw,f? tJh'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwdkif;jynfvHk;eJ‹qdkifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f? usrrSmvnf; azazh&JŒorD; vkyfae+yD;awmh acgif;a&Smif+yD;awmh aevdk‹rjzpfawmhbl;? 'Dta&;tcif;}uD;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd,vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJG}uD;vdk‹ ac:&ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? (a&$wd*Hktaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) usr[m usrtaz&JŒ tpOftvmtwdkif; 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJGudk 0ifvdk‹EJ$cJh&ygw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'Drkdua&pD&zdk‹&ef jynfolvlxktm;vHk; pnf;vHk;nDnGwfzdk‹vdkygw,f? nDnGwf&if bmrqdkjzpfEkdifygw,f? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) v_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk OD;aqmifcJhwJh ausmif;om;awGeJ‹ywfoufvdk‹ usr ajymp&mav;awG&Sdygw,f? ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrS awmfygw,f? olwdk‹&JŒ vuf±kef;&nfudkvnf; jy+yD;yg+yD? tckvnf; quf+yD;awmh olwdk‹&JŒ ESvHk;&nfudk jyr,fqdkwm usr ,Hk=unfygw,f? (a&$wd*HkapwDtaemufbufrkcf vlxktpnf;ta0;yJG}uD; 26-8-88) tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxkqENeJ‹udkufnDr,fh wkdif;jynftusKd;udk aqmif&Gufzdk‹ tcsdefuef‹owf apckdif;xm;wJh opPmt&SdqHk; jynfol‹0efxrf;yJjzpf&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ewfarmufòrd‹ 1-11-88) tzJG‹csKyf&nf&G,fcsufudkuvnf; a&G;aumufyJG0ifa&muf,SOfòydifzdk‹ oufoufrSr[kwfbJ? 18 &uf pufwifbmv ppftm%modrf;+yD;wJhaemufydkif;rSm jyef‹}uJoGm;wJh 'Drkdua&pDtiftm;awGudk wpkw±kef;wnf;jzpfatmif pkpnf;+yD;/ tJh'Dpkpnf;xm;wJh tiftm;awGudk pepfwusjzpfatmif aygif;+yD;awmh vGwfvyf+yD; w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG usif;yEkdifr,fhf tajctaersKd;udk zefwD;ay;zdk‹ygyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yk*Hòrd‹ 2-11-88) jrefrmrif;awGxJrSm usefppfom;eJ‹ bk&ifhaemif[m odyfcsD;usL;zdk‹aumif;w,f? olwdk‹ESpfa,mufpvHk;[m usefppfom;qdk&if taemf&xm/ bk&ifhaemifqdk&if wyifa&$xD;udk ykefuefjcm;em;EkdifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sdw,f? 'gayrJh usefppfom;a&m/ bk&ifhaemifyg opPm&Sd=uygw,f? vlawmfwa,muf/ t&nftcsif;&SdwJh vlwa,muf[m opPm&Sdzdk‹ odyfta&;}uD;w,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yk*Hòrd‹ 2-11-88) ppf±_H;+yD;p *syefbk&ifajymcJhwJh pum;wck&Sdygw,f? usKyfwdk‹[m rcHEdkifwJhudpPawGudk cHEkdif&nf&Sdatmif vkyf&r,f? rjzpfEkdifwJhudpPawGudk jzpfEkdifatmifvkyfEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;&Sd&r,fwJh? tJh'DvdkyJ usrwdk‹ jynfolvlxkuvnf; 'kuQqif;&JcH+yD; ZJG&Sd&Sd/ owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ rjzpfrae óud;pm;vkyfaqmif=ur,fqdk&if bmrS ratmifjrifEkdifp&mr&Sdygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ausmufyef;awmif; 2-11-88) tqdk;qHk;tpdk;&qdkwm jynfolvlxk &GH&Smrkef;wD;wJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxuf eJeJaumif;wmu jynfolvlxku a=umufwJhtpdk;&/ 'Dxufydk+yD; aumif;wmuawmh jynfolvlxku csD;rGrf;wJhtpdk;&/ taumif;qHk;uawmh jynfolvlxku &SdrSef;awmif rodwJhtpdk;&wJh? usrwdk‹ tdrfwtdrfrSmqdkvdk‹&Sd&if tarvdkaygh? tar&SdrSef;awmif

owdrxm;rdbl;? pm;csdefwef pm;&r,f? 0wfcsdefwef 0wf&r,f? tm;vHk; tqifoifhyJ? tJh'Dvdk jzpfae&r,f? em;vnfxm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ jrif;+cH 3-11-88) ("gwfyHkrsm;vmygonf) tay: - rdwˆDvmòrd‹e,fwGif pnf;±Hk;a&;qif;aepOf atmuf – uav;rsm;cspfwJh tefwDpk

'Drkdua&pDpepfrSm trwfvkyfcsifolawG[m tyifyef; tqif;&J cHEdkif&r,f? tpGrf;ukef tvkyfvkyf&r,f? udk,fusKd;riJhbJ trsm;tusKd;udk yDyDjyifjyif ausausyeG fyGef xrf;aqmifEkdif&r,f? (jrawmifausmif;wdkuf/ rEWav; 6-11-88) EdkifiHa&;todtjrifqdkwm vlr_a&;todtjrifyJjzpfygw,f? udk,f[m tdrfeD;em;csif;wa,muf yDovdk‹&Sd&if wajz;ajz;eJ‹ vlr_a&;uae p+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;orm;aumif;wa,muf yDoaerSmyJvdk‹ usr jrifygw,f? (ajrmufOuUvmyòrd‹e,f 10-12-88) 'Drdkua&pDpepfqdkwm vlwkdif; wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf av;pm;wJhpepfygyJ? (ajrmufOuUvmyòrd‹e,f 10-1288) trsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk xlaxmifcJhwm[m jynfolvlxk vdkcsifwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_ atmifjrifa&;twGuf xlaxmifcJhwmyJjzpfw,f? jynfolvlxkeJ‹ usrwdk‹ wpnf;w±Hk;xJ rvkyfEdkifvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyf}uD;[m zsufzdk‹yJ &Sdawmhw,f? tJ'Dawmh tzJG‹0ifrsm;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ oabmxm;udk em;vnf&r,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ oabmtwdkif; vkyf&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88) vl‹tcGifhta&;qdkwm vlwkdif;vlwkdif; ydkifqdkifcGifh&Sdw,f? udk,fwifr[kwfbl;? udk,fh&efolrsm;yifv#if vl‹tcGifhta&;&Sd&r,f? tJh'Dawmh wae‹ usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifjrifoGm;wJhtcgus&if ±_H;wJhvlawG[m olwdk‹tcGifhta&;awGudk jynfhjynfh00 cHpm;Ekdif&r,f? 'g[m usrwdk‹&JŒ 'Drdkua&pDwm0efjzpfw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88) rufvHk;ay;+yD;awmh pnf;±Hk;r_rsKd;udk usr rvdkcsifbl;? igwdk‹tpdk;&wuf&if 'gawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwJh pnf;±Hk;r_rsKd;awmh rvkyf=uygeJ‹? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ oxHkòrd‹ 14-12-88) 'Drdkua&pDpepf xlaxmifwJhtcgus&if ausmif;wdkif;/ ausmif;wkdif;rSm udk,fhwkdif;jynfrSm&SdwJh bmomxJu tenf;qHk; bmomESpf&yfudk vlwkdif;vlwdkif; oifr,f? ArmeJ‹ &Srf;jzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ‹ u&ifjzpfjzpf/ ArmeJ‹ rGefjzpfjzpf oifoifhw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKdufxdkòrd‹ 14-12-88) rGef/ Arm/ u&if/ ucsif/ &Srf; ponfjzifh cJGjcm;+yD;awmh rawG;ygeJ‹? igwdk‹tm;vHk;[m jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;jzpfw,f qdk+yD;awmh pdwfxJrSm xm;+yD; twlwlvkyfoGm;apcsifw,f?

'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHwck jzpfoGm;w,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vHk;&JŒ tcGifhta&;rsm;udk usrwdk‹ jynfhjynfhpHkpHk ay;csifw,f? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;&JŒ bmoma&;/ ,Ofaus;r_ ponfjzifh usrwdk‹

tm;ay;csifw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh trsm; tawG;tac:/ trsm; ,Ofaus;r_awGeJ‹ wnfaqmufxm;wJh EkdifiH}uD;[m b,folawG&JŒ tawG;tac:eJ‹ b,folawG&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_eJ‹ wnfaqmufcJhwJh EdkifiH}uD;xuf trsm;}uD; ckdifcHhvmayr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; wdk;wufEkdifr,f/ trsm;}uD;vnf; usrwdk‹twGuf tzdk;wefEkdifr,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKdufxdkòrd‹ 14-12-88) wcsKdŒu ck 'DrSmwrsKd;ajym/ [dkrSmwrsKd;ajym/ 'DrSm 'D[mvkyfr,fajym/ ck 'DrSm [dk[mvkyfr,fajym/ pdwfawGu ajymif;vdkuf/ tajymawGu ajymif;vdkuf/ 'gawGudk olwdk‹u 'g EkdifiHa&;yJvdk‹ ajymw,f? usruawmh 'g EdkifiHa&;yJvdk‹ em;rvnfbl;? 'g uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmyJvdk‹ em;vnfw,f? 'DvdkEkdifiHa&;awGudk usrwdk‹ vufcHvdk‹ rjzpfbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88) EdkifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwm wu,f aocsm=unfhvdkufawmh uvdrfuuspfvkyfwmcsnf;yJ? 'D EkdifiHa&;y&d,m,fqdkwmvnf; txifr}uD;ygeJ‹? y&d,m,fqdkwm pum;vHk;udk usr róudufbl;? udk,fhudk xdyg;vm&ifvnf; cHEkdif&nf&Sd&r,f? rSefrSefuefuefyJ vkyfyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88) aemuf wdkif;jynfaumif;usKd;twGufqdk&if ckuaep+yD;awmh usrwdk‹vufcHr,fh acgif;aqmifrsm;[m pum;wnf&r,f? pum;rSef&r,f? trsm;oabmudk vdkufem&r,f? tJh'Dvdk acgif;aqmifrsKd;om usrwdk‹ vdkcsifygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ aygifòrd‹ 14-12-88) ArmvlrsKd;rsm;[m vlrsm;pk}uD;jzpfaevdk‹ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk av;pm;yg? wkdif;&if;om;rsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_udk av;pm;yg? pdwf0ifpm;=uyg? avhvm=uyg? tJh'Dvdk wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_/ wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf&JŒ ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;udk avhvmem;vnfrS usrwdk‹tcsif;csif; wu,fh oabmxm;wlawGtjzpfeJ‹ &EdkifrSmyg? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹) wkdif;jynfwjynfudk tkyfcsKyfwJh acgif;aqmif[m jynfolvlxk&JŒ axmufcHr_eJ‹ tkyfcsKyfwmyJjzpf&r,f? vufeuftm;udk;eJ‹ tkyfcsKyfw,fqdkwm rjzpfoifhbl;qdkwm arG;uwnf;u usrudk oifxm;wJh/ odcJhwJh oifcef;pmygyJ? (òrd‹e,ftzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹) rSefuefwJh EkdifiHa&;pepfrSm usrwd‹k vdkcsifwJh acgif;aqmifawGudk usrwdk‹u azmfxkwf&r,f? vdkcsifwJhyHk oGif;&r,f? udk,fvdkcsifwJhyHk udk,froGif;vdk‹&Sd&if acgif;aqmifvkyfwJholrsm;u wkdif;jynfudk olwdk‹vdkcsifwJhyHk olwdk‹ oGif;oGm;vdrfhr,f? t"dy`m,fu bmjzpfrvJqdkawmh tm%m&Sifpepf}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ? (òrd‹e,ftzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmufvrf;r}uD;/ armfvòrdifòrd‹) 'D jrefrmjynf}uD;[m bmjzpfvkd‹ 'DavmufawmifrS ESpfq,fhajcmufESpfvHk;vHk; wygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufrSm aecJh&vJ? bmjzpfvdk‹ 'Dvdkqif;&J'kuQawGudk cHcJh&ovJqdkwm usr pOf;pm;w,f? wcgjyef+yD;awmh pOf;pm;vdk‹&Sd&if jynfolvlxk}uD;u tcsif;csif; rnDvdk‹yJ? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88) tpdk;&[m rw&m;ojzifhvkyfovm;/ r[kwfrrSefwJhudpPawGudk vkyfovm;? udk,frvkyfbJeJ‹ olrsm;awGudk vkyf&ifvnf; rcH&bl;? udk,fh&efoludkyif rw&m;vkyfvdk‹&Sd&if rcH&bl;? 'Dae‹ udk,fh&efoludkvkyfw,f/ aemufae‹ udk,fhudkvkyf&if vkyfvdrfhr,f? (rGeftrsKd;om; 'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88)

rw&m;ojzifh vkyfwJholawGudk rkef;zdk‹qdkwm uav;av;awGudk oifxm;&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk uef‹uGuf&r,f? rw&m;wJhudpPrSefor#udk igwdk‹ toufay;+yD;awmh ckcHr,fqdkwJh pdwfawGudk uav;vli,fawGxJrSm oGif;xm;yg? usrwdk‹udk,fwkdifuvnf; 'DvdkpdwfawGarG;yg? (rGeftrsKd;om;'Drkdua&pDtzJG‹csKyf/ oHjzLZ&yf 16-12-88) 'Drkdua&pDtyif}uD;[m &Sifoefvdk‹&Sd&if 'DtyGifhawG toD;awG[m usrwdk‹ vlvwfykdif;/ vl}uD;ydkif;awGu cHpm;csifrS cHpm;&r,f? 'gayrJh vli,fydkif;eJ‹ uav;av;awG }uD;vmvdk‹&Sd&if toD;tyGifhawG cHpm;Ekdif&r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹ auseyfygw,f? (urm0uf 16-12-88) vlwa,muf[m arG;vm+yD;awmh udk,fhtwGuf udk,fvkyf+yD;awmh udk,fyJpm;+yD;awmh aooGm;+yDqdk&if bmvkyfawmhrSmvJ? vljzpf&usKd;reyfbl;? tJh'Dawmh wudk,faumif; r}uH=uygeJ‹? trsm;twGuf vkyf=uyg? trsm;tusKd;aqmifwJhvlrsm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfraobl;? (urm0uf 16-12-88) vli,fawG&JŒb0udk om,mygap? vli,frsm;&JŒb0 om,mrS usrwdk‹&JŒ wdkif;jynf[m wdk;wufEdkifrSmyg? vli,frsm;&J‹b0 om,matmif zefwD;ray;Ekdif&if aemufacwftqufquf usrwdk‹vlrsKd;rsm; om,mr_ &EkdifrSm r[kwfygbl;? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD/ rk'Hkòrd‹ 16-12-88) t&if vGwfvyfa&;wkdufyJGwkef;uqdkvdk‹&Sd&if vlrsKd;jcm;wa,mufudk wdkufcJh&wm? vlrsKd;jcm;udk wkduf&wmxuf udk,fhtcsif;csif; jyef+yD;wdkuf&wmu tifrwefrS pdwfnpfp&maumif;w,f? rjzpfoifh rjzpfxkdufwJh udpP}uD;yJ? (urmau; 17-12-88) wkdif;jynfwjynfrSm tpdk;&,f/ wyfrawmf&,f/ jynfolvlxk&,f waygif;wpnf;wnf; rjzpfEkdifvdk‹&Sd&if b,fenf;eJ‹rS wdk;wufr_r&SdEkdifygbl;? jynfolvlxkudkvnf; ESdyfpufn‡if;yrf;r,f/ wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfr,fqdk&if 'Dwkdif;jynftay:rSm apwem enf;enf;rS r&Sdbl;vdk‹ usrwdk‹ owfrSwf&rSmyJ? (urmau; 17-12-88) jynfolvlxkeJ‹ wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uJGatmifvkyfaew,f? 'Dvdk pdwf0rf;uJGatmif vkyfaewm[m jynfolvlxku vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwdk‹ EkdifiHa&;vkyfwJholawGuvnf; vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfudk udk,fusKd;twGuf oHk;csifwJholrsm;u vkyfaewmyJjzpfw,f? tJh'Dawmh 'DvdkpepfrsKd;udk usrwdk‹tm;vHk;uae+yD;awmh twdkuftcHvkyf&r,f? (urmau; 17-12-88) 'Drkdua&pDpepfatmufrSm qdkvdk‹&Sd&if trsm;pk&JŒ oabmwlnDcsuft& tenf;pku vkyf&w,fqdkayr,fh tenf;pkudk trsm;pku twdkuftcHvkyfw,f/ ESdyfpufw,f/ n‡Of;yrf;w,f/ trsKd;rsKd; taESmifht,Sufay;w,fqdkwm vHk;vHk;r&Sd&bl;? (urmau; 17-12-88) EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;&Sdw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh wkdif;jynftusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh rdrdtusKd;twGuf vkyfcsifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? wcsKdŒuawmh EkdifiHa&;oufouf vkyfpm;csifwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;&Sdygw,f? EdkifiHa&;vkyfpm;wm tusifhjzpfae+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;yJ vkyfpm;awmhr,fqdkwJh EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;vnf;&Sdygw,f? 'D EkdifiHa&;orm;trsKd;rsKd;xJrSm wdkif;jynftusKd;udk aqmifEkdifr,fh EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;udk a&G;apcsifygw,f? tJh'Dvkd EkdifiHa&;orm;rsKd;[m Avig;wefeJ‹ jynfhpHk&ygr,f? (trsKd;om;+idrf;csrf;a&;ESifh 'Drdkua&pDygwD/ acsmif;qHk 17-12-88)

acgif;aqmifwa,muf&JŒ t&nftcsif;udk cef‹rSef;csifvdk‹&Sd&if t&ifwkef;u 'Dacgif;aqmif[m b,fvdkvkyfcJhovJ? wu,fyJ o,fydk;cJhovm;? wkdif;jynfuyJ 'Dacgif;aqmifudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;?

'Dacgif;aqmifu wkdif;jynfudk o,fydk;cJhwmvm;qdkwm[m trsm;}uD;pOf;pm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? (acsmif;qHk 17-1288) trSefudkvkyf&wm trSm;udkvkyf&wmxuf tifrwefrSudk cufygw,f? 'gayrJhvnf; aemufqHk;usawmh trSefvkyfwJholuom atmifjrif&rSmyg? trSefw&m;vkyfwJholawGuom ±_H;&ifvnf; Ekdif&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf; Ekdif&r,fqdkwm ajymvdk‹&ygw,f? trSefw&m;t& rvkyfwJholawGuawmh ±_H;&ifvnf; ±_H;&r,f/ Ekdif&ifvnf; ±_H;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) usrwdk‹ 1988 u usqHk;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;av;awGqdk&if toufomaysmufoGm;w,f/ olwdk‹udk qHk;±_H;w,fvdk‹ rqdkEdkifygbl;? olwdk‹[m atmifjrifjcif;yJ? tJh'D[mudk pdwfxJrSm pJGxm;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;vdkcsifw,fqdkwm b,fol‹udkrS wdkufcdkufcsifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? b,fol‹udkrS pJGðzwfcsifvdk‹ r[kwfbl;? jynfolvlxktrsm;}uD;[m pdk;&drfa=umifh=ur_uif;a0;pGmeJ‹ udk,fhtoufarG;0rf;ausmif;udk vGwfvGwfvyfvyf v_yf&Sm;Ekdifatmifvdk‹qdkwJh pdwfrsKd;eJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDtwGuf wdkufae=uwmyJ? tm;vHk;u 'DtcGifhta&;vdkcsif&if tm;vHk;u 0if+yD;awmh v_yf&Sm;&rSmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) usrwdk‹acwfrSm usrwdk‹ ukodkvfuHa=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ 'Dwkdif;jynf jynfolvlxkudk ta=umufw&m;uae+yD;awmh vGwfajrmufatmif vkyfay;EkdifwJhtcGifhta&;awG &vmw,f? 'DtcGifhta&;udk vufv$wfqHk;±_H;rcHygeJ‹?

'Dvdkjynfaxmifpktopf wnfaxmifzdk‹ tcGifhta&;awGudk vufv$wfvdkuf&if usrwdk‹[m orkdif;ay;wm0ef rausyGefolawGtjzpf orkdif;rSm tifrwefrS tjypfwifp&mjzpfrSmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) usrwdk‹u jynfolvlxkudk tm;udk;w,f? jynfolvlxkuvnf; udk,fhudkudk,f tm;udk;=uyg? udk,fhudkudk,f txifrao;=uygeJ‹? vlxk&JŒ tiftm;qdkwm tifrwefrS }uD;ygw,f? vlxk&JŒ tiftm;qdkwmudk rav;pm;bJ raeEkdifygbl;? usrwdk‹uvnf; av;pm;w,f? aemifvnf; tpdk;&tqufqufu av;pm;oifhw,f? jynfolvlxkudk av;pm;wJh tpdk;&rsKd;udk usrwdk‹u jzpfapcsifygw,f? 'grS wkdif;jynfrSmvnf; tusKd;jzpfapr,f? jynfolvlxkvnf; pdwfcsrf;omvmr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ rtlyif 14-1-89) 'DtcsdefrSm owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ vkyfvdkufvdk‹&Sd&if aemifus&if usrwdk‹[m ra=umuf=u&wJhacwfudk a&mufoGm;Edkifygw,f? 'DtcsdefrSm a=umuf+yD;awmh vkyfoifhoavmuf rvkyfcJhvdk‹&Sd&if aemuf quf+yD;awmh a=umufae&wJhpepfudk &Sifoefatmif vkyfay;ovdk jzpfoGm;ygr,f? vlwa,muftaeeJ‹vnf; trsm;}uD; *k%foduQmusygw,f? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk;u rSefwmvkyf&vdk‹&Sd&if a=umufaevnf; vkyf&rSmyg? (jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89) 'Drkdua&pDvdkcsifwJhvlrsm;[m rkef;wJhpdwfeJ‹ wdkufaewmr[kwfbl;? arwWmpdwfeJ‹ wdkufaewmyJ? jynfolvlxktay: arwWm&Sdvdk‹/ wkdif;jynftay: arwWm&Sdvdk‹/ jynfolvlxkcHae&wm/ wkdif;jynfcHae&wm/ jynfaxmifpk}uD; epfemaewmudk r=unfh&ufvdk‹ arwWmpdwfeJ‹ 'Drkdua&pDwkdufyJGudk 0ifaewmjzpfw,f? (jrwfarwWmoabFm/ a&$'*Fg;aus;&Gm 14-1-89)

usrwdk‹ tck 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvdkcsifvdk‹ yg0ifvmwmr[kwfbl;? wm0efudk xrf;aqmifcsifvdk‹ yg0ifvm=uwmyJ? usrwdk‹ tzJG‹csKyftwGufa&m/ v_yf&Sm;r_txJrSm yg0ifae=uwJh jynfolvlxktwGufa&m/ t"dupum;vHk;[m tm%mr[kwfygbl;? wm0efyg? jynfaxmifpkeJ‹ jynfolvlxktay:rSm&SdwJh wm0eft& 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSm tm;vHk;yg0ifae=uwmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-189) usrwdk‹[m rSefuefwJhenf;eJ‹ vdkcsifwmudk vkyfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif;awG &Sdatmifvdk‹ udk,fhudkudk,f ðypkysKd;axmif&r,f? wjcm;vlawGudkvnf; 'Dvdkt&nftcsif;awG&Sdatmif ðypkysKd;axmifay;&r,f? 'Dvdkqdk&if usrwdk‹[m tqifhjrifhwJhEkdifiHa&; vkyfEkdifr,f? tqifhjrifhwJhEdkifiHa&;vkyfEdkifrS tqifhtwef;jrifhwJh EkdifiHwckjzpfvmr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) wcsKdŒu 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm tm;vHk;u Adkvfcsnf;yJvdk‹xifw,f? wu,fawmh 'Drkdua&pDqdkwm tm;vHk;wef;wl&nfwlvdk‹ ajymwmr[kwfbl;? tm;vHk;[m wef;wlnDwltcGifhta&;&Sdw,fvdk‹ ajymwmyJjzpfw,f? tm;vHk;rSm&SdwJh wef;wlnDwl tcGifhta&;eJ‹ trsm;tusKd;aqmifr,fh olawGudk a&G;xkwfydkifcGifhqdkwm &Sdw,f? 'gudk ajymwmyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) &yfuGufnDvmcHawG vkyfwJhtcg tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;cs,fyg? ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJhvludk a&G;cs,fyg? tusifhpm&dwWeJ‹ t&nftcsif; ESpfck=um;rSm a&G;&r,fqdk&ifawmh usruawmh yGifhyGifhvif;vif; ajym&&if tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJhvludk a&G;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) tpdk;&[m jynfolvlxk qif;&JaewJhtcgrSm Zdrfe‹J aezdk‹ rpOf;pm;oifhbl;? aemufwufr,fh tpdk;&[m tifrwefrS ±kef;uef&r,fh tpdk;&yg? tJh'Dawmh aemufwufr,fhtpdk;&xJrSm 0dkif;0ef;+yD; ulnDyg0ifvdkwJh olrsm;[m ae&mvdkcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ tm%mvdkcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ csrf;omcsifvdk‹r[kwfbJ/ jynfol‹tusKd;zdk‹ tepfemcHvdkwJhvlrsKd; jzpfzdk‹vdkygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) olrsm; rSm;vdk‹/ olrsm; r[kwfwmvkyfvdk‹ udk,fvnf; vkdufvkyf&r,fqdk&if udk,fvnf; olwdk‹eJ‹twl wef;wljzpfoGm;rSmyJ? uav;u idkvdk‹ vl}uD;uyg vdkuf+yD; ajcaqmifhidkvdk‹&Sd&if vl}uD;om oduQmusrSmaygh? uav;uawmh uav;rdk‹vdk‹ idkw,fqdk+yD; ab;uae cGifhv$wf=u&rSmaygh? vlrsm;awG *k%foduQmr&Sdvdk‹ udk,fu *k%foduQmr&SdwJhtvkyfudk vkyf&r,fqdkwm rjzpfap&bl;? rjzpfoifhbl;? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹ pnf;±Hk;a&;vkyfwJhtcg b,fol‹udkrS ykwfcwfwm/ rrSefuefwJhenf;eJ‹ wdkufcdkufwm rvkyf=uygeJ‹? rlawGudkyJ wkdufcdkuf=u&yghr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ usKHrai; 15-1-89) 'Drdkua&pDwdkufyJG0ifwJhtcgrSm yxrOD;qHk; usrwdk‹vdkcsifwmu vGwfvyfpGmawG;awmydkifcGifhyJ? vludkom csKyfxm;Ekdifr,f? pdwfudkawmh rcsKyfxm;Ekdifbl;? 'Dvdk rcsKyfxm;EkdifwJhpdwfa=umifh 'DavmufawmifrS 26 ESpfvHk;vHk; vGwfvyfpGm awG;awmydkifcGifhr&SdwJhtxJu jynfolvlxk[m 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;xJudk owWd&Sd&SdeJ‹ 0ifcJh+yD/ pcJh+yD? 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;udk qHk;cef;wkdifatmif/ atmifjrifatmif vkyfoGm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) azazu ajymcJhw,f? vkyf&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? cH&Jwm[m owWdwJh? cH&Jw,fqdkwmvnf; trSefw&m;twGuf cH&Jwmudk ajymwm/ rrSefuefwJhudpPtwGuf cH&Jwm owWdr[kwfbl;? 'g[m vlrdkuf&JŒ

xHk;yJ? usrwdk‹[m vlrdkufawGr[kwfbl;? tifrwefrS ynmtajrmftjrif&SdwJh vlxkqdkwm usr jzpfapcsifw,f?

'Dvdk tajrmftjrif&SdwJh jynfolvlxkurS acwfopf jrefrmEkdifiHawmf}uD;udk wnfaxmifEkdifrSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) udk,fhwkdif;jynftwGuf toufudkay;&w,fqdkwm tifrwefrS =unfEl;p&maumif;w,f? tifrwefrS oifhawmfw,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh vlwkdif;vlwkdif;[m rdrd&JŒwdkif;jynfudk tm;vHk;xufydk+yD;awmh cspf&r,f? rdrd&JŒ udk,fxufydk+yD; cspf&r,f? rdrd&JŒ rdom;pkxufydk+yD; cspf&r,f? rdrd&JŒ rdbrsm;xufvnf; ydk+yD;cspf&r,f? bmjzpfvdk‹vnf;qdkawmh 'Dwkdif;jynfu 'Drdom;pk/ 'Drdbtm;vHk;udk arG;xkwfvdkufwJh wkdif;jynfyJ? tm;vHk;&JŒ aus;Zl;&SifyJjzpfw,f? jynfolvlxktm;vHk;&JŒ aus;Zl;&SifjzpfwJh EkdifiHudk t+rJyJ txGwftjrwfxm;&r,f? 'DEkdifiHtwGufqdk&if bmyJpGef‹&/ pGef‹& pGef‹EkdifwJh owWd&Sd&r,f? vlwdkif;vlwkdif;twGuf tpGef‹EdkifqHk;/ wefzdk;t&SdqHk;t&muawmh rdrd&JŒ toufyJ? tJh'Dawmh udk,fh&JŒwefzdk;t&SdqHk; toufudk pGef‹v$wfoGm;wJh 'Drdkua&pD&JabmfawGudk axmufxm;aomtm;jzifh usrwdk‹[m 'Drdkua&pDatmifjrifwJhtxd csDwufoGm;&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) 'Dacwfu 'Drkdua&pDtkwfjrpfcswJh acwfyJ? tkwfjrpfcs+yD;awmhrS tay:u taqmuftOD}uD;udk wnfaqmuf&rSm? usrwdk‹[m tkwfjrpfcswJh vlawGqdkawmh yifyifyef;yef;eJ‹ vkyf+yD;awmh wu,fhtESpfom&udk cHpm;oGm;&csifrS cHpm;oGm;&r,f? udpPr&Sdygbl;? aemifvmaemufom;awG/ jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHolEkdifiHom;rsm;[m usrwdk‹ cscJhwJh tkwfjrpfay:rSm 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiH}uD;udk wnfwnfwHhwHh wnfaxmif+yD; 'Drkdua&pDtcGifhta&;awGudk cHpm;oGm;&r,fqdk&if usrwdk‹twGuf trsm;}uD; *k%f,lp&mjzpfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m b,fvdkyJ zdESdyfr_awG&Sd&Sd/ b,fvdkyJ olrsm;awG b,fvdkvkyfvkyf/ b,fvdkyJ olrsm;awG npfywfnpfywf/ wddk‹wawGuawmh oef‹oef‹&Sif;&Sif; pifpif=u,f=u,feJ‹ wkdif;jynftusKd;aqmifwJh vli,fawGjzpfatmifaer,f? aemifwacwfusvdk‹&Sd&ifvnf; wkdif;jynftusKd; quf+yD;aqmifr,fh vl}uD;awGjzpfatmif aer,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsufawG xm;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ vyGwWm 15-1-89) 'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m tifrwefrS csrf;omw,f? jynfolvlxk[m tifrwefrS qif;&Jaew,f? 'g rjzpfoifhwJh udpPyJ? 'Dwkdif;jynf/ 'Dajr}uD;[m 'DavmufawmifrS csr;f omae&if rSefrSefuefuef vrf;eJ‹ jynfolvlxktwGuf tusKd;aqmifoGm;r,fh tpdk;&rsm;[m jynfolvlxkudkvnf; csrf;omatmif vkyfay;Ekdif&r,f? (vGwfvyfa&;ausmufwkdifa&SŒ/ bDwGwfaus;&Gm 15-1-89) a0\EW&m[mqdk&if tvGefw&mrS jrifhjrwfwJh tavmif;awmfrif;w&m;jzpfayr,fhvnf; jynfolvlxkudk qef‹usif+yD; qifjzLawmfudk vªvdkufwJhtcg jynfESif'%fcH&w,f? jynfolvlxk&JŒ qENudk rvdkufavsmwJhrif;qdkwm rif;usifhw&m;q,fyg;eJ‹vnf; rudkufnDbl;? jynfolvlxkuvnf; vufrcHbl;qdkwm usrwdk‹ Ak'<bmomw&m;t&vnf; vufcHcJhw,f? c&pf,mefw&m;rSmvnf; rif;aumif;rif;jrwfrsm;[m *±k%meJ‹ arwWmeJ‹ qufqH&r,fqdkwm ygygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ b,fbmomyJjzpfjzpf/ bmomra&G;/ vlrsKd;ra&G; rif;aumif;rSef&if jynfolvlxkudk rqef‹usifoifhygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ ajrmif;jr 16-1-89) trsm;jynfol pdwf'kuQa&mufaewJh wdkif;jynfrSm pdwfcsrf;omwJhvlqdkwm tifrwefrS &Sufp&maumif;w,f?

'DavmufawmifrS udk,fhab;uvltrsm; qif;&J'kuQa&mufaevsufom;eJ‹ udk,fu pdwfcsrf;csrf;omomeJ‹

aeEkdifw,fqdkwm udk,fhrSm vl‹ESvHk;om;r&Sdvdk‹bJvdk‹ owfrSwf&ygr,f? udk,fwa,mufxJ/ udk,fhrdom;pk/ udk,fhtodkif;t0dkif;yJ pdwfcsrf;om&if awmf+yDvdk‹qdkwJh olrsm;[m vlrqefygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-189) usr[m wyfrawmfeJ‹ jynfolvlxk=um;rSm vHk;vHk; pdwf0rf;ruJGapcsifbl;? tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmf[m azazjzpfapcsifwJh jynfoludk umuG,fr,fh/ jynfoludk apmifha&Smufr,fh/ EkdifiH&JŒ *k%foduQmudk xdef;odrf;r,fh wyfrawmf}uD;&,fvdk‹ jzpfapcsifw,f? rjzpfwmudkawmh usr 0rf;enf;w,f? 'Dvdk wyfrawmf}uD;yJ jyef+yD;awmh jzpfoGm;apcsifw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89) azaz t+rJyJrSmcJhw,f? uav;awGudk bmudkrS ra=umufapeJ‹? olwdk‹a=umufzdk‹&m ESpfckyJ&Sdw,f? rw&m;wJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹ a=umuf&r,f? rrSefwJhudpPudkvkyfzdk‹ a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufzdk‹qdkwm 'DESpfckyJ &Sdygw,fwJh? tJh'Dawmh usrwdk‹&JŒ rdbjynfolrsm;udkvnf; tJh'DvdkyJ em;vnfapcsifygw,f? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ 0g;c,fr 16-1-89) usrwdk‹vlrsKd;awGudk opPm&SdwJh vlrsKd; jzpfapcsifw,f? wa,mufeJ‹wa,muf wdkufcdkufwJh ae&mrSmawmifrS jrifhjrifhjrwfjrwf wdkufcdkufwJhenf;rsm;eJ‹ wdkufcdkufEdkifygw,f? &efolqdkwm jrifhjrwfwJh&efoleJ‹ ,kwfrmwJh&efol ESpfrsKd;&Sdygw,f? jrifhjrwfwJh &efolqdkwm ,kwfrmwJh rdwfaqGxuf trsm;}uD;ydk+yD;awmh wefzdk;&Sdygw,f? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹[m &efoljzpfaewJh olawGtay:rSmvnf; jrifhjrwfwJh pdwfxm;&Sd&r,f? (vl‹abmifopf'Drkdu&ufwpfygwD±Hk;/ ykodrf 17-1-89) aemif wkdif;jynfacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfr,fh vli,frsm;[m tckuaep+yD;awmh udk,frSm;ovm;/ rSefovm;qdkwm oHk;oyf&JwJh owWdvnf;&Sd&r,f? rSm;wJhtcg udk,fhudkudk,f jyef+yD;awmh ðyjyifEdkifwJh t&nftcsif;vnf; &Sd&r,f?

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xrif;ESpfeyfudk tEkdifEkdifpm;ae&wJhcsdefrSm wcsKdŒu ig;eyf/ ajcmufeyfpm;aewm &Sufp&myg? wu,f tusifhpm&dwWaumif;+yD; pdwfoabmxm; jrifhjrwfwJhvlrsm;taeeJ‹awmh jrefrmEdkifiHrSm rdrdcsrf;omzdk‹ óud;pm;&wm[m &Sufp&m b,favmufaumif;rvJvdk‹ awG;xif=urSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89) ae&mvdkcsifw,fqdkwm udk,fhwa,mufxJtwGufyg? ae&may;csifw,fqdkwm trsm;tusKd;twGufyg? tJh'Dawmh ae&mrvdkcsif=uygeJ‹? ae&may;csif=uyg? t&nftcsif;&Sd+yD; tusifhpm&dwWaumif;wJholawGudk ae&may;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [oFmw 24-1-89) rdbawGu 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmygwJh vli,fawGudk [ef‹wm;ae=uw,fqdkwm od&ygw,f? r[ef‹wm;=uygeJ‹? udk,fa=umufvdk‹ udk,fhom;orD;awGyg a=umufzdk‹ oifay;w,fqdk&if odyf+yD;qdk;wmaygh? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89) acgracwfu pygwmEkdifiHrSm ajymavh&Sdw,f? ppfwdkufoGm;zdk‹ 'dkif;udkif+yD; xGufoGm;wJhtcg tdrfuae tarawG/ trawGu t+rJyJrSmvdkufw,f? 'dkif;udkif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'dkif;ay:tdyf+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ ao+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ 'grSr[kwf ppfudkEkdif+yD;awmh jyefvm&ifvm/ ppf±_H;+yD;awmh jyefrvmygeJ‹qdkwJh t"dy`m,feJ‹ ajymwmyJ? usrwdk‹tm;vHk;[m 'Dvdkpdwfxm;rsKd; &Sd&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ [dkyHk; 12-2-89) usrwdk‹[m aemif 'Drdkua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf xlaxmifa&;twGufudk yifvHknDvmcHvdk wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd; tm;vHk;yg0ifwJh nDvmcH}uD;wck ac:zdk‹vdktyfw,fvdk‹ xifygw,f? 'D nDvmcHuae+yD;awmh jynfaxmifpkwnfwHhcdkif+rJa&;twGuf wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;&JŒ &oifh&xkdufwJh tcGifhta&;rsm;/ udk,fydkifjyÏmef;csufrsm; pwJhudpPawGudk aoaocsmcsm aqG;aEG;+yD;awmh tm;vHk;&JŒ oabmwlnDcsuft& taumif;qHk;tajzudk &Smr,fqdkwJh &nf&G,fcsuf&Sdygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89) jrefrmEkdifiHrSm ESpfaygif;av;q,fausmf vufeufudkifenf;eJ‹ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;udk &SmcJhygw,f? 'gayrJh ckxufxd r&ao;ygbl;? 'ga=umifhrdk‹vdk‹ usrwdk‹taeeJ‹ jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&;&zdk‹qdkwm EdkifiHa&;enf;eJ‹ &Sm&r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ yifvHk 12-2-89) usrwdk‹[m tEkdif,lcsif&if tEkdif,lEkdifwJhpdwfawG arG;&ygr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) q,fh&Spf&uf pufwifbmrSm ppftpdk;&uae+yD;awmh tm%mt&yf&yfudk odrf;+yD;wJhaemuf wkdufyJGyHkpHajymif;&r,fvdk‹ ,Hk=unfvdk‹ trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyf zJG‹cJhwm jzpfygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) b,fpepfrsKd;rqdk atmifjrifzdk‹qdkwm acgif;aqmifaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? aemufvdkufaumif;vnf; &Sd&r,f? tJh'Dawmh aemufvdkufaumif;wa,muf&JŒ t&nftcsif;[m bmvJqdk&if ta&;t}uD;qHk;uawmh acgif;aqmifaumif;rsm; azmfxkwfEkdifwJh t&nftcsif; &Sd&r,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) vlwa,muf&JŒwefzdk;udk 'Dvl&JŒtoufudk =unfh+yD;awmh rqHk;jzwfEkdifygbl;? 'ga=umifh usrwdk‹[m vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JŒ wefzdk;udk rSefrSefuefuef a0zef+yD;awmh ay;oifhay;xkdufwJh ae&mudkay;=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89)

'DtzJG‹csKyf}uD; zsufodrf;ay;rS trsKd;om;a&;jzpfwJh 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_}uD; atmifjrifr,fqdkvdk‹&Sd&if usrwdk‹ zsufodrf;ay;zdk‹ tqifoifhygyJ? 'DtzJG‹csKyfu a&SŒu aeay;rS/ umuG,fay;rS 'Dv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;[m atmifjrifr,fqdk&ifvnf; usrwdk‹ a&SŒuae+yD; umuG,fay;yghr,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm EkdifiHa&;ygwD t&Sdeft0geJ‹vnf; uif;a0;&r,f? ygwD=oZmeJ‹vnf; uif;a0;&r,f? ausmif;om;or*~wck xlaxmifay;+yD;awmh EdkifiHa&;rvkyf&bl;qdkwm ppfrSefwJhor*~wck jzpfrSmr[kwfbl;? ausmif;om;or*~qdkwm 'Drdkua&pD&rS/ ausmif;awGtm;vHk;zGifhrS ausmif;om;tm;vHk;&JŒ oabmwlnDqENt& wifajr‡mufxm;wJh or*~rS jzpfEkdifrSmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) atmifqef;vrf;pOfqdkwm EdkifiHtwGuf taumif;qHk;vrf;pOfyJ? vrf;pOfwck&,fvdk‹r[kwfbl;? EkdifiHhtwGuf taumif;qHk;vrf;pOf? 'Dvrf;pOf[m usrwdk‹ wcsdefvHk; tajz&Smae&r,f? 'DESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf[m aemufESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf jzpfcsifrSjzpfr,f? aemufESpftwGuf aumif;wJhvrf;pOf[m aemif q,fESpf=um&if aumif;wJhvrf;pOfvnf; jzpfcsifvnf;jzpfr,f? 'gayrJh 'Dvrf;pOfawGtm;vHk;rSm wlnDwJh oabmwck&Sdw,f? vrf;pOfwdkif;/ vrf;pOfwkdif;[m EdkifiHtusKd;twGuf/ trsm;jynfoltusKd;twGuf OD;wnf+yD;awmh cif;vdkufwJhvrf;pOf[m atmifqef;vrf;pOfyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ awmif}uD; 13-2-89) jynfolvlxku apmifh=unfhr,fvdk‹ajym&if usru ar;csifygw,f? bmudk apmifh=unfhrSmvJ? olrsm;awG vkyfoGm;+yD;awmh 'Drdkua&pD&wJhtxd apmifh=unfhrSmvm;? usrwdk‹ apmifhvdk‹rjzpfygbl;? tJh'Dawmh tm;vHk; 0dkif;0ef;+yD;awmh vkyf=uyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ atmifyef; 15-2-89) 'Dwkdif;jynfrSm awmifolv,form; aus;vufjynfolvlxk[m wkdif;jynf&JŒ trsm;pk}uD;yJjzpfygw,f? 'Dawmh aus;vufjynfolawG[m udk,fhudkudk,f txifrao;=uygeJ‹? tm;vHk;u 'Drkdua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifv_yf&Sm;zdk‹ vdkygw,f? usrwdk‹uvnf; aus;vufvlxk}uD;udk tm;udk;ae&wmyg? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z,fcHk 16-2-89) qdkif;bkwfwifw,fqkdwm bHk&efoludk jyzdk‹yJjzpfw,f? 'g igwkd‹&JŒae&mvdk‹ tm;vHk;u wpkwpnf;wnf;eJ‹ bHk&efoludk jyvdkufwJhtaeeJ‹ qdkif;bkwfwifwmjzpfw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z,fcHk 16-2-89) jynfaxmifpkwck xlaxmifzdk‹qdkwm ArmawG&JŒ jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om;rsm;tm;vHk; wa,mufay:wa,muf (arGawmf"mwfqifapwD/ rdk;+AJ 16-2-89)

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jrefrmEkdifiHrSm 'Drkdua&pD&&Sdzdk‹qdkwm jynfrrSmyJ 'Drkdua&pD&vdk‹rjzpfbl;? jynfe,fwcsKdŒrSmyJ 'Drdkua&pD&±HkeJ‹vnf; rjzpfbl;? jrefrmEkdifiHw0Srf;vHk;rSm 'Drdkua&pD&rS 'Drdkua&pDEkdifiHwck xlaxmifEkdifrSmyg? (arGawmf"mwfqifapwD/ rdk;+AJ 16-2-89) ausmif;om;vli,frsm; e,fpyfa&mufoGm;&wJhudpP/ vufeufudkif+yD; 'Dpepfudk wdkufcdkufcsifw,fqdkwJh udpPrsm;[m vuf&Sdtpdk;&&JŒ wm0efjzpfygw,f? t&ifESpfujzpfcJhwJh vufeufudkif+yD; jynfolvlxkudk 'Drdkua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_udk ESdrfeif;cJhwJhudpPrsm;&JŒ tusKd;qufyJ? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ z±l;qdk; 17-2-89) EkdifiHa&;tvkyf vkyfwJhtcgrSm jynfolvlxkeJ‹ usrwd‹k [m wwfEkdifor# yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qufqHcsifygw,f? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ wyfukef; 19-2-89)

a&G;aumufyJGrSm vGwfvyfzdk‹/ w&m;r#wzdk‹qdk&mrSm jynfolvlxku vl‹tcGifhta&;rsm;&zdk‹ vdkygw,f? vGwfvyfpGm ajymqdkydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pnf;±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm pk±Hk;ydkifcGifh/ vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;ydkifcGifhqdkwJh tcGifhta&;awG &zdk‹vdkygw,f? 'DvdktcGifhta&;awG r&bJeJ‹ vGwfvyf+yD;awmh w&m;r#wwJh a&G;aumufyJGawG vkyfay;r,fqdkwm enf;enf;rS t"dy`m,fr&Sdygbl;? (tzJG‹csKyf±Hk;/ wyfukef; 192-89) ("gwfyHkvmygonf) txdef;odrf;cHae&pOf 1992 ckESpf arvY om;rsm;ESifh jyefvnfawG‹qHkpOf (aemufausmzHk; twGif;bufpm&Gufwjcrf;wGif xnfhoGif;&rnfh pmom;jzpfygonf) atmifqef;pk=unfudk AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. wOD;wnf;aomorD;tjzpf jrefrmEdkifiHolEkdifiHom;wkdif; od&Sd=u.?

1990 ckESpf a&G;aumufyJGY tjywftowf tEkdif&&SdcJhaom trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzJG‹csKyfudk OD;pD;wnfaxmifcJholjzpfonf? 1991 ckESpfwGif EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qkudk &&SdcJholjzpf+yD; urBmay:wGif emrnftausmf=um;qHk;/ vlodtrsm;qHk; EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;vnf;jzpfonf? olr. a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh a[majymcsufrsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwfoifhonfrSm =um+yDjzpfaomfvnf; ta=umif;trsKd;rsKd;a=umifh =uef‹=umcJh&onf? xdk‹a=umifh atmifqef;pk=unf. vufa&G;pifpmwrf;rsm;ESifh rdef‹cGef;rsm;udk jrefrmbmomjzifh yxrqHk;t}udrf pkpnf;wifjyxm;jcif;jzpfygonf? 1991 ckESpf pma&;ol EdkbJvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qk &&SdcsdefwGif xkwfa0cJh+yD; bmomaygif;rsm;pGmodk‹ jyefqdkcJhaom rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmtkyfudk tajccHI jrefrmjyefqdkxm;onf? odk‹aomfvnf; ,ckpmtkyfudkrl jrefrmpmzwfy&dowftwGuf t"du&nfpl;I ðypkxm;onfhtwGuf rl&if;pmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;tcsKdŒudk csefvSyfcJh+yD; aemufydkif;wGif a&;om;cJhaom pmwrf;ESifh rdef‹cGef;tcsKdŒudk xyfrHjznfhpGufxm;onf? pma&;olonf vGwf&uf rcef‹rSef;Edkifonfh txdef;odrf;cHb0rS &nfn$ef;csufESifh trSmpmudk a&;om;xm;ygonf? Tpmtkyfonf ae&mtESH‹tjym;rS jrefrm pmzwfy&dowftwGuf txl;wvnf pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfrnf[k xkwfa0olu ,Hk=unfonf?

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